Automobile L 7

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY (AUST)
ME-4203: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

BY
Dr. Abu Hamja
Assistant Professor, Dept. of MPE, AUST
Acknowledgment:
Fazlar Rahman; Asst. Prof.; AUST
ME-4203 (Automobile Engineering)
Engine Measurements and Performance (Chapter ‐15):
 Engine Measurements (15‐7):
o Performance of engine depends on some mechanical measurement
and also on thermal properties of the engine. The mechanical
measurement includes: Cylinder bore; Piston displacement and
Compression ratio
o Mechanical measurement greatly affect on engine torque, power,
operating range or speed and fuel efficiency.
 Bore and Stroke (15‐8): Continue
o Bore is the diameter of the cylinder and stroke is distance between
TDC to BDC.
o Engine is designated by 4 x 3 ½ inches i.e. 4 in bore an 3 ½ in stroke
size.
o Engine with larger bore than stroke is called over square and engine
with same bore and stroke size is called square engine.
o Benefit and disadvantages of using shorter and longer bore in a
engine.??????
 Piston Displacement (15‐9):
o Piston displacement is sometimes called swept volume.
o CID = Cubic Inch Displacement. One litters (L) = 61.02 cubic inch.
o Displacement of Wankel engine is defined by single –chamber
capacity.
 Compression Ration (15‐10):
o Ratio of total volume to the clearance volume.
 Increasing Compression Ratio (15‐11):
o Higher compression ratio leads to increase in thermal efficiency of
the engine but chance of detonation or premature ignition also
increased.
o Adding lead in the gasoline allowed higher compression ration
without detonation. But lead pollute atmosphere and also damage
some emission‐control devices.
o The average compression ratio about 8.9:1 which allow lean‐burn
and fast‐burn combustion.
o Swirl‐type combustion chambers also allow higher compression ratio.
 Volumetric Efficiency (15‐12):
o Good volumetric efficiency of engine at higher speed is about 80%.
o In some cases volumetric efficiency of the engine drop to 50%.
o Volumetric efficiency can be improved several ways:
 Adding more and larger intake valve
 Using of more than one exhaust valve to remove all burnt gases
from the cylinder.
 Using of force induction by adding turbocharger and
supercharger.
 By tuned intake and exhaust manifolds.
 Also by increasing valve lift or increasing valve opening time.
o Higher volumetric efficiency higher the torque.
 Measure Horsepower of Engine (15‐15):
o Engine power is measured by dynamometer. It has a built in brake or
power absorber to measure the power output of a running engine.
o Dynamometer measures engine power when engine is out of the car.
Power absorber is usually an electric generator or a water brake that
connects to the engine crankshaft. A varying load is placed on the
engine by the power absorber.
o For emissions and fuel‐economy testing require a chassis
dynamometer. Chassis dynamometer is used with engine in the
vehicle. The drive wheels are placed on rollers in the floor and rollers
attach to the power absorber.
 Gross and Net Horsepower (15‐16):
o Gross horse power is measured by testing a basic engine and net
horse power delivered by a fully equipped engine.
o Road horse power is the power delivered to the vehicle wheel.
 Indicated Horsepower Engine (15‐17):
o Indicated horse power is the power developed inside the combustion
chambers during combustion.
o Some of engine power is lost in overcoming the internal friction in
the engine.
 Frictional Horsepower (15‐18):
o The required to overcome the friction of the internal moving parts. A
major cause of friction loss is piston‐ring friction. It can account for
75% of all frictional loss in the engine.
o Some manufacture used thinner and barrel‐faced piston rings to
reduce friction.
 Brake Horsepower (15‐19):
o Brake horsepower is the power available to do work. bhp = ihp‐fhp.
 Engine Efficiency (15‐20):
o Mechanical and thermal efficiency. ηm = bhp/ihp
o Thermal efficiency of SI engine in between 20 to 25 percent and CI
engine about 35 percent.
 Overall Efficiency (15‐21):
o Only 20% of fuel energy is used to propelled the car. This is used to
overcome the rolling resistance and air resistance.
o Rolling resistance is due to the irregularities in the road and flexing of
the tires.
o Air resistance is due to the drag of car body.
