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NGO main report for the final report system

Community development (Lovely Professional University)

StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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environment protection state control

A community development project

submitted by
YERRABOYINA KUMAR
Registration number
11915023

submitted in partial fulfilment of project for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B. TECH)

school of computer science and engineering

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Phagwara, Punjab.

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S. No Title page

1 Acknowledgment 3
2 Training Certificate 4
3 Student declaration 5
4 Chapter1- introduction 6
5 Chapter2- introduction to my project 7
6 Chapter3- objectives of CDP 8
7 Chapter4-Approach and Methodology 9
8 Chapter5- projection on waste 10
9 Chapter6- solid waste management scenario 12
10 Chapter7- Treatment technologies 14
11 Chapter8-MSW transfer station from VMC 21
12 Chapter9-sanitary landfill for Disposal of MSW 23
13 Chapter10-operation and maintenance 28
14 Chapter11-Steps to Achieve &Effectiveness 31
15 Chaprter12- Conclusion 32

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acknowledgement

The final outcome and the success of the project required a lot of guide and support.
The project I have done is successful only because of the supervision and assistance I would Not
forget to thank them.

I sincerely thank Sri Nazeer (C.E.O) SIR for providing an opportunity to do

community development project giving ma all the support and the guidance I need which made
me to complete my project successfully I am extremely grateful for the opportunity and the
support.

I heartily expressing my gratitude to Srinivas sir who constantly helped me

during the fruit distribution programme. Thanks for guiding me along the project and thanks for
the support till the completion of the project.

I would not forget to thank Vikranth sir for the constant support and
guidance through out the project the timely support and guidance till the completion of the project
will be remembered forever.

I am grateful and fortunate enough to constant support and guidance

from all the teaching staff of School of computer science and engineering

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certificate:

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Student decleration

TO WHOME SO EVEVR IT MAY CONCERN

Yerraboyina Kumar, 11915023, hereby declare that the work done by me on ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION STATE CONTROL from 15th may 2020 to 30th may 2020 is a record of original work
for the partial fulfillment of requirments for the award of the degree Bachelor of technology(B.tec)

Name: Yerraboyina Kumar

Regestration number: 11915023

Signature of the student: kumar

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Chapter-1

Intoduction

Introduction to NGO

Navyandhra Helping Organisation is a non governmental organigation that helps for the people around the
state on different sectors. It was incroped in Feb 2020 to help the Solid waste management. Navyandhra
Helping Organigation is involved in activities such as providing equipments needed. it has been working in
Krishna District since FEB 2020.

Vision

Our vision is to improve the livelihoods of the rurals and protect environment

Mission

Our mission is to promote the act of environment protection and trining them to keep surrounding keep
clean and neet and explaining about advantage of keeing surrounding clean throug videos in local language.

values

 Develop new statagy for better protection of the environment with people learning and Participation

 An integrative approach of effecting soil, water, convection nad non convection energies and natural
resources.

 Empower the rural community and enhance their capacity toward the protection of environment.

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Chapter 2

Introduction to my Project

As a part my studies I did a minimum 36 hours internship (15 march-30 march, 2020) at
the Navyandhra Helping Organization that was established in 2020. Currently there are four departments at
the departments (Environment Protection State Control Department, Marine Research Department,
Environment Status Assessment Department and Environment Research Department) and each one of them
comprises of several division. I was doing my internship at the Waste and the Polluted Territories Management
Control Division within the Environment Protection State Control Department. My main duty was to assist in
implementing the goals of the Division, which included various tasks depending on the daily activities of my
colleagues and the head of the Division. However, the foremost area I specialized in was Solid waste
management.

