Chemistry: atoms, elements and compounds (Nelson Science Perspectives 9, p.

175)
Chemistry is the study of the ____________________ and the __________________ it
undergoes.

The particle theory of matter

Characteristics of the particle theory of matter:
1. All matter is made up of _______________________________.
2. Different substances are made up of __________________________________ particles.
3. The particles are in constant _________________________________.
4. Particles of a substance move faster as its __________________________________________.
5. The particles _______________________ each other.

Particle theory is useful for understanding states of matter:

⮚ When the force of attraction is large enough, the substance forms a ________________.

⮚ If the temperature rises and the particles begin moving faster, the attraction between the particles can no longer
hold them together : the substance becomes a ____________________.
⮚ If the temperature rises further, the particles gain enough energy to completely move away from each other and
form a ___________.

~~~

Properties of matter
⮚ A __________________________ property is described in words, without numerical data.
⮚ A __________________________ property of a substance is measured.

Physical properties:
● give us information about the appearance of a substance, and can be determined using
____________________________ and ____________________________.
● can be determined without changing the ________________________________ of the substance.
● examples include color, size, smell, shape, texture and transparency. Other examples are detailed below:

⮚ ________________________ is the ability of a substance to flow readily. Honey is

more viscous than water.
⮚ ________________________ is the ability of a material to be shaped or flattened.

⮚ ________________________ is the property of a material to stretch without breaking. Ex: Copper is ductile.
⮚ ______________________________________________ is the ability of a material to transmit an
electric current. Copper is a good conductor while plastic is a good insulator.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 1

A chemical property (p.183) is a property of a substance that describes the ability to undergo changes to its
_________________________ to produce one or more new substances. Examples include:

⮚ ______________________________; ⮚ resistance to _____________________;

⮚ reaction to contact with ____________; ⮚ the reaction to contact with an__________________.

Physical changes (p. 181; Khan Academy: Physical and chemical changes)
During a physical change, the ____________________________ of the substance _________________________ and no new
substance is not produced. Examples include:

⮚ a change in ___________________;

⮚ a change ___________________ ;

⮚ the ______________________________: when a substance dissolves, its

particles separate and disperse through the water particles.

⮚ ______________________________ is a

change in concentration.

Chemical Changes, p.184

A chemical change is a change in the ______________________________ of the original

substances and ______________________________ of one or more new substances. Here
are some indicators that a chemical change has likely occurred:
1. A change in __________________________ or ________________________: a new substance has
been produced that has a different colour or odor from the original substance.
2. ___________________ are visible that were not caused by heating : a new substance has been produced
that is a gas.
3. A______________________ forms when liquids are mixed: a new substance has been produced, it does
not dissolve in the mixture.
4. A change in __________________________ or _________________________: energy is emitted or
absorbed during the chemical reaction.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 2

 Practice: is it a physical or chemical change?
Change or substances mixed: Observations Is it a physical or
chemical change?
1. a sheet of paper torn in half

2. vinegar mixed with baking soda

3. salt mixed with water

4. carbon dioxide, water and bromothymol

blue
5. mixture of icing sugar with sulfuric acid

6. mixture of lead nitrate and potassium

iodide
7. mixing iron with oxygen

Changes of State (Science Perspectives 9, p.194)

The temperature at which a substance changes state varies according to its ________________________________
and is ______________________ to each substance.
⮚ _________________________ point : the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid;

⮚ __________________________ point : the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid;

⮚ __________________________ point : the temperature where a liquid becomes a gas.

~~~

_______________________ (p.192) is a characteristic physical property that represents the amount of matter (mass) in a
given space (a unit of volume).

1. A metal with a mass of 71.68 g occupies a volume of 8cm3.

Calculate the density of this metal.

2. Calculate the mass of a sample of pure copper that has a volume of 3. Calculate the volume of a 4.5 g sample of zinc.
3.75 cm3.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 3

 What gas is it?
The following 3 gases are all invisible and odorless. How could we identify them?
Gas to be identified Test Result that confirms gas’ presence
hydrogen (H2)

oxygen (O2)

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Electrolysis of water:
Electrolysis of water is a chemical change in which new substances are created from water molecules (H2O).

