COMPLEX

ECADVM30
NUMBER– PART 1

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

o Discuss Rectangular form of complex numbers
o Discuss Polar form of complex numbers
o Introduce Exponential form of complex numbers
o Transform rectangular form to polar, and vice versa

MIKALE RIZTON M. ABLIDAS, MSECE

FACULTY, ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Complex Number – Part 1
Complex Analysis
o The study of functions of a complex variable

Many engineering principles can be modeled, investigated and solved using

the knowledge on complex numbers.
o Simple electrical circuit
o Mechanical vibrating circuit
o Heat induction
o Electrostatics
o Fluid flow

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
 Complex Number
o Equations without real solutions, such as or , were observed early in
history and led to the introduction of complex numbers. By definition, a
complex number z is an ordered pair x, y of real numbers x and y,
written in rectangular form as

o where x is the real part of z, y is the imaginary part of z, written

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
o and j (in theoretical mathematics, i) as the imaginary unit which is equal
to
  𝒋 =√ − 𝟏

o By definition, two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real
parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal, or if z = x + jy is
equal to z = x + jy then

  𝑹𝒆 ( 𝒛 𝟏) = 𝑹𝒆 ( 𝒛 𝟐 )
  𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐
o and
  𝑰𝒎 ( 𝒛 𝟏 ) = 𝑰𝒎 ( 𝒛 𝟐 )
  𝒚 𝟏= 𝒚 𝟐

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
 Addition of Complex Numbers
o The addition of complex numbers and is defined as
 𝒛 𝟏+ 𝒛 𝟐= ( 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒋 ( 𝒚 𝟏+ 𝒚 𝟐 )
o or the sum of two complex numbers is the sum of their real parts plus
the sum of their imaginary parts multiplied by the imaginary unit. The
addition of complex numbers is similar to vector addition.

Multiplication of Complex Numbers

o The multiplication of complex numbers and is defined as
 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟐=( 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝒚 𝟏 𝒚 𝟐 ) + 𝒋 ( 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚 𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟏)

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
Example #1
 Let and . Find

(a) the real part of and .

(b) the imaginary part of and .
(c) the sum + .
(d) the product .

 Solution #1
(a) Re() = 8 and Re( = 9

(b) Im() = 3 and Im() = −2

(c) + =
=

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
 
(d) =
=
=

Subtraction of Complex Numbers

o Subtraction is defined as the inverse operation of addition. Thus the
difference is defined as
 𝒛 𝟏 − 𝒛 𝟐= ( 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟐 )+ 𝒋 ( 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )

Division of Complex Numbers

o Division is defined as the inverse operation of multiplication. The
quotient is defined as

 𝒛 𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟏 𝒚 𝟐 + 𝒋 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐
MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022
Complex Number – Part 1
Example #2
 Let and . Find

(a) the difference .

(b) the quotient .

 Solution #2
(a) =
=

(b)

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
o Since the complex number z = x + jy contains an ordered pair (x, y), it
can be plotted in a standard Cartesian coordinate plane.

o We choose the horizontal axis as the x-axis and is called the real axis
and the vertical axis as the y-axis called the imaginary axis.

o We choose the same unit length for both axes.

o A complex number z = x + jy is represented as a point P(x, y), shown in

Figure 1.

o The coordinate axes in which complex numbers are represented are

called the complex plane, or sometimes, the Argand diagram.

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1

Figure 1. The Complex Plane

Figure 2. Example of a point z in complex plane

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022
Complex Number – Part 1
 o Figure 2 shows how the complex number z = 4 − j3 is represented in the
complex plane.

Complex Conjugate

o The complex conjugate (in some books ) of a complex number

z = x + jy is defined by

  𝒛 ∗ = 𝒙 − 𝒋𝒚
o It is obtained geometrically by reflecting the point z in the real axis.
Figure 3 demonstrates this.

