Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

Examining Code-Switching Practices in Hilman

Hariwijaya’s Makhluk Manis dalam Bis and Bunga
untuk Poppi

Tia Martiana
tiamartianakimi@gmail.com / 08996019189
* Tia graduated in December 2012 from Linguistics Major at English Language and Literature Study Program, Indonesia University of
Education, Bandung

ABSTRACT

This study investigates types and functions of code-switching in two novels. The
analysis is framed within Poplack‟s types of code-switching theory (1980) and
Koziol‟ s functions of code-switching theory (2000 as cited in Fauzia, 2008
and Hendriyani, 2012). The documents (novels) were analyzed through several
stages, i.e. identifying the code-switching in the characters‟ conversations;
classifying the code-switching into their types and functions; quantifying the
frequency of each type and function; and interpreting and discussing the data
obtained. The results of data analysis show that there are three types and 13
functions of code-switching in the characters‟ conversations in the two novels.

Keywords: Lupus, Code-switching, Types and Functions of Code-switching.

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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

INTRODUCTION switching between Bahasa

Indonesia and Bahasa Betawi in
Code-switching or using the two novels. This study is
two languages/codes alternately expected to enrich the literature
within a constituent, sentence, or on code-switching.
discourse (Poplack, 1980) is a This study employed a
widespread and common document analysis as the
phenomenon in societies (Vogt, technique for collecting data
1954 as cited in Nilep, 2006) (Alwasilah, 2011). The
since it can be found documents (novels) were
everywhere, including in a novel analyzed through several stages,
(Bakhtin, 1981). Some studies on namely identifying the code-
code- switching show that code- switching in the characters‟
switching has its types (e.g. conversations; classifying the
Poplack, 1980, etc.) and functions code-switching into their types
(e.g. Poplack, 1980; Martin, and functions; quantifying the
2005; Koziol, 2000 (as cited in frequency of each type and
Fauzia, 2008 and Hendriyani, function; and interpreting and
2012), etc.). discussing the data obtained.
Poplack (1980) proposed
Novels in the series of
three types of code-switching,
Lupus, are examples of novels
namely tag- switching (inserting a
that code-switch in its story.
tag (a tag, a parenthetical, an
Therefore, Lupus was chosen as
exclamation/interjection, sentence
the primary source of the study.
filler, or an idiomatic
Specifically, this study examines
expression) in one language into
types and functions of code-
a sentence in other language),
switching in the
intra-sentential switching (takes
characters‟ conversations in
place within a sentence), and
Makhluk Manis dalam Bis
inter-sentential switching (takes
(1991) and Bunga untuk Poppi
place between sentences in which
(2000) and only focuses on code-
each of the sentence is in different
switching between Bahasa
language).
Indonesia and English and code-
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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Meanwhile, Koziol (2000
1. Types of Code-switching
as cited in Fauzia, 2008 and
Hendriyani, 2012) identified 1.1. Intra-sentential Switching
fourteen functions of code-
The following is an extract of
switching, i.e. personalization
intra-sentential switching in the
(making the hearer more
characters‟
comfortable), reiteration (re-
emphasizing or amplifying), conversations in the novels:
designation (designating/calling
specific addressee), substitution [1.1] “Seperti yang you lihat,
ike sekarang sudah
(providing an equivalent
bintang film sekarang...”.
qualification/identification),
(Fifi Alone, pg.46) “As you
emphasis (emphasizing),
see, I am a film star now.”)
objectification (making the hearer
feel excluded), aggravating
Utterance [1.1] contains
message (making the message
intra-sentential switching because
more demanding),
the character (Fifi Alone) inserted
untranslatability (having no
two English words, “you” and
satisfactory equivalent),
“film”, in the middle of her
mitigating message (making the
Indonesian statement.
message less demanding),
interjection (getting the listeners‟
attention and highlighting 1.2. Inter-sentential Switching
what comes after an
interjection), parenthesis An extract of inter-sentential

