General Biology

Cells: The Building Blocks of Life

Prepared by: Mrs. Learni J. Escote
Submitted by: Gwen Marielle Pastrana
12 STEM-B
Column A contains the breakthrough discoveries in the study of cells while Column B and C consist the
names of scientist behind these and the years they made the findings. Match Column A with Column B and
C by placing the right letters on the first two lines before each number in Column A. Each letter option for
the first line will be coming from Column B while the letter of your answer to be placed in second line will
come from Column C.

COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

K X 1. nucleus A. Rudolph Virchow M. 1835
E U 2. cell discovery in a thin slice of cork B. Hermann Fol N. 1839
J N 3. all animals are composed of cells C. Antoine Van Leeuwenhock O. 1838
D Q 4. steps involved in cell division D. Walther Flemming P. 1862
I M 5. thick, jelly - like protoplasm E. Robert Hooke Q. 1882
C T 6. first single - lens microscope F. Louis Pasteur R. 1879
H O 7. all plants are composed of cells G. Ernst Ruska S. 1858
B R 8. union of egg and sperm cells H. Matthias Schleiden T. 1674
G V 9. first electron microscope I. Jan Evangelista Purkinje U. 1665
a s 10. all living cells come preexisting living cells J. Theodore Schwann V. 1931
F P 11. microorganisms can cause contagious diseases K. Robert Brown W. 1836
L W 12. internal, jelly-like substance "sarcode" L. Felix Dujardin X. 1831
 PLANT CELL
GOLGI BODY

CELL WALL
MEMBRANE CHLOROPLAST
RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRION
NUCLEOUS
NUCLEOLUS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

VACUOLE CYTOPLASM
 ANIMAL CELL ANATOMY
MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS
VACUOLE
MICROTUBULES GOLGI COMPLEX

RIBOSOMES VESICLES

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
LYSOSOMES PEROXISOMES

PLASMA MEMBRANE CENTRIOLES

 T CELL ORGAN
AN E

L
L
Centrioles

L
P

E
R
Plasma Membrane

ROF S
Cell Wall
O
Centrosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
F

Chloroplasts Mitochondria Small Vacuoles

S

Nucleus
E

NA
Large Vacuoles
L

Golgi Apparatus Cilia or flagella

L

AG
E

MI
A
N

RO LLEC L
 ANIMAL CELL
ORGANELLE FUNCTION
The nucleus is a key structure in all
Nucleus
eukaryotic cells, as it stores all of the
cell’s DNA (and therefore, genetic
information).
Mitochondria are often referred to as
the ‘powerhouses of the cell,’ as they
Mitochondria release the energy required to power all
other cellular functions.
Ribosomes are ‘protein factories’ and are
the site of protein production in cells.
These organelles ‘read’ the instructions
Ribosomes stored in DNA molecules and use these to
assemble polypeptide chains (long chains
of amino acids).
The rough ER is so-named because its
membrane is studded with ribosomes, giving
Rough Endoplasmic it a ‘rough’ appearance. After these
Reticulum (Rough ER)
ribosomes have finished assembling a
polypeptide chain, the protein is released
into the lumen of the RER
PLANT CELL
ORGANELLE FUNCTION
Plant cells can produce glucose via a
Chloroplasts process called photosynthesis, which takes
place in organelles called chloroplasts.
It helps to maintain the shape and turgidity
of the plant cell, making it very important
Vacuole
for structural support. The vacuole also
stores water, nutrients, pigments, salts,
minerals, proteins, and waste products. It
contains many substances that are vital for
the survival of the plant cell.
Plant cell walls are primarily made of
cellulose, and their primary function is to
Cell Wall protect the plant cell and provide structural
support. The cell wall is also what gives plant
cells their characteristic, rectangular or box-
like shape.
The main function of the cell membrane is to
Cell create a physical barrier between the interior
of the cell and the external environment.
Membrane However, it also controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.
 ANIMAL CELL
ORGANELLE FUNCTION
The main difference between the rough
ER and the smooth ER is that the smooth
Smooth Endoplasmic ER does not have ribosomes attached to
Reticulum (Smooth ER) its surface. The smooth ER is not involved
in protein synthesis; instead, it is the site
of lipid and steroid production in the cell.
The Golgi apparatus (a series of
Golgi flattened, membrane-bound sacs) is like
the ‘mailroom’ of the cell and packages
Apparatus new proteins into tiny, membrane-bound
vesicles for distribution.
Some animal cells contain vacuoles, which
are typically small organelles used to
Vacuoles transport substances in and out of the
cell. They are often used to contain and
dispose of waste products.
Lysosomes are spherical organelles filled with
digestive enzymes, They are used to break down old
Lysosomes or surplus cell parts, destroy invading pathogens, and
also play a key role in programmed cell death (AKA
apoptosis).
PLANT CELL
ORGANELLE FUNCTION
The rough ER is so-named because its
membrane is studded with ribosomes, giving
Rough Endoplasmic it a ‘rough’ appearance. After these
Reticulum (Rough ER) ribosomes have finished assembling a
polypeptide chain, the protein is released
into the lumen of the RER
The main difference between the rough
ER and the smooth ER is that the smooth
Smooth Endoplasmic ER does not have ribosomes attached to
Reticulum (Smooth ER) its surface. The smooth ER is not involved
in protein synthesis; instead, it is the site
of lipid and steroid production in the cell.
Mitochondria are often referred to as
Mitochondria the ‘powerhouses of the cell,’ as they
release the energy required to power all
other cellular functions.
The nucleus is a key structure in all
eukaryotic cells, as it stores all of the
Nucleus cell’s DNA (and therefore, genetic
information).
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
ORGANELLE FUNCTION ORGANELLE FUNCTION
Peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes in that they The Golgi apparatus (a series of
are spherical organelles that contain digestive
enzymes. However, unlike lysosomes (which Golgi flattened, membrane-bound sacs) is like

