3 - Internal Combustion Engines) - Basic Concepts and Definitions - 2022 PDF

ME445 INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
Asst.Prof.Dr.İBRAHİM KOÇ
E-mail:ibrahim.koc@altinbas.edu.tr
1
Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Early History
➢ Atmospheric engine
Earliest combustion ignition (CI) engines of the 17th and 18th

centuries are classified as atmospheric engines.
These are large engines with a single cylinder which is open on
one end.
Combustion is initiated at the open cylinder and immediately
after combustion, cylinder would be full of hot gases at
atmospheric pressure.
The cylinder end is closed at this time and trapped gases are
allowed to cool.
As the gases are cooled, vacuum is created within the cylinder causing pressure
differential across the piston (atmospheric pressure on one side and vacuum on the
other side).
So piston moves due to this pressure difference doing work.
Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
2
✓ Early History

3
✓ Early History

4
The basic components of all internal combustion
engines are:
1. Piston
2. Cylinder
3. Combustion Chamber
4. Connecting Rod
5. Crankshaft
5
Schematic view of the
piston engine • Dead Center(DC): The piston is called a dead
center in the cylinder, where it pauses for a
moment to change direction.
Or
TDC
• Dead Center(DC): the position of maximum
(top dead center) or minimum (bottom dead
center) extension of a crank and a connecting
rod, in which both are in the same straight line
• Accordingly, there are two dead point.
BDC
Accordingly, there are two dead point.

6
Schematic view of the • Top Dead Center(TDC): Top dead center is
piston engine
the position of an engine's piston when it is at
the very top of its stroke
or
TDC • Top Dead Center(TDC): The upper dead

center is the farthest position that the upper
face of the piston can reach in the cylinder with
respect to the crankshaft axis. This is the
BDC
minimum volume created in the cylinder.

7
Schematic view of the • Bottom Dead Center(BDC): Bottom dead
piston engine
center is the point at which the piston of an
engine is nearest to the axis of the crankshaft.
On a vertical engine, this is the lowest point
that the piston reaches.
TDC or
• Bottom Dead Center(BDC): The bottom

dead center is the closest position to which the
BDC
upper face of the piston can reach the

crankshaft axis within the cylinder. This is the
maximum volume created in the cylinder.

8
• Piston Strokes (H): movement from Bottom Dead

Center to Top Dead Center or the opposite.
• Displacement volume or (swept

volume) (Vh): The volume formed in
the cylinder between the top dead
center and the bottom dead center.

9
• Clearance Volume (Vo): Clearance volume is a

volume between the cylinder head and the piston top
when the piston is at top dead center (TDC).
or
• The clearance volume is the volume created in the

cylinder while the piston is at the top dead center.
• It can also be defined as the volume of cylinder that is not swept by the piston. Each
time the piston goes up, it compress the fuel air mixture in the clearance volume
before ignition takes place.

10
• Why to Find the Clearance Volume ?
• If the clearance volume of a cylinder is more than the

normal limit, then the compression ratio of cylinder will
decrease and this will result in power loss.
• If the clearance volume is less than normal value, then

the compression ratio will increase which will cause
engine knocking. Therefore it is very important to
maintain correct clearance volume to avoid the above
problem.
• Clearance volume used to find the compression ratio,

volumetric efficiency which affects the efficiency of an
engine.
• Perfect clearance volume leads to increase the efficiency of an engine and fuel
efficiency.

11
• Total Volume(Vt): The total volume is the

volume created in the cylinder when the piston is
at the bottom dead point.
Total volume = Displacement Volume + Clearance Volume

12
• Compression Ratio (): compression

ratio is the ratio of the whole cylinder
volume to the least cylinder volume.
or
• Compression Ratio (): The

compression ratio is the ratio of the
total volume of the cylinder to the
compression volume.
13
• Combustion Cahamber Volume: The volume of the combustion chamber is

the volume between the piston top and the cylinder head when the piston is at
TDC.

14
• The cylinder volume is equal to the sum of the stroke volume and the
combustion chamber volumes, or the volume remaining on the piston BDC.
• The total cylinder volume is obtained by multiplying the number of engine

cylinders by the cylinder volume.

