ME445 INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES

Asst.Prof.Dr.İBRAHİM KOÇ

E-mail:ibrahim.koc@altinbas.edu.tr

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Ideal Dual Cycle

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 Ideal Dual Cycle

Dual cycle, or limited pressure cycle, is a

thermodynamics cycle that combines the Otto
cycle and the Diesel cycle.

In the dual cycle, combustion occurs partly at

constant volume and partly at constant pressure.

A more capable approach would be to model the

combustion process in both Otto and Diesel
engines as a combination of two heat-transfer
processes, one isochoric process and one isobaric
process.

In comparison to an Otto cycle, which assumes an instantaneous heat addition

(isochoric heat addition), in a dual cycle heat is added partly at constant volume
and partly at constant pressure.

Therefore the advantage is that more time is available for the fuel to completely
combust.

On the other hand the use of a dual cycle is slightly more complex.

The thermal efficiency lies between Otto and Diesel cycle. 3

 Ideal Dual Cycle

(1-2): Isentropic Compression

(compression stroke)

The gas is compressed adiabatically from state 1

to state 2, as the piston moves from intake valve
closing point (1) to top dead center.

The surroundings do work on the gas, increasing

its internal energy (temperature) and
compressing it.

On the other hand the entropy remains

unchanged.

The changes in volumes and its ratio (V1 / V2) is known as the compression ratio.

The compression ratio is smaller than the expansion ratio.

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 Ideal Dual Cycle

(2-3): Isochoric compression (ignition phase)

In this phase (between state 2 and state 3) there

is a constant-volume (the piston is at rest ) heat
transfer to the air from an external source while
the piston is at rest at top dead center.

This process is similar to the isochoric process in

the Otto cycle.

It is intended to represent the ignition of the fuel–

air mixture injected into the chamber and the
subsequent rapid burning.

The pressure rises and the ratio (P3 / P2) is known as the “explosion ratio”.

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 Ideal Dual Cycle

(3-4): Isobaric expansion (power stroke)

In this phase (between state 3 and state 4) there

is a constant-pressure (idealized model) heat
transfer to the air from an external source
(combustion of the fuel) while the piston is
moving toward the V4.

During the constant pressure process, energy

enters the system as heat Qadd, and a part of
work is done by moving piston.

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 Ideal Dual Cycle

(4-5): Isentropic expansion (power stroke)

The gas expands adiabatically from state 4 to

state 5, as the piston moves from V3 to bottom
dead center.

The gas does work on the surroundings (piston)

and loses an amount of internal energy equal to
the work that leaves the system.

Again the entropy remains unchanged.

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 Ideal Dual Cycle

(5-1): Isochoric decompression (exhaust stroke)

In this phase the cycle completes by a constant-

volume process in which heat is rejected from the
air while the piston is at bottom dead center.

The working gas pressure drops instantaneously

from point 5 to point 1.

The exhaust valve opens at point 5.

The exhaust stroke is directly after this

decompression.

As the piston moves from bottom dead center (point 1) to top dead center
(point 0) with the exhaust valve opened, the gaseous mixture is vented to the
atmosphere and the process starts anew.

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 Ideal Dual Cycle
(1-2): Isentropic Compression (compression stroke)

 : Compression ratio

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 Ideal Dual Cycle

(2-3): Isochoric compression (ignition phase)

We can calculate P3 and T3 values using the ideal gas equation.

Because heat is given at a constant

volume, V2 equals to V3

rv : Pressure increase
ratio at constant volume
Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
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 Ideal Dual Cycle

(3-4): Isobaric expansion (power stroke)

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 Ideal Dual Cycle

(4-5): Isentropic expansion (power stroke)

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 Ideal Dual Cycle

(5-1): Isochoric decompression (exhaust stroke)

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 Ideal Dual Cycle
Efficiency of an ideal dual cycle

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Effective Pressure and Power of Ideal Dual Cycle

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Problem
A 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal dual cycle has cylinder
diameter of 80 mm and stroke length of 100. The compression ratio is 16/1. The heat
intake process ends in 5% of the stroke volume. At the beginning of compression, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 100 kPa. The pressure increase rate of the engine
is 1.6.

a) Stroke and combustion chamber volume,

b) At the end of the compression pressure and temperature,
c) Pressure and temperature at the end of the combustion at fixed volume,
d) Volume and temperature at the end of the combustion at fixed pressure,
e) Cutoff ratio,
f) Pressure and temperature at the end of the expansion,
g) Efficiency of cycle
h) The net work of the cycle
i) Mean pressure of cycle
j) Calculate the power of the engine running at 2400 rpm.

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Problem
A 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal dual cycle has cylinder
diameter of 80 mm and stroke length of 100. The compression ratio is 16/1. The heat
intake process ends in 5% of the stroke volume. At the beginning of compression, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 100 kPa. The pressure increase rate of the motor
is 1.6.

Given

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Problem
A 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal dual cycle has cylinder
diameter of 80 mm and stroke length of 100. The compression ratio is 16/1. The heat
intake process ends in 5% of the stroke volume. At the beginning of compression, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 100 kPa. The pressure increase rate of the motor
is 1.6.

Given

d)

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Problem
A 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal dual cycle has cylinder
diameter of 80 mm and stroke length of 100. The compression ratio is 16/1. The heat
intake process ends in 5% of the stroke volume. At the beginning of compression, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 100 kPa. The pressure increase rate of the motor
is 1.6.

Given

f)

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 Problem
A 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal dual cycle has cylinder
diameter of 80 mm and stroke length of 100. The compression ratio is 16/1. The heat
intake process ends in 5% of the stroke volume. At the beginning of compression, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 100 kPa. The pressure increase rate of the motor
is 1.6.

Given

g)

%
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Problem
A 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal dual cycle has cylinder
diameter of 80 mm and stroke length of 100. The compression ratio is 16/1. The heat
intake process ends in 5% of the stroke volume. At the beginning of compression, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 100 kPa. The pressure increase rate of the motor
is 1.6.
h)
Given

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Problem
A 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal dual cycle has cylinder
diameter of 80 mm and stroke length of 100. The compression ratio is 16/1. The heat
intake process ends in 5% of the stroke volume. At the beginning of compression, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 100 kPa. The pressure increase rate of the motor
is 1.6.

Given

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Problem
A 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal dual cycle has cylinder
diameter of 80 mm and stroke length of 100. The compression ratio is 16/1. The heat
intake process ends in 5% of the stroke volume. At the beginning of compression, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 100 kPa. The pressure increase rate of the motor
is 1.6.

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Problem
An ideal dual cycle has a compression ratio of 14 and cutoff ratio of 1.2. Determine the
thermal efficiency, amount of heat added, and the maximum gas pressure and temperature

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