POINTERS IN VALUES
accountable for your actions
LESSON 17: MY GUIDE IN TIMES OF DILEMMA
- “If the sky above you should turn dark
and full of clouds and that old North
Wind should begin to blow. Keep your
head together and call my name out
loud, and soon I’ll be knocking upon
your door” – Carole King
- Dilemma > Problem
- Uncertainty > Unsure
- Falling Leaves > Felix Salten
LESSON 18: MY INEER PEACE AMDIST
UNCERTAINTY
- “Have patience with all things, but
chiefly have patience with yourself. Do
not lose courage in considering your
own imperfections, but instantly set
about remedying them – every day
begin, the task anew” – Saint Francis de
Sales
- Enthusiasm > sense of humor and
persistence all shape positive attitude
- Cheerfulness > sign of inner peace in
the face of adversity
- Inner Peace > being unshaken in the
midst of confusion and chaos
- Give Me Strength > Rabindranath
Tagore
 Concepts
- Inner Peace > having moral
discernment, good judgement and
wisdom, a well formed conscience and
a sense of obligation to do the right
thing consistently and constantly
- Uncertainty – being unsure of things in
the midst of confusion, chaos,
disenchantment or vagueness
LESSON 19: MY ACTIONS, MY
ACCOUNTABILITY
- “Yesterday is gone. What matters is
today and the choices I make for the
future.” – Libby Gray
- Accountability > involves being
dependable and trustworthy
- Integrity > is achieved by being
 Concepts
- Accountability > taking responsibility for
one’s action
- Intellect and Free Will > enables man to
know what is good and to do what is
good
- Conscience > an intellectual judgement
that man makes on the goodness or
badness of his thoughts, words and
actions
LESSON 20: COMMITTING TO HIGH MORAL
STANDARDS
- “The greater danger for most of us lies
not in setting our aim is too high and
falling short, but in setting our aim is
too low and achieving our mark.” –
Michelangelo Buonarroti
- The Arrow and The Song > Henry
Wordsworth Longfellow
 Values of Life
- Patience > quality of being able to
endure calmly
- Dialogue > ability to get across our
ideas, exchange and interchange our
opinions and views with others
- Tolerance > capacity for allowing or
respecting the beliefs or behavior of
others when those differ from our own
POINTERS IN FILIPINO
ANEKDOTA
- Tulang pasalaysay ng isang sikat, kilala o
taniyag na tao
- Layunin na ipabatid ang isang
pambihirang katangian ng paksa
- Kathang isip o totoo
- Nagbibigay impormasyon, mag-aliw o
manghikayat
ELEMENTO NG ANEKDOTA
- Paksa
- Banghay
- Layunin
- Anyo
SALAWIKAIN
- Isang maikling pangungusap na lubhang
makahulugan at naglalayong magbigay
patnubay sa ating pang araw-araw na
pamumuhay
- Maaaring ito nakabatay sa sariling
karanasan o kasalukuyang dinaranas,
nagsasaad ng pangkalahatang gawi
hinggil sa buhay at sa mga batas
nagpapanuto ng ating pamumuhay
- Simpleng pananalita ngunit malalim ang
kahulugan
 Halimbawa
- Aanihin pa ang damo kung patay na ang
kabayo
- Kuwarta pa naging bato pa
- Kung may tiyaga, may nilaga
- Kung ano ang puno, siya rin ang bunga
- Lahat ng gubat ay may ahas
ANG ALAGA
- Isinulat ni Barbara Kimenye
- Isinalin sa Filipino ni M.O. Jocson
 Tauhan
- Kibuka
- Yosefu Mukasa
- Miriamu
- Nathaniel Kiggundu
- Musisi
MAIKLING KUWENTO
- Ayon kay GEM (Genoveva E. Matute) na
ang maikling kuwento ay may sariling
katangian:
 Isang madulang bahagi ng buhay ang
tinatalakay
 Isang pangunahing tauhang may
mahalagang suliranin
 Isang mahalagang tagpo
 Mabilis na pagtaas ng kawilihan
hanggang sa kasukdulang madaling
sinusundan ng wakas
 May iisang kakintalan
- Binubuo ng maikling kuwento ng
panimula, paunlad na pangayayri,
kasukdulan, kakintalan at wakas
- Edgar Allan Poe > Ama ng Maikling
Kuwento sa America
- Deogracias A. Rosario > Ama ng
