8 - Me445 Internal Combustion Engines - 2022

ME445 INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
Asst.Prof.Dr.İBRAHİM KOÇ
E-mail:ibrahim.koc@altinbas.edu.tr
1
Calculation of engine main dimensions
The stroke length and cylinder diameter of an engine are called engine main
dimensions.
Engine type and number of strokes

Engine type and number of strokes (whether four or two-stroke); they
are selected appropriately according to the area of use and using the engine
knowledge.
2
Revolutions per minute(rpm)
The nominal revolution per minute of the engine can be initially given with
together nominal power according to the application.
If only the power is given, the number of revolutions must be selected using
similar engines.
Nowadays, there is a tendency for the vehicle engines to choose a higher

number of revolutions to make light engine and not occupy much space.
However, as the revolutions per minute increases; suction and exhaust

processes become difficult and mechanical losses increase and mechanical
efficiency decreases, also volumetric (volumetric) efficiency decreases, for
combustion remains shorter and combustion efficiency decreases.
As a result, the overall efficiency of the engine is reduced.
For these reasons, the revolutions per minute is not selected higher than a
certain limit, except for the sports vehicles where high performance is desired
and the economy is in the second plan.
For gasoline engines: n = (5500-6000) (6500) rpm

For automobile diesel engines: n = (3500-5000) rpm
For truck-bus diesel engines: n = (1800-2600) rpm 3
Number of cylinders and arrangement
Vehicles are generally used in-line engine (I engine) or V engine cylinder

arrangement.
In-line engine structure is simple, so it is easy and cheap to manufacture.
However, especially if the number of cylinders is more than 4, the engine takes
up a lot of space because it will be long.
The V engine takes up less space.
For example, 8-cylinder bus engines are usually made in the form of V8 engine.
In V engines, the crankshaft is also able to make short and its strength is
higher.
However, because the structure of the V engines is complex, their production is

difficult and the costs are high.
The number of cylinders in vehicle engines is generally chosen as 4,6,8,12.
Recently, very small vehicle engines and some hybrid vehicle engines have been
made in 3 cylinders.
4
The following criteria are applied in the selection of the number of cylinders in
vehicle engines:
Vehicle gasoline engines : z = 4 ; z∙VH ≤ (0.7-2.2) lt
z = 6 ; z∙VH ≥ 2 lt
VH = Vcylinder ≤ 0.5 lt
Ncylinder = (7.5 – 30) kW = (10 -40) HP
Vehicle diesel engines: z = 4 ; z∙VH ≤ 2 lt
z = 4,6,8,… ; z∙VH ≥ 2 lt
VH = Vcylinder = ? (There is no upper limit of a cylinder volume)
Ncylinder = (7.5 – 30) kW = (10 -40) HP
5
As the cylinder volume grows, the outer surface per cylinder volume, ie the area
of the cooling surface, can be geometrically reduced.
In this case, the cooling of the engine becomes more difficult as the cylinder
volume increases.
Due to the high temperatures in the gasoline engines, fragmentation reactions

increase and a danger of engine knock occurs.
As a result, for the reasons explained, the volume of a cylinder in gasoline

engines is not greater than 0.5 liters.
In diesel engines, as the cylinder volume increases, the injected fuel can mix
better with air.
In addition, because the sprayed fuel hits the cylinder walls, the danger of the
formation of fractured hydrocarbons is reduced.
For these reasons, there is no upper limit of the stroke volume of a cylinder in
diesel engines.
6
Mean effective pressure
As already mentioned, the average effective pressure; It is one of the most

important concepts used in the comparison of various engines, in calculating the
main dimensions of engines and in different empirical relations related to
engines.
In fact, the pressure in the cylinder is constantly changing.
The pressure corresponding to the effective work (effective power) obtained

from the crankshaft is called mean effective pressure.
The mean effective pressure of an engine is determined either from the power
formula or at the end of the calculation of the actual engine cycle.
While determining the main dimensions at the preliminary calculations of an

engine, it is estimated by using the data of similar engines.
7
Gasoline engines for automobiles
8
Gasoline engines for motorcycles
Diesel engines for automobiles
Diesel engines for trucks and buses 9

Mean piston speed
Mean piston speed as known;
where Vp,m is mean piston speed, H is stroke lenght and n is revolutions per
minute
As the mean piston speed increases, the suction and exhaust processes become
more difficult due to friction losses.
As the mean piston speed increases, mechanical friction and mechanical losses
increase and mechanical efficiency decreases.
In addition, the engine is worn out earlier. For these reasons, especially in high-
speed vehicle engines, it is desirable that the mean piston speed is not too high.
In order to achieve this, the stroke length should not be selected big value in
such engines.
10
Mean piston speed
11
Mean piston speed
12
Diesel engines for trucks and buses
Stroke to bore ratio (H/D)
Short-wide (stroke-to-diameter ratio low, H / D < 1), long-narrow (stroke-to-

diameter ratio large, H / D > 1), equal in height and width (H / D = 1) for a
given stroke volume can be made designs.
Especially in high-speed vehicle motors, H / D is usually smaller than 1.
The smaller the stroke-to-diameter ratio, the smaller the average piston speed.
Thus, the efficiencies increase.
13
14
15
Effective power - the total stroke volume ratio is also referred to as the power
per unit cylinder volume.
In the preliminary design of vehicle engines, the power-cylinder volume ratio is

an important criterion.
16
17
18
Compression ratio ()
As is known, the compression ratio is the most important characteristic affecting

the efficiency of the engines and all other thermal and structural properties.
The compression ratio must be selected to suit the type of engine, fuel to be
used, ignition and fuel equipment.
The compression ratios of the current vehicle engines are as follows.
Normal petrol (octane number 91)  = 8-8.5
Super petrol (octane number 96-98)  = 10-11
Diesel engine
- Direct-Injection  = 16-17
- Pre-burning  = 17-24
- turboshaft  = 15-17
19
20
Diesel engines for trucks and buses 21

