Page No.

:
Tutoial No.5 Date:

List and explain voiOus_

D uaing the types aà esrs
beComuptedon ansmissian a_data. i can-
oaVes Out o the oTdes iss
Kno n Os emor.
Thexeome tuo types o e
i) Sinale bit e s sThey e
) Bust ems

D Sinale by e i
Wllhen thexe S emK in the
messae it is called as SinaleSinale bit ad the
bit era
-Bit 'O' changes to bit Tm
bt chanqes
bit 'o'
hese emss oxe mostls psesent in
pozallel-
ranSmission
-Tn orallel taanSmissian gmang
multiple caiaes
onu othe uwite camyiq the bit became noiss
hence Single bit is cosupted out ai multiple bits
Passing thaough mutiple wges
Example ot Sinale bit ezatais Shoun belaua

oansmitteo dlata Receved data

ooellol |iol
Channel

Single bt eza
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i)Buast emn
atleast tuso mae bits
more
-Bumst charaes
duzinq d a t a tanSmisSion.
adiacent
These bits may ar may notbe
Bunst S accu in Ltransmission
- Example_of bust_emana S Shouon bela.

Toansmitted dlata Received data

lal looluo lolollolol

Channel

Buost fvaar

Q2 Eind the. hamming distance betuveen

the
ollowingtuno pai ot umcds.
dlooo01L)

o - (2 1s)
The hommina distance
is 2 behueen dlooa.0

ii)dlolol 110)

oL0II-(3 I's)
he hamming ciStaince bekween d(loOolL
is 3
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Explain Simple poIty check code with exarnple

aExplain.
The Simple pacaty Check is done by addlin
qan extra bit colled poaity bit to the data
to moke thenumbez o l's eithez even oradd
depending upon thetype ot paatyThe pazitu
check is Suitable dax Single bit eoa detection
only
Tbe tuwo tupes at poaity checkino oae
Even paity Heme the total nuAmber oFbits in
the messaae is mode even.
ado pocsity Heae the total number oi bits in
the messaqe is moole odd.

Steps invalved in simple paits check Codle

ose as nllouS
) AA Sendez Sidle
Totol number of l's in the dota unit to be
tansmitted is countecl
The ptal numben o 1's in the dloata unit is
made even in Case a even paaitu
The total numbex oils in the daBa unit is
made odd in case al odd poaity
This is dane by adding on exra bit coalled
os posity biB
The neilu oned codewsrd Conigirat data
+ pazity bit) is tpansmi bted o the Teceive2
3) AA Receivez Side,
ReceiNes Deceives the tvansmittec cocleakscl
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The total numbea o 1s inthe aeceiv eived

Coclecuamo isCountecl

are paSsible
Then ollaminq Coses
TH total number aB 1's is eyen and eYen
paity ISUSed then Aeceivex OSSumer
No e008 OcCuec
o T total_numbe ot 1's is evenOncdodd
pasity is uSeo! then redeiver Ossumes thot
em occuDred
o Titotal rnumbex ot l s s odo A add D
i s uSed, then neceivem aSSumes that no
e a s oCCuTme
Ttotal nUmbex ot 1s s adol PYene
IS Usedthen Tecevex OSSumes that e a Occ

Example
Considea the dato anit to be tsonSm
-e islooloolond even paaity is used.
hen
AA Sendez side-
Totalnumbex oi 's in the dato unit is
CountA
Total numbex od l's in thedata unit 3
Cleozlyeven pozity is used ancl total nume
of 1's is odd.
Sa paaity bit1 1s added to the data unt.
to make total number o}_1's even.
Tnen, the Coceuamdleoloo is toapsmiEs ttad

to the eceve
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oo olol|
Oiqina_data unit

