UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB NURSING 1-4 MIDTERM

 Reasons behind behavior, mental processes or
capacity
PSYCHOLOGY  Analyzing and conducting studies
Psyche – Mind
Logos – Study
Psychology QUESTIONS TO PONDER
 study of the mind. Genetic or environmental factors?
 The scientific study of behavior and mental
processes.  Does a person acquire the risk of high blood
 Behavior – overt behavior pressure or become obese merely because the
 Mental Processes – covert behavior parent developed the same risk? Or it is the poor
Thoughts (cognition) eating habits that cause obesity and the limited
Senses (perception) ability to regulate personal habits that lead to high
Feelings (emotions) blood pressure?
 Is homosexuality a genetic or outside of a person's
control or it is a choice or a behavior influenced by
GOALS PSYCHOLOGY environmental factors?
 Is there a biological reason why girls tend to like
The field of the social sciences that deals with the dolls and dress or why boys tend to like toy car and
description, explanation, prediction and control of behavior guns? Or is this something that children are
(Ciccarelli and Meyer, 2006). nurtured to like by their parents and other social
factors?
 Describe
 Understand
WILLIAM JAMES
 Predict
 Control  American Philosopher and Psychologist
 Known for his Theory of the Self and The Principles
of Psychology
 The greatest weapon against stress is our ability to
choose one thought over another

5 CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF

1. All human thoughts are owned by some personal self.

2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are never static.
3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts from
one object to another.
4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and
independent of consciousness itself.
5. Consciousness can focus on particular objects and not
others.

PARTS OF SELF
The self is made up of ME self and I self.
ME SELF (Empirical ME) can be considered as a separate
object or the individual that the person refers to when
discussing or describing their personal experiences.
 The gifts were sent to me.
 The person is smiling at me.
I SELF (Pure Ego) the self that knows and recognizes who
they are and what they have done.
WHY SCIENCE?  It is similar to the person’s soul or mind; it
comprises the totality of the person’s identity; it
 Systematic method explains human behavior and
takes into account the past, present and future
mental processes.
selves of the individual.
o I borrowed the book from the library.
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o I won the game flooded with feelings, and have difficulty thinking
o logically and basing their responses on that.
COMPONENTS OF ME SELF  Undifferentiated people have difficulty separating
their own feelings from others.
Material self – things or objects belonging to a person or  They look to family to define how they think about
entities that a person belongs to. issues, feel about people, and interpret their
Ex: person’s body (the core of material self), his family, experiences.
clothes, books and even his money.
  The basic building blocks of a “self” are inborn, but
Social self – refers to who the person is in a particular social an individual’s family relationships during
situation. Changes in behavior usually result from the childhood and adolescence primarily determine
different social situations the person finds himself in. how much “self” he develops.
ex. The person changes how he presents himself when he’s  People with a POORLY DIFFERENTIATED “self”
at home, in school, or with friends.
 depend so heavily on the acceptance and approval
Spiritual self – more concrete or permanent; personality, of others that they either quickly adjust what they
values, morals. think, say, and do to please others or they
Spiritual Self – refers to the self that is more concrete or dogmatically proclaim what others should be like
permanent when compared to the material and social and pressure them to conform.
selves. This self is the most subjective and intimate part of  A person with a WELL-DIFFERENTIATED “self”
the self. It is always engaging in the process of recognizes his realistic dependence on others,
introspection (self-observation) but he can stay calm and clear headed enough in
ex. Aspects like the individual’s personality, values and the face of conflict, criticism, and rejection to
morals that are usually stable and constant. distinguish thinking rooted in a careful assessment
of the facts from thinking clouded by emotionality.
• Selfless
OTHER SELVES IN PSYCHOLOGY
• Confident
GLOBAL SELF – represents the overall value that a person • Supportive
places upon himself.
 This affects how he views and feels about himself.
 The groups of people that he interacts with
CARL ROGERS
everyday of his life strongly influence him.
 Global self is the product of all experiences that he
had in the society which account for the kind of Carl Rogers (1902-1987) American Psychologist
Person-
person he is. Centered Theory
Self-Concept. - It is used to refer to how a person thinks
MURRAY BOWEN about or perceives himself.

DIFFERENTIATED SELF – still affected by the presence of

others but has the ability to separate feelings and
SELF CONCEPT: REAL AND IDEAL SELF
thoughts REAL SELF CONCEPT refers to all information and
Murray Bowen – Family Systems Theory perception the person has about himself; Who am I?
 Differentiation is the process of freeing yourself IDEAL SELF CONCEPT the model version a person has of
from your family's processes to define yourself and himself; borne out of demands and standards of society;
attain self-fulfillment. Who do I want to be?
 This means being able to have different opinions
and values than your family members but being
able to stay emotionally connected to them.
 Agreeing to disagree!

