ICE Lec-1

Introduction and Classification

Lecture By:-
AP Maj (R) Athar Hameed
Mechanical Engineering Department
HITEC University Taxila
Topics of ICE Lecture-1
⚫ Introduction to Engines, Internal Combustion
Engines Versus External Combustion Engines,
Historical Background
⚫ Main Components of IC Engines
⚫ Classifications of Engines
⚫ CLOs, Syllabus, Books and Assessment Methods
Introduction
An engine is a mechanical device that converts thermal
energy into mechanical work
Thermal energy can be obtained from chemical energy of
fuel by burning it either
outside of the engine and transporting hot gases or steam to
move pistons of the engine – External Combustion Engine
(ECE), or
Inside engine cylinders generating pressure to move pistons –
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

3
Introduction

Internal
External Combustion Engine (ECE) Combustion
Engine (ICE)
4
ECE Versus ICE
External Combustion Engine (ECE) Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

Fuel burns outside engine cylinders Fuel burns inside engine cylinders

Less noisy engine More noisy engine

Made of ordinary alloys Made of special alloys

Uses cheaper fuels Uses expensive fuels

Heavy engine Light engine

Higher mechanical efficiency (35 –

Lower mechanical efficiency (15-20%)
40%)

Dissipates more heat to surroundings Dissipates less heat to surroundings

Limited applications Extensive applications

History of Engines
1858 – J. Lenoir (Belgian) developed 6 hp two
stroke engine
1872 – George Brayton (American) patented
and commercialized a constant pressure
interal combustion engine
 1876 – Nikolaus Otto (German) “Otto Silent
Engine”, the first practical four – stroke engine
with in-cylinder compression
 1878 – Sir Dugald Clerk
(Scottish) invented first
practical two-stroke engine
1883 – Gottlieb Daimler (German) developed a high-speed
four stroke gasoline fueled engine
1885 – Karl Benz (German) developed a 3.5 hp liquid fueled
two stroke engine with a carburetor and spark ignition
1897 – Rudolph Diesel (German) developed the first practical
four stroke engine using direct injection of liquid fuel into
the combustion chamber
 1924 – Sir Harry Ricardo (English) patented the use of a
spherical pre-chamber, the Ricardo “Comet”, to greatly
increase the fuel – air mixing rate, allowing diesel engines to
be used in high speed, 2000 rpm and higher, engine vehicular
applications
Components of Engine
Components of Engine

Crankshaft
⚫ The output shaft of the engine; provides power for
work as well as driving engine accessories
⚫ Designed for an easy rotation by the reciprocating
connecting rods
Components of Engine

Connecting Rods
⚫ Links between crankshaft and pistons
⚫ Reciprocate with pistons and rotate the crankshaft
Components of Engine

Pistons
⚫ Attached to the small end of the connecting rod
⚫ Bear explosion pressure of the burning fuel and
reciprocate in the cylinders
Components of Engine

Cylinders
⚫ Contain reciprocating pistons
⚫ Fuel burns inside cylinders on top of the pistons
Components of Engine

Valves
⚫ Regulate the inwards flow of fuel (intake valve or inlet
valve) and outwards flow of burnt gases (exhaust
valve)
⚫ Both valves are closed when fuel burns inside cylinders
Components of Engine

Camshaft
⚫ Regulate the movement of inlet valves and exhaust
valves with the help of cams fitted on it
⚫ Driven by crankshaft through timing belt or timing
chain
Components of Engine

Fuel Burning Devices

⚫ Spark plugs fitted in cylinders ignite air – fuel mixture
in spark ignition (SI) engines
⚫ Injectors fitted in cylinders spray fuel in hot
compressed air in compression ignition (CI) engines

Spark Plug Fuel Injector

Components of Engine

Engine Block
⚫ A strong structure consisting of cylinder block for housing
cylinders containing pistons and connecting rod
arrangements reciprocating under tremendous forces of
burning gases and crankcase for holding the rotating
crankshaft
⚫ Contains water jackets for flow of coolant for lowering the
temperature
Components of Engine

Cylinder Head
⚫ Closes the cylinders by tightly fitting on engine block with
the help of head gasket making enclosed space for burning
fuel and exerting pressure on the pistons
⚫ Provide housing for valves, spark plugs or injectors and
sometimes camshaft or its working arrangements
including rockers, push rods etc
Components of Engine

Flywheel
⚫ Attached at one end of the crankshaft, it rotates with the
crankshaft and smoothly delivers power for working
through pressure plate and clutch plate
Components of Engine