I started my internship by reading of national and international legislation, since it lays

foundation for the work that my colleagues and I do. The Implementation of Municipal solid Waste (MSW)
Management is an important component of the Government of India's "Swachh Bharat Mission" (SBM) -
component. Therefore, the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) proposes to strengthen the MSWM system
covering collection, segregation, recycling, transportation processing and disposal including options for
composting and Waste to Energy (WTE), disposal in all 110 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Andhra Pradesh so
as to comply with the service level Benchmarks of the Government of India (GoI). The GoAP intends to
institutionalize a holistic Integrated, sustainable environment and eco-friendly MSWM in all the urban local
bodies of the state. APUFIDC is a Government of AP entity and the Nodal agency for the development of the
projects in Urban Infrastructure and proposes preparation of Detailed Project Reports for the 110 ULBs
cluster-wise. The DPRs shall comply with the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (Management and Handling Rules
2000) and SWM Rules 2016 under the aegis of the Environment Protection Act 1986 and the guidelines issued
under this rule, time to time. The MSW Rules, 2000 stipulate that each Municipal authority should treat and
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dispose of the MSW generated by them in a manner so as not to cause damage to human health and

environment. The Present assignment is for the preparation of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Detailed
Project Report (DPR) for Cluster-III that is Krishna and Guntur Districts and a total of 23 ULBs for a design.
This document illustrates the DPR for Vijayawada city.

Chapter-3

Objectives of CDP

Scope and objectives of CDP:

TCE Scope of work includes:

 Site visit and collection of data from Municipal Corporations (MCs) for existing SWM scenario.

 Independent assessment of solid waste generation, qualitative estimate from observation & historical
available data and sampling & testing.

 Based on solid waste quality estimate, selection of appropriate technology and scheme for MSWM.

 Approval of scheme and technology from APUFIDC.

 Preparing detailed project report including preparation of drawing, designing, costing, for suitable
technology.

Objectives of CDP:

 To examine and review existing environmental, social, organizational, technical and financial
aspects of SWM project.

 To devise a system that is customized to the local environment, is in-line with the appropriate
global technologies/ socially viable best practices, and addresses the four set of components given
above.
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 To recommend appropriate cost recovery mechanisms and targets and to suggest appropriate
tariff/ pricing structures.

 To suggest an efficient system having the ability to collect, manage and dispose solid waste
properly.

 The system customized to the areas requirements and shortcomings.

 An affordable system, and Technology that is easy to maintain and in-line with the global
standards; and preferably a system that offers by-products/ end-products of collected waste in
shape of energy, fertilizer/ compost, etc

Chapter-4

Approach and Methodology

Approach:

Steps by step approach for the present assignment is described below:

 Base line study- overview of solid waste generation, source of waste, Visit to ULBS and
collection of available data, areas wise population details and the solid waste generation.

 Data analysis- Waste quantification and Characterization base on assumptions,

population forecast and solid waste generation

 Technology Evaluation- Screening and Identification of MSW treatment technology

based on legal and economic feasibility Screening of technology on the basis of
Modularity, scalability, Flexibility.

 Treatment Technology finalization- Approval of technology & scheme

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Methodology:

Conducted the site visit of all the ULBs and had meeting with authorities in municipalities and
municipal corporations. Information about existing SWM practices were collected in consultation with
municipal officials.

The qualitative and quantitative assessment of waste was carried out vide methodology given under
CPHEEO manual.

Chapter -5

Projections on waste

Waste generation Projection:

The estimated waste generation in Vijayawada in 2015 is about 550 tons/ day from all sources.
The waste generation rate is about 450 grams/ capita/ day. This rate of generation is similar to other cities of
India of similar size. The waste generation in India is increasing at about 5% per annum2 . This increase is due
to population increase as well as lifestyle changes. The waste generation estimate and its projection is important
step for long term waste management strategy and planning for the city. Therefore, the waste generation
estimate for Vijayawada is carried out in similar way as of population projection.

The waste generation estimate is carried out on following assumptions:

- Increment in waste generation rate is 2% per annum.

- Floating population is considered as 10%.

- Waste generation for Vijayawada for year 2015 is taken as 0.450kg/ capita/ day.

- The waste generation estimate for Vijayawada is as follow: -

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This is the Estamation of Generation Waste

Waste composition: -

The quantity as well as its composition (biodegradable, recyclables etc.) are required to
arrive at proper technology (ies) for waste processing, viz. Compositing (CC), Bio methanation (BM), Waste to
Energy (WtE) etc. The waste qualitative and quantitative estimate for waste being generated in Vijayawada is
carried out and same is given in subsequent sections.

