MIDTERM EXAM

PART 1
JORDAN, REYNIER I.
Name :_________________________

1) The characteristic of an item expressed by the probability that it will perform a required function
under stated conditions for a stated period of time

A) Pass Rate

B) Durability

C) Reliability

D) Success Rate

2) Is any inability of a part or equipment to carry out its specified function

A) Fault

B) Breakdown

C) Failure

D) Malfunction

3) The Average time before an equipment fails (total running time/no. of failure)

A) MTTR

B) Failure rate
C) MTBF

D) Repair time

4) The Average time it takes an equipment breakdown is repaired successfully

A) MTTR

B) Failure rate

C) MTBF

D) Repair time

5) Is the reciprocal of MTBF

A) MTTR

B) Failure rate

C) MTBF

D) Repair time

6) Period in Bath Tub Curve in which Failures are due to manufacturing defects, weal parts, poor
assembly etc.

A) Constant Failure Rate Period

B) Early Period Rate

C) Wear-out Failure Period

D) Useful life time Period

7) Period in Bath Tub Curve in which Failures occur randomly in normal operation

A) Constant Failure Rate Period

B) Early Period Rate

C) Wear-out Failure Period

D) Useful life time Period

8) Period in Bath Tub Curve in which Failures occur when unit gets worn out and deteriorate

A) Constant Failure Rate Period

B) Early Period Rate

C) Wear-out Failure Period

D) Useful life time Period

9) Match the following

B_Misuse Failure A) Failures resulting from deviations in characteristic(s) beyond

specified limits not such as to cause complete lack of the required
F_Inherent Failure function

B) Failures attributable to the application of stresses beyond the

H_Sudden Failure
C) which are both sudden and complete.
E_Gradual Failure
D) which are both gradual and partial

A_Partial Failure E) Failures that could be anticipated by prior examination

F) Failures attributable to weakness inherent in the item itself when

G Complete
subjected to stresses within the stated capabilities of that item.

Failure
C__Catastrophic Failure G) Failures resulting from deviations in characteristic(s) beyond
specified limits such as to cause complete lack of the required function.
The limits referred to in this category are special limits for this purpose.

D._ Degradation Failure H) Failures that could not be anticipated by prior examination.

PART 2

What is Derating and explain its importance?

Derating is design process that can make significant contribution to reliability. The reliability of
electrical/electronic component decrease when they operate at high stress level.These stresses are
primarily temperature, voltage, current & power dissipation

In electrical derating means lowering the electrical capability of electrical apparatus'.In

electronics derating is a operation of a device at less than its rated maximum power in order to
prolong life. So it is necessary to know the derating factor for each component type related to
one critical condition to run/operate in safe level Derating is when a system or component is
operated below its normal operating limit. This reduces the deterioration rate of the component and
minimizes failures attributed to extreme operating conditions. It can also be defined as the practice of
limiting electrical, thermal, and mechanical stresses on devices which increases the average strength,
decreases the average stress, and decreases the stress variations. These stresses are primarily temperature,
voltage, current & power dissipation. This design process can make a significant contribution to reliability
by extending the component’s life in addition to enhancing the reliability. It is a technique usually
employed in electrical power and electronic devices, by applying derating in an electrical or electronic
component, its degradation rate is reduced. The reliability and life expectancy are improved.

In this safety world, equipment, machines, gadgets, or any technical devices is not only about keeping
the operating specs below the limits of the components but keeping the specs at a comfortable margin
below those limits. We all know most customers take good care of the things they earned for and so as
to business owners, they even wished for a longer life span of that equipment or machines they used in
manufacturing or producing their products. No one would like to have equipment, machines or gadgets
to have easily deteriorated. There are some who will never approach the max limits of their products.
But there are those customers who will push these operating specs and go past the limits on a regular
basis, even if not intended. So customers must do derating intentionally to prolong the engine's life and
avoid substantial wear or damage.

From cellphones, WIFI Router, laptop, television and other appliances that we usually used every day we
must practice the proper and efficient way of using it to have a longer life span, although we know that
even if we really took good care of it months and years would pass it will be worn out. So think
efficiently, to be used it effectively.
PART 3

Compute for the reliability

1) A production machine has an MTBF of 5000hrs. What is the probability of operating without
failure for 1000 hours?
MTBF=5000hours
MTBF= no. of operational hours
no. of failures
5000= 1000
No. of failures
= 1000
5000
=0.2 failures

Probability of operating without failure for 1000hrs

P (t) = e-t/MTBF
=e -1000/5000
= 0.818 or 81.8%

The probability of the machine that will operate without failure

Probability of failure = 1-R
= 1-0.818
Probability of failure = 0.182 or 18.2%

2) A forming machine is expected to fail after 12,000 press cycles. What is the probability of
continuous operation for 8,500 hours?

Forming machine expected to fail= 12,000 press cycles

Probability of continuous operation for 8,500hours
Press cycle= cycles per minute
Conversion:
1 cycle per minute
1 minute= 1/60 hertz frequency
Inversely, 1Hz = 1/60cps
= 0.016667cps

= 12,000 cycles x 60 minute

Minute 1hr
 = 720,000 cycles/hr
Probability of continuous operation for 8,500 hours
P (t) = e-t/MTBF
= e-8500hrs/720,000cycles/hr
= 0.988 or 98.8%

Probability of failure
F=1–R
= 1-0.988
= 0.011 or 1.17% or 1.2%

PART 4

What is the Reliability of the whole system?

R1 R2 R3 R4 R6

0.92 0.90 0.97 0.96 0.93

0.89
0.95

R5
R7

0.98 0.94
=
R8 R9
Point A Series 0.82
Series System 8

RA= R1 x R2
= 0.92 X 0.90
= 0.828

Point 2 Parallel
RB= 1 [ (1- R4) (1- R5) ]
= 1 [ (1- 0.96) (1- 0.89) ]
= 1 – 0.0044
= 0.9956
 Reliability of R89 using Series
R89= R8 x R9
= 0.98 x 0.94
= 0.9212

Reliability of RA7 using Parallel System

POINT C Series
RA7= 1 [ (1- RA) (1- R7) ]
= 1 [ (1- 0.828) (1- 0.95) ]
= 1 – 0.0086 RA7 R3 RB R6

= 0.9914

Using Series System

RC= RA7 x R3 x RB X R6
= 0.9914 x 0.97 x 0.9956 x 0.93 RC

0.890
= 0.890
R89

0.9212
2
Using Parallel System
RT= 1 [ (1- RC) (1- R89) ]
= 1 [ (1- 0.890) (1- 0.9212) ]
= 1- 0.008668
= 0.9913 Reliability of the whole system

= 0.890