Oil Pump
⚫ Pumps oil for lubrication of moving parts through oil
passages in the crankshaft, connecting rod and through
engine block to the camshaft, rockers, pushrods and valves
⚫ In wet sump type engines oil is contained in the sump at
the bottom of crankcase from where oil is pumped
through oil filter to the moving parts
Components of Engine

Water Pump and Thermostat

⚫ Water pump circulates the coolant from radiator to engine
block and back to radiator for cooling of the engine
⚫ Thermostat opens the passage of water flow at the
designed temperature

Water Thermostat
Components of Engine

Radiator, Hoses and Fan

⚫ Radiator cools the coolant (water plus antifreeze) coming
from engine through heat exchange with atmospheric air
in water cooled engines
⚫ Hoses or pipes carry water from radiator to engine and
back to radiator
⚫ Fan allows atmospheric air to flow through radiator fins

Radiator Hoses Fan

Components of Engine

Intake Manifold and Air Cleaner

⚫ Intake manifold provides clean air for burning fuel inside
engine cylinders on the top of pistons
⚫ Air cleaner provides clean atmospheric air to the intake
manifold

Intake Manifold Air

Cleaner
Components of Engine

Exhaust Manifold and Catalytic Converter

⚫ Exhaust manifold allows burned gases to flow from engine
cylinders to surrounding atmosphere
⚫ Catalytic converter converts the harmful ingredients of the
exhaust gases minimizing pollution

Exhaust Manifold Catalytic Converter

Components of Engine

Fuel Metering Devices

⚫ Carburetor is used in SI (Petrol) engine and injection
pump in CI (Diesel) engine
⚫ Electronic controlled engines use common rail (for
holding fuel), injectors and electronic control unit (ECU)

Carburetor Diesel Fuel Injection Pump Common Rail Fuel Injection

System
Components of Engine

Rotor – Distributor Assembly for SI Engines

⚫ Distributes current to spark plugs in correct firing order
Components of Engine

Starter, Alternator and Battery

⚫ Starter starts the engine through solenoid system rotating
the flywheel when starting switch is activated
⚫ Alternator is rotated by engine through belt-pulley system
to generates electricity for engine and other accessories
⚫ Battery stores electricity produced by the alternator for use
by the engine and other accessories

Starter Alternator Battery

Classifications of Engines
Classifications of Engines

Method of Burning Fuel

⚫ Spark Ignition (SI) Engine – for more volatile fuel (e.g. petrol)
⚫ Compression (CI)Engine – for less volatile fuel (diesel)

SI Engine CI Engine
Classifications of Engines

Working Strokes
⚫ Four Stroke Engine
⚫ Intake Stroke
⚫ Compression Stroke
⚫ Power Stroke 4-Stroke
⚫ Exhaust Stroke
⚫ Two Stroke Engine
⚫ Intake – Compression Stroke
⚫ Power – Exhaust Stroke

2-Stroke
Classifications of Engines

Cylinders Arrangements
a. Single Cylinder
b. In Line or Straight
Cylinders
c. V – Engine
d. Opposed Cylinders
Engine
e. W-Engine
f. Opposed Pistons
Engine
g. Radial Engine
Classifications of Engines

Valves Arrangements
a. L – Head
⚫ Inlet and exhaust valves arranged
side by side operated by single
camshaft
b. I – Head
⚫ Inlet and exhaust valves located in
cylinder head operated by single
camshaft
c. F – Head
⚫ Inlet valve is in cylinder head and
exhaust valves in cylinder block
operated by single camshaft
d. T – Head
⚫ Inlet valve is on one side and
exhaust valve on other side of the
cylinder operated by two
Classifications of Engines

Cooling System
⚫ Liquid Cooled Engines
⚫ Contain water jackets
around each cylinder
through which the flow of
coolant is maintained
taking away heat and Liquid Cooled
transfering to surrounding
air through radiator
⚫ Air Cooled Engines
⚫ Each cylinder is surrounded
by fins and exposed to the
surrounding air; heat is
transfered directly from
cylinders to surrounding air Air
Classifications of Engines

Lubrication Systems
⚫ Splash or bath lubrication system
⚫ Oil present in the sump is splashed on the moving parts
⚫ Combination of splash and force feed lubrication system
⚫ Oil is splashed on moving parts as well as supplied to farther
away components with the help of oil pump
⚫ Force feed lubrication system
⚫ Oil is supplied to moving parts with the help of oil pump
⚫ Mist lubrication system
⚫ In two stroke engine oil is mixed with fuel; the oil vaporises and
covers the moving parts
⚫ Dry sump lubrication system
⚫ Heavy engines do not have enough capacity of sump for storage
of oil; a separate tank is used for storage of oil and provided to
engine moving parts with the help of pump
Classifications of Engines