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Chapter-6

Solid waste Management scenario

Primary Collection of Waste: The city has certain segment, where door to door collection and source
segregation is followed. In general, the mixed waste is put in secondary collection bins of 3.5 and 4.5 cum bins.
These bins are serviced by Dumper Place (DP) vehicles. The segregation of waste is mostly in informal sector,
where rag pickers and kabariwalas take out high value recyclable waste and send that to recyclers. Low value
recyclables like thin plastic (<40 micron) rags, rubber, multi-layered papers etc. are not taken by Kabariwalas
and such waste are thrown in waste stream.

photo 1: - Source segregation is followed in limited area

Secondary collection & Transportation: -

The mixed waste (wet and dry) after is collected is transported to transfer stations through
dumpers, tippers, large trippers, hook loaders, tractors etc. There are two transfer stations in the city, one at
Ajitsingh Nagar and other newly proposed at Auto Nagar. The waste collected at Transfer Stations (TSs) is
being sent to Dumping yard by large trucks of 10cum.

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photo 2: -Waste Transport to Transfer station at Ajith Singh Nagar

Waste processing & Treatment: -

Presently, waste processing is not carried out in Vijayawada. Entire mixed waste is being transported to
dumping site for disposal being transported to dumping site for disposal. VMC taken several initiatives in past
for treatment of waste by different methods. However, none of them are presently functional. Detail of such
initiatives is given in following section:

Vijayawada Municipal Corporation has commissioned three processing units comprising a

compost plant, Waste to Energy (WtE) and Bio- Mechanisation (BM) Plant.

Compost plant: The compost plant executed in 1995 and started production of compost in 1996. This plant was
developed by M/S. Excel Industries ltd. in Ajith Singh Nagar for a plant capacity of 125 MT/day. The plant was
in operation till 2006, after that it was shut down due to various reasons and the premises was developed as a
TS

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Chapter-7

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

There is no dearth of technologies as far as management of municipal solid wastes is concerned. These
belong to two major class based chiefly on the composition of waste matter. One which has more organic
content and has reasonably good moisture content of about 50% or more is suitable for composting or
bio-methanation for manufacturing of bio-fertilizers and the other class which has reasonably good carbon
and hydrogen content and having calorific value above 3000 Kcal/kg and has low moisture of less than 40% is
suitable for incineration or pyrolysis with one of the recent off-shoots as waste to energy ventures across the
world. The write-up in the earlier chapters entailing the type, composition and projected growth of MSW
vis-a-vis lifestyle and growing per capita income level in next 25 years would lay the foundation of the choice of
technology for Cluster III municipal solid waste management in the bigger towns as well as in the ULBs of AP.

Identification of MSW Treatment Technologies: -

In India, the decision on selection of suitable technology of MSW management would also be driven by the
techno-economics of collection of waste from individual households, commercial establishments, markets/
shops, hotels/ restaurants and industries. The choice of technology would be driven by the decision of whether
waste would be managed locally within the jurisdiction of the respective ULBs or Towns/ Cities or it would be
managed centrally in a dedicated waste processing centre and therefore has to be transported for a longer
distance of 10-25 km in dry or semi-dry form in dedicated containers following necessary compaction at
intermediate transfer centres within respective jurisdiction of the ULBs or Towns/ Cities. It would be more
driven by the availability of competent and reliable technology suppliers based on their past experience so as to
manage effectively the waste with reasonable flexibility of variation in composition and type of waste down the
years, would be cost effective and has potential of generating a sustainable flow of revenues for the investor. The
success of MSW management would also depend on selection of that technology that ensures optimising the
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cost of waste management to all other stakeholders including generators of the waste, municipal bodies,
banks/financial institutions or money lending agencies in a PPP model backed by strong administrative and
political willingness of State and Central Governments.