15
An Overiew of Recipracating Engines
Compression ratio • Spark-ignition (SI) engines
• Compression-ignition (CI) engines
TDC: Top Dead Center

BDC: Bottom Dead Center
16
Mean effective pressure
The mean effective pressure can be used as

a parameter to compare the performances
of reciprocating engines of equal size.
The engine with a larger value of MEP

delivers more net work per cycle and thus
performs better.
17
Classification of engines
1. Classification according to the number of strokes
• Four stroke engines: In these types of motors, a

work cycle is completed in four piston strokes and
the crankshaft turns two tours.
• Two stroke engines: In these types of engines, a

work cycle is completed in two piston strokes and
the crankshaft makes a tour.

18
2. Classification according to the mixture case
• Carburetor engines: In these engines, the

air-fuel mixture with the help of a carburetor is
formed outside the cylinder. Otto motors with
two and four strokes are examples.
• Fuel injection engines: In these engines, air-

fuel mixture is created by spraying fuel into the
air sucked into the cylinder. Diesel and injection
Otto engines are examples of this group.

19
3. Classification according to the working cycle character
• Engines in which combustion occurs in a fixed volume: The figure shows the
Otto cycle in which these engines operate.
20
• Engines in which combustion occurs in a fixed pressure: The figure shows

the diesel cycle used by these engines as the working cycle.
21
• Engines in which combustion occurs in partially constant volume, partially

constant pressure: The figure shows the Seilinger (mixed) cycle as the working
cycle of these engines.
22
4. Classification according to the fuel used
• Liquid-fueled engines: These engines use gasoline, diesel, kerosene, alcohol,

hydrogen and vegetable oils as fuel.
• Gas-fired engines: These engines use natural gas and LPG as fuel.
• Solid fueled engines: Powder coal engines
23
5. Classification according to the position of the cylinder
• Single-cylinder engines
24

• In-line engine: The cylinders are in a single row. It is used up to 2-11 cylinders.
The most used 4-cylinder row engines in automobiles.
• Some factories, row engines, they also do oblique. The purpose of this is to
reduce the motor area in the vehicle and also to prevent the front side from being
too high.
25
• In-line engine: In-line engines were used in aircraft in early times. These
motors can be liquid and air cooled.
• Air-cooled types can contain up to six cylinders.
• Most of the in-line engines are inverted so that the crankshaft is up and the
pistons are down.
• The crankshaft drives the propeller and provides an additional safety distance for
ground clearances for the propeller.
26
• In-line engine
Rolls Royce Merlin Inline

27
• V engine: A two-row engine is connected to a single crankshaft at a certain angle.
• The angle value between rows can be between 15 and 120 degrees.
• The most commonly used angles are 60 and 90 degrees.
• The number of cylinders ranges from 2 to 20.
• Even if the number of cylinders is increased compared to the inline engine, the size
of the V type engine does not increase much.
• V6 and V8 engines are widely used in automobiles.
28
• V engine
• These engines were used in World War II fighter aircraft.
• The liquid-cooled system can be easily installed in the engine.
• It can be reversed in these motors, like inline engines.
29
• Opposed piston opposed cylinder engine: This engine is actually a 180-

degree angle V engine. Used in small aircraft and some cars.
• Parts of these engines are less than other engines.
• The vibration levels of this type of engines are lower than the other engines.
30
• W engine: W engine is connected to a single crankshaft with three rows of motors.
• Although it is not a widely used engine, it was developed for racing cars in the past
and present.
• There are generally 12 cylinders and 60 degree angles between the cylinders.
31
• W engine: When the W engine is viewed from the front, the cylinder
arrangement is seen as double V.
• When you combine the V in the left and right cylinder rows, you can obtain a W.
The W engine name is inspired here.
32
• Opposed piston engine: These engines have a combustion chamber formed

between two crankshafts and two pistons. The advantage of this is that two
work strokes occur at the same time with a single combustion process. The
crankshaft outputs are left as two or combined with a complex mechanism.
33
• Star or radial engine: In these motors, the crank rods of a single number (3-5-
7-13) or more cylinders are usually connected to a single main crank shaft.
• These engines are mostly used in medium power and propeller aircraft.
• The power requirement can be met by increasing the number of rows (up to 54
cylinders).
34
• Star or radial engine:
• These engines have had some interesting applications in the aircraft. The engine
was started by rotating the cylinder block while the crankshaft was held
constant.
• In this case, with the help of gyroscopic (Gyroscope, Gyro) forces maneuvers,
which other aircraft could not make, could be made.
35
• The star or radial engine provides a

large front area for airplanes, but its
length is short.
• These engines are light and durable. In

addition, these motors produce high
thrust.
• Double and triple rows were used in

aircraft. Thus, the larger thrust are
produced with more cylinders.
• These motors are the latest in piston

engine design.
36
• Star or radial engine
• These motors have a carburetor and

throttle lever, so the engine can be
adjusted as required.
37
6. Classification according to the cooling system
• Air cooled engines

