Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

Rod R. Seeley
Idaho State University
Trent D. Stephens
Idaho State University
Philip Tate
Phoenix College

Chapter 04
Lecture Outline*

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Chapter 4

Histology: The Study of

Tissues

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 Tissues and Histology

• Tissue Level of Organization

– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
• Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues

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 Embryonic Tissue
• Germ layers
– Endoderm
• Inner layer
• Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives
– Mesoderm
• Middle layer
• Forms tissues as muscle, bone, blood vessels
– Ectoderm
• Outer layer
• Forms skin and neuroectoderm

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Epithelium Characteristics
• Consists almost entirely
of cells
• Covers body surfaces
and forms glands
• Has free and basal
surface
• Specialized cell contacts
• Avascular
• Undergoes mitosis

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 Functions of Epithelia

• Protecting underlying structures

• Acting as barriers
• Permitting the passage of substances
• Secreting substances
• Absorbing substances

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 Classification of Epithelium
• Simple
– Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
• Stratified
– Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
• Pseudostratified
– columnar
• Transitional
– Cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and
squamouslike when stretched

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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Types of Epithelium

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15 MINUTE-BREAK
 Functional Characteristics
• Cell layers and shapes
– Diffusion, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, Protection
• Cell surfaces
– Microvilli: Increase surface area absorption or
secretion
– Cilia: Move materials across cell surface
• Cell connections
– Desmosomes, tight, gap
• Glands
– Exocrine: Have ducts
– Endocrine: Have no ducts
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Exocrine Glands

• Unicellular
– Goblet cells

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Multicellular Exocrine Glands

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Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types

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 Connective Tissue

• Abundant
• Consists of cell separated by extracellular
matrix
• Diverse
• Performs variety of important functions

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 Functions of Connective Tissue
• Enclosing and separating as capsules around
organs
• Connecting tissues to one another as tendons
and ligaments
• Supporting and moving as bones
• Storing as fat
• Cushioning and insulating as fat
• Transporting as blood
• Protecting as cells of the immune system
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 Connective Tissue Cells
• Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix
– Suffixes
• -blasts: create the matrix
• -cytes: maintain the matrix
• -clasts: break the matrix down for remodeling
• Adipose or fat cells
• Mast cells that contain heparin and histamine
• White blood cells that respond to injury or
infection
• Macrophages that phagocytize or provide
protection
• Stem cells
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15-MINUTE BREAK
 Extracellular Matrix

• Components
– Protein fibers
• Collagen which is most common protein in body
• Reticular fill spaces between tissues and organs
• Elastic returns to its original shape after distension or
compression
– Ground substance
• Shapeless background
– Fluid

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 Connective Tissue Categories
• Embryonic or mesenchyme
• Adult
– Loose
– Dense
– Connective tissue with special properties
– Cartilage
– Bone
– Blood

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 Loose Connective Tissue

• Also known as areolar tissue

• Loose packing material of most organs and tissues
• Attaches skin to underlying tissues
• Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and variety of cells
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 Dense Connective Tissue
• REGULAR
• Dense regular
• Dense regular elastic

• IRREGULAR
• Dense irregular
• Dense irregular collagenous
• Dense irregular elastic
•

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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 Connective Tissue with Special
Properties
• Adipose tissue
– Consists of adipocytes
– Types
• Yellow (white)
• Brown
– found only in specific areas of body as axillae, neck and near
kidneys

• Reticular tissue
–

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Adipose Tissue

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Reticular Tissue

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 Cartilage

• Composed of chondrocytes located in

spaces called lacunae
• Next to bone firmest structure in body
• Types of cartilage
– Hyaline
– Fibrocartilage
– Elastic

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 Hyaline Cartilage

• Found in areas for strong support and some flexibility

– Rib cage and cartilage in trachea and bronchi
• Forms most of skeleton before replaced by bone in embryo
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• Involved in growth that increases bone length
 Fibrocartilage

• Slightly compressible and very tough

• Found in areas of body where a great deal of pressure
is applied to joints
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– Knee, jaw, between vertebrae
 Elastic Cartilage

• Rigid but elastic properties

– External ears, epiglottis 4-36
 Bone

• Hard connective tissue that consists of

living cells and mineralized matrix
• Organic and inorganic
• Types
– Cancellous or spongy bone
– Compact bone

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Bone

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 Blood

• Matrix between the

cells is liquid
• Hemopoietic tissue
– Forms blood cells
– Found in bone
marrow
• Yellow
• Red

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Bone Marrow

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 Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Contracts or shortens with force
– Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
– Smooth

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Skeletal Muscle

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Cardiac Muscle

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Smooth Muscle

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 Nervous Tissue

• Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves

• Ability to produce action potentials
• Cells
– Nerve cells or neurons
– Neuroglia or support cells

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Neurons

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Neuroglia

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Membranes

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Inflammation
• Response when tissues
damaged or with an
immune response
• Manifestations
– Redness, heat, swelling,
pain, disturbance of
function
• Mediators
– Include histamine, kinins,
prostaglandins,
leukotrienes
– Stimulate pain receptor
and increase blood vessel
permeability

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 Tissue Repair

• Substitution of viable cells for dead cells

• Skin repair
– Primary union: Edges of wound close together
– Secondary union: Edges of wound not close

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Tissue Repair

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 Tissues and Aging
• Cells divide more slowly in older than
younger people
• Tendons and ligaments become less flexible
and more fragile
• Arterial walls become less elastic
• Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in
elderly
• Injuries are harder to heal in elderly

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