Peroxisomes primarily break down proteins), peroxisomes

Apparatus
the ‘mailroom’ of the cell and packages
new proteins into tiny, membrane-bound
degrade fatty acids. This is a major source of
metabolic energy for the cell, which can be used vesicles for distribution.
to fuel other cellular processes.

The main function of the cell membrane is to

Cell create a physical barrier between the interior
of the cell and the external environment.
Membrane However, it also controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance

that fills up the spaces inside cells. It
cushions and protects the organelles, and
Cytoplasm also gives cells their shape. The cytoplasm
is composed of water, salts, and other
molecules required for cellular processes.
 COMPARING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

Plant and animal cells have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cells do
not have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Animal cells are mostly round and
irregular in shape while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes. Plant and animal cells are
both eukaryotic cells, so they have several features in common, such as the presence of a cell
membrane, and cell organelles, like the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
Size
Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells. Animal cells range from 10 to 30
micrometers in length, while plant cells range from 10 and 100 micrometers in length.

Shape
Animal cells come in various sizes and tend to have round or irregular shapes. Plant cells are
more similar in size and are typically rectangular or cube shaped.

Energy Storage
Animals cells store energy in the form of the complex carbohydrate glycogen. Plant cells
store energy as starch.
Proteins
Of the 20 amino acids needed to produce proteins, only 10 can be produced naturally in animal
cells. The other so-called essential amino acids must be acquired through diet. Plants are
capable of synthesizing all 20 amino acids.
Differentiation
In animal cells, only stem cells are capable of converting to other cell types. Most plant cell
types are capable of differentiation.

Growth
Animal cells increase in size by increasing in cell numbers. Plant cells mainly increase cell size
by becoming larger. They grow by absorbing more water into the central vacuole.

Cell Wall
Animal cells do not have a cell wall but have a cell membrane. Plant cells have a cell wall
composed of cellulose as well as a cell membrane.
Centrioles
Animal cells contain these cylindrical structures that organize the assembly of microtubules
during cell division. Plant cells do not typically contain centrioles.
Cilia
Cilia are found in animal cells but not usually in plant cells. Cilia are microtubules that aid in
cellular locomotion.

Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm during cell division, occurs in animal cells when a
cleavage furrow forms that pinches the cell membrane in half. In plant cell cytokinesis, a cell
plate is constructed that divides the cell.

Glyoxysomes
These structures are not found in animal cells but are present in plant cells. Glyoxysomes help
to degrade lipids, particularly in germinating seeds, for the production of sugar.
Lysosomes
Animal cells possess lysosomes which contain enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules.
Plant cells rarely contain lysosomes as the plant vacuole handles molecule degradation.
Plastids
Animal cells do not have plastids. Plant cells contain plastids such as chloroplasts, which are
needed for photosynthesis.

Plasmodesmata
Animal cells do not have plasmodesmata. Plant cells have plasmodesmata, which are pores
between plant cell walls that allow molecules and communication signals to pass between
individual plant cells.

Vacuole
Animal cells may have many small vacuoles. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that can
occupy up to 90% of the cell's volume.
ASSESSMENT

1. D 5. A 9. D

2. D 6. D 10. A

3. B 7. C 11. C

4. C 8. C
MARILOU S. PASTRANA GWEN MARIELLE S. PASTRANA
(PARENT'S SIGNATURE) 12 STEM-B
DATE SUBMITTED: 9/18/2021