 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
? ‫א‬  ?   ? ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   
٢
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫א‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬א‪‬‬ ‫א‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫א‪‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻬﺮس‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫إرﺷﺎدات اﻷﻣﻦ واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﺎآﺔ‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺑﻚ‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ رﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺑﻚ‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات رﻣﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺑﻚ‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﻮة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺸﺪ واﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﺎل‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫رﻣﺎل اﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫‪48‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺸﺮة‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أوآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫‪55‬‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫‪59‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫‪61‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ﺻﻨﺎدﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎدﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬

‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪64‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎت ﺻﻨﺎدﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺒﺔ وأﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪67‬‬ ‫أهﻤﻴﺔ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﺒﺎآﺔ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ‬

‫‪72‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺎآﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫‪77‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﺎآﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺐ‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺐ‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺐ اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫‪93‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫أﺑﻌﺎد ﻓﻨﺠﺎن اﻟﻤﺼﺐ‬
‫‪98‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫‪99‬‬ ‫أﺷﻜﺎل وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎت‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫‪102‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮذج‬
‫‪104‬‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫‪106‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻼن ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮذج‬
‫‪107‬‬ ‫رآﺎﺋﺰ ) ﺣﻮاﻣﻞ ( اﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫‪113‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫‪115‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎآﺔ ﻓﻲ أرﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻚ‬
‫‪116‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮش اﻟﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫‪119‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮش اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻒ‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺮش اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮآﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ ذات اﻟﺘﺠﺎوﻳﻒ‬
‫‪121‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺮك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬
‫‪122‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪124‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪130‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮآﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬
‫‪131‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬FKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫◄א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫◄א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬◄
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫◄א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ 9
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٩
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢

 

٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٪٩٧{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬SiO2‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J١FK‫א‬
 

 
E١{١F
 
 

١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،F‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٨٥٠ J٦٥٩‫א‬،
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٤٠،‫א‬‫א‬
،E٢٨،١٥ J١٣،١٤W‫א‬F
F‫א‬،٣٠٠
‫א‬KE٢٧٥،٣٠ J٢٠،٤٤W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
٪٨٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K٠{٥ J١{٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬

١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬٤٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬٧٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٪٩٩{٣٨ J٩٧{٨٨‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦،‫א‬٪٠{٠٧
٪٠{٢ J٠{١،‫א‬٪٩٨{٧ J٩٦{٠٣،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٪٠{٥ J٠{٣،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
E٢{١F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
،Shell sand‫א‬‫א‬ ،Sand molding‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wax lost E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،Resin mold ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.molding

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،EL٢٠ J١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
L٥٠ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K٠{١‫א‬٩‫א‬،E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫ א‬ 

 
١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Foundry SandK‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠٪٧٥‫א‬
 K٪٩٠٪٨٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٥٠٧٠٠‫א‬ J
 ١٣٥٠‫א‬ J
 ١٦٠٠‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬ E

 W‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKK
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬ J٥

١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬W K١
K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٧٥٠{٠٦‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W  K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬ J

K٪٢،٠٪٥،K‫א‬‫א‬

KEF‫א‬ J
W
  ‫א‬‫א‬K ٠{٢ J٠{١‫א‬W‫א‬ J١
 K٠{٣–٠{٢‫א‬
 
 K٠{٥–٠{٣٥‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 K٠{٨–٠{٥‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

١٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬

١٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
 K‫א‬٦
 EF‫א‬‫א‬٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٪٤‫א‬
 W
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
٤E F‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 
 
 

٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W
W J١ 
‫א‬L١
‫א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
–٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
–٢–١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
–٢–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
–٢–١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
–٢–١
 
 

 
 

٢١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٢٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

٢٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬◄
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬◄
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬◄
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬◄
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬◄
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬ 9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9
KE‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

٢٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Clay content .‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 Moisture ContentK‫א‬ K٢
 Compression StrengthKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 Gas permeabilityK‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
AFS NoK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 
Sand Rammer ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ K
‫א‬ K

‫א‬ K

‫א‬ K

 

٢٥
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

E١ J٢F 

 
 
 W
،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE‫א‬F‫א‬
  ‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٠٢F 
٢٠ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W  ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٥٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 100X Z٪‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 ٥٠‫א‬ JW1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JW2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F
 
 
 
 
٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E٣ J٢F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬٤٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢٥‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E١١٠ J١٠٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 

٢٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠ J١
‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٢‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F
 
 

 ‫א‬% w1
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ JW1W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ JW2

٣٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
E٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
،E٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
٣١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 

٣٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬ E

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE
K‫א‬‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬◄
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬E٥٠C٥٠F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٠{٢٥F٦‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E٥٠C٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
E
 ٠{٢٥F٦
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K ‫א‬