Automotive Engine Fuels (Chapter‐16):
 Automotive Engine Fuels and Combustion (16‐1):
 Gasoline (HC) is composition of hydrocarbon, which include
hydrogen and carbon.
 Gasoline produced only H2O and CO2 in complete combustion. But
due to incomplete combustion, it produces H2O, CO2, HC, CO and
NOx .
 The Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are air pollutants.
 There are four sources of air pollutants from the automobile. These
are the engine crankcase, air cleaner or carburetor, fuel tank, and
tail pipe. The amount of pollutants from each source is controlled by
vehicle emission control system. These are:
 Crankcase emission control system: Lube oil to combustion
chamber by blowby.
 Evaporative emission control system: By escaping of fuel vapor.
 Exhaust emission control system: Pollutants in the exhaust gas.
 Sources of Gasoline (16‐2):
 Gasoline (HC) is refined from crude oil (petroleum).
 A good quality gasoline should have:
Proper volatility
Resistance to spark knock or detonation
Oxidation inhibitors ‐ prevent formation of gum
Anti‐rust agent
Anti‐icing agents
Detergents
Dye for identification (such as leaded gasoline or orange color).
 Volatility (16‐3):
 Must vaporize quickly, otherwise liquid gasoline may enter in the
cylinder & increase wear resistance between piston ring and
cylinder.
 If the volatility is high, evaporative loss is more, may cause vapor
lock.
 If the volatility is low, emission is high, starting is difficult.
 Gasoline made more volatile in cold weather.
 Antiknock Quality (16‐4):
 Knock or detonation can ruin the engine, heavy shocks on the
pistons is transmitted to the bearings and other engine parts.
 Pistons may chip or break.
 Severe detonation may lead to uncontrolled pre‐ignition that can
burn holes through the top of the pistons.
 Octane Rating (16‐5):
 Octane number measures the antiknock quality of gasoline.
 Higher octane number more resistance to knocking.
 High compression engines require high‐octane gasoline.
 Octane rating is determined by CFR (Cooperative Fuel Research)
engines
 Tetra‐ethyl lead (TEL) or tetra‐methyl lead (TML) is allow to increase
compression ratio without detonation.
 Lead in gasoline is harmful to human health, also make catalytic
converters inoperative.
 Two Kind of Gasoline (16‐6):
 Unleaded and leaded. Car built with catalytic converters must not be
fueled with leaded gasoline.
 To prevent misfueling, a car with catalytic converter has a smaller
opening in the fuel tank filler neck.
 Octane Requirements (16‐7):
 The engine design and compression ratio determines the octane
requirement of a specific engine.
 However, it changes with weather, driving condition or habit,
mechanical condition of engine, combustion chamber deposits,
reduced cooling efficiency, fuel system or ignition troubles, failure of
emission control system, vehicle transmission system etc.
 Abnormal Combustion (16‐8):
 Pre‐ignition can be caused from hot spots like hot exhaust valve,
spark plug, carbon deposits in cylinder head or piston head‐
sometimes it is called surface ignition.
 Abnormal Combustion (16‐8): Continue
 Surface ignition can occur before or after combustion. It causes mild
to severe detonation and also causes back‐fire.
 It also happened due to wrong spark plug, which runs too hot. Other
possible causes are using wrong fuel or service problem.
 Mechanical Factors Affecting Detonation (16‐9):
 The shape of combustion chamber has effect on detonation.
 The wedge shape chamber, flame travel across the chamber and end
of wedge has a squish or quench area which prevent detonation of
unburned air‐fuel mixture.
 In hemispheric combustion chamber has centrally located spark
plug. The flame front travels only relative short distance and there is
no distant pockets of end gas that could detonate.
 Shape of combustion and pre‐combustion chambers has great affect
on detonation.
 Mechanical Factors Affecting Detonation (16‐9): Continue
 Gasohol (16‐10):
 Mixture of 10% ethyl alcohol and 90% gasoline.
 Ethyl alcohol is made from sugar, grain or other organic material.