Forces affecting the person:

1. Togetherness
2. Individuality

Two Major Parts of Bowen’s Theory:

 Differentiation of self is the ability to separate
feelings and thoughts. (rational)
 Undifferentiated people cannot separate feelings
and thoughts; when asked to think, they are
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB NURSING 1-4
 Roger's state that there should be congruence
(sameness, equality) between the real self and the
ideal self in order for the person to be happy and
satisfied with his life.
 If the real self is very different from the ideal self
then the person will experience dissatisfaction
and may see himself as failure or a loser (Feist &
Feist, 2008)
THE SELD DISCEPRANCY THEORY
Higgins 1987
 that individuals use internalized standards to
which they compare themselves called self guides
 Self guides - provides directions for how the
person should present himself. When the self is
found to be deviating/diverting from these guides,
the result is self-discrepancy.
 Emotional discomfort, guilt, indifference
MULTIPLE SELVES THEORY
Multiple selves theory – suggests that there exists in the
individual different aspects of the self; a whole made of
parts; manifest when situation calls for it
Unified self – connected to consciousness, awareness, and
agency
MIDTERM
• To be considered a well adjusted person,
success and failures should be accepted and
understood
• Can deal with and accept complexities
D.W WINNICOTT: TRUE OR FALSE SELVES
The TRUE SELF in individuals is one in which the self is
seen as creative, spontaneously experiencing each day of
their lives, appreciating being alive, real, integrated, and
connected to the whole of existence.
FALSE SELF may be manifested as a form of defense. It is
dead and empty. It is the mask that hides the true person
for fear of the pain of rejection and failure.
 For Winnicott, true and false selves are present in
all individual.
 For the two to exist in a healthy individual, they
should be functional for the advantage of both the
person himself and his society.
 A person that struggles to fit in but still
experiences the feeling of being forced to comply
rather than adapting gracefully to the situation is a
person whose self is maladjusted and unhealthy.
ALBERT BANDURA: SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC
ALBERT BANDURA: SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
 An individual is seen as proactive and agentic
which means that he has the capacity to exercise
the control over his life.
 Choice
 The Social Cognitive Theory suggested that human
beings are pro-active, self regulating, self-
reflective, and self-organizing.
 People have the ability to influence their own
behavior which may lead to desired outcome.
 The basic principle involved in human learning is
learning through observation. A large portion of
human behavior resulted from modeling in which
the behavior of the model is consciously acquired
for in the mind of the person.
OBSERVATIONAL LERANING
 Learning achieved by watching and imitating the
actions of another.
 Triadic Reciprocal Causation Paradigm
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Self- regulation allows the person to set goals that are
better and higher than the former, challenging his
capabilities and making him a wiser and self-actualized
individual.
o The person engages in self-regulated behavior
when he reactively attempts to minimize the
discrepancies between what he has already
accomplished and what he still wants to achieve.
o After seeing that he is at the right track in achieving
his goal, he will also proactively set new and
higher goals for himself.
Self- regulation allows the person to set goals that are
better and higher than the former, challenging his
capabilities and making him a wiser and self-actualized
o individual.
o The control of oneself by oneself (Bell, 2016)
FACTORS OF HUMAN AGENCY
Agency - refers to the human capability to influence one's
functioning and the course of events by one's actions.
Human agency - is the capacity for human beings to make
choices and to impose those choices on the world
Intentionality – refers to the actions performed by the
person intentionally or with full awareness of his behavior.
It involves planning with awareness of the possible
consequences of actions.
o Outcomes can be positive or negative
o Eg. Kenneth went online to apply for a
passport because he wants to travel
outside his country.
Forethought – refers to the person’s anticipation of likely LESSON 5: THE SELF IN THE WESTERN AND
outcomes of his behavior. This allows him to select from a
EASTERN THOUGHT
repertoire of behaviors and determine which one will most
likely lead to a positive outcome. o The tendency to stress either individuality or more
o Choosing what behavior will give a positive collective response is one of the most widely
outcome distributed traits around the world. Not every
Ex. Kenneth chose an interview date for his culture is at one end or the other end of the
passport application where most likely he will be spectrum, but the majority tend to favor one over
on-leave. the other in an everyday life.
Self-reactiveness – refers to the process in which the o Knowing about the basis of this Collectivism versus
person is motivated and regulates his behavior as he Individualism construct will help you to recognize,
observes his progress in achieving his goals. The goals understand, and anticipate attitudes in different
that the person wants to reach should be clear and types of culture.
specific. It should also be within his ability to achieve.
o The person should be realistic, aware of his WEST EAST
potentials and capabilities to fulfill his goals. NORTH AND SOUTH ASIA
o Eg. Luna creates and sticks to her learning plan so AMERICA
she can apply for a full scholarship and receive latin EUROPE MIDDLE EAST
honors. AUSTRALIA
Self-reflectiveness – refers to the person looking inward NEW ZEALAND
and evaluating his motivations, values, life goals and other
people’s effect on him. WESTERN EASTERN
o An important aspect of self-reflectiveness is self- Strives to find and prove Accepts the truth as given
efficacy - the person’s belief that he is capable of
the truth and is more interested in
behavior that will produce the desired positive finding the balance
results. Christianity, Rational,
o Eg. Kenneth believes that he has to enjoy and Scientific, Logical schools Buddhism, Confucianism,
experience life a little while he is still able and Hinduism, Integral Yoga,
capable.
Islam, Taoism, Zen.
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB NURSING 1-4 MIDTERM
More focused on the
individual events and the Holistic approach – all Egoistical individualism – the idea that individual
role of the person. events in the universe are freedom is associated with self-interest and self-reliance
interconnected Developmental Individualism – the idea that individual
Searching outside freedom is linked to human flourishing.
yourself through research Searching inside yourself –  He knows that he is the one who will suffer the
and analysis by becoming a part of the most if he wastes his chance to live a life that
universe through he and his family can be proud of.
Your future is unknown, it meditation and right  Something that would define him and inspire
was predetermined by living others that being in the world meant making it
God and is not much better not only for himself but also for others.
influenced by your deeds. Your future is determined
by the past and your deeds THE SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT
A human being has an today.
individualistic nature and
is an independent part of A human being is an  Ecological self - a broad, expansive sense of self,
the universe and the integral part of the universe related not only to other humans but also to our
society. and the society. home—the living earth—and the nonhuman
others that co-inhabit it.
 Ecological self – sees the self as a process that is
undergoing development.
 Ecopsychologists suggest that–in addition to
needing other people–humans are also hard-
INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF wired to affiliate with other living things and the
 Through the process of introspection and life-like processes (Wilson, 1984).
reflection, man begins to search for clues as to the  Race, gender, social status, education, and culture
probable purpose of his existence and the role he are factors that influence self-development.
plays in the general order of the things of the world.
 As a result of his introspection, he decides that COLLECTIVE SELF
since he has only one life to live and that death is
inevitable, he should make the most of this life he
was given.  The identity of the individual is lost and does NOT
 This is an example of a person manifesting his exist except as a part of the group
individualistic self.  The family and the society control how the group
 He sees himself as being capable of living his own members should think, act and generally conduct
life, doing the things that he would love to do, themselves in society.
making his own mistakes and learning from his  It is observed that strong bonds of unity are
experiences. formed and developed in collectivism.
 He is aware of his rights and the limitations of his  In an extreme sense, all decisions made are group
freedom in the extant society; he sets goals and decisions.
works hard to achieve them.  They are bound by the customs, beliefs and
traditions by the group.
 Some examples of issues decided upon by the
group are gender roles, marriage practices and
patriarchy. In such cases, individual freedom is
sacrificed for the benefit of the group.