Problem_1
4-cylinder, four-stroke, pre-design of the car gasoline engine is done.
Some of the selected or calculated properties of the engine in accordance with

the field of use are given below.
Effective Power, Ne = 88 kW = 120 HP

Nominal revolutions per minute, n = 4900 rpm
Compression ratio,  =9.8

Mean effective pressure, Pem =1.790 Mpa
Mean piston speed, Vp,m = 12 m/s
Stroke to bore ratio, H/D = (0.8-1.2)
Effective Power - Total Stroke Volume Ratio, 𝑵𝒆/(𝒛∙𝑽𝒉) = 60-80 kW/lt
Beginning of compression conditions, Pa =0.210 MPa, Ta = 435 K
The amount of heat supplied to 1 kg of gas in combustion, q1 = 2856 kJ/kg
Lower heating value of fuel used, Hu = 43239 kJ/kg
Density of fuel used,  = 0.755 gr/cm3
22
Problem_1
Mean effective pressure, Pem =1.790 Mpa
Mean piston speed, Vp,m = 12 m/s
a) By calculating the main dimensions of the engine in question, check that the
stroke to bore ratio and effective power- total stroke volume ratio are normal.
b) Draw the theoretical cycle of this engine by writing its name. Calculate the
pressure and temperature of the corner points.
c) Find the heat dissipated from the exhaust and the ideal cycle work and
efficiency.
23
Problem_2
4-cylinder, four-stroke, pre-design of the car diesel engine is done.
Some of the selected or calculated properties of the engine in accordance with

the field of use are given below.


Mean effective pressure, Pem =2.2 MPa
Mean piston speed, Vp,m = 10.6 m/s
24
Problem_1
Mean effective pressure, Pem =2.2 MPa
Mean piston speed, Vp,m = 10.6 m/s
a) By calculating the main dimensions of the engine in question, check that the
stroke to bore ratio and effective power- total stroke volume ratio are normal.
b) The engine operates according to the ideal dual(mixed) cycle. Pressure

increase rate (rv) is 1.8 . Draw the ideal cycle of the engine. Find the pressure
and temperature values of the corner points of the cycle.
c) Find the heat dissipated from the exhaust and the ideal cycle work and
efficiency.
25

8 - Me445 Internal Combustion Engines - 2022

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ME445 INTERNAL

Engine type and number of strokes

Nowadays, there is a tendency for the vehicle engines to choose a higher

However, as the revolutions per minute increases; suction and exhaust

For gasoline engines: n = (5500-6000) (6500) rpm

Vehicles are generally used in-line engine (I engine) or V engine cylinder

In-line engine structure is simple, so it is easy and cheap to manufacture.

The V engine takes up less space.

However, because the structure of the V engines is complex, their production is

The number of cylinders in vehicle engines is generally chosen as 4,6,8,12.

Vehicle gasoline engines : z = 4 ; z∙VH ≤ (0.7-2.2) lt

Ncylinder = (7.5 – 30) kW = (10 -40) HP

Vehicle diesel engines: z = 4 ; z∙VH ≤ 2 lt

VH = Vcylinder = ? (There is no upper limit of a cylinder volume)

Ncylinder = (7.5 – 30) kW = (10 -40) HP

Due to the high temperatures in the gasoline engines, fragmentation reactions

As a result, for the reasons explained, the volume of a cylinder in gasoline

As already mentioned, the average effective pressure; It is one of the most

In fact, the pressure in the cylinder is constantly changing.

The pressure corresponding to the effective work (effective power) obtained

While determining the main dimensions at the preliminary calculations of an

Gasoline engines for automobiles

Diesel engines for automobiles

Diesel engines for trucks and buses 9

Mean piston speed as known;

Gasoline engines for automobiles

Diesel engines for automobiles

Short-wide (stroke-to-diameter ratio low, H / D < 1), long-narrow (stroke-to-

Especially in high-speed vehicle motors, H / D is usually smaller than 1.

Gasoline engines for automobiles

Diesel engines for automobiles

In the preliminary design of vehicle engines, the power-cylinder volume ratio is

Gasoline engines for automobiles

Diesel engines for automobiles

As is known, the compression ratio is the most important characteristic affecting

The compression ratios of the current vehicle engines are as follows.

Normal petrol (octane number 91)  = 8-8.5

Super petrol (octane number 96-98)  = 10-11

Gasoline engines for automobiles

Diesel engines for automobiles

Diesel engines for trucks and buses 21

4-cylinder, four-stroke, pre-design of the car gasoline engine is done.

Some of the selected or calculated properties of the engine in accordance with

Effective Power, Ne = 88 kW = 120 HP

Compression ratio,  =9.8

4-cylinder, four-stroke, pre-design of the car diesel engine is done.

Some of the selected or calculated properties of the engine in accordance with

Effective Power, Ne = 118 kW = 160 HP

Compression ratio,  =15.6

b) The engine operates according to the ideal dual(mixed) cycle. Pressure

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