1. Prediction: Which two gases do you think will be produced by the electrolysis of water? Is there going to
be a greater quantity of one gas than the other? Explain your reasoning.

2. How could we identify these gases if both are odorless and invisible?

3. Analysis:
a. Which two gases were produced during the electrolysis of water?

b. There was more of which gas? Why was there more than one gas than the
other?

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 4

 Chapter 6: Elements and the Periodic Table (p.211; Khan Academy - Elements & Atoms)

PhET simulation: Let’s Build an atom!

1. Find the PhET simulation by searching for “ PhET Build an atom ” and then open the simulation called “Atom”.

2. In the center of the screen you can see a sketch of an atom, and you can see containers with
the 3 small particles that we will use to build atoms: protons, electrons and neutrons.

3. Add a proton to the sketch of the atom. The name of the element which contains only one
proton is displayed in the centre of the atom. This element is called _________________________.

4. Look at where the element hydrogen is located on the periodic table displayed at the top right of the screen. The
chemical symbol for hydrogen is colored red - the chemical symbol for hydrogen is: ___________.

5. Add an electron to the atom. Has the name of the element changed? ___________
6. Add a 2nd proton to the atom. An atom that contains 2 protons is the element called ______________________.
Look at where this element is located on the periodic table displayed at the top right. The chemical symbol for this
element is: _______.
7. Add two neutrons to the atom. Has the name of the element changed? ___________________
8. Where in the atom are protons and neutrons located ? _______________________________________________

9. Add a 2nd electron to the atom. Where are the electrons located in the atom? _______________________________

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 5

 10. Add a 3rd proton to the atom. An atom that contains 3 protons is the element called
_______________________. The chemical symbol for this element is:
_______.

11. Add a 3rd neutron and a 3rd electron to the atom. Draw this atom either
in the box on the left (or double click to add a screenshot), showing where
the protons, neutrons and electrons are. This is an atom of the element
lithium (Li).

12. Keep adding protons, neutrons, and electrons to the atom, until all the containers are
empty. Complete the table below as you build the atoms.
How many protons
Chemical does an atom of this
symbol Element Name element contain?
H hydrogen 1
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne

13. For the last atom you built – the element neon (Ne):
a) how many protons does this element contain ? ______
b) how many electrons does this element contain _______

c) How many electrons are there in the orbit

closest to the nucleus? _______

d) How many electrons are in the 2nd

orbit? _______

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 6

 14. Click on the button to restart the simulation.

15. Click on the " +" symbol next to the box labeled "Mass Number".

16. Add protons, neutrons, and electrons to the atom one at a time, while observing any change to the Mass
Number. Can you figure out how the mass number of an atom is calculated?

mass number = __________________________ + _____________________________

Review and analysis (all of these answers can be found on the previous pages!
1. What are the 3 types of subatomic particles that make up the atom?

2. What is an atom ?

3. What is an element ?

4. The abbreviation of an element’s name is called its ______________________________________.

5. What kind of table do we use to organize the elements? _________________________________________

6. Can you figure out how we chose the order of the elements in this table?

7. Where in the atom do you find :

a) the neutrons? _________________________
b) protons? _________________________
c) electrons? _________________________

8. Which subatomic particle (protons, neutrons, or electrons) determines the name of the element?
_________________________

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9. What is the maximum number of electrons in:
a) the 1st electron orbit? ________
b) the 2nd electron orbit? ________
10. An atom that has 10 protons is always the element called _________________________.
11. How many protons does an oxygen atom contain? ________

Building Atoms - Part 2: What’s an Ion?

1. Find the PhET simulation by searching for “ PhET Build an atom ” and then open the simulation called
“Atom”.

2. Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) can have an electrical

charge, which can be +1, -1 or 0. Click on the symbol next to "Net Charge".
This box will show the total of all the electric charges of all the particles you add
to the atom.