Application of Engines
⚫ Industries
⚫ Ships
⚫ Railways
⚫ Aircrafts
⚫ Earth Moving Equipments
⚫ Trucks and Buses
⚫ Cars and Motorcycles
⚫ Small Equipments
Classifications of Engines

Rotary Wankel Engine

⚫ No reciprocating pistons,
cylinders, valves and camshafts etc
⚫ A triangular rotor mounted off
center on the shaft rotates in its
housing gets air-fuel mixture at
intake, compresses the mixture,
ignites it, strongly pushed by the
combustion pressure and moves
out burnt gases through exhaust
port
⚫ Leakage of pressure between apex
of the triangle and housing is
difficult to control
CLOs, Syllabus, Books and Assessment Methods
 Internal Combustion Engines
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)
⚫ CLO-1:-Distinguish between different internal combustion engine designs.
(PLO-2, Cognitive, C-4 Analysis)
⚫ PLO-2 Problem Analysis

⚫ CLO-2:- Calculate performance and fuel economy trends given in

engine design specification (PLO-3, Cognitive, C3- Application)
⚫ PLO-3 Design / Development of Solutions

⚫ CLO-3:- Describe various types of fuel injection systems including

single point and direct gasoline injector systems for SI engines, and
explain supercharging technologies and compare turbochargers and
mechanical compressors. (PLO-1, Cognitive, C2-Comprehension)
⚫ PLO-1 Engineering Knowledge
 Text & Reference Books
⚫ Text Books

1. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine by

Willard W. Pulkrabek
2. Internal Combustion Engines, 3rd Edition by Collin R Ferguson

and Allan
3. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals by John B. Heywood

⚫ Reference Book

1. Hillier’s Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology 6th Edition

Syllabus and Tentative Lectures Plan
Tentative
Module Topics References
Lectures
• Introduction to Engines, Internal
Combustion Engines Versus External Textbook 1
I
Combustion Engines, Historical 1 (Chapter 1)
Background (Covered Today) Textbook 2
• Main Components of IC Engines (Chapter 1)
• Classifications of Engines
Textbook 1
(Chapter 2)
• Four Stroke and Two Stroke Engines
Textbook 2
II • Characteristics and Performance 2-3
(Chapter 1)
Parameters of IC Engines
Textbook 3
(Chapter 2)

Textbook 1
• Operating Cycles of IC Engines
(Chapter 3)
III • Scavenging in Two Stroke Engines 4-5
Textbook 2
(Chapter 2)

Continued on Nexxt Slide

Syllabus and Tentative Lectures Plan
Tentative
Module Topics References
Lectures

∙ Thermo Chemistry of Air-Fuel Textbook 1

Mixture (Chapter 4)
Textbook 2
IV ∙ Octane Numbers and Cetane 6-7
(Chapter 3-4)
Numbers
Textbook 3
(Chapter 3)

Textbook 1
(Chapters 5,6,7,8)
∙ Intake and Exhaust Flow Textbook 2
V ∙ Valves Timings 8-10 (Chapter 5-6)
∙ Turbo Charging and Supercharging Textbook 3
(Chapter 6)

Continued on Nexxt Slide

Syllabus and Tentative Lectures
Tentative
Plan
Module Topics References
Lectures
∙ Mechanical and
Electronic Fuel
Textbook 1 (Chapters 5)
Metering Systems Textbook 2 (Chapter 6)
VI ∙ Mechanical and Electronic 11-13
Textbook 3 (Chapter 7-8)
Controlled Ignition Systems in Reference-1 (Chapter-2)
SI and CI Engines and Engines
Management Systems

Textbook 1 (Chapters
∙ Engines Lubrication and 9,10,11)
VII 14-15
Cooling Systems Textbook 2 (Chapter 10-11)
Textbook 3 (Chapter 12-13)

Textbook 1 (Chapters 9)
Textbook 2 (Chapter 12)
VIII ∙ Engines Emissions Controls 16 Textbook 3 (Chapter 11)
Reference-1 (Chapter-2)
Method of Assessment
Ser Method Quantity Percentage

1. Quiz 6 10 %

2. Assignment 3 10%

3. Sessional-1 1 15%

4. Sessional-2 1 15%

5. Final 1 50%
Thanks