٣٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
KE٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠C٥٠F  J١
K١١٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬E
 ٠{٥F١٣‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
KK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬   J٥

 W
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
٣٥
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
  
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬ K٤
 W
W

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 

E‫א‬
 F٥٠C٥٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
F، ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬

KE٨ J٢

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨ J٢F

 
 
 
٣٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ EoF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
F‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،(onF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ E
ELF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ E

ESF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٤
٣٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KEF
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬EOF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬
K‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E١٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٠١٠±F١±‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬١٥١±‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ K

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١

٣٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
‫א‬‫א‬2BA‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬BA–‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

٣٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 AFS No.W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠
‫א‬،١٥E٩ J٢F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٠ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 

٤٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠٠‫א‬W‫א‬
١٠٦،١٥٩،٢١١،٣٩٩،٤٢٥،
 K٥٣،٧٥،

 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٠٠CEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ZE٪F‫א‬‫א‬


E F ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ECF  ZEF‫א‬


 EF‫א‬ZW
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 
 
 

٤١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬–E٢F
٥٣ ٧٥ ١٠٦ ١٥٠ ٢١٢ ٣٠٠ ٤٢٥ ٦٠٠ 
‫اﻟﻜﻔﺔ‬ µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm
‫א‬
٦٣١ ٣٥٥ ٢٤٩ ١٧٨ ١٢٥ ٨٩ ٦٣ ٤٤ ٣١  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E٣F
 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ˚‫א‬‫א‬   ٪  ٪‫א‬

  ‫א‬
 ١٢٨٧  ٧{٥ J٦{٥  ١٦٠ J٢٢٥  ١٨ J١٢  ١٤ J٧ ٨{٥ J٦{٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٨٧  ٨ J٧  ١٤٠ J١٥٠  ١٤ J١٢  ٢٠ J١٣  ٨ J٦

 
 ١٢٨٧  ٧{٥ J٦  ١٨٠ J٢٠٠  ١٢ J١٠  ١٥ J١٠ ٨{٥ J٦{٥

 ‫א‬K
 ١٣١٥  ٧{٥ J٦{٢  ٧٨ J١٢٠  ١٤ J١٢  ٢٥ J١٨  ٧{٥ J٦
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ١٣١٥  ٨ J٧{٥  ٧٠ J٨٦  ١٤ J١١  ٨٠ J٤٠  ٧ J٥{٥
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ١٣٧١  ٧{٥ J٥  ٥٠ J٦١  ١٣ J٨  ١٢٠ J٨٠  ٦{٥ J٤
 
 ‫א‬K
 ١٤٢٦  ٧{٥ J٦{٥  ٤٥ J٥٦  ١٠ J٤  ٢٠٠ J١٥٠  ٤ J٢
 
‫א‬K
 ١٤٨٢  ٧{٥ J٦{٥  ٣٨ J٦٢  ١٠ J٤  ٣٠٠ J١٣٠  ٤ J٢

‫א‬K
 ١٤٢٦  ٧{٥ J٦{٥  ٤٥ J٥٥  ١٢ J٦  ٢٠٠ J١٠٠  ٦ J٤

 

٤٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W K٢
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬ E

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
Clay content .‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 Moisture ContentK‫א‬ K٢
 Compression StrengthKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 Gas permeabilityK‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
AFS NoK‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
٤٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
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 
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 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CoreE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
٤٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
K‫א‬

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬ 9

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

٤٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬

٤٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬
‫א‬KE١ J٣FEMULLER F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

 
Sand Muller E١ J٣F
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،˚٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 W

٤٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 
 

 

‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F
 
 
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬˚٢٣٢˚١٧٦
 
 

٥٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
٥١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬CEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤ J٣FEJohannes Croning)(‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،˚٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 
Shell Core‫א‬E٤ J٣F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
nE‫א‬FNaO.nSiO2‫א‬‫א‬
٣٢‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠ Ea

٥٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬١{٥± Eb
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٠‫א‬٠{٦ Ec
K‫א‬‫א‬

،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ˚٢٠٠‫א‬  ‫א‬ ١
 ˚٢٢٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 ˚٢٥٠‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣
 ˚٣٠٠‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٤
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

٥٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEF‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 KE٥ J٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F
 
 
 
٥٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F
 
 
 
 
 

٥٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬E٧ J٣F
 

٥٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 W‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 KE٨ J٣F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 

٥٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٨ J٣F
 

 

 
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

٥٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٦٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
٦١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ 9

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

٦٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  W‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
٣L٨٤C١٢C١٢
 ‫א‬
 K١٤C١٨C١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

٦٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،١L٢٥L٨٤C٢٤C٢٤‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٢‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

٦٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٤F

 
E٢ J٤F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 

٦٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬E ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 
E٣ J٤F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

٦٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬،
 KE٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬E٥ J٤F
٦٨
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٥ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬

 K

 
 

