Bolt design

Bolt design

A screw thread is a helical groove on a shaft.

When used for delivering power, it is called a
power screw. Power screw is not really all that
efficient, as they loose a significant amount of
power to friction. However, this friction can be put
to use in the case of threaded fasteners. Power
screw such as screw jacks, clamps and presses,
fasteners, on the other hand, such as through bolt,
stud bolt, cap and set screws.

Screw jack is a mechanical device that can

increase the magnitude of an effort force. The
effort force for a screw jack when neglecting
friction can be expressed as:

F=Qp/2πR

where

F = effort force at the end of the arm or handle

(lb), Q = weight or load (lb), p = pitch distance or
lead of thread in one turn (in), r = pitch radius of
screw (in), R = lever-arm radius (in)

Thread Terminology

The thread form is the configuration of the

thread in an axial plane; or more simply, it is
the profile of the thread, composed of the
crest, root, and flanks. At the top of the
threads are the crests, at the bottom the
roots, and joining them are the flanks. The
triangle formed when the thread profile is
extended to a point at both crests and roots,
is the fundamental triangle.

Major diameter is the largest diameter on a threaded part. It is also known as nominal or thread
diameter. Minor diameter is the smallest diameter on a thread part. It is also known as root
diameter. Pitch diameter is the measured distance between the pitch points between the
threads. Pitch Point The position on the thread where an equal amount of distance exists
between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads. Lead is
the distance that a screw travels in one revolution.

The flank angle is the angle between a flank and the perpendicular thread axis. Flank angles
are sometimes termed “half-angle” of the thread, but this is only true when neighboring flanks

English Technical Terms 1

Bolt design

have identical angles; that is, the threads are symmetrical. Unified screw threads have a 30º
flank angle and are symmetrical. This is why they are commonly referred to as 60º degree
threads.

Torques required for raise and lowers the load:

tan 𝛼+𝑓 cos 𝜃

For raising the load 𝑇 = 𝐹 𝑟𝑚 1−𝑓×tan 𝛼 cos 𝜃
+ 𝑓𝑐 × 𝑟𝑐

𝑓
− tan 𝛼+ cos 𝜃
For lowering the load 𝑇 = 𝐹 𝑟𝑚 1+𝑓× tan 𝛼 + 𝑓𝑐 × 𝑟𝑐
cos 𝜃

Where:

T: Torque applied to turn screw or nut (N.m), F: Screw axis load (N),

rm : Mean thread radius (mm), rc : Collar radius) (mm),

ƒ: Coefficient of friction between screw and nut threads, ƒc: Coefficient of friction at collar

𝛼 : Helix angle of the thread at mean radius,: 𝜃…:.Angle of thread

Screw Thread Forms

British Standard Whitworth (BSW): The principal features of the British Standard Whitworth
(BSW) thread form are that the angle between the thread flanks is 55 degrees and the thread
has radii at both the roots and the crests of the thread.

The differences between American and British thread forms became a painful problem during
the Second World War, especially in manufacturing and repairing airplane engines. In 1948
representatives of Britain, Canada and the United States agreed on a Unified Standard. In the
compromise the British accepted the 60° thread angle, and the Americans accepted rounded
roots and optionally rounded crests.

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Bolt design

Square thread

Acme thread

Figures above show the thread profile for an acme and square thread power screw. In Figures
show the distance p is the distance between the same points on adjacent teeth. p is often
referred to as the screw lead, which is the distance a nut would travel for one complete rotation
of the screw. The remaining dimensions of the thread are based on the dimension, p. The
square thread form is a common thread form for lead-screws. It gets its name from the square
cross section of the thread.
For an acme thread screw, the thread profile is not normal to the screw centerline but is at an
angle, α. The angle, α, is called the thread angle. For a standard acme thread, α = 14.5°. Also
in these Figures illustrated the definition for the major diameter, mean diameter and minor
diameter of the screw. The mean diameter is often referred to as the pitch diameter. The pitch
diameter is the center location of applied forces for a screw.

English Technical Terms 3