DIFFERENT NOTE-TAKING STYLES

NOTES (STYLE 1)

Contemporary Topics 2—Unit 2 “Linguistics – Global English”

Global Language: the use of English worldwide (global communication)

Common language – lingua franca → English (our class)

Professor Kachru – “current use of English unprecedented”

Two CONTRASTING VIEW of English

- English is used all over the world
and replacing other languages
- Only English will be used in the
future
- English will not truly become a
global language
- People use it in specific domains
- Supported by David Crystal (linguist)
– people will retail their own
language.

- English is the dominant language in - More than a billion people speak

business, science and international
travel.
- The EU uses both spoken and
written English for communication.
- Business schools are teaching their
classes in English.
- Even in France – tried to keep
English out in the past.
- Use of English on the internet
- 75 countries use English in the
government and banks
- India – Hindi and English (official
languages in government)
- Millions of people use English to
facilitate communication.
English as a 2nd or 3rd language.
- English is not the primary language
at home.
- Even in English-speaking countries,
other languages may be used at
home instead of English. (Spanish in
LA & NY)
- Less than half the population in India
knows some English.
- People may only know the English
required for their jobs (taxi drivers,
airline pilots).
- People do not use English in their
daily lives only for work.

Speaker’s View:
- English will not be replaced.
- As globalization spreads, people will want to hold on to their own languages
and culture more than ever.
Questions Posed by the Speaker:
1. Do we need an international standard of English?
2. If yes, what should we use?
3. Is it okay to have a variety of English (Italian English, Japanese English,
etc.)? Why?

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NOTES (STYLE 2)

Contemporary Topics 2—Unit 3 “Psychology – Phobias”

Prof. Ruth Brooks Hall

Phobia: an EXTREME fear; a strong and focused fear

Types of Phobias

1. Specific – fear of dog

2. Situational – fear of public speaking

• It is natural to have fears but phobias are much stronger.

• It can be constant or so serious that it interferes with a person’s life.

Example: Maria – fear of elevators (situational phobia)

• Would panic and start breathing faster when riding one
• After a while, refused to take elevators, even if she had to walk up 20 flights of
stairs.

THREE CHARACTERISTICS of Phobias:

1. Not a rational response (too strong of a reaction to a situation)
a. Maria – start sweating and shaking if suggested taking an elevator
2. Long duration – several years or a lifetime
3. Uncontrollable – too strong for the person to control
a. Maria could calm herself even if she tried.

• Greek or Latin names are often given for these fears.

o Hyno (sleep) → hynophobia (fear of sleep)
o Cyno (dog) → cynophobia (fear of dogs)
o Maria – claustrophobia (fear of being in closed spaces)

Causes of Phobias

1. Learned – something happened that made the person afraid

a. direct learning: first person account
i. Ex. being attacked or injured by a dog as a child
b. indirect learning: watching how people react
i. Ex. David sees mom’s fear and reaction and reacts in the same
way.
ii. Phobias tend to run in families through indirect learning.

2. Association – phobia resulting from a trauma or difficult experience in

childhood (unpleasant memory)
a. Patient was afraid of the dark because his father used to put him in the
closet as punishment.

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Treatment of Phobias

• If a phobia is learned, it can be unlearned.

o Done step-by-step so that the fear gradually disappears

• Some phobias are deeply rooted and can be a sign of a psychological problem
o Being aware of this deeply rooted problem will help to cope with and get
rid of the phobia.