  
‫א‬E ٥ J٤F 
 
 
‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫אא‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬
E 
 KE٦ J٤F 
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٦ J٤F 

٦٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨L١‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠١١٠
 
 
 

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٨ J٤F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

٧٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WE٩ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬




 
‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F
E٥،‫א‬E٤،‫א‬E٣،‫א‬‫א‬E٢،‫א‬ E١
E٨،‫א‬E٧،‫א‬E٦،
E١٢،E١١،‫א‬E١٠،E٩،
KE١٥،E١٤،E١٣،EF
 

٧١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

٧٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬

٧٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 

٧٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ 9

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

٧٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K  J
 K‫א‬  J

 K‫א‬  J

 K‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬ E١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W E٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K E١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K E٢  K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K E٣  K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K E٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 K‫א‬ E٦
 

٧٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E١ J٥F 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ אא‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

٧٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬E
‫א‬‫ א‬E
K‫א‬‫ א‬E
 K‫א‬ E

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F
 
 
 
 
 

٧٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫ א‬E
 K‫א‬‫ א‬E

 
 ‫א‬E٣ J٥F

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
٧٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
 K‫א‬‫ א‬E
K‫א‬‫ א‬E

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 K‫ א‬E٤
 K‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 K
K‫ א‬E٧
٨٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬ E٥

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

٨١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٨٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﺻﺤﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬‫اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ‬‫اﻟﺴﻜﺐ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫وﻧﻈﺎم‬EGating SystemF‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KERisering SystemF‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

