Chapter 27

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 Learning Goals for Chapter 27
Looking forward at …
• the properties of magnets, and how magnets interact with
each other.
• how to analyze magnetic forces on current-carrying
conductors and moving charged particles.
• how magnetic field lines are different from electric field
lines.
• some practical applications of magnetic fields in chemistry
and physics, including electric motors.
• how current loops behave when placed in a magnetic field.

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 Introduction
• The most familiar examples
of magnetism are permanent
magnets, which attract
unmagnetized iron objects
and can also attract or repel
other magnets.
• A compass needle aligning itself with the earth’s magnetism
is an example of this interaction.
• But the fundamental nature of magnetism is the interaction of
moving electric charges.
• How can magnetic forces, which act only on moving charges,
explain the behavior of a compass needle?
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 Magnetic poles
• If a bar-shaped permanent
magnet, or bar magnet, is
free to rotate, one end points
north; this end is called a
north pole or N pole.
• The other end is a south pole
or S pole.
• Opposite poles attract each
other, and like poles repel
each other, as shown.

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 Magnetism and certain metals
• An object that contains iron but is not itself magnetized (that
is, it shows no tendency to point north or south) is attracted
by either pole of a permanent magnet.
• This is the attraction that acts between a magnet and the
unmagnetized steel door of a refrigerator.

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 Magnetic field of the earth
• The earth itself is a magnet.
• Its north geographic pole is close to a magnetic south pole,
which is why the north pole of a compass needle points north.
• The earth’s magnetic axis is not quite parallel to its
geographic axis (the axis of rotation), so a compass reading
deviates somewhat from geographic north.
• This deviation, which varies with location, is called magnetic
declination or magnetic variation.
• Also, the magnetic field is not horizontal at most points on
the earth’s surface; its angle up or down is called magnetic
inclination.

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 Magnetic monopoles
• Magnetic poles always come in pairs
• There is no experimental evidence for magnetic monopoles.

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 Electric current and magnets
• A compass near a wire with no current points north.
• However, if an electric current runs through the wire, the
compass needle deflects somewhat.

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 The magnetic field
• A moving charge (or current) creates a magnetic field in the
surrounding space.
• The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge
(or current) that is present in the field.
• Like an electric field, a magnetic field is a vector field—that
is, a vector quantity associated with each point in space.
• We will use the symbol for magnetic field.
• At any position the direction of is defined as the direction
in which the north pole of a compass needle tends to point.

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 The magnetic force on a moving charge
• The magnitude of the magnetic force on a moving particle is
proportional to the component of the particle’s velocity
perpendicular to the field.
• If the particle is at rest, or moving parallel to the field, it
experiences zero magnetic force.

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 Magnetic force as a vector product
• The magnetic force
is best represented as
a vector product.

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 The magnetic force on a moving charge

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 Right-hand rule for magnetic force
• The right-hand rule gives the direction of the force on a
positive charge.
• The next slide shows three steps involved in applying the
right-hand rule:
1. Place the velocity and magnetic field vectors tail to tail.
2. Imagine turning toward in the plane (through the
smaller angle).
3. The force acts along a line perpendicular to the plane.
Curl the fingers of your right hand around this line in the same
direction you rotated . Your thumb now points in the
direction the force acts.

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 Right-hand rule for magnetic force

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 Right-hand rule for magnetic force
• If the charge is negative, the direction of the force is opposite
to that given by the right-hand rule.

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 Equal velocities but opposite signs
• Imagine two charges of the same magnitude but opposite sign
moving with the same velocity in the same magnetic field.
• The magnetic forces
on the charges are
equal in magnitude
but opposite in
direction.

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 Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
• The electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, such as that in an
older television set, shoots out a narrow beam of electrons.
• If there is no force to
deflect the beam, it
strikes the center of the
screen.
• The magnetic force
deflects the beam, and
creates an image on the
screen.

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 Magnetic field lines
• We can represent any
magnetic field by
magnetic field lines.
• We draw the lines so that
the line through any point
is tangent to the magnetic
field vector at that point.
• Field lines never intersect.

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 Magnetic field lines are not lines of force
• It is important to remember that magnetic field lines are not
lines of magnetic force.
• The force on a charged particle is not along the direction of a
field line.