CONFUCIUS

 Also known as Kong Zhongni; Master Kong’; ‘Great

Sage and Teacher’
 Born in the period of the Zhou dynasty in 551 BCE
in the small state of Lu
 The Zhou dynasty was characterized by political,
social and moral disintegration in China.
 He grew up poor even though he descended from a
TYPES scholarly family
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 Confucius’ family made sure that he received
proper education.
 His experiences in politics made him focus on
social reforms.
 His philosophy came to be known as humanistic
social philosophy.
 He considers the society and its communities as the
main source of values of both human beings and
the society in general.
 Confucianism – is a way of life; concern with
ethical principles
 Life is a blessing and if you work together with your
fellows, you will attain happiness
 Man’s happiness and perfection is achieved in
social life
 Social order (harmony) is patterned to moral
XIAO (FILIALITY)
order 2. Xiao (filiality) – the virtue of reverence and respect for
family.
SELF IN CONFUCIAN THOUGHT  Parents should be revered for the life they had
given. Children should show respect to their
 Ren – human goodness; empathy; co-humanity; parents by exerting efforts to take care of
humaneness themselves.
 the center of the philosophical concept of  Reverence for parents and family is further
Confucianism which can be manifested through: demonstrated by bringing honor to the family,
1. Li (propriety) making something of himself to earn the respect
2. Xiao (filiality) of others.
3. Yi (rightness)  If ever, the person is having difficulty giving his
 It involves feelings and thinking which serves as family the honor that they deserved, he should just
the foundation of all human relationships. do his best to not disgrace the family.
 Ren further signifies the Chinese culture’s  The family is a reflection of the person.
emphasis on feelings (heart) as the most  How the person interacts socially and the values
important instead of the head in human nature. he emulates can all be traced back to his family
environment.
LI (PROPRIETY)  This forms the bases of the person’s moral and
social virtue.
1. Li (propriety) – in order to guide human actions,
rules of propriety should be followed.
 Such rules involve adherence to the rituals of the
community.
 In connection with the Li, Confucius stated “ to
master oneself and return to propriety is humanity”.
 Self-mastery includes self-development and rejects
selfish behavior.
 Self-mastery is characterized by self-control and
the will to redirect impulses and change these to
socially accepted expressions of human nature.
 Confucius believes that everyone has duties and
responsibilities esp. in the five relationships:
• Between father and son
• Ruler and the subject
• Older and younger brothers
• Husband and wife
• Friend and friend

YI (RIGHTNESS)
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB NURSING 1-4 MIDTERM

3. Yi (rightness)– the right way of behaving. It is

unconditional and absolute.
 Actions must be performed and carried out
because they are the right actions.
 Obedience to parents, for instance is expected of
children because it is morally right and obligatory
to do so.
 Confucius emphasized that actions should be
performed because they are right and NOT for
selfish benefits that they provide.

Li, Xiao and Yi are virtues observed in a person whose

humanity is developed, morally cultivated and aware.