٨٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧

٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ 9

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

٨٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬(Cope)‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Drag)
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫ﻗرﻴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤوﺠودة‬‫اﻟﺼﻬر‬‫ﺒوﺘﻘﺔ‬‫ﻤن‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬر‬‫اﻟﻤﻌدن‬‫وﺘوﺠﻴﻪ‬‫ﻨﻘ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫وﺘﺘم‬‫هذا‬
‫ﻋن‬‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬‫هو‬‫اﻟﺼب‬‫وﻨظﺎم‬K‫اﻟﺼب‬‫ﻨظﺎم‬‫ﺨﻼ‬‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻔرا‬‫داﺨ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‬‫ﺴطﺢ‬‫ﻤن‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‬‫ﺘﺠوﻴف‬‫إﻟﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬر‬‫اﻟﻤﻌدن‬‫ﻟﻨﻘ‬‫ﺘﺼﻤم‬‫ﻤﻌﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤرﺘﺒطﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻨوات‬‫ﻤن‬‫ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ‬
 K‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴب‬‫واﻟزﻤن‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
٨٥
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺤﻴث‪‬ﻴوﻀﺢ‪‬اﻟﺸﻜ‪E١ J٦F‬اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‪‬اﻟرﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪‬اﻟﻤﻜوﻨﺔ‪‬ﻟﻨظﺎم‪‬اﻟﺼب‪‬وهﻲ‪‬ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ W‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪K١‬ﻓﻨﺠﺎن‪‬اﻟﺼب‪WEPouring bushF‬ﻋﺒﺎرة‪‬ﻋن‪‬ﺤﻴز‪‬ﻴﺼب‪‬ﻓﻴﻪ‪‬اﻟﻤﻌدن‪‬اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬر‪‬ﻟﺘوﺠﻴﻬﻪ‪‬إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼب‪،‬وهﻨﺎك‪‬ﺒﻌض‪‬א‪‬א‪‬ﻤن‪‬اﻟﻔﻨﺎﺠﻴن‪‬ﺘﻤﻨﻊ‪‬دﺨو‪‬اﻟﺸواﺌب‪‬إﻟﻰ‪‬ﻓراغ‪‬اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪K‬‬
‫‪K٢‬اﻟﻤﺼب‪WESprueF‬ﻋﺒﺎرة‪‬ﻋن‪‬ﻗﻨﺎة‪‬ﻋﻤودﻴﺔ‪‬ذات‪‬ﻤﻘطﻊ‪‬داﺌري‪‬ﺘﻀﻴق‪‬ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ‪‬א‪K‬‬
‫‪K٣‬ﻗﺎﻋدة‪‬اﻟﻤﺼب‪WEWellF‬ﻋﺒﺎرة‪‬ﻋن‪‬ﺤﻴز‪‬ﻴﺴﺘﻘﺒ‪‬اﻟﻤﻌدن‪‬اﻟﻤﻨﻬﻤر‪‬ﻤن‪‬اﻟﻤﺼب‪K‬‬
‫‪K٤‬اﻟﻤﺠرى‪WERunnerF‬ﻋﺒﺎرة‪‬ﻋن‪‬ﻗﻨﺎة‪‬أﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪‬ﻤﻘطﻌﻬﺎ‪‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪‬ﺸﻜ‪‬ﻤﺴﺘطﻴ‪‬أو‪‬ﺸﺒﻪ‪‬ﻤﻨﺤرف‪K‬‬
‫‪K٥‬ﺒواﺒﺎت‪‬اﻟﺼب‪WEGatesF‬وهﻲ‪‬ﻗﻨوات‪‬أﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪‬ﻤﻘطﻌﻬﺎ‪‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪‬ﺸﻜ‪‬ﻤﺴﺘطﻴ‪‬أو‪‬ﺸﺒﻪ‪‬ﻤﻨﺤرف‬
‫وﺘﺴﺘﺨدم‪‬ﻓﻲ‪‬إدﺨﺎ‪‬اﻟﻤﻌدن‪‬ﻤﺒﺎﺸرة‪‬إﻟﻰ‪‬ﻓراغ‪‬اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪ K‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪E١ J٦F‬א‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪٨٦‬‬
‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‬
‫‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫أهم‪‬اﻟﻟﺸروط‪‬اﻟوااﺠب‪‬ﺘوﻓ‪‬هﺎ‪‬ﻓﻲ‪‬ﻨظﺎم‪‬اﻟﺼب‪‬اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻟﻲ‪W‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪W‬‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟواﺠب ﺘواﻓرهﺎ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻨظﺎم اﻟﺼ‬
‫ﺼب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻴﻠﻲ أهم اﻟﺸرروط‬
‫ﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺸواﺌب ﻤن اﻟدﺨو‪‬إﻟﻰ ﻓراغ اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪K‬‬
‫‪K١‬أن ﻴﻜون ﻨظﺎمم اﻟﺼب ﻗﺎددرا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻊ‬
‫ﺴﺒب ﺘﺴﺎﻗطاً ﻓﻲ رﻤ‪‬اﻟﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪K‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌدن اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬر دون أن ﻴﺴ‬
‫ن‬ ‫‪K٢‬أن ﻴﻀﻤن اﻨﺴ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌدن اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬر ﺒﺴرﻋﺔ‪K‬‬
‫ن‬ ‫اﻟﺤرارة ﻤن‬
‫ة‬ ‫‪K٣‬أن ﻴﻀﻤن ﻋدم ﻓﻘدان درﺠ‬
‫ﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‪K‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌدن اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬر ﺒﺎﻟﺴرﻋﺔ اﻟﻤ‬
‫ن‬ ‫‪K٤‬أن ﻴﻀﻤن ﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻞء ﻓراغ اﻟﻘﺎﺎﻟب‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜب‪ K‬‬
‫ب‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻤن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫أن ﻴﻜون ﺴﻬ‪ ‬اﻟﻘطﻊ واﻹ‬
‫ﻹزاﻟﺔ ﺒﻌد اﻻ‬ ‫‪ .٥‬ن‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ K‬‬‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫א‪E٢ J٦F ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪  K‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬‬
‫ﻰ ﻗوواﻨﻴن ﺘدﻓق اﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ وأﺒرززهﺎ ﻨظرﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻤﻴم ﻨظﺎم ااﻟﺼب ﻴﻌﺘﻤﻤد ﺒﺸﻜ‪ ‬رﺌﻴﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠ‬‫إن ﺘﺼ‬
‫‪F‬ﺒرﻨووﻟﻲ‪E‬א‪‬א‪K‬وﻟﻠﺤﺼو‪‬ﻋﻠﻰ أﺒﻌﺎد ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻨظﺎﺎم اﻟﺼب‪،‬ﻨﻨﺤﺘﺎج أوﻻ‬
‫ﺤﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠزﺀ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪K‬‬
‫ﺼب‪،‬وهﺬا ﻤﺎ ﺴﻨوﻀﺤ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب زﻤن اﻟﺼ‬
‫ب‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك‪F‬ﻤﻌدن‬
‫ك‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻴن أﺴﺎﺴﻴن هﻤﻤﺎ‪W‬ﻨوع ﻤﻌددن‬
‫ن‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺊ اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪E‬ﻋ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ب‪F‬زﻤن ﺊ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤد زﻤن اﻟﺼب‬