3. Add protons, neutrons and electrons to the atom, one at a

time, observing the Net Charge (the total of all the particles’
electrical charges added together). Can you determine the
electric charge of each type of subatomic particle? Write it in
the table below (It can be -1, 0 or +1)

4. Restart the simulation and once again open the Net

Charge box.

5. Adds 3 protons, 3 neutrons, and 3 electrons to the atom. An atom that contains 3 protons is an atom of the element
__________________.

6. Double click on the following table and complete each row to determine the total electric charge of this atom:

7. What is the total electric charge of this atom? ____________

⮚ We see that the Net Charge shows 0, and the words "neutral atom" are also displayed next
to the atom.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 8

8. The diagram on the right shows a Bohr-Rutherford diagram of an atom.

9. How many electrons are there in the outer orbit (the orbit farthest from the nucleus) of the atom shown on the right
(and also in PhET) ? _______

⮚ An atom that only has 1 electron in its outer orbit isn’t very stable. This atom will
therefore try to lose its 3rd electron – the one that’s all alone in the outer orbit.

10. Remove the electron from the outer orbit of this atom and return it to the container. What is the
net charge of the atom now? _____

11. Challenge! Can you find a formula that can be used to calculate the electric charge of an atom no matter how many
protons, neutrons, and electrons it contains?

the electric charge of an atom = ______________________________ - _______________________________

Review and Practice:

12. How many protons does hydrogen have in its nucleus? _________________
13. What is the atomic number of beryllium? ________________
14. Neon contains 10 protons in its nucleus. What is the atomic number of neon? ______
15. What is the name of the element that always contains 9 protons in its nucleus? ______________________
16. If an atom has an net electric charge (other than 0), the particle is called an __________.

17. Referring to the Bohr-Rutherford diagram on the right:

a) What is the atomic number of this element? _____
b) What element is represented by the diagram? ____________________
c) This atom has how many orbits for electrons? _________________

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 9

 Isotopes

1. Restart the simulation and open the box again for the mass number.
2. Add 3 protons, 3 neutrons, and 3 electrons to the atom. An atom that contains 3 protons is an atom of the element
__________________.
3. What is the mass number of this atom? _________ This atom is called lithium-6.
4. Add another neutron. What is the mass number of this atom? _________ This atom is called lithium-7.
Lithium-6 and lithium-7 are isotopes.

Review and practice:

5. If an atom has a total electric charge (other than 0), the atom is called an __________.
6. How many protons does hydrogen have in its nucleus? _________________
7. What is the atomic number of neon? ________________
8. Manganese contains 25 protons in its nucleus. What is the atomic number of manganese? ______
9. What is the name of the element that always contains 7 protons in its nucleus? ______________________
10. Referring to the Bohr-Rutherford diagram on the right:
a) What is the atomic number of this element? _____
b) What element is represented by the diagram? ____________________
c) This atom has how many orbits for electrons? _________________
d) What is the mass number of this atom? ____________

11. Referring to the Bohr-Rutherford diagram on the right:

a) What is the mass number of this atom? ____________
12. The two atoms illustrated on the right are the same element, but their mass
number is different. These atoms are therefore called ____________________.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 10

Patterns in the periodic table (Section 6.4, p.220)

⮚ The elements in the first column on the left ( group ____ ) are called ______________________________ (this does

not include hydrogen). ____________________ (Li), _________________ (Na), and _____________________ (K) are
shiny, silvery, and soft and very reactive - they combine easily with other elements and compounds.

⮚ The elements of group ____ are called _______________________________________________________________.

_________________________ (Be), _____________________ (Mg) and ______________________ (Ca) belong to

this group. These metals have a lustrous and silvery appearance , and are not as reactive as the alkali metals.

⮚ The elements of group ____ are the ________________________. These elements are very ______________________

and often form compounds with _______________________________.

