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Riccardo Rigon
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
Objectives
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
Objectives
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
Objectives
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
Objectives
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
Objectives
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
Objectives
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
The water on Earth flows from the atmosphere to the ground. And then
from the rivers to the sea, from where it returns to the atmosphere:
Hydrology is the science that studies these flows, which make up the water
cycle.
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
The flows from the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth are called
precipitations. The water that reaches the ground can infiltrate and flow
within the soil or it can run off on the surface (these are referred to as
horizontal flows).
At the same time, there is evaporation from the soil and water surfaces, and
transpiration from plants and animals (in a word, evapotranspiration).
Infiltration and evaporation constitute the vertical flows.
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
During the first seconds after the Big Bang, hydrogen and Helium were
created. Accordingly to the actual cosmogenetic theories oxygen was
formed a little later. However, it is the third element more diffuse in the
universe.
Ball, P., 1999
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
If you consider that Helium is very much not reactive could not not a real
surprise that an element built on Hydrogen and Oxygen is abundant on the
Earth.
Ball, P., 1999
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
How much ?
Oceans 3%
2%
95%
K. Caylor
Monday, March 11, 13
How much ?
Oceans 3%
2%
30%
70%
95%
0.34%
K. Caylor
Monday, March 11, 13
How much ?
Oceans 3%
2% Surface water
30%
is only 0.34%
of all fresh
70%
95% water
0.34%
10
K. Caylor
Monday, March 11, 13
How much ?
0.34%
11
K. Caylor
Monday, March 11, 13
How much ?
0.34%
Soil moisture is 0.001% of all water.
Provides for all agricultural food production and
sustains all terrestrial ecosystems 12
K. Caylor
Monday, March 11, 13
How much ?
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
The engine of the Water Cycle is composed of: solar radiation, which causes
gradients in temperature, pressure, and density, and the phase changes of water in
the atmosphere and within the soil; the force of gravity; surface tensions; and
electrochemical forces.
14
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Hower ...
15
A. Kleidon
Monday, March 11, 13
However...
16
A. Kleidon
Monday, March 11, 13
Does life influences the Hydrological Cycle ?
17
A. Kleidon
Monday, March 11, 13
Does life influences the Hydrological Cycle ?
Holland, 2006
Time before present (Gyears)
18
A. Kleidon
Monday, March 11, 13
Does life influences the Hydrological Cycle ?
19
A. Kleidon
Monday, March 11, 13
Does life influences the Hydrological Cycle ?
Therefore
We can conjecture that, maybe, is also true the reverse (water maintains life)
•but the hydrological cycle, se we see it, could also be the product of the
presence of life on Earth
20
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
21
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
22
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
RFWR
A relevant aspect
Is that just part of the whole water can be utilized by humans and
ecosystems. This part is usually named
•Renewable Freshwater resources (RFWR)
23
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
RFWR
24
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
RFWR
25
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
RFWR
26
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
RFWR
27
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
RFWR
Blue Water
Green Water
White Water
28
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
RFWR
Aeschbach-Hertig and Gleeson, 2012
29
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Introduction to Hydrology
Global water flows (1-Shiklomanov and Sokolov,1983 ; 2- Peixoto e Kettani, 1973 3- Baumgartner e Reichel, 1975.
The volumes are in millions of km cubed and the flows are in millions of km cubed per year. P = Precipitations; R =
Surface runoff; E =evaporation ; ET = evapotranspiration
30
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Extreme Events
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Spatial and Temporal Scales
Gentine, 2012
32
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Spatial and Temporal Scales
Cycles ?
Peixoto-Oort, 1992; Mitchell, 1974
33
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Il mezzo è il messaggio
Burri-Untitled 1952
Riccardo Rigon
The water cycle is not only defined by the presence of water and its flows, but
also by the media on which, or through which, these water flows take place:
•the atmosphere
•vegetation
•the ground surface
•soils
•aquifers
35
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The medium is the message
36
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The medium is the message
Vegetation
37
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The medium is the message
38
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The medium is the message
Soils
O horizon
O horizon
A horizon
real soil
A horizon
B horizon layer
real soil
layer
B horizon
C horizon
C horizon
unconsolidated rock
Bedrock BedRock
39
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The medium is the message
40
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The medium is the message
Aquifers
http://www.wec.ufl.edu/extension/gc/harmony/images/aquifer.gif
41
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Hydrological information
a classical view
Riccardo Rigon
Da Dingman, 1994
43
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
Precipitation Patterns
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
45
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
classification by order of magnitude is the most common method for classifying information relative to a certain category, in the case of rivers, size can be
understood to the power of one, two, or three, that is, it can be expressed in km, km2, or m3 (length, catchment area, or discharge), the length criterion is the most
arbitrary and naive but still the most widespread, and yet it is impossible to measure the length of a river for the thousand and more perplexities that its fluid nature
brings up (because of its meanders and its passage through lakes, because of its ramifications around islands or its movements in the delta areas, because of
