QUARTER 1 – WEEK 2 & 3

IP ADDRESSES AND SUBNETS

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

▪ Internet Address or IP Address

➔ IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format
of data sent via the internet or local network. In essence, IP addresses are the
identifier that allows information to be sent between devices on a network: they
contain location information and make devices accessible for communication.
➔ IP addresses are unique. They are unique in the sense that each address defines
one, and only one, connection to the Internet.
➔ Has 32 bits divided into four octets
➔ To make the address easier to read, people use decimal numbers to represent
binary digits. Example: 192.168.1.1
▪ TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol
➔ TCP and IP are two separate computer network protocols. IP is the part that obtains
the address to which data is sent. TCP is responsible for data delivery once that IP
address has been found. ... TCP is all the technology that makes the phone ring,
and that enables you to talk to someone on another phone.
▪ IP LAYER
➔ This layer, also known as the network layer, accepts and delivers packets for the
network. It includes the powerful Internet protocol (IP), the Address ...
▪ PACKETS
➔ Packets are the basic units of communication over a TCP/IP network. Devices on
a TCP/IP network divide data into small pieces, allowing the network to
accommodate various bandwidths, to allow for multiple routes to a destination,
and to retransmit the pieces of data which are interrupted or lost.

II. IP ADDRESSING

➔ Devised for use of large networks

➔ have a hierarchical structure and do provide logical groupings
➔ IP addresses identifies both a network and a host

III. TYPES OF IP CLASSES

A. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

➔ Devised the hierarchical IP addressing structure
• Hierarchical structure
➢ a structure of data having several levels arranged in a
treelike structure.
➢ the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a
computer)
B. American Registry of Internet Numbers (ARIN)
• Manages IP addresses in the United States
• Manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4
and IPv6 address space and AS numbers.
• View your Internet number resources, request additional resources,
initiate transfer requests for resources, and reassign IP addresses to
your customers. You can also create help desk tickets and manage
billing for your organization.
C. Class A
• IP addresses that are assigned to network devices, such as computers, and
include all addresses in which the first bit of the first octet is set to 0 (zero). • For
Class A networks, the first octet represents a network ID that is defined in the
 address by a subnet mask.
• Each Class A supports 16,777,214 hosts
• Reserved for governments and large corporations throughout the world D.

Class B

• Networks use the first two octets to define the network number and the
second octets are used to describe the host addresses available in that
network.
• Addresses are assigned to large – and medium sized – companies
• Each Class B address supports 65,534 hosts

E. Class C

• IP addresses that are assigned to network devices, such as computers,

and include all addresses in which the first three bits of the first octet are
set to 110. This includes all values from 11000000 to 11011111, or 192 to
223.
• Addresses are assigned to groups that do not meet the qualifications to
obtain Class A or B addresses
• Each Class C address supports 254 hosts

F. Class D

• Used for multicasting applications.

• Class D addresses are 32-bit network addresses, meaning that all the
values within the range of 224.0. 0.0 – 239.255. 255.255 are used to
uniquely identify multicast groups.
• Multicasting is the sending of a stream of data (usually audio and video) to
multiple computers simultaneous

G. Class E

• Defined by including the starting four network address bits as 1, which

allows you two to incorporate addresses from 240.0. 0.0 to 255.255.
255.255. However, E class is reserved, and its usage is never defined.

IV. TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES

▪ PUBLIC
➢ an IP address that can be accessed directly over the internet and is assigned
to your network router by your internet service provider (ISP). Your personal
device also has a private IP that remains hidden when you connect to the
internet through your router's public IP.
▪ PRIVATE
➢ A private IP address is the address your network router assigns to your
device. Each device within the same network is assigned a unique private IP
address (sometimes called a private network address) — this is how devices
on the same internal network talk to each other.
▪ STATIC
➢ simply an address that doesn't change. Once your device is assigned a static
IP address, that number typically stays the same until the device is
decommissioned or your network architecture changes.
▪ DYNAMIC
➢ an IP address that an ISP lets you use temporarily. If a dynamic address is not
in use, it can be automatically assigned to a different device. Dynamic IP
addresses are assigned using either DHCP or PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol
over Ethernet).
➢ has been assigned by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
 and is subject to change. Dynamic IP addresses are the most common type
of internet protocol addresses.
➢ only active for a certain amount of time, after which they expire. The
computer will either automatically request a new lease, or the computer may
receive a new IP address.
➢ An IP address can be compared to a Social Security Number (SSN) since
each one is completely unique to the computer or user it is assigned to. The
creation of these numbers allows routers to identify where they are sending
information on the internet.

