ME445 INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES

Asst.Prof.Dr.İBRAHİM KOÇ

E-mail:ibrahim.koc@altinbas.edu.tr

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Motor; Machines that transform an energy type into a mechanical work are
generally called motors.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Motors according to type of transformed energy:
- Heat (Thermal)
- Electricity
- Nuclear or Hydraulic

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
In piston engines, fuel (chemical energy) is mixed with air and burning process is
applied, thermal energy is turned on and this energy is converted into mechanical
energy.

Air

Combustion Mechanical
Fuel(Chemical Energy)
(Thermal Energy) Energy

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Spark Ignition (SI) Engine : OTTO or gasoline engines
✓ Compression Ignition (CI) Engine : Diesel Engines

Thermal engines are divided into two main groups according to the place of obtaining
the heat energy.
✓ External Combustion Engines
✓ Internal Combustion Engines

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
External Combustion Engines
✓ In this type of engine, the fuel is burned outside the engine.
✓ The place where the chemical energy is converted to heat energy is outside the
engine.
✓ The fuel is burned in the steam boiler and the water evaporates, the pressure
increases and the temperature increases and it is transferred to a steam machine
or steam turbine by a pipe fitting.

Examples of external
combustion engines
✓ Locomotives

✓ Steamships
✓ Steam Tractors

Steam Engine

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines) produce mechanical power from the
chemical energy contained in fuel, as a result of the combustion process occuring
inside the engine
✓ Most of the internal combustion engines are reciprocating engines with a piston
that reciprocate back and forth in the cylinder.
✓ Combustion prosess takes place in the cylinder.
✓ There are also rotary engines.

Otto (Gasoline) Engine Deisel Engine Wankel Engine

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines) converts chemical energy of the
fuel into mechanical energy, usually made available on a rotating output shaft.

✓ Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal energy by means of

combustion or oxidation with air inside the engine, raising the T and P of gases
within the combustion chamber.

✓ The high-pressure gas then expands and by mechanical mechanisms rotates the
crankshaft, which is the output of the engine.

✓ Crankshaft is connected to a transmission/power-train to transmit the rotating

mechanical energy to drive a vehicle.

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines)
➢ Gas Turbines

✓ The fuel burned at high pressure in the gas turbines is sent to the turbine blades
and vanes at high temperature and mechanical energy is generated through the
turbine blades and vanes.

Gas Turbine Engine

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ
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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines)
➢ Gas Turbines

✓ Since the rotor motion in the gas turbines is rotational motion, there is no
problem of balancing.
✓ For this reason they can operate at high velocities.
✓ The efficiency of gas turbine engines is higher than that of other engines.

Gas Turbine Engine

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines)
➢ Reciprocating internal combustion engine

✓ Nowadays reciprocating internal combustion engines are widely used.

✓ In these engines, the high pressure and temperature gases from the combustion
result affect the piston surface and move it.
✓ In Otto and Diesel engines, the piston movement is linear and with the help of
the crank-connecting rod mechanism, rotational motion is obtained.
✓ The piston movement is rotary in Wankel engines.

Otto (Gasoline) Engine Deisel Engine Wankel Engine

Asst.Prof.Dr. İbrahim KOÇ

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines)
➢ Reciprocating internal combustion engine advantages

Internal combustion piston engines have the greatest application area because of their
high efficiency.
- Total efficiency of the Diesel engine: 0.40-0.50
- Total efficiency of steam engine : 0.16
- Total efficiency of steam turbine : 0.28
- Total efficiency of gas turbine : 0.35

Otto (Gasoline) Engine Deisel Engine Wankel Engine

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines)
➢ Reciprocating internal combustion engine advantages

Because the work cycle is carried out in a single body, the reciprocating internal
combustion engines have a more compact structure.
Reciprocating internal combustion engines do not require additional arrangements
such as boilers, steam lines and heaters.
In these engines, the fuel consumed per unit power is less, which means that these
engines are more economical.
The initial actuation and loading times are very short compared to other thermal
motors.

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Otto (Gasoline) Engine Deisel Engine Wankel Engine
 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines) disadvantages

They are very complicated machines in terms of constructive and technological

aspects.
Manufacturing costs are high.
They need high quality fuels.

Otto (Gasoline) Engine Deisel Engine Wankel Engine

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 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines)

Development of science and technique

Highest efficiencies
The development of electronics in recent years

How can we develop these engines?

- A better mixture formation - Less fuel consumption
- More perfect combustion
- Achieving high power
- Upgrade of cycle parameters

Otto (Gasoline) Engine Deisel Engine Wankel Engine 15

 Basic Concepts and Definitions
✓ Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines)

How can we develop these engines?

- To increase economic efficiency by using waste energy.
- Reduction of dimensions by increasing the number of revolutions
- Use of new and lighter materials

- Use of new alternative fuels

Otto (Gasoline) Engine Deisel Engine Wankel Engine

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 Test Yourself

Machines that transform an energy type into a

motors
mechanical work are generally called ………………...

Motors according to type of transformed energy:

- Heat (Thermal)
----------------------
- Electricity
----------------------
- Nuclear or Hydraulic
----------------------

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 Test Yourself
Air

Combustion Mechanical
Fuel(Chemical Energy) ?????????
(Thermal Energy) Energy

What can be substituted for the question mark?

Instead of Spark Ignition (SI) Engine, we can say: OTTO or gasoline engines
……………………………………………….

Diesel Engines
Instead of Compression Ignition (CI) Engine, we can say: ……………………………….

Thermal engines are divided into two main groups according to the place of
obtaining the heat energy.
External Combustion Engines
---------------------------------------
Internal Combustion Engines
---------------------------------------

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 Test Yourself

outside the engine

In an external engine fuel is burned ………………….……….…….

Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines) produce mechanical power from the

…………………………………………………………………………
chemical energy contained in fuel, as a result of the combustion process occurring
inside the engine

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 Test Yourself

Crankshaft
………………….is connected to a transmission/power-train to transmit the rotating
mechanical energy to drive a vehicle

cylinder
Internal combustion engines combustion prosess takes place in the ………………..

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 Test Yourself

gas turbine
The efficiency of ……………………….engines is higher than that of other engines.

Internal Combustion Engines (IC-engines) disadvantages

They are very complicated machines
………………………………………………………………….
Manufacturing costs are high
………………………………………………………………….
They need high quality fuels
………………………………………………………………….

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