Virtuous people, according to Confucianism, result in a

well-rounded, civilized, humane society.
 In contemporary society, both the individualistic
and collective self may exist in a single individual
through:
1. Result of influences and intermarriages between
people of the East and the West.
2. Sharing of knowledge and the influx of information
from mass media and social media.
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB P. NURSING 1-4
PART II- UNPACKING THE SELF
Lesson 1: THE PHYSICAL SELF: The self as
Impacted by the body
SELF UNDERSTANDING
Self-understanding - the individual’s cognitive
representation of the self which consists of the
substance and the content of self-conceptions.
 The development of self-understanding in
adolescence can be described from
SIMPLE to PERPLEX and involves a
number of aspects of the self.
 Self-understanding – starts at 4-7 years
old (early childhood); mostly differentiate
the self by physical characteristics then
later on using psychological constructs (I
am not scared, I am happy)
 At 8-11 years, self-understanding becomes
more complex
Describing themselves:
 as part of a group (I’m a Girl scout,
Catholic)
 using psychological traits (I’m popular,
nice, smart)
 Increasing social comparison
GROWING UP
As children advance in age, their interests change
and with these come changes in their bodies. An
obvious change in teenagers are the changes in
their physical selves.
Physical Self - refers to the concrete dimensions
of the body, it is the tangible aspect of the person
which can be directly observed and examined.
Physical characteristics are the defining traits or
features of the person’s body and it can easily be
distinguished with the naked eye.
MIDTERM
Ten to twelve years of age, puberty begins and
they are now in the adolescent period up to 18 to
22 years of age (Santrock, 2016)
The age bracket of adolescence, however, may
vary across different groups.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Describes adolescents as young people whose age
ranges from 10-19 yrs. and are often thought of
as a healthy group.
According to healthy children.org, adolescence is
divided into 3 periods:
1. early adolescence (11-14y/o)
2. middle adolescence (15-17 y/o)
3. late adolescence (18-21 y/o)
PHILIPPINES
Youth in Nation-Building Act (1994) defined
youth according to ages which cover 15-30 yrs.
This age range was created by the National Youth
Commission.
PUBERTY
Puberty is a brain-neuroendocrine process
occurring primarily in early adolescence that
triggers the rapid physical changes that occur in
the adolescent stage of human development.
NOT the same as adolescence because puberty
ends prior to the end of adolescent period.
the most essential marker of the beginning of
adolescence.
Pituitary gland – master endocrine gland that
controls growth and regulates the functions of all
other endocrine glands, including the gonads
 ovaries for girls
 testes for boys
The changes that are experienced during puberty
are different for boys and girls.
 Male sex-glalnd that produces sperm in
the form of spermatozoa is called; Testis.
 Female sex-gland; ovaries.
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB P. NURSING 1-4 MIDTERM
 Primary sexual changes – changes in the
reproductive organs that prepare both
boys and girls for procreation.

Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics

 Girls reached puberty earlier than boys

and experience menarche (her first
menstrual flow).

It is to be remembered that although human

development is a progressive process,
variations occur because of individual
differences in such factors as health, nurture
and heredity. (Santrock, 2016)