Maikling Kuwento sa Pilipinas
 Uri ng Maikling Kuwento
1. Kuwento ng Tauhan- nakatuon ang
pansin sa galaw, salita at kaisipan ng
tauhan
2. Kuwento ng Banghay- binigay-diin dito
ang pagkakabuo ng magkakaugnay na
mga pangyayari sa akda
3. Kuwento ng Isipan- paksa ng
pinagtutuunan ng pansin gayundin ang
diwa o isipan ng katha
4. Kuwento ng Katutubong Kulay-
inilalarawn dito ang mga bagay, paligid,
kaayusang panlabas, pag-uugali ng mga
naninirahan sa isang lugar, kanilang
mga paniniwala, mithiin at iba pang
aspeto ng kulturang paniniwalaan ng
mamamayan sa isang lugar
AKDANG PAMPANITIKAN
 Tula
- Pagpapahayag ito ng maririkit na
kaisipan sa pamamagita ng maririkit na
pananalita, sa paraang may sukat, aliw-
iw, indayog ng mga salita at tugma
 Uri ng Tula ayon sa Layunin
- Maglarawan
- Mangutya
- Mang-aliw
- Magpanuto
 Uri ng Tula
1. Tulang Pasalaysay- nagsasalaysay ng
mga pangayayri sa paraang pasalaysay
a. Epiko- nagsasaad ng kabayanihan ng
isang tauhan na nagtataglay ng
katangiang nakahihigit sa karaniwang
tao
b. Pasyon- nagsasaad ng buhay ni
Hesukristo
c. Awit- nagsasaad ng pakikipagsapalaran
ng bayani at sa mga alamat at
relihiyosong tula
d. Korido- binibigkas sa pamamagitan ng
pakantang pagpapahayag ng tula
e. Balada- inaawit habang sinasayaw
2. Tulang liriko o Padamdamin-
nagpapahayag ng masidhing damdamin
a. Soneto- tungkol sa masidhing
damdamin at kaisipan, may labing-apat
(14) na taludtod
b. Elehiya- nagpapahayag ng masidhing
damdamin sa isang tao paungkol sa
mahal niya sa buhay na pumanaw
c. Oda- nagsasaad ng papuri o dedikasyon
sa isang tao
d. Himno- pasasalamat sa diyos
3. Tulang Patnigan- nagtatalo sa
pamamagitan ng gamit ng mga saknong
a. Karagatan- tungkol sa isang prinsesa na
nawalan ng singsing sa karagatan
b. Balagtasan- pagtatalo ng magkaibang
panig ukol sa isang paksa
c. Duplo- nanggagaling sa mga kasabihan,
salawikain at bibliya
d. Batutian- hinango sa balagtasan
4. Tulang Dula o Patanghalan-
nagsasadulang may mga tauhang
gumaganap at patula ng diyalogo
a. Moro Moro- komedya, sining na
itinatanghal kung saan ang layunin ay
magpatawa
b. Karilyo- puppet show
c. Panuluyan- tungkol sa paghahanap ng
matutuluyan nina Santo Jose at Birheng
Maria mula sa Nazareth
d. Senakulo- tungkol sa paghihirap ni
Hesukristo bago siya mamatay at
mabuhay muli
e. Tibag- tungkol sa paghahanap ng krus ni
Reyna Elena
f. Sarsuwela may kantahan at sayawan,
may isa hanggang limang kabanata at
tungkol sa sitwasyon ng mga Pilipino na
may kinalaman sap ag-ibig at
kontemporaryong isyu
g. Panubong/Pamutong- mahabang tula
na nagpaparangal sa mga kaarawan o
kapistahan
 Dula
- Isang uri ng pampanitikan na nahahati
sa mga yugto, layunin nitong
maglaraanng isang tanghalan ng kilos at
galaw, umaantig ng damdamin,
naghahatid ng mensahe at kaysayan
 Tatlong Bahagi ng Dula
- Simula- binubuo ng tagpuan, tauhan,
sulyap na suliranin
- Gitna- dito naman matatagpuan ang
saglit na kasiglahan, tunggalian at
kasukdulan
- Wakas- naririto ang kakalasan at
kalutasan ng mga suliranin
 Uri ng Dula
1. Melodrama- nakaaantig ng matinding
damdamin dahil sa labis na pagbibigay-
tuon sa takbo ng mga pangyayari
2. Pantasya- likha sa mayamang
imahinasyon ng manunulat
3. Romatiko- seryoso, tigib na damdamin
at may matulaing wika
4. Parsa- nagpapatawa at nagbibigay ng
aliw
5. Parodya- nilikha upang mangutya,
magbigay-puna, manggaya ng
pangungusap at kilos ng isang tao sa
tunay na buhay sa lipunan
6. Sainete- masaya at may layuning
magpatawa, paksa y nito ay labis sa
katotohanan, marangya at malayo sa
katotohanan
7. Dulang panlipinuna (Social Drama)- ukol
sa isang lipunan at suliraning
kinahaharap at nilulutas nito
 Nobela
- Mahabang kathang pampanitikan na
binubuo ng maraming kabanata at
naglalahad ng mga panyayari na
pinaghahabi-habi sa isang mahusay na