Pamity bit
oo olol
onsmitted odlata unit.
At Receiver Side-
Ate seceving the
o l's in the Codewgod, total numbez
Cacdeaamo is Countes
Consioles aeceivex DeceVes the
loolootL comet codewd
Even posity is used ano total
even. numlbez o l's is_
So neceiver OSSumés that
ro e0r OCc(Ured
in the clata duing the taansmission

Adyartoges
This technique is quaxanted to detect an
Padolnumbex or bit emrs Conethmee ive 2
So on-
H odd number ot bits lip cluiatoansmSS1on,-
Then Tecever candetecb Countinq the numbea
of1s

imit.ationS
|his technique can't detect an ever numbe
afbit eas (tuao, o u r Si and So o o n )
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T£ even number o bits lip duzingttano

catch the e
-ion,then eceiver cannat

Exaimple
Considex, the data unit to be tr
-ed is looloool and even pomity is Used.The
Cocleummd tansmitted to the 7eceivex:lca
oloog
Considex clunim transmi SSlon Codlewmod mdiiHes
as loiL.ooul (2bits Slip)
_On Teceiving the mocliied cacemoneceive
inds the numher oo 1's 1S even and eyen pt
is usec
So Deceivea assumes thot no erar oceLmes
in the dato _ougim tansmission though the do
1S CaUpted.

.Q.4
4 Repaesent nuobex 21 using ' s
camplement
omithmetic
he numbez 21in binoT am
is Tep
ente as Olo
21 (lolo
T'scomplement o a binocu numher S
obtained by eplacing o's b I s S

Thus -1's
1s Complemernt_cmithmetic o1
is (ol olo)
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5 Explain the Conceptot checksum_with exam

-ple
This is a black code methad
sbere o
claecksum IS CGeated based on the data lalues
inthe data blocks to be tansmitted using Same
alaorithm ond appended to the data. dhen the
neceiven gets ths data auneus checksum is
colculatecl and Compaed with the exis ting_
checkSum A_non-match indica tes an ear

Far detechion by checksumS

emr oletection by checksums
olata is_clivided into fxec Sizec pames ar
Seaments
Sendezs Sicle:
)Sum aluthe rames Seaqments
) Adlel the comto the Sum anu
ü)Do 1's Complement of the Sum In Stepii)L
to aetthe checksum.
he Checksum is toen Send to
the Teceivez cilonqwith the
data mes

keceiuer's Sioe
The Receiyeg colects alL the cdata
blocks_includlinq Check supa
D Then it Sumsall the data blocks4
CheckSum
i) T the zesult is all l's then it is accept-
ed else a e i e t t d . o T the l's Compleme
n t oi gesult is. alLO's thenit is aCCepted
else ejecteo.
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Example
Suppase that t h e Dants
Senden wOn
where 4
bits Te thee
Send bames each ot 1
Uloo00
|loollbololololo
ames ame ts usin
the bits usina
The sendlez aclols
cmithmeti C whle acoinq tuwn
Complamenti
aTIthmetic i
numbess USing 1s complement
thene iS a Com ONes t 1S added tu
Sum
Aftex odding all the 4 ames the
Sendle Complements Hhe Sum o get the che
-Sum LLo loollL and Sendls it olong sith the
olata rames.
he TeCeNer pe Hsms 1 s comple
-mentomthmeic Sum of ál the aames
including he checksuma he nesult Is Comple
mented andound to be O. Hence the
eceiYez asSumes that no emsa haS Occume

Sende s End Recever'sEnd

Fxamer LotoloLo
Foame3 | | odo o
ksameu | oo00
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Sendens End
Frame 1 looLoa Receiwex's _End
Fxame 210l0loLo ame1: Lo o 0 a
rame 2lo lo lo L
olL OlLo

rame 3:
Fsome3 L o0o
Olloó11L
L
OlOlooo
Fame4 loooolI rameL looooL
oolo lo LL
+I oolola L
+
Sun Sum E OolO||oo.
checkSum: |Lolool| heckSm | o l oo||

checkSUmE O O0ooo o0

Hence accept ames