⮚ The elements of group ____are the _______________________________. These elements are

__________________________.
~~~

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 Bohr-Rutherford diagrams (p.234 - 236)
The Bohr-Rutherford diagram of the atom shows the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus, and shows the electrons found on the orbits. The ________________________________of
electrons (also called the valence layer) is responsible for most of the chemical properties of the
atom.
The _________________________________ is the mass of an atom in atomic mass
units (u). The atomic mass shown on the periodic table is an average of all the atoms of this element. (Which
isotope of lithium do you think is the most common? Li-6 or Li-7?)

Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams and the Periodic Table

1. Fill in the following table using the periodic table. For the mass number, round the atomic mass shown in the periodic table to the
nearest whole number. These atoms are neutral, so they have the same number of protons and electrons.

Element name Chemical Atomic Mass # of # of # of neutrons

symbol number number protons electrons (mass # - #p)
hydrogen H 1 1 1 1 1-1=0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

2. Use this information to draw Bohr-Rutherford diagrams on the next page. (The maximum number of electrons on the 3rd orbit is 8. )

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 12

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 13
 3. Write the numbers of periods and of numbers groups on the previous page.
4. How many orbits have you drawn for the elements in the:
a. 1st period (H and He)? ____ c. the 3rd period? _________
b. the 2nd period? _________ d. the 4th period? _________
e. Can you determine a relation that exists between the number of orbits and the periods?
________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Fill in row B of the following table with the number of electrons that you have drawn in the outer electron orbit (only
the orbit the furthest from the nucleus!) for each group of elements.

Chemical Family Group #1 Group #2 Group #17 Goup #18 (noble

(alkali metals) (alkaline earth (halogens) gases)
metals)
B) # of electrons in the outer
orbit (valence electrons)
C) How could this element
obtain a complete outer shell?
(What is the smaller number of
electrons to be moved : added or
removed) We will complete this row
together later!

D) Reactivity of this chemical

family (look at the notes on the
previous page!)

6. Can you determine a relationship between the group number and the number of electrons from the outer orbit ?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Complete Row D with the reactivity associated with each chemical family (look back 3 pages in these notes).

~~~

The elements of the same ______________________________________ have similar ______________________ because

they have the same number of _________________ in their ________________________ orbit. Alkali metals have similar
reactions, as they all have ______ electron on their outer orbit. Alkali metals all want to lose the
electron on their ___________ orbit so that the orbit underneath then becomes the outer orbit.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 14

The history of the periodic table (p.223)
A scientist named ________________________ proposed a periodic table in 1869 : he studied the _____________________
of all known elements. He even predicted the physical and chemical properties of elements that had not yet been
discovered! The periodic table has continued to evolve since that time with new knowledge.

Atomic theories (Section 6.6, p.228)

A scientific theory expresses our best possible understanding of a phenomenon. When technologies evolve or we have
made new observations, we modify the theories. Here is a brief history of theories of the atom:

When and who? Details of this atomic theory

1807 Dalton’s model is called

__________________ the______________________________________:
an English professor
and scientist ⮚ all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles
called atoms;
⮚ all the atoms of an element are ______________________;

⮚ the different _________________ are composed of different ______________;

⮚ atoms rearrange to form ___________________________ during chemical

reactions, but are not __________________or ____________________.

1897
JJ Thomson experimented with a ______________________________________ and
__________________ , noticed that emitted particles were attracted to the __________________ terminal. He
an English scientist
concluded that these particles must have a ___________________ charge.

JJ Thomson's model is called the _________________________________ model.

⮚ atoms contain negative particles (______________________);

⮚ since the atoms are neutral the rest of the atom must be ____________________;

⮚ electrons are _____________________________________ in the atom.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 15

1909 To test Thomson's model, Rutherford

__________________ conducted the _________________________experiment.

_________________, Rutherford's atomic theory was:
New Zealand-born
scientist ⮚ The center of the atom (called the ____________________)

has a ___________________ charge. The nucleus contains

most of the ________________ of the atom,
but occupies a _____________________________________.
The nucleus is what made certain particles deflect during the experiment.

⮚ The nucleus is surrounded by a ______________________________________ of

negative charge;

⮚ Most of the atom is ________________________________________.

