ELSci Q2 Lesson 5 - Metabolic Processes Among Living Things

Earth and
H
R Life Science
C Second Quarter
John Benedict S. Velasco

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF
STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
S.Y. 2021 – 2022
STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
Previously on ELSci…

Lesson 5 – Metabolic Processes among Living Things John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.

Previously
on ELSci…

Previously
on ELSci…


Lesson 5: Metabolic Processes
among Living Things
Objectives
• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• Explain the different metabolic processes involved
in the human organ systems

METABOLISM

What is METABOLISM?
• The various organ systems of animals and
humans perform chemical activities that involve
energy.
• These chemical activities include processes such
as breaking down of food, moving materials into
and out of the cells, and building cells.
• Metabolism – the entirety of all the chemical
activities that an organism performs.
CATABOLISM vs ANABOLISM?
• Catabolic pathways –
metabolic pathways
that release energy by
breaking down
complex molecules
into simpler
compounds.
Mitochondrion – one of the sites of cellular
respiration where energy is being extracted from
sugars and other organic fuels.

CATABOLISM vs ANABOLISM?
• Anabolic pathways –
occur when complex
molecules are built
using energy. The
complex molecules are
The process of translation (protein synthesis) is an used by the body for
example of an anabolic pathway. It utilizes energy to
synthesize protein molecules. all its activities.

Different metabolic processes…
• Nutrition • Immune system
• Gas exchange • Hormone signaling
• Circulation • Nervous system
• Homeostasis • Motion
• Excretion

Nutrition
• This refers to the activities
by which living things
obtain raw materials from
the environment and
transport them into their
cells.
• For energy extraction and
biosynthesis.
Nutrition
• Nutrients – are the

chemical substances
that organisms need to
grow and function.
• Organic and inorganic
nutrients.

ORGANIC vs INORGANIC?
• Organic nutrients –
synthesized within
living organisms. These
include carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, and
vitamins.
The Food Pyramid

ORGANIC vs INORGANIC?
• Inorganic nutrients –
supplied through
digestion or from
environmental
sources. These include
mineral and water.
The Food Pyramid

Digestion of nutrients
• The goal of digestion is to
extract nutrients from the
food, and transport them
through the bloodstream.
• Begins at the mouth, and
moves out of the body
through the anus.
The digestive track – Alimentary canal

• Carbohydrates →
simple sugars
• Proteins → amino
acids
• Lipids → fatty acids
and glycerol
The digestive track – Alimentary canal

• Intestines – absorb the
food molecules,
sending them to the
bloodstream
• Liver – releases stored
glucose back to the
bloodstream in case of
glucose level decrease The digestive track – Alimentary canal

Gas exchange
• Respiration – exchange
of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between an
organism and its
environment.
• External respiration
and internal
respiration
Gas exchange
• External respiration – exchange of gases

between the lungs and red blood cells.
• Internal respiration – exchange of gases between
the red blood cells and the other cells of the
body.

How does respiration proceed?
• The goal of respiration

is to provide cells with
oxygen to function,
and excrete carbon
dioxide to the
environment. As the oxygen is being transferred to the
bloodstream, carbon dioxide moves out of the
capillaries and into the alveoli of the lungs
• Air enters the nose
before reaching the
lungs.
• When the air reaches
the alveoli, the oxygen
diffuses into the blood
in the capillaries
(blood vessel) As the oxygen is being transferred to the
surrounding the alveoli bloodstream, carbon dioxide moves out of the
• The red blood cells then
give up their oxygen to the
cells of body tissues where
it is needed.
• Carbon dioxide will then be
eliminated from these cells
and will be diffused into the
blood, transferred into the
alveoli. As the oxygen is being transferred to the
bloodstream, carbon dioxide moves out of the
Circulation
• The process of
distributing gases,
nutrients, and other
substances throughout
the body.
• Some animals lack a
distinct circulatory
Simple animals, like the sponges, move gases and
system. nutrients between cells and their surroundings by
diffusion.
Circulation
• For those animals with a distinct circulatory

system, they can be classified by having an open
circulatory system or closed circulatory system.

Circulation
• Open circulatory
system – the
circulatory fluid
directly soaks the
organs.
• Hemolymph –
circulatory fluid of
animals with open Mollusks, like snails, pump the hemolymph through
circulatory system the circulatory vessels into spaces surrounding the
organs
Circulation
• Closed circulatory
system – blood is
confined to a network
of vessels where it is
circulated from the
heart.
• Also called the
cardiovascular system Simple diagram of a closed circulatory system

Circulation and other systems
• The goal of the circulation system is to distribute
gases, nutrients, and other substances to
different organs for them to function.
• Aids in respiration by distributing oxygen
throughout the body, and delivering carbon
dioxide into the lungs for releasing.
• Aids in digestion by acquiring nutrients from the
intestine, distributing it throughout the body.
Homeostasis
• Biological balance maintained by cells by
regulating which substances get in and out of
the cell.
• This process maintains the internal condition so
that the cell can work at optimum level.
• Interaction of different organ systems to
maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis
[LS1-3] Feedback Mechanisms and Homeostasis | Biology Dictionary

Excretion
• The main goal of the excretory system is to

release waste into the environment in the form
of urine.
• Involves four processes – filtration, reabsorption,
secretion, and excretion

Excretion
Filtration - The excretory tubule
collects a filtrate from the blood.
Reabsorption - The transport cells
Water and solutes are forced by
reclaim valuable substances from
blood pressure across selectively
the filtrate and returns them to the
permeable membranes of a group
body fluids.
of blood vessels into the excretory
tubule.
Secretion - Other substances such

Excretion - The altered filtrate as toxins and excess ions are
(urine) leaves the system and the extracted from body fluids and
body. added to the contents of the Nephrons are the functional units of a kidney
excretory tubule.
responsible for the determining which materials
should be excreted and which should return back to
the blood for circulation.