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1

Figure 3. Geometric Interpretation of Conjugation

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
o The complex plane becomes even more useful and gives further insight
into the arithmetic operations for complex numbers if besides the xy-
coordinates (the rectangular form) we also employ the usual polar
coordinates r and θ, defined by

  𝒙 =𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
  𝒚 =𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

o We see that then z = x + jy takes the so-called polar form

 
∠

o The parameter r is called the absolute value or modulus or magnitude of

z denoted by . Hence,

 
MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022
Complex Number – Part 1
 o Geometrically, r is the distance of the point z from the origin. Similarly,
is the distance between and .

o The parameter θ is called the argument or angle of z and is denoted by

arg(z). Thus,

 𝒂𝒓𝒈 ( 𝒛 ) =𝜽 =𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚
𝒙

o Geometrically, θ is the directed angle from the positive x-axis to the

terminal point z. Here, all angles are measured positive in the
counterclockwise sense. See Figure 4.

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1

Figure 4. Polar Coordinates in Complex Plane

 o The principal value of the angle θ, denoted as Arg=z (with a capital A) is

a unique value for the angle θ which lies in between –π and π. Thus,

 − 𝜋 < 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ≤ 𝜋
o for z 0. For a given complex number, the other values of are

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
Example #3
 Let and find

(a) the modulus r, the principal argument and express each in polar form.
(b) All the possible arguments.

 Solution #3
For  −
(a)
𝜋 < 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ≤ 𝜋
  1
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = 𝜋
4
 
∠

 
∠
MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022
Complex Number – Part 1

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
Four Quadrants

Value of tan-1 when using calculator

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
 For
(b)

 
For  − 𝜋 < 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ≤ 𝜋
(a)
 

 
∠

 
∠()

 
(b)
MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022
Complex Number – Part 1

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
 
For  − 𝜋 < 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ≤ 𝜋
(a)
 

 
∠

 
∠

 (b)

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
 Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers (Polar Form)
o Multiplication and division of complex numbers are easier to perform in
polar rather than the rectangular form. If we have ∠ and ∠ , we can
prove that
 
∠)

o Thus, and + . Similarly, for division,

 ∠)
o Thus, and .

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
Example #4
 Given

(a) Find the product and the quotient in rectangular form, without
converting to polar form.
(b) Find the product and the quotient by converting first to polar form,
then back to rectangular form.

 Solution #4
(a)

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
Solution #4
 
(b)  − 𝜋 < 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ≤ 𝜋
  3
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = 𝜋
4
 
∠

 
∠

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
Solution #4
 
(b)  − 𝜋 < 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ≤ 𝜋
  𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = 90 °

  𝜋 1
𝜃 =90 ° 𝑥 = 𝜋  
∠
180 ° 2
 

 
∠  
∠
 
∠

 
∠)

 
∠()

𝑧 2 =6 √2 ¿
MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022
Complex Number – Part 1

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

 Complex Number – Part 1
Solution #4
 
(b) ∠
=𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃  𝑦 =𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
  5
)  𝑦 =6 √ 2 sin ( 𝜋)
4
  𝑦 =6
=6 √ 2 cos (225) √ 2 sin (225 )
=− 6   𝑦 =− 6
𝑧 2 =− 6 − 𝑗 6

 
∠)

 ∠()

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

 Complex Number – Part 1
Solution #4
(b)  ∠()

=𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃  𝑦 =𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
)    2 √2 1
𝑦= sin ( 𝜋)
3 4
2 √2   2 √2
= cos ( 45 ) 𝑦 = sin (45 )
3 3
2 2
𝑥=   𝑦 =
3 3

1 2 2
= + 𝑗
2 3 3

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Complex Number – Part 1
Complex Number Forms

Rectangular
  𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚

Polar
 𝒛=𝒓 ( 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 )=𝒓 ∠ 𝜽  

Exponential
𝒋 𝜽
  𝒛 =𝒓 𝒆

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

 o Kreyszig, E. (2011). Advanced
engineering mathematics (10th ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
o Zill, D. G., and Wright, W. S.,
(2014). Advanced engineering
References
mathematics (5th ed.). Burlington,
MA, USA: Jones and Bartlett Learning

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022