5 Week - Skeletal System (New)

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
GEEVEE N. VENTULA, RN
COMPONENTS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
1. BONES – it is rigid body tissue consisting of cells embedded in an
abundant hard intercellular material. Bone tissue makes up the
individual bones of the human skeletal system and the skeletons of
other vertebrates.
2. CARTILAGES – It is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a
rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long
bones at the joints.
3. LIGAMENTS – It is a fibrous connective tissue that connects

bones to other bones.
4. TENDONS – It is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that

connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.
TENDONS FOR TWO TYPES

LIGAMENTS FOR LIKE LIKE
SKELETON
Derived from the Greek
word ‘skeletos’
meaning “dried”
The skeletal system consists of
dynamic, living tissues that are
able to grow, detect pain, adapt to
changes and undergo repair.
OSTEOLOGY
derived from the Greek
words osteon (bone)
and logos (knowledge), is
the scientific study of bones,
practiced by osteologists.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
1. SUPPORT AND PROTECTION
Like the steel framework of a building,
the functions of the skeleton and the
bones is to provide rigidity, which gives
the body shape and supports the weight
of the muscles and organs. Without this
structure, the body would collapse in on
itself, compressing the lungs, heart and
other organs--impairing their function.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
2. MOVEMENT
Most skeletal muscles attach to bones;
when they contract, they pull on bones to
produce movement.
3. MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS
Bone stores several minerals, especially calcium and
phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of
bone. Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body’s
calcium. On demand, bone releases minerals into the
blood to maintain critical mineral balances
(homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other
parts of the body.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
4. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
Within certain bones, a connective tissue called
red bone marrow produces red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets, a process called
hemopoiesis (hēm-ō-poy-ē-sis; hemo- = blood; -
poiesis = making).
5. TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE
Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose
cells, which store triglycerides. The stored
triglycerides are a potential chemical energy
reserve.
DR. KRESIMIR B. NADAL
08/16/2022
Anatomy & Physiology II (NURS 190)
APLASTIC
ANEMIA

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FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
4. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
Within certain bones, a connective tissue called
red bone marrow produces red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets, a process called
hemopoiesis (hēm-ō-poy-ē-sis; hemo- = blood; -
poiesis = making).
5. TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE
Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose
cells, which store triglycerides. The stored
triglycerides are a potential chemical energy
reserve.
CATEGORIES OF
BONES
ACCORDING TO
SHAPE
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CATEGORIES OF BONE
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
1. LONG BONES
Bones that are longer than they are wide are called
long bones. They are primarily compact bones but
may have a large amount of spongy bones at the
ends or extremities.
Long bones include bones of the thigh, the leg, the

arm, and the forearm, e.g. the femur, the tibia, the
fibula, the humerus, the ulna and the radius.
They provide places for the attachment of large

muscles.
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CATEGORIES OF BONE
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
2. SHORT BONES
Short bones are roughly cube shaped with vertical
and horizontal dimensions approximately equal.
They consist primarily of spongy bones which are

covered by a thin layer of compact bones.
Short bones are found in the hands and feet, they

include the bones of the wrist and the ankle.
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CATEGORIES OF BONE
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
3. FLAT BONES
Flat bones are thin, flattened, usually
curved and provide muscle attachments.
They protect internal organs.
Examples include bones of the skull, the

pelvis, the sternum and the scapulae
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CATEGORIES OF BONE
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
4. IRREGULAR BONES
Irregular bones have complicated shapes.
They are primarily spongy bones that are
covered with a thin layer of compact bones.
Their shapes are due to the functions they

fulfill within the body, e.g. they comprise the
vertebrae, the spinal column, the wrist, the
ankle and some facial bones.
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CATEGORIES OF BONE
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
5. SESAMOID BONES
Sesamoid bones develop in some tendons in
locations where there is considerable
pressure, tension, friction or stress.
They may form in the palms of the hands

and the quality varies considerably from
person to person. Examples include the
patella (kneecaps).
STRUCTURE OF A
BONE
AT THE
MACROSCOPIC
LEVEL
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The diaphysis is the main or
midsection (shaft) of a long
bone. It is made up of cortical
bone and usually contains bone
marrow and adipose tissue (fat).
In bone formation, this is the

primary ossification center.

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The epiphysis is the
rounded end of a long
bone.
In bone formation, this

is the secondary
ossification center.

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The metaphysis is
the narrow portion of a
long bone between
the epiphysis and the
diaphysis. It contains
the growth plate, the
part of the bone that
grows during
childhood

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In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an
EPIPHYSEAL (GROWTH) PLATE, a layer of hyaline
cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to
grow in length. When a bone ceases to grow in
length at about ages 14–24, the cartilage in the
epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting
bony structure is known as the EPIPHYSEAL LINE.
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ARTICULAR CARTILAGE is the
smooth, white tissue that covers the
ends of bones where they come
together to form joints.

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The MEDULLARY
CAVITY (medulla, innermost
part) is the central cavity of bone
shafts where red
bone marrow and/or yellow
bone marrow (adipose tissue) is
stored; hence, the medullary
cavity is also known as
the MARROW CAVITY.

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COVERINGS
OF THE BONE

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The endosteum (plural endostea)
is a thin vascular membrane of
connective tissue that lines the
inner surface of the bony tissue

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The periosteum is a membrane
that covers the outer surface of all
bones, except at the articular
surfaces of long bones.

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STRUCTURES OF
A LONG BONE
1. DIAPHYSIS
2. EPIPHYSIS
3. METAPHYSIS
 Epiphyseal plate
 Epiphyseal line
4. MEDULLARY CAVITY
Coverings:
 Endosteum
 Periosteum
HISTOLOGY OF BONE TISSUE
OSTEOBLAST BUILD
OSTEOCLAST
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CHEW
MAJOR TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
Based on Histological Structure

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BONE
FORMATION
OSSIFICATION
OSSIFICATION, also called osteogenesis, process by which new bone is
produced. Ossification begins about the third month of fetal life in humans
and is completed by late adolescence.

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TYPES OF OSSIFICATION
1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
It is the simpler of the two methods of bone formation.
The flat bones of the skull, most of the facial bones,
mandible (lower jawbone), and the medial part of the
clavicle (collar bone) are formed in this way. This occurs
when osteoblast begin to produce bone within
connective tissue.
2. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
The replacement of cartilage by bone is called endochondral
ossification. Most bones of the body are formed in this way.
BONE GROWTH
Chondrocytes on the
epiphyseal side of the
epiphyseal plate divide; one cell
remains undifferentiated near
the epiphysis, and one cell
moves toward the diaphysis.
The cells, which are pushed
from the epiphysis, mature and
are destroyed by calcification.
This process replaces cartilage
with bone on the diaphyseal
side of the plate, resulting in a
lengthening of the bone.

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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

3. LIGAMENTS – It is a fibrous connective tissue that connects

4. TENDONS – It is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that

TENDONS FOR TWO TYPES

DR. KRESIMIR B. NADAL

Long bones include bones of the thigh, the leg, the

They provide places for the attachment of large

They consist primarily of spongy bones which are

Short bones are found in the hands and feet, they

They protect internal organs.

Examples include bones of the skull, the

Their shapes are due to the functions they

They may form in the palms of the hands

In bone formation, this is the

DR. KRESIMIR B. NADAL

In bone formation, this

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