(providing additional switching in the characters‟

information), quotation (quoting conversations in the

somebody‟ s words), and topic- novels is:

shift (changing the topic).
[1.2] “Aduh, masa yey lupa?
…. Yang di lapangan
softbol. Ring a bell???” (Fifi
Alone, pg. 50) (“Oh my,
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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

how can you forget it?...I 2. Functions of Code-switching

am the one who was in the
softball field. Ring a
bell???”)
The first and
second sentence in utterance
[1.2] are in Bahasa Indonesia.
However, the third sentence is in
English. As the code-switching
takes place between sentences,
the code-switching is classified
2.1. Emphasis
The following is an extract of
emphasis function performed by
the a character in the novels:
[2.1] “Aduuuh, gue jadi gak
enak. It wo n‟ t h ap p en
aga in , Pus. I swear…”
(Oasa, pg. 127) (“Oh my, it
makes me feel terrible. It wo
n‟ t h a p p en agai n , Pus. I

into inter-sentential switching. swear…”)

Code-switching in utterance [2.1]

1.3. Tag-switching takes place because the female character
(Oasa) switched English to emphasize
The following is an extract of tag-
that the message that she wanted to
switching in the novels:
convey.
[1.3] “O h, G o d ! Saya
lupa nggak bawa ban serep. 2.2. Designation
Bagaimana ini?” (Irvan, pg.
The following is an extract of
63)
designation in a character‟
(“Oh, God! I forget to bring
conversations in the
a spare tyre? What should
we do?”)
novels:

Utterance [1.3] is
[2.2] “Apa kamu pada
categorized as tag-switching nggak tau malapetaka
because the character (Irvan) yang ialami Mr. Punk?”
inserted an English (Lupus, pg.118) (“Don‟ t you know
exclamation/interjection, “Oh, the accident occurred
God!”, into an utterance in to Mr.Punk?”)

Bahasa Indonesia.
Mr. Punk is a call-name
12
Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20
given to Pak Pangaribuan, a
physic teacher in the school
where Lupus was studying. As a
matter of a fact, many characters
in the novels (Lupus, Fifi Alone,
Boim, Gusur, and other students)
call Pak Pangaribuan Mr. Punk
since the students do not favor
him.
2.3. Clarification
The following is an extract of
clarification performed by a
character in the novels:
[2.3] “Ini konsumsi kamu. Kita
masuk lewat pintu sebelah
sana. Di situ rada kosongan!”
(Vera, pg. 70)
(“This is your refreshments.
Let’s get into the sport hall
through the door over
there. It is not too crowded.”)
Utterance [2.3]
clarification function of code-
switching because the character
(Vera) switched to Bahasa Betawi
(from Bahasa Indonesia) to make
a clarification.
2.4. Objectification
The statement is an extract of
objectification in a character‟s
conversation in the
novels:
[2.4] “Ah, ini punya nyokap
dan adek gue. ….”
(Lupus, pg.112)
(“Uh, my sister and
mother own this
(café). …”)
The phrase in Bahasa
Betawi, “adek gue”, forms a
distance between the character
(Lupus) and his new friend
(Oasa). By saying “adek gue”,
Lupus put an unfamiliar person
and Oasa might feel excluded
from conversation.
2.5. Aggravating Message
The following is an example
of aggravating message in a
has
character‟s
conversation:
[2.5] “Ayo, pesen! Kalo
nggak pesen
mendingan minggat
sana!” (Lulu, pg.23)
(“Just order (any
drinks)! If (you) do
not order, just leave
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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

the café!”) [2.7] “…. Kata mami

kamu harus ngejagain
Utterance [2.5] contains Lulu. Ayo dong, Pus,
aggravating message because the please…” (Lulu, pg. 126)
character (Lulu) switched from (“Mother said that
Bahasa Indonesia to Bahasa you should take a
Betawi to make the message good care of Lulu.
sounds more demanding. Come on,
Pus. Please…”)

2.6. Parenthesis
Utterance [2.7] has a
The following is an example of mitigating message function
parenthesis in a character‟s because the character (Lulu)
conversation in the novels: switched to English and said
“please” in order to make the
[2.6] “…. Berduaan kok, lagi
request more polite and less
nunggu temen. .”(Simon,
demanding.
pg.120) (“Just two of
us, (we are) waiting for
friends. ….”)
2.8. Topic-shift

