Module 4

Tissues,
Glands, and
Membranes

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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 Tissues and Histology
• Tissues are collections of similar cells and
the extracellular matrix surrounding them
• Histology is the study of tissues
• The four primary tissue types are
– Epithelial tissue
– Connective tissue
– Muscle tissue
– Nervous tissue
 Embryonic Tissue
• Primary tissue types are derived from the
embryonic germ layers
– Endoderm
• Forms the lining of the digestive tract and its
derivatives
– Mesoderm
• Forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood
vessels
– Ectoderm
• Forms the outermost layer of skin and the nervous
system
• Gives rise to all tissues of the body
 Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial tissue
– Covers surfaces Apical surface
– Has little extracellular
material
– Usually has a basement
membrane
Basal surface
– Has no blood vessels
• Epithelial cells
– Have a free, or apical,
Basal lamina
surface (not attached to
other cells)
– A lateral surface (attached
to other cells) Polarity of epithelia
– A basal surface (attached
to the basement
membrane)
Fig. 4.1
 Epithelial Tissue Functions
1. Protecting underlying structures
– Example: outer layer of skin and oral mucosa
2. Acting as barriers
– Example: outer layer of skin
3. Permitting the passage of substances
– Example: epithelium in the lungs
4. Secreting substances
– Example: mucous glands and sweat glands
5. Absorbing substances
– Example: epithelial cells of the intestine
 Epithelial Tissue Classification
• Epithelia are classified according to the number
of cell layers and the shape of the cells

– Cell layers
• Simple epithelium has one layer of cells
• Stratified epithelium has more than one cell layer
• Pseudostratified epithelium has one layer, but appears
to have two or more layers
• Transitional epithelium is stratified epithelium that can
be greatly stretched
Cell shape

• Squamous are
flat and thin
• Cuboidal are
cubelike
• Columnar are
tall and thin
Tab. 4.1a
Tab. 4.1b
Tab. 4.1c
Tab. 4.1d
Tab. 4.2a
Tab. 4.2b
Tab. 4.2c
Tab. 4.2d
Epithelial Tissue
 Epithelial Tissue
Structural and Functional Relationships

• Cell Layers and Cell Shapes

– Simple epithelium is involved with
• Diffusion
• Secretion
• Absorption
– Stratified epithelium serves a protective role
– Squamous cells function in
• Diffusion
• Filtration
– Cuboidal or columnar cells, which contain cellular
organelles
• Secrete
• Absorb
 Epithelial Tissue
Structural and Functional Relationships
• Structural and Functional Relationships
– Free Cell Surfaces
• A smooth, free surface reduces friction
– Example: Lining of blood vessels
• Microvilli are cylindrical extensions of the cell
membrane that increase surface area (cells
involved in absorption of secretion)
– Example: Lining of the small intestines
• Cilia propel materials over the cell surface
– Example: Lining of the nasal cavity and trachea
 Epithelial Tissue
Structural and Functional Relationships
•Cell connections
– Tight junctions bind adjacent
cells together and form a
permeability barrier
– Desmosomes mechanically
bind cells together
– Hemidesmosomes
mechanically bind cells to the
basement membrane
– Gap junctions allow
intercellular communication

Fig. 4.2
 Epithelial Tissue Glands
• A gland is a single cell or a
multicellular structure that
secretes
– Endocrine glands do not have ducts
• Secrete hormones directly into the
blood
– Exocrine glands have ducts
• Secretions are released onto a
surface or into a cavity
– Sweat glands and mammary
glands
• Classified by
– Structure
– How products leave the cell
 Epithelial Tissue Glands
• Structure of Exocrine Glands
– Simple: have one duct
– Compound: have ducts that branch repeatedly
– Tubules: ducts end in small tubes
– Acini: ducts end in saclike structures
– Alveoli: ducts end in hollow sacs

Fig. 4.3
 Epithelial Tissue Glands
• Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types
– Merocrine – no loss of cellular material (Ex. sweat
glands)
– Apocrine – part of the cell pinches off (Ex. mammary
glands)
– Holocrine – entire cell is shed (Ex. sebaceous glands)