 Some engine can with gasohol without any change in the fuel
system.
 Methanol or Methane (16‐11):
 Pure methanol or methane is wood alcohol. It does not vaporize
readily as gasoline. Again pure methane burns with an almost
invisible flame. Gasoline gives color in the flame which preferable in
case fire. So 15% gasoline is added with methane.
 Methanol has half the energy content of gasoline 15,900 kJ
compared with 32,300 kJ.
 Can be made from coal, oil shale, wood, manure, garbage or other
organic matter. But it attacks aluminum, solder, plastics, and other
materials. Fuel system must be made with stainless steel.
 It also attract water and in presence of water gasoline and methane
can separate.
 Gasohol (16‐10):
 Mixture of 10% ethyl alcohol and 90% gasoline.
 Ethyl alcohol is made from sugar, grain or other organic material.
 Some engine can with gasohol without any change in the fuel
system.
 Methanol or Methane (16‐11):
 Pure methanol or methane is wood alcohol. It does not vaporize
readily as gasoline. Again pure methane burns with an almost
invisible flame. Gasoline gives color in the flame which preferable in
case fire. So 15% gasoline is added with methane.
 Methanol has half the energy content of gasoline 15,900 kJ
compared with 32,300 kJ.
 Can be made from coal, oil shale, wood, manure, garbage or other
organic matter.
 It also attract water and in presence of water gasoline and methane
can separate. But engine can only handle blend.
 Methanol or Methane (16‐11): Continue
 Some engine use variable fuel sensor. It determine the amount of
methanol in the fuel and send information to the ECM (Electronic
Control Module). And ECM adjust the spark ignition and fuel‐
injecting time. Vehicle with such type of fuel system is known as
flexible‐fuel vehicle or variable fuel vehicle.
 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) (16‐12):
 LPG is made from crude oil.
 LPG is actually propane.
 Vehicle needs a special fuel system.
 Octane rating of LPG is over 100.
 LPG burns cleanly.
 Compressed natural gas (CNG)
 Carbon dioxide emission is about 20% less than gasoline.
 Slightly more NOx emission than gasoline.
 Alternative Fuels (16‐13):
 Hydrogen
No emission
Storing of hydrogen is difficult and risky.
Refueling station is not enough yet.
 Electricity
Electric vehicles are run by battery .
Generally batteries have a range of about 100 to 200 miles.
Batteries can be charged at home or any charging station.
Automotive Engine Fuels Systems (Chapter‐17):
 Fuel Supply Systems (17‐2):
 Engine fuel system is made of two sub systems or systems.
Fuel supply system: It delivers fuel from the tank to fuel metering
system.
Fuel metering system : It meters the amount of fuel needed by
the engine’s carburetor or fuel‐injection system.
 Fuel system includes fuel tank, fuel‐level indicator, fuel lines, fuel
pump, fuel filter, air cleaner, throttle body and intake manifold.
 Fuel pump delivers fuel to the carburetor or fuel injectors.
 Throttle body regulates how much cleaned air enters into the intake
manifold.
 Fuel Tank (17‐3):
 Made of metal or plastic. Usually located at the rear of vehicle.
 Fuel is supplied through a pickup tube.
 A fuel vapour line connects fuel tank to the charcoal canister and the
trapped vapour is fed into the intake manifold.
 Fuel vapor escaping from the fuel tank causes air pollution.
Fig. 17‐1: Passenger car with a fuel system using carburetor
 Fuel Tank Cap (17‐4):
 Most cars with an evaporative‐emission‐control system use a special
cap on the fuel tank. The fuel tank cap has a pressure‐relief valve and
a vacuum‐relief‐valve.
 The pressure relief valve opens if pressure builds up inside the tank.
The vacuum‐relief valve opens to admit air if vacuum develops inside
the tank.
 Some caps include a rollover check valve. It closes the passages in the
cap if the car rolls over. This prevent fuel leakage that could cause a
fire during an accident.
 Fuel Pump (17‐5):
 Fuel pumps may be mechanical and electrical.
 Mechanical fuel pump mainly used in carbureted system.