Composting: -

It is the aerobic decomposition of biodegradable organic matter in a warm, moist environment by the
action of bacteria, yeasts, fungi and other organisms. It allows for the development of an end product that is
biologically stable and free of viable pathogens and plant seeds and can be applied to land beneficially.
Composting involves three basic steps, that of pre-processing (size reduction, nutrient addition etc),
decomposition and stabilization of organic material and post-processing (grinding, screening, etc). The
decomposition and stabilization phase happens when the bacteria and other organisms act on organic fraction
of MSW that essentially consists of proteins, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin and ash in
presence of oxygen. The reaction converts the organic matter, in its entirety, to compost, new cells, CO2, water,
NO3, SO4 and heat. The commonly used composting processes are windrow, aerated static pile and in vessel
methods. In the aerated static pile process, oxygen is provided to the piled up MSW by mechanical aeration
system. In the in-vessel systems, the composting material is mixed mechanically during the processing to
minimize odours and processing time.

Wind Row Composting: -

Windrow composting process consists of placing the pre-sorted feed stock in long narrow piles
called windrows that are turned on a regular basis by turning machines or pay loaders for boosting passive
aeration. The turning operation mixes the composting materials and enhances passive aeration. Every 7th day
a waste pile is turned. This process is continued for five (5) weeks and high temperatures of 55-650C within the
windrow is maintained to sanitize the material. The size and spacing of windrows depend on the equipment
used for turning. The optimum capacity for wind row composting is 500 TPD. However, in India there have
been several ventures where wind row composting of much smaller capacities in the range of 10-30 TPD have
been implemented.
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Following wind row composting the material need to be segregated through a series of sieves and the coarser
material which is fit for compost has to be further cured for about two (2) weeks, when low level of microbial
activity would continue. The completely cured material does not emit any smell and is ready for bagging as
product compost. A major disadvantage of wind row composting is that the system does not operate efficiently
during the monsoon season. During this time the waste is turned more frequently at an interval of 3-4 days. In
the last week during monsoon the waste is kept under a monsoon shed with provisions for mechanical aeration.
In general each wind row material is ready for curing on the 36th day. On this day, the compost is successively
screened through two stage screening stage of 35 mm and 16 mm screens. Screened material coming out of
coarse segregation by curing of same for another 2 weeks when adequate oxygen supply and 25-30% moisture
content would be maintained. The completely cured well composted material would not release any foul odor
and is ready for final screening below 4 mm in size and packaging of finished product for marketing

Vermi Composting:-

It is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by some species of earthworm. Vermi compost is a
nutrient-rich, natural fertilizer and soil conditioner. The process of producing vermi compost is called vermi
composting. The earthworm species most often used are Eudrillus eugineae, Eisenia foetida or Lumbricus
rubellus. Small scale vermi composting is done in bins of varying size and style and three different types of
practices, such as non-continuous, continuous vertical flow and continuous horizontal flow, are adopted. These
facilities can be replicated in each ULB or Wards of an ULB. The methods for large scale vermi composting are
windrow and raised bed or flow through systems. Flow-through systems are well suited to indoor facilities,
making them the preferred choice for operations in colder climates. Kitchen waste, except oily and spicy items
are suitable for worms. But too much kitchen waste leads to purification before the worms can process it and
becomes harmful to the worms. Similarly, material sprayed with pesticides, high-water-content materials like
watermelon, woody part of garden waste etc are hindrance to the process. The worms digest proteins and fats
in meat scraps, but these materials attract scavengers. Regular removal of composted material, adding holes to
the bin, or using a continuous-flow bin etc improve oxygen supply to worms. Insufficient oxygen leads to

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anaerobic reactions, producing strong odour and creating toxic environment for the worms.

Regulatory Guidelines:

The quality of the compost should meet the standards set by Fertilizer Control Order, 2009 and Municipal
Solid Waste Rules 2000. The compost which is to be used as fertilizer for food crops should abide by the FCO
Rules which are more stringent, while compost used as a soil conditioner and for other purposes should at least
meet the requirements of MSW Rules, 2000. The compost should meet the standards specified in FCO Rules,
2009 and 2013 and MSW (M&H) rules 2000. This is also as per provisions of the Bio-fertilisers and Organic
Fertilisers in Fertilizers Control Order, 1985 (Schedule IV, Part A) of National Centre of Organic Farming,
Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. Prevention of contamination from inert wastes and road sweepings
coupled with pre-sorting and centralized segregation to a large extent would be able to control contamination
of compost materials from heavy metals.