Utterance [2.6] also has The following is an extract of

parenthesis function because mitigating message in the novels:
the character (Simon) switched
[2.8] “It‟ s a good idea! Mari
to Bahasa Betawi to give
ngebakso. …”. (Fifi Alone,
additional information to Lulu by pg. 46)
saying “lagi nungguin temen”. (“ Its a good idea ! Lets go
to eat meatballs. ….”)
Utterance [2.8] contains
2.7. Mitigating Message
topic-shift function because the

The following is an extract of switch of the code indicates the

mitigating message in the novels: shift of the topic. The first

sentence is the character‟s (Fifi
Alone) response to other
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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

character‟s (Lupus) suggestion. decide to come to the party,

In the second sentence, the Pus? Thanks! Y o u‟ r e so

character (Fifi Alone) switched to sweet! You are much greater

than John Grisham!”)
Bahasa Indonesia to talk about a
new topic, “eating meatball”.
Utterance [2.10] has
2.9. Untranslatability personalisation function because
the character‟s (Lulu) intention
An extract of untranslatability
for switching from Bahasa
function is:
Indonesia to English (“thanks”,

[2.9] “Udah dapet CD- “You’re so sweet!”) is to make

nya?....” (Rebecca, pg. 102) her brother (Lupus) feels
(“Have you got the CD? ….”) comfortable and happy.

In utterance [2.9], the

character (Rebecca) adopted an 2.11. Interjection
English expression, “CD
(compact disc)”, because, The following is an extract of

considering the year of the first interjection in the novels:

publication of the novel (1987),

[2.11] “Hei, ngapain lo
there might not be a satisfactory nguping-nguping?
equivalent for it in Bahasa ….”(Oasa, pg.109)
Indonesia. (“Hey, why are you
secretly listening to our
conversation?”)
2.10. Personalisation
In utterance [2.11], the
An extract of personalisation
character (Oasa) inserted an
function is:
Indonesian interjection, “Hei”, to
[2.10] “Oh, lo jadi ikut, catch other characters (Lulu)
Pus? Thanks ya! Y o u‟ re attention. In this case, Oasa
so s we et ! Lo lebih hebat highlighted that Lulu existence
dari John Grisham!” (Lulu,
among Oasa and friends was
pg. 129) (“Oh, you finally
unwanted by saying “ngapain lo
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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

nguping-nguping?”. „Perek lu! Si Boim nggak mau

kalah, dia ikut teriak,

2.12. Reiteration „Eh, lu tau aje . Sia-sia dong

penyamaran gue !‟ ….”
[2.12] “Saya yakin, pasti (Lupus, pg.29)
kamu sekarang sudah (“….Then, the man
punya uang lagi….Kamu immediately shouted, „ S o n
kan pinjam duit waktu o f a b itch !‟ . Boim replied

itu untuk membelikan him by shouting, „E h, yo u

kado pacar kamu yang just kno w it . My camouflage

is useless then!”….”)
ulang tahun. ….” (Rina,
pg.93) (“I am sure that
The utterance has
you have money now.
quotation function of code-
…. At that time, you
switching because the character
borrowed the money to
(Lupus) switched from Bahasa
buy a birthday present
Indonesia to Bahasa Betawi to
for you girlfriend.…”)
quote other characters‟ speech.

Both the Indonesian As a matter of fact, this

word, “uang” and the word in study revealed that the author

Bahasa Betawi, “duit”, refer to switched from Bahasa Indonesia

to Bahasa Betawi and vice versa
the same object”. Hence, the
character (Rina) only reiterated more frequently than from Bahasa
Indonesia to English and vice-
the Indonesian word “uang” in
Bahasa Betawi, “duit”. versa. One possible reason is the
author aimed to show that an
2.13. Quotation ethnic language (such as Bahasa
Betawi) can also accompany
The following is an extract of
Bahasa Indonesia (the official
quotation function in the
language in Indonesia) in
characters‟ talks in the two
Indonesian literary works, not