What is the difference between static and dynamic?

In general, dynamic means energetic, capable of action and/or change, or forceful, while static
means stationary or fixed. In computer terminology, dynamic usually means capable of action
and/or change, while static means fixed.

V. NETWORK ADDRESSING

➢ any logical or physical address that uniquely distinguishes a network node or device over
a computer or telecommunications network. It is a numeric/symbolic number or address that
is assigned to any device that seeks access to or is part of a network. ➢ IP addresses
identify both the network and the host

NETWORK NODE
➔ a connection point in a communications network. Each node is
an endpoint for data transmissions or redistribution. Nodes have
either a programmed or engineered capability to recognize,
process and forward transmissions to other network nodes.

VI. SUBNET MASK

➢ The technique used by the TCP/IP communications protocol that identifies which
network segment a packet belongs to. The subnet mask is a binary pattern, and the
default mask found in countless small local networks indicates that all the machines are
in the same network.
➢ Indicates how much of the IP addresses represents the network or subnet
➢ Standard (default) subnet masks:
✓ Class A subnet mask is 255.0.0.0
✓ Class B subnet mask is 255.255.0.0
✓ Class C subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
➢ TCP/IP hosts use the combination of the IP address and the subnet mask
✓ To determine if other addresses are local or remote
✓ The binary and operation are used to perform the calculation

VII. IP SUB NETTING

➢ used to divide an IP address into two parts. One part identifies the host (computer), the
other part identifies the network to which it belongs.
➢ How does IP subnetting work?
✓ Subnetting works by applying the concept of extended network addresses to
individual computer (and another network device) addresses. ... But because this
is a Class C network, the default subnet mask of 255.255. 255.0 allows all
computers on the network to be peers (to send messages directly to each other)
by default.
➢ there are two parts in an IP Address. One for them is Network part and the another is
Host part. With IP Subnetting, we are adding one more part. This is “Subnet Part”. From
the Host part, we borrow some bits and we will use this part for Subnet.
VIII. BROADCAST
 ➢ Transmitting data from one source host to all other hosts residing in the same or other
network is called as broadcast.
➢ transmit it to many receivers. For example, a radio station broadcasts a signal to many
listeners, and digital TV subscribers receive a signal that is broadcast by their TV provider.
... The group of eligible devices is called a broadcast domain. ➢ Types of broadcasts
• Flooded Broadcast
➔ where a packet is sent out on all the transmission lines connected
to a computer apart from the line from which it arrived. Selective
flooding only uses those lines which are connected to computers
that are approximately in the same direction as the recipient
computer.
• Directed Broadcast
➔ an IP broadcast to all devices within a single directly attached
network or subnet. A net-directed broadcast goes to all devices
on a given network. A subnet-directed broadcast goes to all
devices within a given subnet. ... Forwarding for all types of IP
directed broadcasts is disabled by default.

IX. IPV4 VS IPV6

▪ IPV4
➢ stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is the underlying technology that
makes it possible for us to connect our devices to the web. Whenever a
device accesses the Internet, it is assigned a unique, numerical IP address
such as 99.48. 227.227.
▪ IPv4 address
➢ a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network interface on a machine.
An IPv4 address is typically written in decimal digits, formatted as four 8-bit
fields that are separated by periods. Each 8-bit field represents a byte of the
IPv4 address.
➢ Parts of the IPv4 Address
• Network Part
➢ This part specifies the unique number assigned to your network.
➢ It also identifies the class of network assigned.
➢ the network part takes up two bytes of the IPv4 address.
• Host Part
➢ This is the part of the IPv4 address that you assign to each host.
➢ It uniquely identifies this machine on your network.
➢ Note that for each host on your network, the network part of the
address will be the same, but the host part must be different.

▪ IPV6
➢ IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is the sixth revision to the Internet Protocol
and the successor to IPv4. It functions similarly to IPv4 in that it provides the
unique IP addresses necessary for Internet-enabled devices to
communicate.
➢ a network layer protocol which allows communication and data transfers to
take place over the network. IPv6 came into existence in 1998 with the sole
 purpose to take over and replace IPv4 protocol one day.
➢ (Internet Protocol Version 6) The latest generation of the IP protocol. IPv6
greatly increased the number of unique IP addresses that computers and
devices ...
▪ What problems IPv6 solve?
➢ IPv6 was specifically designed to solve address space exhaustion. Experts
began to point out concerns about the exhaustion problem even in the
1980s. In addition, shortly after the launch of IPv4, its limitations in terms of
scalability and capability became apparent.