Biomethanation: -

It is a process based on anaerobic digestion of organic matter in which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The process is widely used to treat wastewater sludge and
organic wastes because it provides volume and mass reduction of the input material. It produces methane and
carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production and hence, is a renewable energy source. The
nutrient-rich solids left after digestion can be used as a fertilizer. The digestion process begins with bacterial
hydrolysis of the input materials in order to break down insoluble organic polymers such as carbohydrates and
make them available for other bacteria. Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into
carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. Further, the acetogenic bacteria convert the resultant
organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Finally, the
methanogenic bacteria convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide. During the decay process,
electron acceptors (such as oxygen, ferric iron, sulfate, nitrate, and manganese) become depleted, while
hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide accumulate. Light organics produced by fermentation also accumulate.
During advanced stages of organic decay, all electron acceptors become depleted except carbon dioxide
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Carbon dioxide is a product of most catabolic processes, so it is not depleted like other potential electron
acceptors. Methanogenesis occurs in the guts of humans and other animals, especially ruminants, during
which the useful products are absorbed by the gut, but the methane is released from the animal mainly by
belching (eructation). The control of digestion temperature, pH, and loading rates is crucial to obtain efficient
breakdown of the material in a digester, otherwise leading to process failure.

Bioreactor Landfill: -

Landfills are the primary method of waste disposal in many parts of the world, including
United States and Canada. Bioreactor landfills are expected to reduce the amount of and costs associated with
management of leachate, to increase the rate of production of methane (natural gas) for commercial purposes
and reduce the amount of land required for land-fills. Bioreactor landfills are monitored and manipulate
oxygen and moisture levels to increase the rate of decomposition by microbial activity. There are three types of
bioreactor e.g. aerobic, anaerobic and a hybrid using both aerobic and anaerobic method. All three
mechanisms involve the reintroduction of collected leachate supplemented with water to maintain moisture
levels in the landfill. The microorganisms responsible for decomposition are thus stimulated to decompose at
an increased rate with an attempt to minimise harmful emissions. In aerobic bioreactors air is pumped into the
landfill using either vertical or horizontal system of pipes. The aerobic environment decomposition is
accelerated and amount of VOCs, toxicity of leachate and methane are minimised. In anaerobic bioreactors
with leachate being circulated the landfill produces methane at a rate much faster and earlier than traditional
landfills. The high concentration and quantity of methane allows it to be used more efficiently for commercial
purposes while reducing the time that the landfill needs to be monitored for methane production. Hybrid
bioreactors subject the upper portions of the landfill through aerobic-anaerobic cycles to increase
decomposition rate while methane is produced by the lower portions of the landfill. Bioreactor landfills produce
lower quantities of VOCs than traditional landfills, except H2S. Bioreactor landfills produce higher quantities
of H2S. Bioreactor landfills accelerate the process of decomposition. As decomposition progresses, the mass of
the landfill declines, creating more space for dumping garbage. Bioreactor landfills are expected to increase
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this rate of decomposition and save up to 30% of space needed for landfills. Also bio reactor landfills do not
require monitoring of not more than 10 years unlike most other landfills which require 30-40 years of
monitoring for gas and leachate escape in surrounding community. However, it has its own disadvantages as
well. Bioreactor landfills are a relatively new technology. For the newly developed bioreactor landfills initial
monitoring costs are higher to ensure that everything important is discovered and properly controlled. The
increased moisture content of bioreactor landfill reduces the structural stability of the landfill. The landfill can
become too soft too quickly and end up collapsing in on itself due to its weight. Another consequence of rapid
decomposition is the rapid accumulation of landfill gases, primarily methane. Traditional landfills have
exhaust pipes dug into them to release methane as it is produced. Bioreactor landfills may produce enough
landfill gases at a fast-enough rate that pipes are not be able vent them, causing an explosion.