• Water cooled engines
38
7. Classification according to the valve mechanism
• The task of the valves is to ensure that the mixture is taken into the cylinders and
that the burned gases are expelled.
• In addition, valves prevent compression leakage by providing tightness during

compression and working times.
• Each cylinder has at least two valves, one for suction and one for exhaust.
• Valve mechanisms take various names according to the valve located on the
cylinder head and on the block.
39
✓ The majority of internal combustion engines also are classified according to the
position and arrangement of the intake and exhaust valves, whether the valves
are located in the cylinder head or cylinder block. The following are types of valve
arrangements with which you may come in contact:
• L Valve Mechanism
✓ In the engine, the valves are like the letter L, which is
reversed in the combustion chamber and the cylinder.
✓ The intake and the exhaust valves are both located on
the same side of the piston and cylinder. The valve
operating mechanism is located directly below the
valves, and one camshaft actuates both the intake and
the exhaust valves.
✓ This type of valve mechanism makes it possible to
operate all valves with a single camshaft. 40
• İ Type Valve Mechanism; .

✓ The intake and the exhaust valves are both mounted in a cylinder
head directly above the cylinder. This arrangement requires a
tappet, a pushrod, and a rocker arm above the cylinder to reverse
the direction of valve movement. Although this configuration is the
most popular for current gasoline and diesel engines, it is rapidly
being superseded by the overhead camshaft.
✓ As the combustion chambers can be reduced as much

as desired, compression ratios have been increased.
✓ The camshaft movement is transmitted directly to the

valve stem.
✓ In the system, the valves can be easily and quickly adjusted as they are
removed and installed together with the cylinder head.
41
8. Classification according to intended use
• Stationary engine(generators or construction machines)
• Ship engine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSo0fb0JQZA
• Locomotive engine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU6zpBT5Sh8
• Vehicles (automobile, truck) engines
• Tractor engine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HDZ7Dun3kw
• Aircraft and airplane engines https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQC3mY9UYFU
42
9. Electric Automotive Engines
43
9. Electric Automotive Engines
✓ Imagine a car like this, in any case ready for action, as quiet as a refrigerator and
pollute the air as a set of music.
✓ In electrical automotive engines, we encounter less problems because of the
absence of piston, valve, oil, injector and spark plug.
✓ Elektrikli otomotiv motorları, elektrikli ev aleti kadar sessiz ve güvenilirdir.
✓ The electric motor is ideal for a car and can provide the optimum torque when
necessary.
✓ The electric motor accelerates from zero speed, so there is no need for a clutch
system.
✓ Even if the vehicle is designed appropriately, there may be no need for power train
components.
✓ However, the biggest problem is the storage of the required current.
✓ Normal lead batteries are heavy and take up a lot of space and short distance can
be reached with stored energy.
✓ The future of the electric car depends on the development of the energy storage
environment. 44
10. Hybrid Systems
✓ Two types of power supplies are used in a vehicle equipped with a hybrid system.
✓ The series type hybrids are used to charge batteries that send energy to the
electric motor that delivers traction.
✓ Parallel type also uses both engines to achieve traction, only when the power is
not required or when emission is not desired, only the electric motor moves the
vehicle.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNuixuVhc5E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2qvGJwTuBo 45
11. LPG Fuel Conversion System
✓ LPG conversion systems have been used in Europe for many years. LPG
conversion systems have enabled car owners to use an economical and
environmentally friendly fuel. In addition, the use of LPG conversion systems has
opened a new business area in the automotive market.
✓ LPG is the general name of commercial propane and commercial butane. It is a
hydrocarbon product produced in the oil and gas industry.
✓ LPG; Liquefied Petroleum Gases, a mixture of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10),
is a liquefied petroleum gas. 61% of LPG production in the world is obtained from
natural gas and 39% from refinery production.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO6oN50kvR0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65kbsB9I1Ps
46
11. LPG Fuel Conversion System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO6oN50kvR0
47
11. Advantages of LPG Fuel
✓ Burning more efficiently.