BODY IMAGE

Body image – refers to the way one sees

himself/herself or the way he/she imagines how
he/she looks.
 Boys, two to three years later, experience
spermarche or semenarche (his first
ejaculation or nocturnal emission or wet
dreams).
 Chemical substances (hormones)
secreted by the gonads (sex glands) are
distributed by the blood stream
throughout the body.
 Girls – Estrogen; promote physical
changes such as increase in height,
widening of the hips and increase in fatty
tissues in the breast of girls.
 Boys - Androgen and Testosterone;
responsible for the boy’s growth of facial
and body hair, muscles and changes in the
voice.
 Secondary sexual changes – rapid
changes which are physical changes that
distinguish boys from girls.
 In general, girls are less happy with their
body images than boys throughout
puberty.
 Recent research revealed that adolescents
with the most positive body images are
engaged in health enhancing behaviour
such as a balanced diet and exercising
regularly.
 A healthy body image is made up of
positive thoughts, feelings and acceptance
of one’s body and over-all physical
appearance.
 Adolescents with poor body images have
negative thoughts and feelings about their
appearance which can either be true or
not.
Imaginary audience – refers to an
egocentric state where the individual
imagines and believes that many people are
actively listening to or watching him or her
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB P.
 In social psychology, this phenomenon is
called spotlight effect.
Spotlight effect – refers to the belief that others
are paying more attention to the person’s
appearance and behaviour than they really are.
 People esp. adolescents sometimes tend to
overestimate the extent to which others
notice them or their bodies (Myer, 2015)
ADOLESCENT’S BODY IMAGE INCLUDES:
1. Perception of their physical self when they
look in the mirror.
2. Feelings of like or dislike about the
physical self that they see.
3. Their thoughts and how they relate to
their physical self.
4. Perception of how other people view them
physically.
EFFECTS ON BODY IMAGE
1. High self esteem
2. Often spend more time taking care of their
appearance.
3. The attention that he gets for his physical
beauty elevates the level of his self-esteem.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PERCEPTION ON
PHYSICAL SELF
Personal • Introspection and self- reflection
• Self – Perception Theory
• Self-concept
Factors • Personal identity
• Attachment Process and Social Appraisal
Social • Maintaining, Regulating and Expanding the Self
in Interpersonal Relationships
• The Looking-glass Self Theory
Factors • Social comparison - upward and downward
• Collective Identity
When we look inward and reflect, it somehow
affect how we perceive ourselves; observing
ourselves; self-concept - sum total a person has
about himself
Personal identity – the you over the years;
NURSING 1-4 MIDTERM
Self – Perception Theory – observing our own
behavior
Attachment – Bowlby; Interaction with others,
audiences; mirror;
1. Personal Factors
a. Introspection and self- reflection
Introspection – the process by which one
observes and examines one’s internal state
(mental and emotional) after behaving in a
certain way. (Hewstone).
 Studies, however, show that introspection
is limited because people are commonly
motivated to keep unwanted thoughts and
experiences out of memory and
consciousness.
b. Self – Perception Theory – Bem (1972) self-
perception theory explains that since one’s
internal state is difficult to interpret, people can
infer their inner states by observing their own
behavior.
c. Self – Concept – is a cognitive representation of
self-knowledge which includes the sum total of
all beliefs that people have about themselves.
 It is a collection of all individual
experiences involving one’s
characteristics, social roles, values, goals
and fears. Thus, it pertains to all
characteristics the person enumerates
when asked to describe who he is.
Physical self–concept is the individual’s
perception or description of his physical self,
including his physical appearance.
d. Personal identity – the concept of a person has
about himself that develops over the years
including aspects of his life that he was born into
like family, nationality, gender, physical traits, the
choices he makes (e.g. what he does for a living,
who his friends are and what he believes in.
2. Social Factors
a. Attachment Process and Social Appraisal
According to Bowlby (1969), people learn about
their value and lovability when they
experiences how their mothers or caregivers care
for them and respond to their needs.
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB P. NURSING 1-4
• Caregiving that is consistent and
appropriately responds to the infant’s
needs promote positive self-concept;
whereas caregiving that is neglectful and
unresponsive creates a negative self-
concept believing that they are not
worthy and that others cannot be trusted.
This is developed prior to achieving self-
awareness.
b. Maintaining, Regulating and Expanding the
Self in Interpersonal Relationships – The sense
of self is continuously shaped through ongoing
interaction with others or with significant
relationship partners. They act as “private
audiences” with whom people carry an internal
dialogue. Oftentimes, however, people are not
aware that they are being influenced by these
private audiences.
c. The Looking-glass Self Theory – The view of
oneself comes from a compilation of personal
qualities and impressions of how others perceive
the individual.
• In looking glass self, the self-image is
shaped and reflected from the social
world. Other people’s reaction would
serve as a mirror in which people see
themselves particularly the way in which
they are perceived and judges by others.
d. Social comparison – Hewstone et.al (2015)
cited the work of Leon Festinger in 1954
introduced another way of understanding oneself
by comparing one’s traits, abilities or opinions to
that of others.
TYPES OF COMPARISON
TYPES OF COMPARISON:
1. Upward social comparison – happens
when an individual compares himself to
others who are better than him.
• Example: An adolescent male who values a
well-built, muscled physique compares
MIDTERM
himself to one who is a body builder to
inspire him to do workouts to get the abs
that he desires
• 2. Downward social comparison –
happens when an individual compares
himself to someone who is in a worse
situation than he is especially when he is
feeling so low. This may make himself feel
better knowing that he is more fortunate
than this person.
• Facebook is the biggest venue of
social comparison.
• For a person to have a healthy self-
image, it is important to never
compare oneself to others. Rather
one should set realistic standards
for himself.
e. Social Identity Theory (Collective Identity)
formulated by Tajfel and Turner in 1979 which
provides a framework about how people achieve
understanding about themselves by being a
member of their group. People need positive
social identity that is why they connect to a wider
social network.