Bohr’s atomic theory was that:

1913,
⮚ electrons _______________ around the nucleus of the atom;
_________________
________________ a ⮚ each electron in an orbit has a definite amount of __________________ ;
Danish
⮚ the further an electron is from the nucleus, the _______________ its energy;

⮚ electrons cannot be in two orbits, but they can ____________________ from one

orbit to another;

⮚ each orbit contains a __________________ of electrons:

o in the 1st orbit : ________

o in the 2nd orbit : ________
o in the 3rd orbit : _________

1932
_________________ ● discovered that there are also _________________ in the
_________________ _________________ of the atom that are neutral.

…and the theories continue to evolve…

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 16

 PhET: the development of Rutherford’s atomic model
How did the English scientist Ernest Rutherford develop his model
of the atom?

1. Search for "PhET Rutherford Scattering ", and open the

simulation on the right of the screen: the "plum pudding
atom.”

2. This plum pudding atom was the model designed by which

scientist? __________________________________________
(the answer is a couple of pages earlier in these notes)

3. Draw in the box to the right (or double click and add a screen
shot) what is shown on the screen for this model of the atom in
the simulation. Add labels showing the positive and negative
parts of this model of the atom, and add a title indicating which
atomic model is shown.

Ernest Rutherford wanted to conduct an experiment to see if the illustration above - the plum-pudding atom - was truly
representative of reality. He wanted to know if the atom really had a large positive region with small negative points.

He decided to use a very thin gold leaf for his experiment (gold being very malleable), and to project
alpha particles at this gold leaf (an alpha particle is a particle that has a charge positive - made of 2
protons and 2 neutrons).

4. Click on the blue button to the left of the simulation to send alpha particles towards the thin gold
leaf. What you see to the right of the simulation is an enlargement of what Rutherford thought would
happen when alpha particles passed through atoms in the gold leaf if Thomson's model of the atom was
correct.

5. Add alpha particles to your Illustration # 1 (above). Describe how alpha particles pass through this model of the atom
(describe what the simulation shows you for the plum pudding model):

6. At the bottom of the simulation page, click on "Rutherford atom". What is displayed now is a sketch of some atoms with
nuclei and orbits for electrons. Click the blue button again to send
alpha particles to the gold leaf. Now we see the result of
Rutherford's experiment - which was not at all what he thought
was going to happen! What a surprise! :)

7. Check the box to the right of the screen to plot the paths of the
alpha particles.

8. Draw on the right (or double click on the right to add a

screenshot) what the simulation shows : how alpha particles
passed through atoms in Rutherford's experiment.

9. Describe the difference between how alpha particles pass

through the atom in this Rutherford model (Illustration # 2)
compared to Thomson's plum-pudding model (Illustration # 1):

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 17

10. Analysis: What do you think Rutherford concluded with the results of this experiment with the gold leaf? What
changes do you think needed to be made to Thomson's plum-pudding model to better represent reality? What are
the major differences between the two atomic models in the PhET simulations?

Chapter 7: Chemical compounds (p.252)

A ______________________________________ is the notation used to indicate the type and number of atoms in a pure
substance. For example:
● H2O has ____ hydrogen atoms and _____ oxygen atom;
● CO2 has ____ carbon atom and _____ oxygen atoms.

Ions
An atom is neutral if: An ion is formed when an atom __________________ or
the number of _______________________ _________________ electrons.
= the number of ______________________

⮚ __________________ is a positively charged ion; ⮚ _____________________ is a negatively charged ion; it

it is an atom which has ________________ is an atom that has _________________ electrons.

electrons.
What tells you that this diagram
represents a negative ion?
What tells you that this diagram represents
a positive ion?

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 18

Combining atoms (Section 7.3, p.263)
All atoms are seeking to achieve _______________________. To do this, their outer electron shell
must be ________________________________.
A ________________________________________ is the _________________ or the
_________________ of one or more electrons between atoms. The two types of chemical bonds that can unite atoms are
______________ bonds and ______________ bonds.

Ionic bonds
When a metallic atom combines with a non-metallic atom, the metal
__________________electrons and becomes a positive ion (a cation), and the
non-metal __________________electrons and becomes a negative ion (an anion).
Cations and anions have opposite electric charges so they
__________________creating _____________________________________

Exercise:
1. Write the name of the element on the right: Na Cl
2. Is it a metal or a non-metal?