✓ As LPG is completely vaporized into the intake manifold, the engine oil does not
dilute and the life of the oil is extended.
✓ Less residues occur in the combustion chamber.
✓ Due to the good evaporation of the liquid fuel, there is no problem of washing the
oil on the cylinder surface of the condensate fuel and leaving the cylinders and
segments free of oil.
✓ The fire resistance time of the fuel tank is higher than the others in case of fire.
✓ A better combustion occurs in the LPG gas phase due to better mixing with air.
✓ The exhaust emissions of LPG are cleaner than diesel and gasoline fuels.
✓ LPG engine is less worn.
✓ LPG conversion system does not require fuel pump.
✓ The LPG conversion system is economical.
48
11. Disadvantages of LPG Fuel
✓ Since it is stored under pressure, it is difficult to distribute and store.

✓ Space requirement for the fuel tank is greater.
✓ The vehicle may smell during filling of LPG or during operation of the vehicle.
LPG Fuel Conversion System Components
1. LPG tank
2. Multi valve
3. LPG solenoid valve
4. Gasoline solenoid valve
5. LPG-Petrol fuel selection switch
6. LPG evaporator (regulator, pressure reducer, vaporizer)
7. Mixer
8. Gas-tight multivalf protective cover
9. LPG Filling Tip
10. Gas regulating valve
11. Transmission elements
49
12. Liquefied gas operated engines (natural gas)
✓ One of the alternative fuels is liquefied natural gas which is very clean and
inexpensive.
✓ When you compare natural gas with fuel, it is seen that natural gas costs less.
50
✓ If the vehicle's normal tank is to be used for storage, the distance to be traveled
will be only 1/5 of the distance traveled with fuel.
51
✓ Taxi fleets in Italy and Japan benefit from this gas. However, the volumetric
energy of natural gas is low.
52
13. Hydrogen Powered Engines
✓ According to experts, hydrogen, a fuel of the future, is a clean and renewable

energy source.
✓ It is colorless and odorless and the lightest of the elements.
✓ When hydrogen and oxygen are mixed and burned, water emerges from the
exhaust as steam.
✓ The combustion range is much wider than that of gasoline and it can be ignited
with very little energy.
53
✓ The combustion rate of hydrogen is seven times higher than that of gasoline.
✓ If the nitrogen oxides produced during the combustion process are not taken into
account, natural gas is an environmentally friendly fuel.
✓ However, some of these features are not useful for internal combustion engines.
54
✓ The mixture can be ignited early due to hot areas in the combustion chamber.
Early ignition may cause shining the mixture which is entering as leak from the
suction valve into the cylinder.
55
14. Fuel Cell
✓ Fuel cells have a very important place in hydrogen technology with the excellent
conversion capacity of hydrogen to electricity.
56
14. Fuel Cell
✓ These types of batteries, with limited applications at the beginning, are now
being used as devices for the production of heat and electricity.
57
14. Fuel Cell
58
15. Wankel Engine
✓ The first Wankel engine was developed by German engineer – Felix Wankel.
✓ Wankel engine is an Internal combustion engine unlike the piston cylinder
arrangement.
✓ This engine uses the eccentric rotor design which directly converts the pressure
energy of gases into rotatory motion.
✓ The piston is not like the classic cylindrical piston. It has a triangular shape with
curved edges.
59
15. Wankel Engine
✓ The piston rotates within this ellipsoidal volume.
✓ As a result of this different movement of the piston, these engines are called
rotary piston motors.
✓ Normally, the most used 4-stroke petrol engines produce a work in two cycles of
the crankshaft.
✓ In these engines, 3 firings (work) are performed at each full rotation of the piston.
✓ There is an internal thread in the center of the piston.
60
15. Wankel Engine
✓ The cylinder rotates in an elliptical structure.

✓ The triangular sides of the piston rotate while touching the inner surface of the
cylinder.
✓ During this movement, the crankshaft at the center of the axis of rotation
rotates.
✓ There is no valve in the structure.
61
15. Wankel Engine
✓ Advantages:
It has the highest power weight ratio between internal combustion engines.
They are smaller, simpler and lighter because they do not contain complex
structures such as valves and crankshafts.
They are capable of three firings in each revolution of the piston and they have
high power.
Vibration and noise levels are low.
62
15. Wankel Engine
✓ Disadvantages:
As they are exposed to high temperatures and high pressures, they are more
abrasive.
Because their structures are more complex, they are not practical and
economical to implement on small vehicles.
Due to the large wear problem, their applicability is low.
63
Test Yourself
Number of working strokes per minute for a four

one-half
stroke cycle engine is ………………………the speed of the
engine in r.p.m.
Classification according to the number of strokes

