Metalloid

A metalloid is an element that has properties that are intermediate between

those of metals and nonmetals. Metalloids can also be called semimetals. On the
periodic table, the elements colored yellow, which generally border the stair-step
line, are considered to be metalloids.
Examples:
Silicon; Boron, Arsenic; Antimony

Properties of metalloid
 Physical Properties of Metalloids

State of matter solid

Luster Metallic luster
Elasticity Brittle
Conductivity Semi-conductive. Average
transmission of heat.

 Chemical properties of metalloids

Oxidation Readily form glasses
Alloys Form alloys with metals
Allotropic Several metallic and non-metallic
allotropic forms
Melting Some metalloids contract on
melting

 Further discuss the properties of metalloid separately.

SILICON (Si)
Tensile strength:
Property Minimum Value (S.I.) Units (Imp.)
Tensile strength 165 ksi

Compressive strength:
property Minimum value (S.I) Maximum value (S.I)
Compressive strength 3200 3460

Modulus of elasticity:
The possible values for Young's modulus range from 130 to 188 GPa, and those
for Poisson's ratio range from 0.048 to 0.40
Modulus of Rigidity:
Modulus of Rigidity - G - (Shear Modulus) is the coefficient of elasticity for a
shearing force. It is defined as

the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear strain)"
Modulus of Rigidity can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-
strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material.
Material Modulus of rigidity G Modulus of rigidity G
10^6 GPa
Glass, 96% silicon 2.8 19

Micro structure of silicon:

Mechanical properties of silicon microstructures and basic structural properties of
crystalline silicon are discussed here. At ordinary pressure silicon crystallizes in a
diamond structure with a basis of two atoms. All the theoretical calculations using
force-field methods correctly describe bulk silicon in its diamond structure ground
state, giving a value for the lattice parameter that is close to the value that is
experimentally observed. Effects of pressure are explained here in detail. At high-
elastic strains the harmonic approximation becomes insufficient to correctly
describe the elastic energy.
Hardness
Material hardness is the property of the material which enables it to resist plastic
deformation, usually by penetration or by indentation. The term of hardness is
also referred to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to bending, scratching,
abrasion, or cutting etc.
substance Hardness number
Silicon (si) 7.0

Toughness
toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform
without fracturing.
It is found that the lowest fracture toughness value of single crystal silicon was
0.82 MN/m to the 3/2 in the 111 plane type orientation, although the difference
in values in the 111, 110, and 100 planes was small.
 Boron:

PROPERTIES OF BORON:
Tensile strength:
Property Minimum Value (S.I.) Units (S.I.)
Tensile strength 26 MPa

Compressive strength
Property Minimum value (S.I) Unit
(S.I)
Compressive strength 2583 MPa

Modulus of elasticity
Boron fiber manifests a combination of high strength and high elastic
modulus.Such structures show good mechanical properties (elastic modulus 450
GPa, fracture strain 3.7%, fracture stress 17 GPa) and can be applied as
reinforcement of ceramics or in micromechanical systems.
Modulus of rigidity:
Property Minimum value (S.I) Unit (S.I)
Modulus of rigidity 7.8 Gpa

Micro structure:
Boron has been added to steels to improve the hardenability1 4,6,9-12) and to
strengthen grain boundaries. This is because the solute boron concentration in
the steel is very low,5) and the most of boron segregates on prior austenite grain
boundaries during cooling6-8~ and lowers the energy of the grain boundaries.
Hardness:
Boron Carbide (B4C) is one of the hardest materials known, ranking third behind
diamond and cubic boron nitride. It is the hardest material produced in tonnage
quantities.
Property:
 Hardest
Toughness
Boron-treated medium carbon steels are low priced and have a good
hardenability, sufficient impact absorbed energy"2) and low impact-transition
temperature 1 after low-temperature tempering.

Glass
Glass is made of silica (silicon dioxide or quartz). It is definitely not metal, it's an
amorphous non metal. So glass is metalloid.
Properties:
Tensile strength:
Glass typically has a tensile strength of 7 mega-pascals (1,000 psi), however
theoretically it can have a strength of 17 giga-pascals (2,500,000 psi) which is due
to glass's strong chemical bonds.
Compressive strength:
The compressive strength of glass is extremely high: 1000 N/mm2 = 1000 MPa.
Modulus of elasticity
Material Tensile Modulus Ultimate Tensile
(Young's Modulus, Strength - σu - (MPa)
Modulus of Elasticity) - E
- (GPa
Glass 50-90 50 (compression)
Glass reinforced 17 -
polyester matrix

Modulus of rigidity:
The definition of Modulus of Rigidity: the ratio of shear stress to the displacement
per unit sample length (shear strain).
Material Modulus of rigidity Gpa
Glass 26.2
Microstructure
Microstructure, which is too small to be seen with the naked eye, plays an
important factor in the final property of a material. For ceramics, the
microstructure is made up of small crystals called grains. In general, the smaller
the grain size, the stronger and denser is the ceramic material. In the case of a
glass material, the microstructure is non-crystalline. When these two materials
are combined (glass-ceramics), the glassy phase usually surrounds small crystals,
bonding them together.
Hardness:
The hardness of a material is rated in Mohs, where talc is rated as 1 Mohs and
diamond 10 Mohs. Glass ranks around 5.5 to 7 Mohs, but sapphire crystal has a
hardness of 9 Mohs, making it only slightly less hard than diamond.
Toughness:
Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform
without fracturing. The fracture toughness of the glass is 0.75 MPa m1/2.