Fig. 4.4
 Connective Tissue
• Consist of cells seperated from each other by
abundant extracellular matrix
• Functions
1. Enclosing and separating
2. Connecting tissues to one another (Ex. Ligaments
and Tendons)
3. Supporting and moving (Ex. Bones and cartilage)
4. Storing (Ex. Adipose tissue and Bones)
5. Cushioning and insulating (Ex. Adipose tissue)
6. Transporting (Ex. Blood)
7. Protecting (Ex. Blood and Bones)
 Connective Tissue Cells
• Specialized cells of various connective
tissues produce the extra cellular matrix
– End in suffixes that identify the cell functions
• Blast (germ) cells form the matrix
• Cyte (cell) cells maintain it
• Clast (break) cells break it down
 Connective Tissue
• Extracellular matrix contains
– Protein fibers
• Collagen fibers are flexible but resist
stretching
• Reticular fibers form a fiber network
• Elastic fibers recoil
– Ground substance
• Proteoglycans in ground substance hold
water, enabling connective tissues to return to
their original shape after being compressed
– Fluid
 Connective Tissue Classification

• Mesenchyme:
– embryonic connective
tissue that gives rise to six
major categories of
connective tissue
 Connective Tissue Classification
• Loose, or areolar, connective tissue is the “loose
packing” material of the body
– Fills the spaces between organs
– Holds organs in place
• Adipose tissue (fat)
– Stores energy
– Pads and protects parts of the body
– Acts as a thermal insulator
• Dense connective tissue consists of a matrix
containing densely packed fibers
– Collagen fibers (Ex. tendons, ligaments, and dermis of
the skin)
– Elastic fibers (Ex. elastic ligaments and in the walls of
arteries)
 Connective Tissue Classification
• Cartilage provides support
– Hyaline cartilage (Ex. covers ends of bones and forms
costal cartilages)
– Fibrocartilage (Ex. disks between vertebrae)
– Elastic cartilage (Ex. external ear)
• Bone has a mineralized matrix
– forms most of the skeleton of the body
• Compact bone has more matrix than spaces
• Cancellous bone has more spaces then matrix
• Blood has a liquid matrix
– Found in blood vessels
– Produced in hemopoietic tissue (red bone marrow)
Tab. 4.4
Tab. 4.5a
Tab. 4.5b
Tab. 4.5c
Tab. 4.5d
Tab. 4.6a
Tab. 4.6b
Tab. 4.7a
Tab. 4.7b
Tab. 4.7c
Tab. 4.8
Tab. 4.9
 Muscle Tissue
• Specialized to contract, or shorten, making movement
possible
– Length of muscle cells is greater than the diameter
– Sometimes called muscle fibers because they often resemble tiny threads
• Three types of muscle tissue
– Skeletal
• Meat of animals
• Constitutes ~40% of a person’s body weight
• Attaches to the skeleton and allows for movement
• Voluntary, multinucleated, and striated (banded)
– Cardiac
• Muscle of the heart
• Connected to one another by intercalated disks (contain gap
junctions)
• Involuntary, striated, and usually have one nucleus per cell
– Smooth
• Forms the walls of hollow organs (except the heart) and also is found
in the skin and the eyes
• Involuntary, not striated, and have a single nucleus
 Tab.
4.10a
 Tab.
4.10b
 Tab.
4.10c
 Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue is specialized to conduct
action potentials (electrical signals)
• Neurons conduct action potentials
• Neuroglia support the neurons
Tab. 4.11
 Membranes
• Mucous membranes line cavities that open to
the outside of the body
– Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
– Contain glands
– Secrete mucus
• Serous membranes line trunk cavities that do
not open to the outside of the body
– pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
– Do Not contain glands
– Secrete serous fluid
• Synovial membranes line freely movable joints
Fig. 4.5
 Inflammation
• Function of the inflammatory response is to
isolate and destroy harmful agents
• Five symptoms
– Redness
– Heat
– Swelling
– Pain
– Disturbance of function
• Chronic inflammation results when the agent
causing injury is not removed or something else
interferes with the healing process
Fig. 4.6
 Tissue Repair
• Tissue repair is the substitution of viable cells for
dead cells
– Labile cells divide throughout life and can undergo
regeneration
– Stable cells do not ordinarily divide but can
regenerate if necessary
– Permanent cells have little or no ability to divide
• If killed, repair is by replacement
• Tissue repair involves
– Clot formation
– Inflammation
– Formation of granulation tissue
– Regeneration or replacement of tissues
• In severe wounds, wound contracture can occur
Fig. 4.7
 Tissues and Aging
• Cells divide more slowly as people age
• Injuries heal more slowly
• Extracellular matrix containing collagen
and elastic fibers becomes less flexible
and less elastic
• Consequently
– Skin wrinkles
– Elasticity in arteries is reduced
– Bones break more easily