CHAPTER 2

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature sand studies that the researchers and
consideration to provide evidences and support the claim and acquaintances of the present study.

Definition and the process of Second Language Acquisition:

Second Language Acquisition is a sub-conscious process similar to that children of

acquiring their first language (Kramica, 2008). Language Acquisition is approved to language
learning. According to (Wu, 2008), second language acquisition is a complex language process,
a psychological process, physiological process and also a social process is relating many factors
such as the learning environment, the learning factors, the acquisition process, and the
relationship between language itself and language acquisition. (Krashen, 1985). A noted foreign
language expert claims that the foreign language acquisition requires a meaningful interaction in
the target language- natural communication. He gave the theory of language Acquisition in
which the argued that the first language acquired in home environment is always native, and the
second language is a result of formal speaking on grammar and the style of the language. The
first language that most of the people speak in through learning acquisition without any formal
training. The focus is more on the text rather than the style and grammar. There are different
learning styles for students learning acquisition, though is not a type of learning but it can be
considered as branch of the same. Krachen points out that acquisition is more important than
learning. Learning grammar does not ensure that one knows how to use it correctly. So that a
person often efficiently communicate the message, he should have a mastery of the language.

Definition and the process of Language Learning:

Language Learning is a result of formal instruction in a classroom set-up. Here the focus
is on learning the rules of grammar and being aware of the process through which they
understand the form of language. Thus, language learning is a conscious process. It is an active
process that begins at birth and continues throughout life. People learn language and they use this
to communicate or express their thoughts, feelings, experiences, and establish relationships with
family members and friends. They use the learned language to make sense and order of their
world. Language learning is important because of the cognitive benefits of learning languages.
People who speak more than one language have improved memory, problem-solving, critical
thinking skills, enhanced constructivism and better listening skills. People generally learn the
four basic skills in language learning. They are listening when people are learning a new
language they first hear it. Spoken, speaking when they try to repeat what they hear; reading
when they see the spoken language represented by symbols; and writing when they reproduce
these symbols on paper.

Language Acquisition vs. Language learning:

Most people regard language acquisition and language learning as having the same and
use them intergrably. However, there are differences between language acquisition and language
learning. The process’ involved in each differs in the sense that language acquisition is a sub-
conscious process while language learning is a conscious process. Shaul said that language is the
teaching about a language, its uses, its speaker, its structure, with the hype that the student will
learn enough to actually be able to speak the current language. Language Acquisition is the
process where children learn their native language. Furthermore, it exposes the students to the
target language in meaningful ways and acquire the language’s structure by actual use of the
language. Summarizing the differences between the two, we compare then through different
aspects. First is their meaning: Language Acquisition means picking up a language, which
language learning means studying a language. Second, is the focus; Language Acquisition
focuses on practical knowledge, while Language Learning focuses on theoretical knowledge.
Third, is the method: Language Acquisition is unconscious or implicit, while Language Learning
is conscious or explicit. Fourth, involve the situations: Language Acquisition involves informal
situations, while Language Learning involves formal situations. Fifth, is the use of grammar:
Language Acquisition does not use grammatical rules, while Language Learning uses
grammatical rules. Sixth, it is dependency: Language Acquisition depends on attitude, while the
Language Learning depends on aptitude. Lastly, the orders of learning: Language Acquisition
reasonable orders of learning, while the Language Learning starts from single to complex-
learning.

The Affective Factors and their Effect on Second Language Learning and Acquisition:

In recent decades, a number of studies have focused on language learning because

language is the medium of communication and instrument of thought. It has been mentioned that
a learning a language is a complex process. In the process of learning, there are some factors that
influence or affect students’ learning, namely the affective factors. The affective factors have a
great influence a students’ learning process, moreso, in the learning of a foreign language. Of
course, here other factors that influence the learning process of a foreign language or a second
language, such as educational system, teaching and learning strategies, classroom conditions,
educational technology, socio-cultural and emotional conditions of students to teachers
(Martinez and Villa, 2017); Krashen (1985), claims that foreign language learning process
produces four affective domains such as motivation, anxiety, attitude, and self-confidence. Li
researched on second language acquisition also claims that there are other factors that may
influence language acquisition, like teaching materials, syllabus, teaching methods, quality of
teaching, differences in personality and learners themselves. He also added that motivation and
attitude are emotional factors influencing the result of second language acquisition. (generally
speaking, the stronger the learning motivation is, the more passion learners have for learning, the
more lasting the learning activity will be, and the more difficulties can be overcome. Krashen
(1987), claims that low motivation, low self-esteem, anxiety, introversion and inhabitation can
raise the affective filter and form a mental block that prevents language acquisition. Thus, the
importance of this, cannot be undermined. This study will enlighten the readers, teachers and
educators on the effect of affective filter towards the second language acquisition.
REFERENCES:

 Martinez, V. (2016). A quantitative study of self confidence in learning English as a

foreign language. A Quantitative Study of Self Confidence in Learning English as a

Foreign Language, 2(2315–7704), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.15413/ajer.2017.0302.

 Shaul, D. L. (2014). Linguistic Ideologies of Native American Language Revitalization

(Revised ed., Vol. 3). SpringerBriefs in Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1573/ajer2346