-Four stroke engines
----------------------
-Two stroke engines
----------------------
64
Test Yourself
In these engines, the air-fuel mixture with the help of

carburetor
a …………………….. is formed outside the cylinder.
Classification according to the mixture case

-Carburetor engines
----------------------
-Fuel injection engines
----------------------
65
Test Yourself
Classification according to the position of the cylinder

- Single-cylinder engines
----------------------
- In-line engine
----------------------
- V engine
----------------------
- Opposed piston opposed cylinder engine
----------------------
- W engine
----------------------
- Opposed piston engine
----------------------
- Star or radial engine
----------------------
66
Test Yourself
Star or radial engines are mostly used in medium
…………………..
power and propeller aircraft.
What cooling method is used to cool the engine

shown in the figure?
Air cooling method is used.
What cooling method is used to cool the engine

shown in the figure?
Water cooling method is used.
67
Test Yourself
Classification according to the valve mechanism
İ type valve mechanism
-------------------------------
L valve mechanism
-------------------------------
In electric automotive engines, the biggest

the storage of the required current.
problem is ………………………………………...........
the energy storage

The future of the electric car depends on the development of…...............………….
environment
68
Test Yourself
Two types of power supplies
………………………………….…are used in a vehicle equipped with a hybrid system.
propane butane
LPG is the general name of commercial ………….….. and commercial …………….
69
Test Yourself
Liquefied Natural Gas
LGN: ………………………………….….
hydrogen
According to experts, ………………., a fuel of the future, is a clean and renewable
energy source.
odorless and the ……………

Hydrogen is colorless and ………….. lightest of the elements.
70
Test Yourself
Fuel cells
………..……have a very important place in hydrogen technology with the excellent
conversion capacity of hydrogen to electricity.
Wankel engine uses the eccentric rotor design which directly converts the pressure
…………
energy of gases into rotatory motion.
71

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ME445 INTERNAL

Earliest combustion ignition (CI) engines of the 17th and 18th

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

Accordingly, there are two dead point.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

TDC • Top Dead Center(TDC): The upper dead

minimum volume created in the cylinder.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

• Bottom Dead Center(BDC): The bottom

upper face of the piston can reach the

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

• Piston Strokes (H): movement from Bottom Dead

• Displacement volume or (swept

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

• Clearance Volume (Vo): Clearance volume is a

• The clearance volume is the volume created in the

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

• If the clearance volume of a cylinder is more than the

• If the clearance volume is less than normal value, then

• Clearance volume used to find the compression ratio,

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

• Total Volume(Vt): The total volume is the

Total volume = Displacement Volume + Clearance Volume

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

• Compression Ratio (): compression

• Compression Ratio (): The

• Combustion Cahamber Volume: The volume of the combustion chamber is

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

• The total cylinder volume is obtained by multiplying the number of engine

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

TDC: Top Dead Center

The mean effective pressure can be used as

The engine with a larger value of MEP

1. Classification according to the number of strokes

• Four stroke engines: In these types of motors, a

• Two stroke engines: In these types of engines, a

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

2. Classification according to the mixture case

• Carburetor engines: In these engines, the

• Fuel injection engines: In these engines, air-

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

3. Classification according to the working cycle character

3. Classification according to the working cycle character

• Engines in which combustion occurs in a fixed pressure: The figure shows

3. Classification according to the working cycle character

• Engines in which combustion occurs in partially constant volume, partially

4. Classification according to the fuel used

• Liquid-fueled engines: These engines use gasoline, diesel, kerosene, alcohol,

5. Classification according to the position of the cylinder

5. Classification according to the position of the cylinder

5. Classification according to the position of the cylinder

• Air-cooled types can contain up to six cylinders.

5. Classification according to the position of the cylinder

Rolls Royce Merlin Inline

• The most commonly used angles are 60 and 90 degrees.

• The number of cylinders ranges from 2 to 20.

• V6 and V8 engines are widely used in automobiles.

• Opposed piston opposed cylinder engine: This engine is actually a 180-

• Parts of these engines are less than other engines.

• W engine: W engine is connected to a single crankshaft with three rows of motors.

• Opposed piston engine: These engines have a combustion chamber formed