Mounted on the side of the block.
Operated by the camshaft eccentric.
Pumps are of diaphragm type.
 Electric fuel pump is described in section 17‐7.
 Vapor Return Line (17‐6):
 Many cars with a carburetor and a mechanical fuel pump have a
vapor‐return line.
 It runs from the fuel pump or fuel filter to the fuel tank.
 Any vapor that forms in the pump returns to the tank through the
vapor return line.
 Some engine have a vapor separator between the fuel pump and
carburetor.
 Electric Fuel Pump (17‐7):
 It uses electric motor or solenoid to provide the pumping action.
 Advantages of electric fuel pumps are fuel delivery begins as soon as
the ignition switch is turned on and delivers more fuel than the
engine needs.
 Two types of electric fuel pump are: In‐line and In‐tank.
 Fuel is pressurized to prevents vapor lock.
 Electronic fuel pump is located near the fuel tank at the rear of the
vehicle or located inside the fuel tank.
Fig. 17‐6: Transverse engine with a carbureted fuel system.
 Electric Fuel Pump (17‐7): Continue
 Some engine has inertia switch which shuts off fuel pump if car in a
collision or rolls over thus reduces the possibility of fire.
 Fuel Filters and Screens (17‐8):
 Fuel system use filters and screens to prevent dirt from entering the
fuel line and fuel pump.
 Most fuel systems have at least two filters.
 A filter screen or strainer attaches to the pickup tube in the bottom
of the fuel tank. An in‐line filter is between fuel tank and the
carburetor or fuel injectors.
 Some inline fuel filter include a magnet to catch metal particles in the
fuel.
 Filter element is usually made of ceramic or paper.
Fig. 17‐7: Electric Fuel Pump
Fig. 17‐8: Wiring diagram for an electric in‐tank fuel pump.
Air Intake and Mixture Distribution (Chapter‐17):
 Air Cleaner (17‐9):
 Air cleaner has a ring or panel of filter paper or other materials which
traps dust and dirt as air passes through it.
 In some engine, air cleaner is directly on the carburetor or throttle
body.
 Some engine use remote‐mounted air cleaner and it is connected to
the throttle body or carburetor by hose or tube.
 Air cleaner also muffles induction noise (noise caused by intake air as
intake valve open and close).
 Some air filter use tuned induction system to cancel out the noise.
 Some air cleaner use flame arrestor to stop back fire through air
intake system.
 Some high performance engine use ram‐air cleaner which helps to
flow additional air to the filter to improved engine performance.
Fig. 17‐11: Panel‐Type Filter Element (Top right).
Fig. 17‐12: Pleated‐paper filter (Bottom left)
 Thermostatic Air Cleaner (17‐10):
 It is used only with carbureted fuel system and throttle body fuel
injection system engine.
 The hot‐air pipe connects to the heat stove on the exhaust manifold.
The exhaust manifold heats up quickly after the engine starts. The
heated air helps vaporize the fuel delivered by to the carburetor or
fuel injectors.
 It improve performance of the engine in cold weather.
 Throttle Body (17‐11):
 Depressing the accelerator pedal opens the throttle valve, which
allow more fresh air to pass through air cleaner to the intake
manifold.
 Engine with carburetor, throttle valve controls amount of air‐fuel
mixture that enters to the intake manifold.
 But throttle valve only control air flow if the engine has throttle body
injection.
 Some engine use electronic throttle control or drive‐by‐wire system.
Fig. 17‐14: Thermostatic air cleaner in V‐
type engine.
 Intake Manifold (17‐12):
 It connects the throttle body with the intake ports of the cylinder
head. It has a set of passages or runners through which air or air‐fuel
mixture flows.
 Intake manifold is one piece casting of iron or aluminum alloy. In the
design of manifold, it is better to avoid all sharp corners.
 Some engine uses two‐piece cast‐aluminum intake manifold.
 Distribution of Air‐Fuel Mixture (17‐13):
 Air flows readily around corners and through variously shaped
passages in the intake manifold. Unless the fuel vaporizes completely.
It contains some relatively heavy droplets of liquid fuel.