3. Draw the Bohr-Rutherford diagram of a

neutral atom of this element.

4. Atoms are more stable when they have an

outer orbit filled with electrons. What does
this atom have to do to have an outer orbit
filled with electrons?
5. Since one of these atoms wants to give an
electron and the other wants to gain an
electron, there is going to be a transfer of
electrons between these atoms. Draw the
Bohr-Rutherford diagrams of the ions that
will exist after the electron is transferred
between these atoms.
6. Is it a cation or an anion?
7. How do you write the chemical symbol
showing that it is an ion?

The chemical formula for this ______________________________________ is NaCl and is

called sodium chloride (table salt).

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 19

 Lewis Structures
One way to represent atoms is using Lewis Structures. This representation only shows the ________________________
of electrons.

Single electrons are the electrons that __________________ form chemical bonds with other atoms. The electron
______________will not form chemical bonds with other atoms.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 20

Exercise A: Answer the following questions using the diagrams provided:

1. atomic number: _______ 10. atomic number: _______

2. element: ____________ 11. element: ____________
12. chemical symbol: _____
3. chemical symbol: _____ 13. mass number:
4. mass number: ____________ __________
5. is it a metal or a non-metal? ____________ 14. is it a metal or a
6. is this an atom or an ion? ____________ non-metal? ____________
7. How many electrons are in the outer orbit? 15. is it an atom or an ion? ____________
16. How many electrons are in the outer orbit?
8. This element is part of which chemical family?
17. This element is part of which chemical family?
9. This atom combines easily with an atom of which
family? Why? 18. This atom combines easily with an atom of which
family? Why?
19. Represent the two atoms with Lewis structures.
20. What sort of bond will form between these two atoms?
________________________
21. With an arrow, show on your Lewis diagrams the bond
between these two atoms which form an ionic compound.
22. atomic number: 31. atomic number: _______
_______ 32. element: ____________
23. element: 33. chemical symbol:
____________ _____
24. chemical symbol: 34. mass number:
_____ ____________
25. mass number: 35. is it a metal or a
____________ non-metal? ____________
26. is it a metal or a 36. is it an atom or an ion?
non-metal? ____________
____________
27. is it an atom or an ion? ____________ 37. How many electrons are in the outer orbit?

28. How many electrons are in the outer orbit? 38. This element is part of which chemical family?

29. This element is part of which chemical family? 39. This atom combines easily with an atom of which
family? Why?
30. This atom combines easily with an atom of which
family? Why?

40. Represent the two atoms with Lewis structures.

41. What sort of bond will form between these two atoms?
________________________
42. With an arrow, show on your Lewis diagrams the bond
between these two atoms which form an ionic compound.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 21

Covalent Bonds:
Instead of giving or receiving electrons, the atoms of _________________________________
__________________________their electrons, forming a covalent bond. These atoms bonded with a
covalent bond form _________________________.

⮚ A __________________________________________ is a molecule

made up of a single element (p.257).

⮚ A _________________________________________ is a molecule made up of 2 or more

different elements.

⮚ The prefix di- means _________. A _____________________________________ therefore,

contains 2 atoms. Seven elements form diatomic molecules which are also molecular
elements : ________________________________________________

Exercise B - Molecules
On a sheet of paper, represent the following molecules with Lewis structures: H2, F2, Cl2, O2, N2, NH3, CH4, H2O, CO2
1. For each molecule, represent each atom using a Lewis structure. Remember you can start drawing the electrons on
any side of the chemical symbol. This can facilitate the next steps.
2. Covalent bonds may be formed between atoms if there is only one electron on one side of the atom.
3. Circle the electrons from different atoms which are alone to show that these electrons are shared.
4. There can be more than one covalent bond between atoms! (you can draw more than a circle!)
5. After the electrons are paired, check that each atom has access to enough electrons to have a filled outer orbit.

~~~

An __________________ is solution of more than one ____________________ . Alloys differ from compounds because
compounds are combined in a precise ratio.

SNC1D - Chemistry - page 22