‫‪٨٧‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻓﻤن اﻟواﻀﺢ أن ﺗﻘﻠﻴ ﻞ ﺴﻤك ﺤﺎﺌط‬،‫ ﺴﻤك ﻟﺤواﺌط اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك‬E‫اﻟﻘطﻌﺔ اﻟﻤراد ﺴﻜﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك ﻴﺠب أن ﻴﺘرﺘب ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻘﻠﻴ ﻞ زﻤن اﻟﺼب وذﻟك ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﻤد اﻟﻤﻌدن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤواﺌط‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ هﻨﺎك اﻟﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﺠرﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨدم ﻋﻤﻠﻴًا‬K‫اﻟرﻗﻴﻘﺔ أﺜﻨﺎﺀ اﻟﺴﻜب‬
‫وﻤن أهﻤﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب زﻤن اﻟﺼب‬
‫ﺤﻴث ﺘﺴﺘﺨدم ﻟﺤﺴﺎب زﻤن اﻟﺼب ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺒوﻜﺎت ذات ﺴﻤك ﺤواﺌط‬KDietert ‫ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
 W‫ هﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤو اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬Dietert ‫وﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬،‫ﺼﻐﻴرة وﻤﺘوﺴطﺔ‬
(1)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK √
 W
 K‫ﺒﺎﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼب‬‫زﻤن‬Wt
KE‫ﻜﻐم‬F‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠوﻏرام‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒوب‬‫اﻟﻤﻌدن‬‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬Wm
E‫ﻜﻐم‬L‫ث‬F‫ﺒوﺤدة‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺤﺎﺌط‬‫ﺴﻤك‬‫وأﻗ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك‬‫ﻨوع‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤد‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤ‬Wq
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬،Dietert‫א‬E١F‫א‬q‫א‬
‫ﻓﺈن‬‫ﻤم‬٤٠‫إﻟﻰ‬١٥‫ﻤن‬‫ﻴﺘراوح‬‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬‫ﻤن‬‫ﻤﺴﺒوك‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺤﺎﺌط‬‫ﺴﻤك‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wq‫א‬‫א‬
 q = 1.35
EQF‫وﻤﻌدل اﻟﺘدﻓق أﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌدن اﻟﻤﺼﺒوب‬EVF‫وﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎل آ ﺎن ﺤﺠم ﺘﺠوﻴف اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺎ‬
(2)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Z‫א‬
 
Dietert‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬q‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻤ‬‫ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬WE١F‫ﺠدو‬
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٦ J٥  ١٤ J٧  ٤٠ J١٥
 ١{٩٤  ٢  ٢{٣  
 ١{١٥  ١{٢  ١{٣٥  
 ١{٢٢  ١{٤    
 ١{٧٧  ٢    
 ١{٩٣  ٢{٢    
 ١{٣      
 

٨٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫أﻜﺜر‬F‫وﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ‬‫ﻤﺘوﺴطﺔ‬‫ﺤواﺌط‬‫ذات‬‫اﻟﻠدن‬‫اﻟزهر‬‫اﻟﺼب‬‫زﻤن‬‫ﺤﺴﺎب‬‫وﻴﻤﻜن‬‫هذا‬
 W‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬‫ﻤن‬E‫ﻜﻐم‬٤٥٣F‫ﻋن‬‫وزﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﻴﻘ‬‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬E‫ﻤم‬١٤‫ﻤ‬
(3)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 0.95 √
.
 W‫ﺤﻴثأن‬
K‫ﺒﺎﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼب‬‫زﻤن‬Wt
E‫ﻜﻐم‬٠{٤٥٣٥٩Z‫ﺒﺎوﻨد‬١F‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺎوﻨد‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒوب‬‫اﻟﻤﻌدن‬‫وزن‬Ww
‫وﻴﻤﻜن‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫وﻜذﻟك‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒوب‬‫اﻟﻤﻌدن‬‫ﺤرارة‬‫درﺠﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤد‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤ‬Wk
‫ﻟزﻤن‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤن‬‫ﻤﻘﺒوﻟﺔ‬‫أوﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼو‬‫ﻤﺘوﺴطﺔ‬‫ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬‫ﻜﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬k=1‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬
 K‫اﻟﺼب‬
 
 KE‫ﻤم‬٢٥{٤Z١F‫اﻻﻨش‬‫ﺒوﺤدة‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك‬‫ﻟﺤواﺌط‬‫اﻟﺴﻤك‬E‫ﻤﻌد‬F‫ﻤﺘوﺴط‬WT
‫رﻗم‬‫ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬‫ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬‫ﻀﻤن‬‫ﻻﺘﻘﻊ‬‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫اﻟﺼﻠب‬
 ‫א‬،‫اﻟﻠدن‬‫اﻟزهر‬‫ﻤﺴﺒوﻜﺎت‬‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫وﻓﻲ‬
 W‫اﻟﺼب‬‫زﻤن‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬‫ﻹﻴﺠﺎد‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬‫اﺴﺘﺨدام‬‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜن‬،E٣F‫رﻗم‬‫ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬‫أو‬E١F
(4)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
√
 KE٢F‫رﻗم‬‫ﺠدو‬‫ﻤن‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬‫اﻟﺤﺼو‬‫ﻴﻤﻜن‬f‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬‫ﺒﺄن‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬
 f‫א‬E٢F
f‫א‬ f‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٠{٨  ١{٢ J٠{٤  ‫א‬
 ١{٧  ٢{٠ J١{٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﻴﻜون‬‫أن‬‫ﻴﻔﻀ‬‫اﻟﺼب‬‫زﻤن‬‫ﻓﺈن‬،‫واﻟﺒروﻨز‬‫اﻷﺼﻔر‬‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬‫ﻤﺴﺒوﻜﺎت‬‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫أﻤﺎ‬
K‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬١٥ J٤٥‫ﺒﻴن‬
‫د‬‫ﻟﺘﺠﻤ‬‫א‬‫اﻟزﻤن‬‫ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ‬‫ﺨﻼ‬‫ﻤن‬‫ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﻲ‬‫ﺒﺸﻜ‬‫اﻟﺼب‬‫زﻤن‬‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬‫ﻴﻤﻜن‬،
‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴب‬،Chvorinov‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬‫وﺒﺤﺴب‬،‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤد‬‫زﻤن‬‫أن‬‫ﺤﻴث‬K‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫א‬‫وهذﻩ‬،a‫ﻟﻠﺤرارة‬‫اﻟﻤﺸﻊ‬‫ﺴطﺤﻪ‬‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬VE‫اﻟﺤﺎﺌط‬F‫اﻟﻤﻘطﻊ‬‫ﺤﺠم‬‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ‬‫طردﻴﺎ‬
 W‫أن‬‫أي‬KECasting Modulus: MC)‫א‬