• This idea assumes that as a member of the
group they will not be discriminated by an
out-group.
• It will enhance their self-esteem because
they feel secured with the shield of the
group membership where they belong.
SELF IDENTITY
The person that someone Is who a person believes she
truly is or the entire person or he is, representing a
of the individual. synthesis and integration of
self-understanding
(Santrock, 2014)
The total The traits and
characteristics/qualities of a characteristics, social
person both known and relations, roles and social
unknown to others but group memberships that
known to oneself. define who one is.
A way of making sense of some
aspect or part of self-concept
(Leary and Tangney, 2012)
THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE
AND SELF ESTEEM: THE IMPORTANCE OF
BEAUTY
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Culture – a social system that is characterized by
the shared meanings that are attributed to
people and events by its members (Hewstone,
2015)
BEAUTY AS PERCEIVED BY THE WORLD
• Beauty – the quality of being physically
attractive or the qualities in a person or a
thing that give pleasure to the senses of
mind (Merriam and Webster).
• Young adolescents are forced to adhere to
society’s definition of beauty lest they may
be labelled ugly or (pangit).
• For young adolescent who is awkwardly
experiencing physical changes, who is
inexperienced and innocent of the
complexities of the world, BEAUTY is what
social media dictates, what fashion
models look like, and how his/her
celebrity dresses and behaves.
THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
EUROCENTRISM – a tendency to interpret the
world in terms of European or Anglo-American
values and experiences. Filipinos with
eurocentric features are seen everywhere in
media. With their fair skin and tall noses.
(https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/Eurocentic)
The Filipino culture has been whitewashed so
much that it is as if their heritage and identities
don’t matter at all in the global schema.
COLORISM – the prejudicial or preferential
treatment of same-race people based solely on
the color of their skin (https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/Eurocentic)
 Although associated with cleanliness,
being fair-skinned gives the impression of
beauty, health and wealth. Skin color, not
to the combination of an individual’s
physical features, presently determines
one’s level of attractiveness.
MIDTERM
Dark-skinned Filipinos tend to have a
negative body image. They feel ashamed
and embarrassed of their bodies because
they think they’re valued less compared to
those with lighter skin.
 This proves the importance of visibility
and representation in mass media.
 The message that society gives is that flat
noses and dark complexions do not define
beauty.
 Eurocentrism and colorism indeed have
significant effects on the body image and
identities of the common Filipino.
SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE
Self-esteem – the overall evaluation that a person
has of himself which can be positive or negative,
high or low (Hewstone et.al, 2015)
It is a measure of the person’s self-worth based
on some personal or social standard.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE THAT MAY LED TO
AFOREMENTIONED MISCONCEPTIONS
1. Society’s ideals of the perfect physical
form.
2. Images of perfection adolescents see in all
types of media (i.e. print, television, film
and internet).
• Mass media is a powerful tool that
reinforces cultural beliefs and values.
3. Since a standard has been set by society and
reinforced by mass media, any characteristic
that does not conform to the standard is
labelled as ugly.
 Knowing that adolescence is the
period where self-identity is formed,
it is important for adults in the
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB P. NURSING 1-4
environment to listen to this young
people and provide proper guidance
and support.
 The adolescent should not be afraid to
talk and disclose confusing aspects of
his physical development to his
significant others. It is from significant
people, particularly those closest to
him that he becomes aware of the
things in life that really matter.
PART 2: LESSON 2: THE SEXUAL SELF
CLARIFYING SEXUAL TERMINOLOGIES
• Sex is derived from the Latin word secare
which means 'to divide' while the word
sexuality means 'to unite,‘
• term used if referring to biological;
sexual activity or to being
biologically male or female
• Sexuality – biological,
psychological/psychosexual, social and
moral totality
• Sexual selfhood is defined how one
thinks about himself or self as sexual
individual.
• Sexual identity includes sexual
orientation (either homosexual or
heterosexual), his ability to manage sexual
feelings (such as sexual arousal and
attraction, activities, interest and style of
behaviour) and his capacity to regulate his
sexual behaviour to avoid undesirable
consequences.
• Gender refers to the characteristics of
people as males or females.
• Gender role is a set of expectations that
prescribes how females and males should
think, act and feel refers to
• Gender assignment (natal gender) refers
to the initial assignment as male or female
which usually occurs at birth.
• Gender reassignment denotes an official
and usually legal change of gender.
• existing sexual characteristics are
altered
MIDTERM
• While gender identity is a category of
social identity that refers to an
individual's identification as male, female
or some category other than male or
female.
• It is a person's subjective sense of being a
man or woman
• Masculine are qualities and behaviors
judged by a particular culture to be ideally
associated with men and boys
• Feminine are qualities and behaviors
judged by a particular culture to be ideally
associated with women and girls.
• Androgyny are people who have both
masculine and feminine traits, feelings and
qualities.
• Asexuals are people who do not
experience sexual drives or attraction to
either sex
• Hypersexual are persons with an
excessive interest in sex to the point
where it can cause problems in one's life.
Perspective of Human Sexuality
Sociobiological/
Historical Biological
Evolutionary
Psychological Religious
1. HISTORICAL
Historical. In ancient Greece,
• Male - dominant role
• Penis - male symbol of fertility
• Male body was greatly admired.
• Wives are considered as objects to be
possessed.
• No legal and political rights.
• The woman (gyne) only function is to
bear a child.
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The Middle Ages (476-1450). The church
decreed that all sexual acts that do not lead to
procreation were considered evil.
• Women were labeled as temptress (Eve)
or woman of virtue (Virgin Mary)
Protestant Reformation of the 16th century
(1483-1546) Martin Luther, John Calvin, and
other Protestant leaders initiated a movement
against the corruption of Roman Catholic Church.
• They believe that sexuality is natural part
of life and that priests should be able to Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics

marry and have families.

17th and 18th century The Puritans (a group of DEOXYRIBUNUCLEIC ACID
people who were discontented with the Church of • A molecular structure that contains coded
England rallied for religious, moral, and societal genetic information.
reformation.) • DNA is a long, ladder-like chain of pairs of
• They had positive views on marital sex, chemical molecules.
and approve sex out of marriage.
Victorian Era (1837-1901) Homosexuality
and prostitution were rampant and
considered to be threats to social order. CHROMOSOMES
• The Psychoanalytic Theory became Thread-like “colored bodies” in the
popular (they become more comfortable nucleus of each cell that are made
discussing breasts and buttocks). up of DNA
In humans, each cell normally
Victorian Era (1837-1901) contains 23 pairs of chromosomes,
Beliefs: for a total of 46
• Sex for women was just a marital duty
• Ejaculating more than once would greatly
weaken a man, therefore masturbation
leads to blindness, insanity, and death.
• Through the years and in the 20th
century, interest in sexuality became
more evident and accepted in the society.
• This is the period of controlled and natural
contraception, increase STI, and the rise of
feminism.

BIOLOGICAL
3. Sociobiological/Evolutionary Natural
2. Biological The function of reproductive selection
system is essential to the understanding of
sexuality - is a process by which organisms are best
suited to their environment are most
likely to survive.
4. Psychological
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- According to Freud, human beings are faced with
two forces (sex instinct, libido) and
(death/aggressive instinct)
• To Freud, anything that gives pleasure is
sex. • Intimacy
• Commitment
Psychosexual Stage of Development: • Passion
Oral stage • Combination of the 3
Anal Stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage
Erogenous zones
- areas of the body that produce pleasure and
provoke erotic desire.
5. Religious
Judaism - they hold a positive and natural look
toward marital sex which they consider as
blessed by God and pleasurable.
Muslim - men are allowed to have up to four
wives, but Muslim women can only have one
husband.
Taoism - Sex is not only natural and healthy, but
a sacred union to balance male and female energy.
Hinduism - sexuality is seen as spiritual force
Roman Catholic Church - Marriage is purely for
intercourse and procreation.
• Pope John Paul II confirmed the
idea that married couples should
engage in intercourse only for the
purpose of procreation as 1995 in
the Evangelicum Vitae.
THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE AND
ATTACHMENT
• Attraction is a characteristic that causes
pleasure or interest by appealing to a
person's desires or tastes, and causes one
to be drawn to the other.
• Culture based
MIDTERM
Sternberg’s Triangular
John Lee’s Love Styles Three Phases of Love
Theory of Love
• Eros • Lust
• Agape • Attraction
• Storge • Attachment
• Ludus
• Mania
creates 7 kinds of love • Pragma
STERNBERG’S TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE
1. Intimacy. Desire to give and receive
emotional closeness, supports caring and
sharing.
2. Passion. Hot component of love; intensely
romantic or sexual desire for another
person usually accompanied by physical
attraction and physiological arousal.
3. Commitment. Cold component of love. It
is the decision to maintain the
relationship through good times and bad
times.
Several types of love based on the above
components:
1. Liking (intimacy). Involves emotional
intimacy and has no passionate intention
for long-term commitment; friendly
relationship.
2. Infatuation (passion). Associated with a
high degree of physiological arousal;
Usually called "love at first sight”
3. Empty love (commitment). This involves
only commitment. A relationship with no
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intimacy and passion. Couples only stay
together for their children or other
important reasons.
4. Romantic love (passion and intimacy).
present during the first phase of a
relationship characterized by emotional
intensity and sexual excitement.5
5. Companionate love (intimacy and
commitment) experienced in long deeply
committed friendship or marriage where
passion has faded. It is more durable than
romantic love and may grow over time.
6. Fatuous love (passion and
commitment). experienced by couple
who spent a short time in courtship and
suddenly decided to get married.
7. Consummate love (passion, intimacy
and commitment) There exists a healthy
balance of passion, intimacy and
commitment shared by couples
considered to be ideal for each other.
JOHN LEE'S LOVE STYLES
1. Eros - Love is based on strong sexual and
emotional component. This type of love
creates initial excitement of a new
relationship.
• Kilig; spark
2. Agape - This is altruistic and selfless love.
The person shows his love without
expecting to receive the same in return.
MIDTERM
3. Storge - This is love-related friendship
and based on nonsexual affection. Storgic
lovers don't suddenly fall in love with an
idealized lover.
4. Ludus - For ludic lovers, love is just a
game, something for fun or entertainment.
5. Mania - This is characterized by an intense
feeling which may lead to obsessive and
possessive love towards the loved one.
6. Pragma - This is a practical and business-
like love. Love is based on what is
appropriate.
THREE PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE
Hormones that are high when we are in love
Oxytocin and vasopressin - important in trust,
empathy, and close relationship.
Kilig
1. Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine
(NE) are neurotransmitters that are
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB P. NURSING 1-4 MIDTERM
involved in mood, motivation, attention 2. Solitary behaviour is self-masturbation
and excitement; same hormone involved or self-stimulation with the intention of
in addiction causing sexual arousal, a feeling of
2. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has pleasure and often results in orgasm.
been associated with mood, obsession, sex 3. Masturbation is treated differently in
and sleep; happy hormone different cultures.
3. Phenylethylamine (PEA) is a 4. Society's response to it may vary
neurochemical that can increase the levels depending on the age or sex of the
of DA and NE especially in the pathways participant, and where or when it occurs.
involving mood and pleasure; love drug 5. If masturbation begins to interfere with
4. Oxytocin and vasopressin your life such as frequently missing work
neuropeptides released from the pituitary. or social engagements - then it is a sign
It is also important in trust, empathy, and that a person has a problem.
close relationship. 6. Sexual orientation is a person's
5. Endorphins were named for predisposition or inclination regarding
"endogenous morphine," the body's sexual behavior, emotional attachment or
natural opiates, similar to the man-made physical attraction to one or both sexes.
drugs morphine or heroin. 7. The phrase 'sexual orientation' is
preferred over 'sexual preference' which
Masters and Johnson’s Phases of Sexual implies a conscious or deliberate choice of
response a sexual partner.

TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION

1. Homosexual refers to a person whose

sexual orientation is toward another of the
same sex. For example, lesbian and gay
Plateau Resolution
• 1st level • 3rd level 2. Heterosexual is a person whose sexual
• initial signs of
sexual arousal
• 2nd level • climax and
release
• 4th level orientation is toward others of the
• physical • Return to lower
arousal levels opposite sex.
intensifies
Excitement Orgasm 3. Bisexual is a person who may be sexually
oriented to both men and women.
4. Pansexual is a new sexual orientation of
persons who are sexually attracted to
persons regardless of their sex or gender.
1. "pan" is a Greek word for "all or
every.”
2. they may also be attracted to
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR transgender, transsexuals,
androgynous and other gender
• Human sexual behaviour is any activity, categories .
solitary, by pair or by group which induces 5. The transgender according to DSM
sexual arousal. (2013), refers to the broad spectrum of
1. Sociosexual behaviour is sexual individuals who transiently or persistently
behaviour involving more than one identify with a gender different from
person. It is generally expressed in their natal gender.
heterosexual and homosexual behavior. 6. Transsexual denotes an individual who
• orgy seeks, or has undergone, a social
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transition from male to female or female
to male, which in many, but not all, cases
also involve a somatic transition by cross-
sex hormone and genital surgery (sex
reassignment surgery).
7. In the clinical viewpoint, a person is
suffering from gender dysphoria if there
is a clinically significant distress that may
accompany the incongruence between
one's expressed gender or gender identity
and one's assigned gender.

METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
HORMONE METHODS

1. Hormonal method of contraception

Hormonal method
of contraception
Barrier Methods Behavioral Methods (prevents the release of an egg or ovulation)
•Oral contraceptives •Diaphragm •Rhythm or
a. Oral contraceptives (Pills) – These are daily
(Pills) •Cervical Caps Calendar Method oral contraceptives. Some contain estrogen
•The patch •Male and Female •Abstinence or
•The ring Condoms or celibacy and progestogen;
•Implants spermicides •Outercourse • 99% effective
•Injectable •Withdrawal
b. The patch - it is a small patch you stick on to
the skin that releases estrogen and
progestogen. 99% effective
c. The ring - The contraceptive vaginal ring is a
small plastic ring a woman inserts into her
vagina every month and releases hormones
to stop ovulation. 99% effective
d. Implants - The contraceptive implant is a
small flexible rod that is placed under the
skin of the upper arm by a health
professional and releases progestogen to
stop ovulation.
e. Injectable - The contraceptive injection
which is a long-acting reversible
contraception. 99% effective

