ME445 INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES

Asst.Prof.Dr.İBRAHİM KOÇ

E-mail:ibrahim.koc@altinbas.edu.tr

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 Ideal Air Standard Cycles
In the Otto engine, ignition or Diesel engine spray events must be at the
thermodynamically most appropriate point.

As a result of ignition and spraying, the chemical energy hidden in the fuel
emerges as heat energy.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Air Standard Cycles

As a result of burning, the pressure and temperature of

the gas in the cylinder increases. So the piston moves
and does the work.

We consider the engines as a thermodynamic system because it is an energy

science and the heat and work transformations in the engines are continuous.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Air Standard Cycles
According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy is never lost, it can be
transformed from one form to another. The chemical energy that we sent as fuel
into the cylinder in the engine has turned into mechanical energy.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Air Standard Cycles
An ideal standard air approach is used to simplify the actual engine cycle.
According to this;

Air-standard assumptions:

The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed cycle and
always behaves as an ideal gas.

All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible.

The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process from an

external source.
The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-
rejection process that restores the working
fluid to its initial state.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Air Standard Cycles
Air-standard assumptions(Continue):

The mixture entering the cylinder behaves as an ideal gas (Pv = RT) throughout
the cycle and its properties (CP, R etc.) don't change.

The mass of working gas (air) used in the cycle is constant and does not change
throughout the cycle.

There is no heat transfer between the system and the environment in compression
and expansion processes.

Another assumption, which is generally made to facilitate the analysis, is that the
specific heats of the air remain constant at room temperature (25 ° C).

The cycle in which the air standard assumption is applied is called the ideal air
cycle.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Air Standard Cycles

In standard air cycles, air is considered an ideal gas to which the following
equations can be applied:

Isentropic state change (reversible + adiabatic):

constant
• Isentropic work in closed cycle:
constant

constant

• Sound speed:

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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In thermodynamic analyzes, the specific heat of air can be used as a function of
temperature or as a constant with small error rates to simplify calculations.

The specific heats ratio k also varies from low temperatures to high temperatures
in the actual case.

k = 1.4 is taken at low temperature in suction stroke, it is more accurate to get

k = 1.3 at the end of high temperature combustion. In the analysis, the average
of these two extreme values will be taken.

According to this analysis:

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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It is usually close to the standard temperature before the air is taken into the engine.

Therefore, it is appropriate to obtain specific temperature ratio k = 1.4 for intake

air.
The following features are used for these conditions of air.

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 Ideal Standard Cycles

Schematic view of the

piston engine • Dead Center(DC): The piston is called a dead
center in the cylinder, where it pauses for a
moment to change direction.
Or

TDC
• Dead Center(DC): the position of maximum
(top dead center) or minimum (bottom dead
center) extension of a crank and a connecting
rod, in which both are in the same straight line
• Accordingly, there are two dead point.
BDC

Accordingly, there are two dead point.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Standard Cycles

Schematic view of the • Top Dead Center(TDC): Top dead center is

piston engine
the position of an engine's piston when it is at
the very top of its stroke

or

TDC • Top Dead Center(TDC): The upper dead

center is the farthest position that the upper
face of the piston can reach in the cylinder with
respect to the crankshaft axis. This is the
BDC

minimum volume created in the cylinder.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Standard Cycles

Schematic view of the • Bottom Dead Center(BDC): The bottom

piston engine
dead center is the point at which the piston of
an engine is nearest to the axis of the
crankshaft. On a vertical engine, this is the
lowest point that the piston reaches.
TDC or

• Bottom Dead Center(BDC): The bottom

dead center is the closest position to which the
BDC

upper face of the piston can reach the

crankshaft axis within the cylinder. This is the
maximum volume created in the cylinder.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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Ideal Standard Cycles

• Piston Strokes (H): Movement from Bottom Dead

Center to Top Dead Center or the opposite.

• Displacement volume or (swept

volume) (Vh): The volume formed in
the cylinder between the top dead
center and the bottom dead center.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Standard Cycles

• Clearance Volume (Vo): The Clearance Volume is a

volume between the cylinder head and the piston top
when the piston is at the top dead center (TDC).

or

• The clearance volume is the volume created in the

cylinder while the piston is at the top dead center.

• It can also be defined as the volume of the cylinder that is not swept by the piston.
Each time the piston goes up, it compresses the fuel-air mixture in the clearance
volume before ignition takes place.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Standard Cycles

• Total Volume(Vt): The total volume is the

volume created in the cylinder when the piston is
at the bottom dead point.

Total volume = Displacement Volume + Clearance Volume

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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Ideal Standard Cycles

• Compression Ratio (): compression

ratio is the ratio of the whole cylinder
volume to the least cylinder volume.

or

• Compression Ratio (): The

compression ratio is the ratio of the
total volume of the cylinder to the
compression volume.

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Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
 Ideal Standard Cycles

• Combustion Cahamber Volume: The volume of the combustion chamber is

the volume between the piston top and the cylinder head when the piston is at
TDC.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Standard Cycles

• The cylinder volume is equal to the sum of the stroke volume and the
combustion chamber volumes, or the volume remaining on the piston BDC.

