9.

It is a flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other and functions to modify,

package, and distribute proteins and lipids.
GOLGI APPARATUS

10. It is a spherical, rod-shaped, or threadlike structures and is a major site of

ATP synthesis when oxygen is available.
MITOCHONDRIA

11. It serves to increase surface area of the plasma membrane for

absorption and secretion.
MICROVILLI

12. It moves materials over the surface of cells.

CILIA

13. Pair of cylindrical organelles in the centrosome, consisting of triplets of

parallel microtubules.
CENTRIOLES

14. Membrane-bound vesicle pinched off from the Golgi apparatus.

LYSOSOME

15. Serves as one site of lipid and amino acid degradation.

PEROXISOME
 Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of the lecture, the students shall

be able to:

• describe the tissue;

• describe the general types of tissue (epithelial,

connective, muscle, and nervous);

• describe how each of the types of tissue work

 Learning Outcomes

•describe the four tissue membranes

(cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial);
 Learning Outcomes

• discuss the main events in tissue inflammation

and repair; [recall Chapter 15 – Non Specific
Host Defense Mechanisms, Engelkirk, 9th Ed.
(2011)]

• describe how the inflammatory process protects

the human body [recall Chapter 15 – Non
Specific Host Defense Mechanisms, Engelkirk,
9th Ed. (2011)]
 Tissue
group of specialized cells and the
extracellular substance surrounding
them.
provides an understanding how cells
are organize
has a structure that relates to the
function of the organ where it is found
 Types of Tissue
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE (Epithelium)
– mostly composed of cells, with matrix
connections
– covers and protects surfaces, both outside and
inside the body
– has distinct basement membrane and cell
surfaces:
• free (apical) surface
• lateral surface
• basal surface
 Types of Tissue
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE (Epithelium)
– nonvascular, but gases and nutrients
reach the tissue through diffusion
– capable of regeneration
– classified in terms of number of
layers, cell shape, and presence of
special features.
 Types of Tissue
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE (Epithelium)
– works by:
• protecting underlying structures
• acting as barrier
• permitting passage of substances
• secreting substances
• absorbing substances
 Types of Tissue
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
– very abundant in the body
– primary tissue that makes up part of every
organ
– differs from other three tissue types as it
consists of cells separated each other by
extracellular matrix (ECM) which is composed
of:
• protein fiber ~ collagen, reticular, elastic
• ground substance
• fluid
 Types of Tissue
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
– has specialized cells that produce the ECM
using the suffixes:
• -blast ~ creates ECM
• -cyte ~ maintains ECM
• -clast ~ breaks ECM down for remodeling

e.g. osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

fibroblast, fibrocyte, fibroclast
chondroblast, chondrocyte, chondroclast
 Types of Tissue
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
– classified as:
• connective tissue proper ~ loose CT (fewer protein
fibers, more ground substance) and dense CT
(more protein fibers, less ground substance)

• supporting CT~ cartilage (semisolid matrix) and

bone (solid matrix)

• fluid CT~ blood and hematopoietic tissue

 Types of Tissue
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
– works by:
• enclosing and separating other tissues
• connecting tissues to one another
• supporting and moving parts of the body
• storing compounds
• cushioning and insulating
• transporting
• protecting
 Types of Tissue
• Muscle Tissue (to be discussed fully in
Chapter 7– Muscular System)

– makes movement possible through

contraction that results from
contractile proteins located within
the muscle cells (muscle fibers)
 Types of Tissue
• Nervous Tissue (to be discussed fully in
Chapter 8 Nervous System)
– forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

– controls, regulates and coordinates body

activities
 Types of Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
– consists of
• neuron (nerve cell ~
spinal and cranial)
– generate and conducts
action potentials
– composed of three parts:
» cell body
» dendrite
» axon
Spinal Nerves
Cranial Nerves
 Types of Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
– consists of
• support cell (glia)
–non conducting
–nourishes,
protects, and
insulate
neurons
Nervous Tissue
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane
– thin layer of tissue that covers a
structure or lines a cavity

– mostly made up of epithelium and

connective tissues on which the
epithelium rests
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane classified as:
• external tissue membrane (skin)

–composed of stratified squamous

epithelium and dense connective
tissue (the functions will be discussed
fully in Chapter 5 – Integumentary
System)
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane classified as:
• internal tissue membrane
– mucous ~ lines cavities that open
to the outside of the body, and
works through:
»protection
»absorption
»secretion
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane classified as:
• internal tissue membrane

– serous ~ lines cavities that do not open to the

outside of the body, and works by:
» protecting the internal organs from friction
through secretion of serous fluid (lubrication)
» holding the internal organs in place
» acting as selectively permeable barrier to
prevent large amounts of fluid from
accumulating within the cavity
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane
– classified as:
• internal tissue membrane
–synovial ~ lines cavities of freely
movable joints, and works by:
»reducing friction through secretion
of synovial fluid (lubrication)
»allowing smooth movement at
joints
In summary:
 Tissue Inflammation and Repair
• Tissue Inflammation
– normal process of the body to respond in
times of local injury, irritation, and microbial
invasion through complex series of events:
 Tissue Inflammation and Repair
• Tissue Inflammation
– produces five symptoms
• redness (rubor)
• heat (calor)
• swelling (tumor)
• pain (dolor)

• disturbance/loss of function (functio

laesa)
 Tissue Inflammation and Repair
• Tissue Inflammation
– has symptoms that are adaptive as they
collectively warn the person to protect the
injured area from further damage

– mobilizes the body’s defenses and isolates

and destroys microorganisms, foreign
materials and damaged cells to allow repair to
begin
Tissue Inflammation and Repair
• Tissue Repair
– substitution of viable cells for dead cells

– occurs either by:

• regeneration
– new cells are the same type as those that were
destroyed, and normal function is usually restored
• replacement (fibrosis)
– new type of tissue develops that eventually
causes scar production and loss of some tissue
function
Regeneration vs Repair
Tissue Inflammation and Repair

• Tissue Repair
– (correlate major steps in pages 89-
90 of the main reference)
References
• VanPutte, C.L., Regan, J.L, & Russo, A. F.
(2019). Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology, 10th Ed. New York, McGraw-Hill
Education.

• Engelkirk, P. G. & Engelkirk, J. D. (2011).

Burton’s Microbiology For The Health
Sciences. (9th. Ed.). Philadelphia, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.