man’s intervention along its course, because of the elusive boundaries between fresh water and salt water...) many rivers have never been measured because
their banks and waters are inaccessible, even the water spirits sympathise at times with the flora and the fauna in order to keep men away, as a consequence
some rivers flow without name, unnamed because of their untouched nature, or unnamable because of human aversion (some months ago a pilot flying low over
the brazilian forest discovered a “new” tributary of the amazon river). other rivers cannot be measured, instead, because they have a name, a casual name given
to them by men (a single name along its entire course when the river, navigable, becomes means of human communication; different names when the river,
formidable, visits isolated human groups); now the entity of a river can be established either with reference to its name (trail of the human adventure), or with
reference to its hydrographic integrity (the adventure of the water from the remotest source point to the sea, independently of the names assigned to the various
stretches), the problem is that the two adventures rarely coincide, usually the adventure of the explorer is against the current, starting from the sea; the adventure
of the water, on the other hand, finishes there, the explorer going upstream must play heads or tails at every fork, because upstream of every confluence
everything rarefies: the water, sometimes the air, but always one’s certainty, while the river that descends towards the sea gradually condenses its waters and the
certainty of its inevitable path, who can say whether it is better to follow man or the water? the water, say the modern geographers, objective and humble, and so
the begin to recompose the identity of the rivers, an example: the mississippi of new orleans is not the extension of the mississippi that rises from lake itasca in
minnesota, as they teach at school, but of a stream that rises in western montana with the name jefferson red rock and then becomes the mississippi-missouri in st
louis, the number of kilometres upstream is greater on the missouri side, but in fact this “scientific” method is applied only to the large and prestigious rivers, those
likely to compete for records of length, the methodological rethinking is not wasted on minor rivers (less than 800km) which continue to be called, and measured,
only according to their given name, even if, where there are two source course (with two other given names), the longer of the two could be rightly included in the
main course, the current classification reflects this double standard, this follows the laws of water and the laws of men, because that is how the relevant
information is given, in short, it reflects the biased game of information rather than the fluid life of water, this classification was began in 1970 and ended in 1973,
some data were transcribed from famous publications, numerous data were elaborated from material supplied non-european geographic institution, governments,
universities, private research centres, and individual accademics from all over the world, this convergence of documentation constitutes the the substance and the
meaning of the work, the innumerable asterisks contained in these thousand record cards pose innumerable doubts and contrast with the rigid classification
method, the partialness of the existing information, the linguistic problems associated with their identity, and the irremediably elusive nature of water all mean that
this classification, like all those that proceeded it or that will follow, will always be provisional and illusionary
Anne-marie Sauzeau-Boetti
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Modern Hydrological Information
Luigi Ghirri, Infinito, 1974
Riccardo Rigon
49
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/#Global%20Water
%20Balance
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
50
http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/#Global%20Water
%20Balance
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
51
http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/#Global%20Water
%20Balance
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
52
http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/#Global%20Water
%20Balance
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
53
The global hydrological cycle
T O P E X /
TRMM/CMORPH CERES/MODIS/
P O SE ID O N/ GRACE
AIRS Land
PERSIAN, GPM J A S O N ,
Flux
SWOT
Wood et al., Closing the Terrestrial water Budget from satellite Remote sensing, GRL, 2009
54
Marco Mancini
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
The area covered by the mission goes from 60° North to 58° South. The data was
obtained with an X-band radar (NASA and MIL, that covers 100% of the area) and by
a C-band radar (DLR and ASI) that covers 40%.
55
T. Hengl
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
The DLR and ASI data, nonpublic, would be available with a resolution of about
30m (1 arcsec). A model of the Earth’s surface, ETOPO1 Global Relief Model (which
includes bathymetry data) is available with a resolution of 1km and can be
http://www,analist.net
downloaded from NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center (Amante and Eakins,
2008). Global DEM’s, at various resolutions, from 1km to 2.5, 5, and 10 arcminutes,
are available at the worldclim website. The SRTM DEM at 90m resolution can be
obtained from CGIAR - Consortium for Spatial Information. In June 2009 a DEM
based on the ASTER satellite (GDEM) survey with a 30m resolution was produced.
The GDEM was obtained by stereoscopic correlation of 1.3 million optical ASTER
images, that cover about 98% of the Earth’s surface. The images can be downloaded
from NASA's EOS data archive or from Japan's Ground Data System.
56
T. Hengl
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
57
T. Hengl
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
Climatic Maps
WorldClim.org provides global maps of some 18 bioclimatic parameters derived (with
thin plate smoothing splines) using >15,000 weather stations (Hijmans et al., 2005).
The climatic parameters include: mean, minimum and maximum temperatures,
monthly precipitation and bioclimatic variables. All at ground resolution of 1 km.
http://www,analist.net
58
T. Hengl
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
Climatic Maps
http://www,analist.net
Annual precipitations
59
T. Hengl
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
Climatic Maps
http://www,analist.net
60
T. Hengl
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
Geological Maps
2008).