• The total cylinder volume is obtained by multiplying the number of engine

cylinders by the cylinder volume.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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Ideal Standard Cycles

Mean effective pressure

The mean effective pressure can be used as

a parameter to compare the performances
of reciprocating engines of equal size.

The engine with a larger value of MEP

delivers more net work per cycle and thus
performs better.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Standard Cycles

For comparison of the different cycles in the engines of different sizes, the
comparison is made according to the volume of the unit volume.

Vmax : Maximum volume (Piston at BDC)

Vmin : Minimum volume (Piston at TDC)
VH : Displacement volume or (swept volume)

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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Ideal Otto Cyle

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
1-2: Isentropic Compression
This process involves the motion of the piston from BDC to TDC.
The air that is sucked into the cylinder during suction stroke undergoes
reversible adiabatic (isentropic) compression.
Since the air is compressed, the pressure increases from P1 to P2, the volume
decreases from V1 to V2, the temperature rises from T1 to T2, and entropy
remains constant.

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
1-2: Isentropic Compression
S represents the entropy on the T-S diagram.

V1: Maximum volume

V2: Minimum volume

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
1-2: Isentropic Compression

 : Compression ratio

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
2-3: Constant Volume Heat Addition
This process is an isochoric process i.e. the heat is added to the air at constant
volume.
The piston in this process rest for a moment at TDC and during this time heat is
added to the air through external source.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
2-3: Constant Volume Heat Addition

Due to the heat addition, the pressure increases from P2 to P3, pressure, volume
remains constant(i.e. V2=V3), temperature increases from T2 to T3 and entropy
increases from S2 to S3.
The amount of heat added is given by

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
2-3: Constant Volume Heat Addition

We can calculate P3 and T3 values using the ideal gas equation.

Because heat is given at a constant

constant
volume, V2 equals to V3

rv : Pressure increase
ratio at constant volume
Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
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 Ideal Otto Cyle
3-4: Isentropic Expansion
In this process, the isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion of air takes place.

The piston moves from TDC to BDC.

Power is obtained in this process which is used to do some work.

Since this process involves expansion of air, so the pressure decreases from P3 to
P4, volume increases from V3 to V4, temperature falls from T3 to T4 and entropy
remains unchanged (i.e. S3=S4).

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
3-4: Isentropic Expansion

where V1 = V4 and V2 = V3 .

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
4-1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection
In this process, the piston rest for a moment at BDC, and rejection of heat takes
place at constant volume.
The pressure decreases from P4 to P1, Volume remains constant (i.e. V4=V1), the
temperature falls from T4 to T1.
The amount of heat rejected in this process is given by

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
4-1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection
In the ideal Otto cycle, the temperature and pressure of the working substance
after isentropic expansion are higher than the temperature and pressure values
at the starting point.
Since the working substance must have initial properties at the end of the cycle
to be able to cycle, the return to the initial conditions is ensured by removing
heat from the system at constant volume.

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
4-1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection

Since the volume will be constant, the following relations are established by
using the ideal gas equation between the end temperature and pressure and the
initial temperature and pressure.

constant
where V4 = V1

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
Efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle

When calculating the efficiency of any machine, the total energy delivered to
the machine and the net work received from the machine are taken into
consideration for this energy.

The ratio of the net work taken from the machine to the energy supplied to the
machine indicates the efficiency of the machine.

No machine can be 100% efficient. The efficiency will always be below 100% due
to various losses (such as friction losses, heat losses).

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
Efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle

In an ideal Otto cycle, the system is supplied with a constant volume of heat
(between points 2-3) and the heat from the system is discharged in a constant
volume (between points 4-1).

To find the ideal theoretical Otto cycle efficiency, we need to find the heat
supplied to the system and the heat thrown out from the system.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
Efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle
(Between 2-3 points)

(Between 4-1 points)

As we know the heat given to the system and the net work obtained from the
system, we can calculate the thermal efficiency of our system as follows:

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Ideal Otto Cyle
Efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle
(Between 2-3 points)

(Between 4-1 points)

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Effective Pressure and Power of Ideal Otto Cycle

The mean effective pressure of the ideal Otto cycle refers to the average
pressure acting on the stroke of the piston
The active pressure is indicated by Pe .
The effective pressure is found by dividing the net work to the stroke volume.

where Pe is mean effective pressure, Wnet is net work, VH is stroke volume or

displacement volume.
We can calculate the power of an engine running according to the ideal Otto cycle
by using the following equation.

In this equation; The N power is given in kW, and n is the number of revolutions
per minute of the engine in rpm. The fixed number of 60 is used to convert the
minute into seconds, z is the number of cylinders, the number i is taken as 2 in
the four stroke engines and 1 in the two-stroke engines.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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Problem

According to the ideal Otto cycle, the compression ratio of an engine running 7/1 and the
temperature of the fluid (ideal gas) at the start of compression in the motor is 15.6 0C and
the pressure is 1 bar. Find the temperature and pressure of the fluid at the end of
isentropic compression.