 Droplets travel in a more or less straight line until they hit the end of
the manifold.
 The center cylinder receive a leaner mixture. More even fuel
distribution results after the intake manifold heats up. Then most of
the fuel vaporizes.
Fig. 17‐22: Two piece cast‐aluminum intake manifold.
Exhaust System (Chapter‐17):
 Exhaust System (17‐14):
 It collects, quiets and cleans all exhaust gases from the engine
cylinder.
 It includes exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe, catalytic converter,
muffler, resonator and tail pipe.
 Some V‐type engine has dual or single exhaust system. Some V‐type
engine use separate exhaust manifold for each cylinder bank.
 Dual exhaust system improves engine breathing by allowing it to
exhaust more freely. Increased engine power results.
 Exhaust Manifold (17‐15):
 Exhaust manifold is a set of passages or tubes which carry exhaust
gas from the exhaust ports in the cylinder head to the exhaust pipe.
 Some in‐line engine has intake and exhaust manifolds on opposite
sides of the cylinder head and some in‐line engine both intake and
exhaust manifolds are same side of the cylinder head.
 Exhaust Manifold (17‐15): Continue
 In some engine, exhaust manifold is installed under the intake
manifold with arrangement of heat control valve which helps to
warm intake manifold. This improve fuel vaporization for better cold‐
engine operation.
 Tuned Intake and Exhaust Manifolds (17‐16):
 Tuning the intake and exhaust manifolds improves volumetric
efficiency of the engine. It is better to produce lowest back pressure
in the exhaust system. A tuned exhaust system has very little
backpressure which empties the cylinder completely result in greater
engine power.
 Tuning of the intake manifold is most effective at high engine speed.
To improve low‐speed performance, some port injected and four‐
valve engines have a variable induction system.
 Some engine uses air aspirator valve to improve performance of
exhaust system.
Fig. 17‐23: Distribution pattern in an intake
manifold.
 Muffler (17‐17):
 It is installed in between catalytic converter and the resonator or tail
pipe. Its purpose is to quiet or muffle the noise of the exhaust.
 It has a series of holes, passages and resonance chambers through
which the exhaust gas passes.
 Some exhaust systems use a smaller muffler‐type resonator for
further quieting.
 Some car use laminated exhaust pipe.
 High‐performance sports cars have a dual‐mode muffler, or active
exhaust system. Moving switch on the instrument panel from tour to
sport opened a valve in the muffler inlet passage. This allow exhaust
gas to flow through both muffler and bypass pipe.
 Some engine use electronic noise control systems that completely
eliminate exhaust noise.
 Catalytic Converter (17‐18):
 It clean exhaust gas by reducing pollutant. It reduces content of CO
and NOx in exhaust by converting them into CO2, Water and nitrogen.
Fig. 17‐28: Exhaust muffler
cut away.
Fuel Gauges and Displays (Chapter‐17):
 Fuel‐Level Indicators (17‐19):
 All cars have fuel level indicator in the instrument panel. The
indicator is an electro‐mechanical fuel gauge or electronic fuel‐level
display.
 Some cars have fuel computer. It calculates and displays information
about fuel consumption and fuel economy.
 Some cars use digital fuel gauge, it display the remaining fuel in the
tank and how many miles car can run with the remaining fuel.
Fig. 17‐29: Fuel‐level indicators.

 Fuel Gauges (17‐20, 21, 22):
 There are two types of fuel gauges: magnetic and thermostatic.
 Magnetic‐balancing coil type; Thermostatic‐uses thermostatic blade.
 Magnetic fuel gauge use a variable resistor in the fuel tank.
Resistance varies as the float in the tank moves up and down.
 Thermostatic fuel gauge use variable resistor in the tank. When fuel
is low, the resistance in the tank is high and vice versa.
 Often there is a voltage limiter or instrument voltage regulator (IVR)
to maintain the voltage at around 5 volts. Some engine use low fuel
warning light in the instrument panel.

Automobile L 7

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Automobile L 7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY (AUST)

ME-4203: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

Fig. 17‐29: Fuel‐level indicators.

You might also like