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 Magnetic field of a straight current-carrying
wire

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 Magnetic field lines of two permanent
magnets
• Like little compass needles, iron filings line up tangent to
magnetic field lines.
• Figure (b) is a drawing of field lines for the situation
shown in Figure (a).

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 Magnetic flux
• To define the magnetic flux, we can divide any surface into
elements of area dA.
• The magnetic flux through the area element is defined to be

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 Magnetic flux
• The total magnetic flux through the surface is the sum of the
contributions from the individual area elements:

• The magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero:

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 Units of magnetic field and magnetic flux
• The SI unit of magnetic field B is called the tesla (1 T), in
honor of Nikola Tesla:
1 tesla = 1 T = 1 N/A ∙ m
• Another unit of B, the gauss (1 G = 10−4 T), is also in
common use.
• The magnetic field of the earth is on the order of 10−4 T
or 1 G.
• The SI unit of magnetic flux ΦB is called the weber (1 Wb),
in honor of Wilhelm Weber:
1 Wb = 1 T ∙ m2

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 Motion of charged particles in a magnetic
field
• When a charged
particle moves in a
magnetic field, it is
acted on by the
magnetic force.
• The force is always
perpendicular to the
velocity, so it cannot
change the speed of
the particle.

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 Helical motion
• If the particle has velocity components parallel to and
perpendicular to the field, its path is a helix.
• The speed and kinetic energy of the particle remain constant.

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 The Van Allen radiation belts
• Near the poles, charged particles from these belts can enter
the atmosphere, producing the aurora borealis (“northern
lights”) and aurora australis (“southern lights”).

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 Bubble chamber
• This shows a chamber filled with liquid hydrogen and with a
magnetic field directed into the plane of the photograph.
• The bubble tracks show that a high-energy gamma ray (which
does not leave a track) collided with an electron in a
hydrogen atom.
• The electron flew off to the right
at high speed.
• Some of the energy in the
collision was transformed into
a second electron and a positron.

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 The magnetic force on a current-carrying
conductor
• The figure shows a straight segment
of a conducting wire, with length l
and cross-sectional area A.
• The magnitude of the force on a
single charge is F = qvdB.
• If the number of charges per unit
volume is n, then the total force on
all the charges in this segment is
F = (nAl)(qvdB) = (nqvd A)(lB)

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 The magnetic force on a current-carrying
conductor
• The force is always perpendicular to both the conductor and
the field, with the direction determined by the same right-
hand rule we used for a moving positive charge.

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 The magnetic force on a current-carrying
conductor
• The magnetic force on a
segment of a straight
wire can be represented
as a vector product.

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 Force and torque on a current loop
• The net force on a current
loop in a uniform magnetic
field is zero.
• We can define a magnetic
moment μ with magnitude
IA, and direction as shown.
• The net torque on the loop is
given by the vector product:

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 Magnetic dipole in a nonuniform magnetic
field
• A current loop with magnetic moment pointing to the left is
in a magnetic field that decreases in magnitude to the right.
• When these forces are summed to find the net force on the
loop, the radial components cancel so that the net force is to
the right, away from the magnet.

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 How magnets work
• (a) An unmagnetized piece
of iron. Only a few
representative atomic
moments are shown.
• (b) A magnetized piece of
iron (bar magnet). The net
magnetic moment of the bar
magnet points from its south
pole to its north pole.

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 How magnets work
• A bar magnet attracts an
unmagnetized iron nail in two
steps:
1. The magnetic field of the bar
magnet gives rise to a net
magnetic moment in the nail.
2. Because the field of the bar
magnet is not uniform, this
magnetic dipole is attracted
toward the magnet.

• The attraction is the same whether the

nail is closer to (a) the magnet’s north
pole or (b) the magnet’s south pole.
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 The direct-current motor
• Below is a schematic diagram of a simple dc motor.
• The rotor is a wire loop that is free to rotate about an axis;
the rotor ends are attached to the two curved conductors that
form the commutator.
• Current flows into the red side of the rotor and out of the
blue side.
• Therefore the magnetic torque
causes the rotor to spin
counterclockwise.

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