Solution

 =7 P2 = P1k T2 = T1k-1
P1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa T2 = 288.671.4-1
P2 = 10071.4
T1 = 273+15.6=288.6 K T2 = 628.54 K
P2 = 1524.53 kPa
k = 1.4

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Problem

According to the ideal Otto cycle, the compression ratio of a motor running 12/1 and the
absolute temperature of the fluid (ideal gas) at the start of compression in the motor is
298 K, the pressure is 100 kPa. Find the temperature and pressure of the fluid at the end
of isentropic compression.

Solution

 = 12 P2 = P1k T2 = T1k-1
P1 = 100 kPa T2 = 298121.4-1
P2 = 100121.4
T1 = 298 K T2 = 805.17 K
P2 = 3242.30 kPa
k = 1.4

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Problem

According to the ideal Otto cycle, the working pressure of an engine after isentropic
compression is 3242 kPa and the absolute temperature is 805 K. If the pressure increase
ratio of this motor is 2.7 at the end of the constant volume process, find the pressure
and temperature values at the end of the constant volume process.
Solution
P3 = P22.7 T3 = T2rv
P2 = 3242 kPa
T3 = 8052.7
P3 = 32422.7
T2 = 805 K T3 = 2173.5 K
P3 = 8753 kPa

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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Problem

An engine working according to the ideal Otto cycle has an isentropic compression
pressure of 1524.53 kPa and an absolute temperature of 628.54 K at the end of the
process. . As the maximum absolute temperature of the cycle is 1923 K, find the maximum
pressure of the cycle.

Solution

P2 = 1524.53 kPa

T2 = 628.54 K T3 = T2rv

T3 = 1923 K 1923 = 628.54rv

P3 = 4664.27 kPa

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Problem

At beginning of the isentropic expansion, an engine working according to the ideal Otto
cycle has an absolute temperature of 1923 K and a pressure of 4664.27 kPa. As the
compression ratio of this motor is 7/1, find the pressure and temperature at the end of
expansion.

Solution
P3 = 4664.27 kPa

T3 = 1923 K

 =7

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Problem

Find the efficiency of an engine working according to the ideal Otto cycle for compression
ratio of 11/1. (k = 1.4)

Solution  = 11

k = 1.4

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Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
 Problem

The net work of a 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine working according to the ideal Otto cycle is
0.703 kJ. This engine has 9.9710-4 m3 stroke volume. Find the mean effective pressure and
the power which is produced at 2400 rpm.

Solution
z = 4 cylinder VH = 9.9710-4 m3
i = 2 for 4 stroke Wnet = 0.703 kJ
n = 2400 rpm

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Problem
An engine with 4 stroke and 4 cylinder working according to ideal Otto cycle has 100 mm of
cylinder diameter and 120 mm of stroke length and 9/1 of compression ratio. At the beginning of
compression, the temperature is 22 °C and the pressure is 1 bar and the pressure increase ratio
at constant volume is 2.9 .
a) Find pressure, temperature and volume at critical points.
b) Find the efficiency and net work of the cycle
c) Find the mean effective pressure and its power at 3000 rpm.
d) Draw P-V and T-S diyagrams
cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK R = 0.287 kJ/kgK and k = 1.4

Solution z = 4 cylinders a) Firstly, let’s calculate stroke volume :

i = 2 for 4 strokes
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
L = 120 mm = 0.12 m
 =9
T1 = 273+22=295 K
P1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa
n = 3000 d/d
rv = 2.9 Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
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Solution (Continue)
z = 4 cylinders
i = 2 for 4 strokes
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
L = 120 mm = 0.12 m
 =9
T1 = 273+22=295 K
P1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa
n = 3000 d/d
rv = 2.9
P2 = P1k T2 = T1k-1

P2 = 10091.4 T2 = 29591.4-1

P2 = 2167.4 kPa T2 = 710.43 K

P3 = P2rv T3 = T2rv

T3 = 710.432.9
P3 = 2167.42.9
T3 = 2060.24 K
P3 = 6285.46 kPa 46
Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
Solution (Continue)
z = 4 cylinders
i = 2 for 4 strokes
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
L = 120 mm = 0.12 m
 =9 P4 = 290 kPa T4 = 885.5 K
T1 = 273+22=295 K
P1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa b) From ideal gas equation;
n = 3000 d/d
rv = 2.9

Qin  = 58.47 %

Qin

Qin

Qout Qin - Qout

Qout
Qout
Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
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Solution (Continue)
c)
z = 4 cylinders
i = 2 for 4 strokes
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
L = 120 mm = 0.12 m
 =9
T1 = 273+22=295 K
P1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa
n = 3000 d/d
rv = 2.9

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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Solution (Continue)
d)

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Problem
The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic compression
process, the air is at 100 kPa, 35°C, and 600 cm3. The temperature at the end of the isentropic
expansion process is 800 K. Using specific heat values at room temperature, determine (a) the
highest temperature and pressure in the cycle; (b) the amount of heat transferred in, in kJ; (c) the
thermal efficiency; and (d) the mean effective pressure. cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK and k = 1.4
Answers: (a) 1969 K, 6072 kPa, (b) 0.59 kJ, (c) 59.4 percent, (d) 652 kPa

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