Immune System
• Pathogens – infectious
agents that cause
disease; can be fungi,
bacteria, or viruses.
• Pathogens infect
animals, including
humans, because their
body is the ideal habitat. Streptococcus pyogenes – pathogenic bacteria that
can cause strep throats.
Immune system
• Body’s main defense
against pathogens.
• Examples of immune
responses: searching and
destroying foreign bodies,
punch holes in bacterial
cells, block viruses from Macrophage, a specialized white blood cell,
entering body cells. chases a bacterial cell to destroy.

Two types of immunity
• Innate immunity – the first
line of the body’s defense
against pathogens; non-
specific, fast-response
• Example: skin as a barrier
against pathogens; mucus, Fever is also an innate immune response that can
slow down the growth of many pathogens by
saliva, tears contain raising the body’s temperature.
enzymes that kill bacteria.

Two types of immunity
• Adaptive immunity –
immune responses that
are activated after innate
defenses; slower but
more specific
• This response is
enhanced by previous
exposure to the infecting
pathogens. The goal of vaccination is to elicit an adaptive
immune response to the patient by initially
exposing them to the pathogen.
Immune System
• Lymphatic system –
transports the fluid
(lymph) from the body
tissues and return it to
the blood.
• The lymph contains
many white blood cells
that help defend the
body against disease. The human lymphatic system protects the body from
diseases and infections.
Hormones
• Hormone – a molecule secreted outside the cell,
circulates in the blood, and communicates
messages throughout the body; signaling
molecules.
• Maintain homeostasis, mediate responses to
environment, and regulate growth,
development, and reproduction.

Hormones
• These hormones are
released into the
bloodstream and
carried to other parts
in the body,
• Endocrine glands –
organs responsible for In a frightening situation, your body releases
hormone production adrenaline that is responsible for the “fight or
flight” response.

The Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Endocrine Glands Hormones Functions
Pituitary gland Human growth hormone Controls other endocrine glands;
influences growth and metabolism
Thyroid gland thyroxin Stimulates tissue metabolism and
the basic metabolic rate
Parathyroid gland parathormone Regulates calcium levels in the
blood
Adrenal glands adrenaline Helps the body respond to stress
and danger
Pancreas insulin Regulates blood glucose levels
Thymus gland Thymosine Regulates the immune system that
helps the body fight diseases
Ovaries (female) and testes (male) Estrogen and progesterone Responsible for female and male
(female); testosterone (male) sexual characteristics

Hormonal regulation of blood sugar
1. After eating a meal, glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream by the small intestine.
2. When glucose levels in the blood are high, the pancreas releases insulin into the blood.
3. Insulin signals the liver to take in glucose from the body, convert it to glycogen, and store it
for future energy needs.
4. When blood sugar levels return to normal, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.
5. To keep the blood sugar level from falling below normal, you must eat again.

Nervous system
• Together with the
hormones, the
nervous system
controls metabolism.
• Neurons – nerve cells
that transfer Hand-eye coordination is made possible by the
information within the action of the nervous system.
body.
Nervous system
• Brain and spinal cord are
the nervous system’s
control center.
• The brain is constantly
receiving, analyzing, and
storing information
about conditions inside
and outside the body.

Skeletal system: The brain is
Nervous system
protected by the skull and the spinal
cord is protected by the vertebrae.
Circulatory system: Heart rate and

blood pressure are regulated by the
Nervous System
brain.
Muscular system: Movement of
• Being the control muscles is controlled by the brain.
center of the body, the Endocrine system: Release of defense

mechanism is stimulated by the
brain.
nervous system
interacts with other Respiratory system: Rate of exchange
of gases is monitored by the brain.
organ systems for Digestive system: Digestion of food

and nutrients are controlled by the
various purposes. brain.
Excretory system: Urine formation

and other excretion are regulated by
the brain.

Motion
• All forms of movement
of vertebrates (flying,
swimming, walking,
crawling) require
muscle activity in
response to nervous
Crawling is a form of movement that requires
system input. skeletal muscles to work.

Motion
• Vertebrate skeletal muscles (muscles that are
attached to the bones) are responsible for the
animals’ movement.
• These muscles are also called striated muscles
because of the muscle fibers running parallel to
the length of the muscle.

Motion
• The contraction of striated
muscles generates a certain
amount of force that pulls
on the bone.
• Signals from the nervous
system make a muscle
generate more force by
causing more muscle cells More muscle cells will contract when you lift a huge
to contract. barbell to provide a greater amount of force than
when lifting a much lighter object.

Did you know?
• Aside from voluntary
movement, there are
other bodily functions
that depend on
muscles to work!
• Examples: heart
contraction, air
movement into the
lungs, digestion.

ELSci Q2 Lesson 5 - Metabolic Processes Among Living Things

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ELSci Q2 Lesson 5 - Metabolic Processes Among Living Things

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Earth and

John Benedict S. Velasco

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• Nutrients – are the

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• External respiration – exchange of gases

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

• The goal of respiration

• For those animals with a distinct circulatory

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

[LS1-3] Feedback Mechanisms and Homeostasis | Biology Dictionary

• The main goal of the excretory system is to

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Secretion - Other substances such

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

enzymes that kill bacteria.

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

Circulatory system: Heart rate and

Muscular system: Movement of

• Being the control muscles is controlled by the brain.

center of the body, the Endocrine system: Release of defense

organ systems for Digestive system: Digestion of food

various purposes. brain.

Excretory system: Urine formation

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF

You might also like