٨٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(5)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫اﻟﺴﻜب‬‫ﻤﻬﻨدس‬‫ﻴﻘوم‬‫أن‬‫ﻴﻔﻀ‬،‫اﻟﺼب‬‫ﻨظﺎم‬‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬‫ﺼﺤﺔ‬‫ﻤن‬‫وﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜد‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤن‬
‫ﻴﻜون‬‫أن‬‫ﻴﻔﺘرض‬‫ﺤﻴث‬K‫اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬر‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌدن‬‫اﻷو‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‬‫ﺀ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟزﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤدة‬‫ﺒﺘﻌﻴﻴر‬
 K‫اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‬‫ﺀ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬‫ﻨظرﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴوب‬‫اﻟزﻤن‬‫ﻤن‬١٠٪‫ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫أﻗ‬‫أو‬‫أﻜﺜر‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬‫اﻟزﻤن‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬Campbell
‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Mc
 
 
 

 

‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٦F
 
 

٩٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Pressurized Gating System‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬ ‫ﺒواﺒﺎت‬‫ﻤﻘﺎطﻊ‬‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻤﺠﻤوع‬‫هو‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎطﻊ‬‫أﻀﻴق‬‫ﻴﻜون‬‫اﻟﺼب‬‫أﻨظﻤﺔ‬‫ﻤن‬‫اﻟﻨوع‬‫هذا‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫وﻓﻲ‬K‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌدن‬‫ﻤﻤﻠوﺀ‬ ‫א‬‫اﻟﺼب‬‫أﻨظﻤﺔ‬‫ﻤن‬‫اﻟﻨوع‬‫هذا‬‫أن‬‫ﻨﺠد‬‫ﻟذا‬E٤ J٦F،EAgF
Ag‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫هذﻩ‬
 K‫أدﻨﺎﻩ‬E٣F‫ﺠدو‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻤوﻀﺤﺔ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴب‬‫هﻲ‬As‫א‬‫א‬ Ar‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٦F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬Ag : Ar : As‫א‬E٣F
Ag : Ar : As  ‫א‬
 1 : 1.1 : 1.2  ‫א‬
 1 : 1.2 : 1.3  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 : 1 : 1.5  ‫א‬
1 : 1.4 : 1.5  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
E6F‫ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ رﻗم‬F‫ ﺘﺤﺴب ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬Ag ‫ﺤﻴث أن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈن‬،‫اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‬‫ﻤن‬‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠزﺀ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫واﻗﻌﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك‬‫ﻜﺎن‬‫ إذا‬Ka

٩١
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪(6a)...............................................‬‬

‫‪ .b‬إذا ﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك واﻗﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠزﺀ اﻟﻌﻠوي ﻤن اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫‪(6b).................................‬‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬

‫‪ Kc‬وﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك واﻗﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠزﺌﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪،‬ﻓﺈن‪ ‬‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫‪(6c) ..........................‬‬
‫√‪µ‬‬ ‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪WA‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘطﻊ أﻀﻴق ﻗﻨﺎة ﻓﻲ ﻨظﺎم اﻟﺼب‪EAsF‬أو‪EAgF‬ﺒوﺤدة ﺴم‪ ²‬‬
‫‪Wµ‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤ‪‬اﺤﺘﻜﺎك‪‬ﺒﻴن‪‬اﻟﻤﻌدن‪‬واﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪K‬‬
‫‪Wt‬زﻤن‪‬اﻟﺼب‪‬ﺒﺎﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪K‬‬
‫‪Wg‬ﺘﺴﺎرع‪‬اﻟﺠﺎذﺒﻴﺔ‪‬اﻷرﻀﻴﺔ‪٩٨١‬ﺴم‪‬ﻟﻜ‪‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪‬ﺘرﺒﻴﻊ‪K‬‬
‫‪WVD‬ﺤﺠم‪‬اﻟﻤﻌدن‪‬اﻟﻤﺼﺒوب‪‬ﻓﻲ‪‬اﻟﺠزﺀ‪‬اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‪‬ﻤن‪‬اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪F‬ﺴم‪KE٣‬‬
‫‪WVC‬ﺤﺠم‪‬اﻟﻤﻌدن‪‬اﻟﻤﺼﺒوب‪‬ﻓﻲ‪‬اﻟﺠزﺀ‪‬اﻟﻌﻠوي‪‬ﻤن‪‬اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪F‬ﺴم‪KE٣‬‬
‫‪WH‬א‪‬ﺒﻴن‪‬ﻨﻘطﺔ‪‬اﻟﺼب‪‬وﻨﻘطﺔ‪‬دﺨو‪‬اﻟﻤﻌدن‪‬إﻟﻰ‪‬ﻓراغ‪‬اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪‬ﺒوﺤدة‪‬ﺴم‪K‬‬
‫‪Wb‬ارﺘﻔﺎع‪‬اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك‪‬ﻓﻲ‪‬اﻟﺠزﺀ‪‬اﻟﻌﻠوي‪‬ﻤن‪‬اﻟﻘﺎﻟب‪ K‬‬
‫وهﻨﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤد ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤ‪‬اﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎك ‪ µ‬ﻋﻠﻰ درﺠﺔ ﺘﻌﻘﻴد اﻟﻤﺴﺒوك اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻋﻠﻰ درﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻔﻴف‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻟب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨدم‪K‬اﻟﺠدو‪E٤F‬ﻴﻌطﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ µ‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺒوﻜﺎت اﻟﺼﻠب واﻟزهر‪K‬أﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺒوﻜﺎت اﻟﻐﻴر ﺤدﻴدﻴﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ µ‬ﺘﺴﺎوي ﺤواﻟﻲ ‪ 0.50‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪E٤F‬א‪ µ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪ µ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫‪٩٢‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0.42  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

0.50  
0.32  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
0.40  
 
 Non Pressurized Gating System‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬. ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬.(6)‫א‬(As)EAsF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
As : Ar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥ J٦F‫א‬
 KE5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: Ag

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٦F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬As : Ar : Ag‫א‬E5F
٩٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

As : Ar : Ag  ‫א‬
1 : 1.1 : 1.8  
1 : 1.2 : 3  
1 : 2 : 3  –
1 : 3 : 6  ‫א‬
1 : 2 : 4  ‫א‬
 
 (Ar)‫א‬ (As)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، (Ag) ‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬
) K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(Ag
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬. ‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
٩٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬. ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬KE٦ J٦F
  .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬E٦ J٦F
 
 
  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦٧٥F
 
 
٩٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pouring Cup Dimensions :‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vcup‫א‬
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(7) .................................... 400
 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٨ J٦F. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
:‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬E٨ J٦F
 
 
w E‫א‬FE٩ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 

٩٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

/
(8)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKw
.

 Sprue Dimension W‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬,A1H, H1, As‫א‬،(6-9)
 

 (9) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKA1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
/
 (10) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 1
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Jds
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Jd1
 H1 FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JH1

 ‫א‬E٩ J٦F
 

٩٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Risering SystemW‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬EshrinksF‫א‬‫א‬
steel‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(Riser) . ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬) ( Feeder
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Shrinkage Cavity) ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬. ‫ا‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬20 % ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬. ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬. ٢
 W‫א‬Chvorinov‫א‬.‫א‬
 
½
(11) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 W

 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: K
 ٣،‫א‬WV
 ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

٩٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 (Cylindrical riser)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Tapered riser)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E١٠ J٦F.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Open Top Riser)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
(Blind Side Riser)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 (Blind Top Riser)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 
 

 
‫א‬E١٠ J٦F
 
 
 

٩٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬() ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،(Wlodawer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Heine)،( Johns)(HeineF
 K(Heine)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( F ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(6)
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 4.9  ‫א‬ 2.5-3.0  
6.6  ‫א‬ 4 1% C
4.2  ‫א‬ 4- 5.5  ‫א‬‫א‬
6.5  ‫א‬ 1.6-2.5  ‫א‬‫א‬
    2.6-4.5  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHeineF‫א‬
( F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(VF)VF
 
(12) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK /100

 WD pH p‫א‬‫א‬Heine،‫א‬‫א‬

 
(13) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2.5
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WV c
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WH p
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WD p
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 (14)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
.
 Heine
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(15) ................................ 4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
١٠١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Heine
 E١١ J٦F‫א‬