61
T. Hengl
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
Geological Maps
http://www,analist.net
62
T. Hengl
Monday, March 11, 13
The global hydrological cycle
http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/index.htm
63
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Other data
http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2012/11/repertorio-nazionale-dei-dati.html
http://abouthydrology.blogspot.it/2012/08/free-cartographic-italian-data-on-web.html
http://nil-pipraen.blogspot.it/2012/04/hydrological-modeling.html
http://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/Home/homepage__node.html
http://www.nwl.ac.uk/ih/devel/wmo/hhcdbs.html
64
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The Global Energy Balance
Jackson Pollock
Riccardo Rigon
Initial solar radiation Reflected solar radiation Infrared radiation from Earth
SPACE
ATMOSPHERE
Reflected by
modified after Wallace and Hobbs, 1977
air
Reflected by
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
vegetation <0.2 Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
(photosintetic (conduction and) transferred
radiation
efficiency) convention by
convention
OCEAN-CONTINENTS
66
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
Initial solar radiation Reflected solar radiation Infrared radiation from Earth
SPACE
ATMOSPHERE
Reflected by
modified after Wallace and Hobbs, 1977
air
Reflected by
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
vegetation <0.2 Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
(photosintetic (conduction and) transferred
radiation
efficiency) convention by
convention
OCEAN-CONTINENTS
67
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
ATMOSPHERE
Reflected by
modified after Wallace and Hobbs, 1977
air
Reflected by
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
vegetation <0.2 Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
(photosintetic (conduction and) transferred
radiation
efficiency) convention by
convention
OCEAN-CONTINENTS
67
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
ATMOSPHERE
Reflected by
modified after Wallace and Hobbs, 1977
air
Reflected by
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
vegetation <0.2
on average
Net emission of infrared
(spatially
Heat transfer by over the
Latent heat
(photosintetic
efficiency)
radiation entire (conduction
surface
convention
of the
and)
Earth and
transferred
by
temporally over anconvention entire year)
only 50 % makes it to the
OCEAN-CONTINENTS ground
67
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
Initial solar radiation Reflected solar radiation Infrared radiation from Earth
SPACE
ATMOSPHERE
Reflected by
modified after Wallace and Hobbs, 1977
air
Reflected by
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
vegetation <0.2 Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
(photosintetic (conduction and) transferred
radiation
efficiency) convention by
convention
19 + 1 + 30 + 50 = 100
OCEAN-CONTINENTS
(16+3)
68
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
Initial solar radiation Reflected solar radiation Infrared radiation from Earth
SPACE
air
Reflected by
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
vegetation <0.2 Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
(photosintetic (conduction and) transferred
radiation
efficiency) convention by
convention
19 + 1 + 30 + 50 = 100
OCEAN-CONTINENTS
(16+3)
68
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
Initial solar radiation Reflected solar radiation Infrared radiation from Earth
SPACE
air
Reflected by
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
vegetation <0.2 Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
(photosintetic (conduction and) transferred
radiation
efficiency) convention by
convention
19 + 1 + 30 + 50 = 100
OCEAN-CONTINENTS
(16+3)
68
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
Initial solar radiation Reflected solar radiation Infrared radiation from Earth
SPACE
air
30% ofby CO
Absorbed the, H 0 radiation is, on
2 2
Absorbed by clouds
average, reflected back towards
Absorbed by
Reflected by
Earth’s surface
space (and makes up the albedo
Net emission ofof the Earth).
vegetation <0.2 Heat transfer by Latent heat
infrared
(photosintetic (conduction and)transferred
radiation
efficiency) convention by
convention
19 + 1 + 30 + 50 = 100
OCEAN-CONTINENTS
(16+3)
68
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
Initial solar radiation Reflected solar radiation Infrared radiation from Earth
SPACE
ATMOSPHERE
Reflected by
modified after Wallace and Hobbs, 1977
air
Reflected by
Absorbed by Earth’s surface
vegetation Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
(photosintetic (conduction and) transferred
radiation
efficiency) convention by
convention
OCEAN-CONTINENTS
69
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
Initial solar radiation Reflected solar radiation Infrared radiation from Earth
SPACE
ATMOSPHERE
Reflected by
modified after Wallace and Hobbs, 1977
air
receives
Absorbed by
vegetation
is returned to space (if
Earth’s surface
Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
the energy balance were
(photosintetic radiation
(conduction and)
convention
transferred
efficiency) by
stationary: in fact climate convention
69
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
air
receives
Absorbed by
vegetation
is returned to space (if
Earth’s surface
Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
the energy balance were
(photosintetic radiation
(conduction and)
convention
transferred
efficiency) by
stationary: in fact climate convention
69
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global energy budget
air
receives
Absorbed by
vegetation
is returned to space (if
Earth’s surface
Heat transfer by Latent heat
Net emission of infrared
the energy balance were
(photosintetic radiation
(conduction and)
convention
transferred
efficiency) by
stationary: in fact climate convention
69
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
The global enrgy budget
http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/95206e.html
70
R. Rigon
Monday, March 11, 13
Lin, B., P. W. Stackhouse Jr., P. Minnis, B. A. Wielicki, Y. Hu, W. Sun, T.-
F. Fan, and L. M. Hinkelman (2008), Assessment of global annual
atmospheric energy balance from satellite observations, J. Geophys.
R. Rigon
Res., 113, D16114, doi:10.1029/2008JD009869
71