pagbabalangkas
 Sanaysay
- Malaya itong pagpapahayag ng
karanasan, damdamin, kuro-kuro ng
manunulat
ANG PAGTUGTOG NG KAMPANA
- Isinulat ni Jose Corazon de Jesus
ANG NINGNING AT ANG LIWANAG
- Isinulat ni Emilio Jacinto
POINTERS IN ENGLISH
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES/PREFIXES
- words attached at the end or beginning
of a root word/base word, with the use
of both prefixes and suffixes new words
can be created
 Categories
1. Time (postdate, forewarn, aftershock)
2. Number (bilingual, polygon)
3. Place (outdoor, subway)
4. Degree (hyperactivity,
ultraconservative)
5. Privative (defrost, disarm)
6. Negative (non-smoker, malpractice)
7. Size (megawatt, microchip)
EFFECTIVENESS OF DEVICES USED BY SPEAKERS
 Devices
1. Time-Gaining Devices- “er” or “um”,
filler expressions that allow the speaker
to collect his/her thoughts for the next
part of the statement
2. Conversation Maintenance Devices- “I
see” or “that’s too bad” or “Oh”, are
remarks or comments that may show
interest or sympathy or echo back what
was just said, keeps the conversation
going and may serve as setups for new
statements
3. Help-Seeking Devices- “what do you
mean” or “say that again please” or
louder please”, may ask for clarification
or request repetition or indicate a
problem in conversation, explicitly
signal a speaker’s need for something
that will help avoid a communication
breakdown
4. Attention-Getting Devices- are directly
or peripherally related remarks that can
break the ice or focus the listener’s
attention on a particular topic, goes
beyond mere expressions and may
include jokes, witty quotations and
even anecdotes
EXPRESSING COMPLIMENT, GRATITUDE AND
APOLOGY
 Concepts
1. Compliment- is a positive comment
used to express or communicate praise,
is made for someone’s general
appearance, a particular
accomplishment or for a possession or
feature
 EX: what a nice dress!
2. Gratitude- is an act of expressing
gratefulness or thankfulness for any
number of reasons, a favor, a
compliment or a gift, shows
appreciation for a favor done by
rendering gestures or statements of
thankfulness
 EX: Thank you very much!
3. Apology- is a written or spoken
expression of one’s regret, remorse or
sorrow for having insulted, failed,
injured or wronged another, are
expressions of apology that
communicate remorse for some ill acts
such as physical or emotional blow that
may have been unintentional
 EX: I’m sorry about that
SKIMMING
- Is a method of quick reading to get a big
picture of the text, mainly useful for
getting a general idea of what the text is
about not understanding the text in
detail
 Important details
1. First lines of paragraphs
2. Section headings
3. Opening and ending paragraphs
COMBINING SENTENCES THROUGH EFFECTIVE
SUBORDINATION
- Subordination conjunction are essential
parts of complex sentences as it
includes at least two clauses being main
(independent) and other being
subordinate (dependent)
 Examples
1. Time (when, whenever, after, until,
before)
2. Place (where, wherever)
 3. Cause/Effect (because, since, as)
4. Condition (if, if/then, unless, if only)
5. Contrast (although, even though)
6. Additional Details (which, that, who)
- There is another group that introduces
dependent clauses and they are called
Relative Pronouns
 Examples
1. That
2. Who
3. Which
4. While
5. What
6. When/Whenever

POETIC DEVICES
 Devices
1. Rhyme
2. Meter
3. Imagery
4. Figurative Language

PARALLELISM
- Coordination is the combination of
sentences that carry equal value, using
connectors like coordinating
conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs
 Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
1. For
2. And
3. Nor
4. But
5. Or
6. Yet
7. So
 Conjunctive Adverbs
1. However
2. Therefore
3. So on