HeineE١١ J٦F
 
 
 Pattern Parting LineW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE١٢ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬

١٠٢
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬
E١٢ J٦F 
  
   
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬

 ،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٣ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٦F 
،‫א‬

‫א‬
 
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 KE١٥ J٦FK
‫ א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬



 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣ J٦F

١٠٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٦F
 
 

 
 E١٥ J٦F
 
 Machining AllowancesW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٦F
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F
‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬
٣ ٣٠٠
٥ ٥٠٠ J٣٠٠ 
٦{٢٥ ١٠٠٠ J٥٠٠
٣ ١٥٠
٦{٢٥ ٥٠٠ J١٥٠ 
٧{٦٢ ١٠٠٠ J٥٠٠
٢{٢٥ ٢٠٠

٣ ٣٠٠ J٢٠٠

٤ ١٠٠٠ J٣٠٠
 
 
 Pattern Draft W‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧ J٦F(Pattern Draft)

  
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E١٧ J٦F
 
‫א‬E١٤ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٨F
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

3.00 3.00 ٢٥
1.50 2.50 50-25
1.00 1.50 100-50 
0.75 1.00 200-100
0.50 1.00 800-200
1.50 3.00 25
1.00 2.00 50-25 ‫א‬
0.75 1.00 100-50
0.50 1.00 200-100 
0.50 0.75 800-200
 

١٠٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Core ChapletsW‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬

١٠٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩ J٦FK ‫א‬E١٨ J٦F
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
E١٨ J٦F
 
 
 

 
‫א‬E١٩ J٦F
 
١٠٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٦F
 K‫א‬

 
 E٢١ J٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٦F‫א‬
 K¾‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
E٢٢ J٦F
 
١٠٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢٣ J٦FK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٦F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
١١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
١٠٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K
K‫א‬ J٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J

١١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


١١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
W‫א‬
K‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ (٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ 9

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
١١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١ J٧F،
 
 

 
 ‫א‬E١ J٧F
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٧FEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٢ J٧F
 

١١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١ J٧FEF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E،F‫א‬EF‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F١١L٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E،
‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
E،F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F¾‫א‬

١١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،F‫א‬KE،F‫א‬E‫א‬F٨
 KE٣ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F½¼E

 
 E٣ J٧F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬EF،EF‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬ EF‫א‬
K
،EF،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬EF،EF‫א‬
EF،EF‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F٦٤‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٧F‫א‬
 KEF،EF‫א‬

 
 E٤ J٧F
 
١١٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF،EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J٧F

 
 E٥ J٧F
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF
 


 E٦ J٧F
 
 
 

١١٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F١L٤١L٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F١L٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K ١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬¼‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧٥١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١١٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F٥٤‫א‬‫א‬EE٦ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F٣٠١٢‫א‬
،E
 ‫א‬F٤‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬،
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٨ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

   

E٩ J٧F  E٨ J٧F  E٧ J٧F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EF‫א‬E١٠ J٧F
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F٨٤

 
  
 E١٠ J٧F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K E‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١١ J٧FEF‫א‬K‫א‬
٣،٢،١‫א‬‫א‬EE١٠ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣،٢،١‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١١ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 E١١ J٧F
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٢ J٧F،E١١ J٧FE٤F‫א‬EF
١٢٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١٢ J٧F
 
‫א‬E‫א‬F¼‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،E‫א‬F٢‫א‬
١٣ J٧FEF‫א‬K
 E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

 
 E١٣ J٧F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،

١٢٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٧FEF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٧‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢ J٧FE١١ J٧FEF‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F٨L١‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،E‫א‬F٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٧FW‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E١٤ J٧F
 
‫א‬E١٠ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١L١٦‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 J٧F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١٤ J٧F

١٢٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٧F
 

 E١٦ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E١٧ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١٧ J٧F
 

١٢٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨ J٧F‫א‬
 

 
 E١٨ J٧F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٧F،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬٥،٤،٣،٢،١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬

١٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤،٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣،٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F٨L٣
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬
 KE١٩ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١٩ J٧F
 
 
١٢٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F¾
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 J٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٢٠ J٧F
 
 

١٢٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٢١ J٧F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F١L٣٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 KE‫א‬F١L١٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1
K ‫א‬ 2
K،‫א‬K ‫א‬ 3

JICA Foundry Engineering ( Casting Design) 4
G. Abramov, Mir Publishers, Foundry Practice for Young Workers 5
Moscow, 1963
Richard W Heine Principles of Metal Casting 6
Peter F. Wieser Steel Casting Handbook 7
the American Foundry Society, Technology to Metal Casting 8
chapters 2-4
T.A Burns The Foseco Foundry man's Handbook
A.M. Mikhailov, Mir Publishers Metal Casing
Moscow

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