BARRIER METHODS
2. Barrier Methods - (methods that physically
or chemically block the sperm from reaching
an egg and provide a barrier between direct
skin to skin contacts)
a) Diaphragm - It is a soft dome made of latex
or silicone and is used with spermicide. It is
put into the vagina to cover the cervix and is
92-96% effective
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b) Cervical Caps - similar to the diaphragm,
though they are generally always made of
silicone. They are put into the vagina to
cover the cervix and are 92-96% effective
c. Male and Female Condoms or spermicides
— Male condom is made up of thin latex put
over the penis to stop the sperm from
entering vagina. 98% effective
• The female condom is made of thin
polyurethane that loosely lines the
vagina and stops sperm from
entering. 95% effective
BEHAVIORAL METHODS
3. Behavioral Methods
a. Rhythm or Calendar Method — It is a
way to determine a woman’s most fertile
and infertile times by charting the
menstrual cycle. It is also known as natural
family planning or fertility awareness.
b. Abstinence or celibacy — It refers to the
avoidance of sexual intercourse.
c. Outercourse — It is a sexual activity that
does not include the insertion of the penis
into the vagina.
d. Withdrawal (Latin — coitus interruptus)
— It happens when a man removes his
penis from the vagina and ejaculates
outside of the woman's body.
MIDTERM
5. Intrauterine Device (IUD) –
It is a small device that is placed in the uterus
by a doctor to prevent pregnancy.
6. Emergency Contraception (EC) –
It is a measure that protects against
pregnancy after unprotected sex has already
occurred.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Cross species transmission - humans contracted
HIV from chimpanzees, probably by butchering
them for bush meat; Chimps were infected by
eating infected monkeys; - Lovgren, 2003
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Immune System - Body’s system of defense
Soldiers of the body
How does the HIV affect the body?
HIV attacks the T-Cells or CD4 cells.
Immune cells are slowly destroyed,
weakening the immune system.
Person living with HIV is more likely to
contract other infections and cancers.

STERILIZATION

4. Sterilization (procedures that make an

individual permanently incapable of
conceiving or fertilizing a partner)
a. Tubal ligation I sterilization —It is the
surgery for woman in which fallopian
HIV has no cure,
tubes are tied to prevent eggs from
but there’s a treatment!
travelling to the uterus so a woman cannot
get pregnant.
Antiretroviral Therapy
b. Vasectomy — It is an operation in which
the surgeon makes a small cut in the upper
Combination of antiretroviral drugs (ARV)
part of the scrotum then ties or blocks the
to maximally suppress the HIV virus and
vas deferens. Men can still have orgasm or
stop the progression of HIV disease.
ejaculation after the operation.
Prevents the onward transmission of HIV
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PUENTE, KRISTINE ZAINAB P.
FALSE ACCUSATIONS
You can get an HIV infection through kissing?
You can get an HIV infection from insect bites
Only homosexuals spread HIV.
4 Body Fluids That Can Transmit HIV
3 Modes of HIV Transmission
- Infected Blood and Blood Products
- From Infected Mother-to-Child
Transmission
- Unprotected Penetrative Sex with an
Infected Partner
4 Conditions of HIV Transmission ESSE
Sexually Transmitted Infection
NURSING 1-4 MIDTERM
Used to be called Sexually Transmitted
Disease (STD)
Transmitted primarily through sexual
contact, but may also be transmitted
through non-sexual means
here are at least two reasons people think
they are different: Curability: Some people
use the term STD to refer to illnesses that
can't be cured (like genital warts)
and STI to refer to illnesses that can be
cured (like Chlamydia).
Sexually transmitted infections (also
known as STIs, or STDs for ‘sexually
transmitted diseases,’ or VD for ‘venereal
diseases’) are infections that are
commonly/have a high probability of
being spread from person to person
through sexual contact.The term STI is
broader and more encompassing because
some infections are curable and may not
cause any symptoms. If the infection
results in altering the typical function of
the body, it is then called a disease. So
that’s why you may hear people say STIs –
it’s technically more accurate and also
reminds people that there are often no
symptoms so it’s important to get tested.
Bacteria
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia.
Viral
Genital warts
Genital herpes
Genital molluscum
HIV
Hepatitis B
Molluscum contagiosum (MC),
sometimes called water warts, is a viral
infection of the skin and occasionally of the
mucous membranes. ... The virus that
causes molluscum contagiosum is
spread from person to person by touching
the affected skin.
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hep·a·ti·tis B a severe form of viral
hepatitis transmitted in infected blood,
causing fever, debility, and jaundice

Protozoa
en.wikipedia.org
Plural protozoans or protozoa. Any of a large
group of one-celled organisms (called protists)
that live in water or as parasites.
Many protozoans move about by means of
appendages known as cilia or
flagella.Protozoans include the amoebas,
flagellates, foraminiferans, and ciliate

Trichomonas

Fungal

Candidiasis

Skin Parasites
Pubic Lice
Scabies - scabies a contagious skin
disease marked by itching and
small raised red spots, caused by
the itch mite

Common Signs & Symptoms of STIs

- Painful Urination
- Severe Itchiness
- Yellowish/ abnormal Discharge
- Pain During Sex
- Genital Ulcerations
- Abdominal Pain

ABC’s of HIV Prevention

A - Abstinence
B - Be Mutually Faithful
C - Correct and Consistent Use of Condoms
D - Don’t do drugs
E - Educate yourself