novels: only a foreign language (such as,

English). This is in line with
“…. Langsung aja diteriakin, Martin (2005, p.404) who proves
16
Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

that Jemez (a Native American Bakhtin, M.M. (1981). Discourse

Language) “can accompany in The Novel. In Holquist, M.
English (the official language in (ed), The Dialogic
USA) in the creation of works of Imagination: Four Essays
US literature”, not only Spanish by M.M. Bakhtin. Texas:
and Chinese. University of Texas Press.
Fauzia, N. H. (2008). Code
CONCLUSION Switching on A Chicklit
There are three types of Novel: Beauty Case By Icha
code-switching performed by the Rahmanti. English Education
characters namely intra- Department, Indonesia
sentential switching, inter- University of Education:
sentential switching, and tag- Unpublished Paper.
switching. Meanwhile, the Hariwijaya, H. (1991). Makhluk
function of code-switching in the Manis dalam Bis (6th Ed.).
novels was mostly attributed in Jakarta: Gramedia.
emphasis function. As a matter of
Hariwijaya, H. (2000). Bunga
fact, the use of an ethnic language
untuk Poppy. Jakarta:
in a literary work indicates the
Gramedia.
multiple perspectives of the
author towards code-switching in
a literary work, that will expand
the work itself in the context of
readership.

REFERENCES

Alwasilah, A.C. (2011).

Pokoknya Kualitatif: dasar-
dasar merancang dan
melakukan penelitian
kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka
Jaya.

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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

Español: Toward a typology

Hendriyani, R.P. (2012). of code-switching.”
Indonesian-English Code- Linguistics vol. 18 pg.581-
switching in the Novel “Test 618. Retrieved from:
Pack” by Ninit Yunita. <http://www.uottawa.ca/acade
Indonesia University of mic/arts/sociolinguistics/shana
Education: Unpublished poplack/francais/pubs/articles/
Paper. Poplack1980a.pdf>
Martin, H.E. (2005). “Code-
switching in US ethnic
Literature: multiple
perspectives presented
through multiple languages”.
Changing English vol.12,
o.3pg.403-415. Retrieved
from:
<http://poprocks1.wikispaces.c
om/file/view/Code+Switching
+in+US+Ethnic +Literature.pd
f>

Nilep, C. (2006). “Code

Switching in Sociocultural
Linguistics”. Colorado Study
in Linguistics ,
vol. 19 pg. 1-22.
Retrieved from:
<colorado.edu/ling/CRIL/Vol
ume19_Issue1/paper_NILEP.p
df>

Poplack, S. (1980). “Sometimes

I‟ ll start a sentence in
Spanish y termino en

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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

Attachment:
Types of Code-switching
Table 1. The Occurrence of Types of Code-switching

Frequency
Types of Code- Bahasa Bahasa Total Percen-
No. tage
Indonesia and Indonesia and
Switching
English Bahasa Betawi

1. Intra-sentential
102 726 828 95.06%
switching
2. Inter-sentential
14 9 23 2.64%
switching
3. Tag-switching 9 11 20 2.3%
Total 125 736 871 100%

Functions of Code-switching
Table 2 The Occurrence of Functions of Code-switching
Frequency
Functions of code- Bahasa Bahasa Total Percen-
No. Indonesia Indonesia and tage
switching and English Bahasa Betawi
1. Emphasis 11 453 464 49.20%
2. Designation
(Endearments and 26 77 103 10.92%
name-calling)
3. Clarification 9 77 86 9.12%
4. Objectification - 58 58 6.15%
5. Aggravating
3 51 54 5.73%
Message
6. Parenthesis 23 31 54 5.73%
7. Mitigating Message 3 32 35 3.71%
8. Topic-shift 8 23 31 3.28%
9. Untranslatability 31 - 31 3.28%
10. Personalisation 6 4 10 1.06%
11. Interjection 4 4 8 0.85%
12. Reiteration 3 3 6 0.64%
13. Quotation - 3 3 0.32%

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Passage2013, 1(1), 9-20

Total 127 816 943 100%

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