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF): -

It is basically a processing method for mixed MSW, which can be very effective in preparing an enriched
fuel feed for thermal processes like incineration or for use in industrial furnaces. It is a fuel produced by
shredding municipal solid waste (MSW) or steam pressure treating in an autoclave. RDF consists largely of
organic components of municipal waste such as plastics and biodegradable waste compressed into pellets,
bricks, or logs. Non-combustible materials such as glass and metals are removed during the post treatment
processing cycle with an air knife or other mechanical separation processing. The production of RDF involves
preliminary liberation, size screening, magnetic separation and coarse shredding. The RDF can be used
alongside traditional sources of fuel in coal power plants, cement kiln industry, plasma arc gasification
modules, pyrolysis plants etc. RDF is capable of being combusted cleanly and can provide a funding source
where unused carbon credits are sold on the open market via a carbon exchange. The RDF burning technology
includes spreader stoker fired boiler, suspension fired boilers, fluidized bed units, and cyclone furnace units.

Screening of Technologies: -

The suitability of a particular technology for the treatment of MSW depends on a number of factors that
essentially include techno-economic viability, environmental safeguards, and sustainability and location
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specificity. The important parameters that are considered generally for a suitability analysis are the quantity of

waste that can be handled, physical, chemical and biological characters of waste, land & water requirement,
environmental sensitivity to locations, environmental impacts/pollution potential, Capital investment, O&M
costs, cost-recovery, product utility, by-product usability or reject disposal, requirement of pollution control
installation, etc.

Basis for Screening of Technologies: -

The response level of each technology to various parameters is normally considered for suitability
analysis in the biophysical scenario of Andhra Pradesh is given in Table 13. The table indicates that the
parameters considered for suitability analysis are subjective and somewhat location specific and hence vary
from place to place. However, making use of the response level in Table 5, a suitability analysis matrix can be
generated by attributing response values in the scale of -5 to +5 where the negative values indicates adverse
response and positive values indicates beneficial response.

It appears that the composting technology followed by biomethanation appears to be more attractive
than other options. The vermi composting technology although has high capital investment, but operational
costs would be significantly low than the waste to energy options involving RDF, pyrolysis, incineration etc.
Moreover, from the decentralisation aspects of technology selection factor, it appears that the composting
technologies are more suitable for ULBs solid waste management perspective than W2E technologies. The W2E
technology would be more suitable for larger towns or cities where there is a steady supply and growth of
municipal solid wastes. The WtE facility is being proposed for cluster of 11 ULBs in the vicinity of Vijaywada
and Guntur. The total waste generation estimate for these ULBs is about 1200 tons/ day.

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Chapter-8

MSW TRANSFER STATION FOR VIJAYAWADA MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

Waste transfer stations act as an intermediate step between garbage collection and final
disposal. Waste transfer stations are sized and designed on the basis of communities or townships they serve.
Waste transfer stations may serve multiple purposes depending on the requirements of the final disposal
facility. However, their basic aim is to serve as the principal link between collection, consolidation and
compression of garbage from multiple sources and its subsequent economical transportation to its final
disposal site. Typically, at a waste transfer station, garbage is received, compacted and then further loaded into
larger, long haul vehicles or rail carts as the case may be, for their transportation to their final disposal site. The
final disposal site could be a landfill or a waste to energy plant or a recycling or composting facility. Thus a
waste transfer station acts as a temporary holding area for the collected garbage and hence it does not require
large area. Waste transfer stations‟ primary responsibilities include consolidating wastes from multiple
sources, followed by their compaction and hauling them to their final destinations. Compaction allows
collection crews to make fewer trips for the same volume of wastes, thus giving them more time to collect wastes
from individual communities/ areas. Consequently, fuel and vehicular maintenance costs are reduced and
inconvenience caused by traffic and generated noise pollution is diminished. TS proposed in Vijayawada is not
only for the purpose of waste compaction and transfer, but this will also act as one of the major facility for
waste management.

TS for Vijayawada would have following facilities:

1. Shredding and baling of dry waste

2. Secondary segregation and intermediate storage

3. Packaging and transfer of waste to recyclers

4. Record keeping and monitoring

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Planning & Scoping a Waste Transfer Station:

Factors governing waste transfer stations include, size, capacity, land availability, process issues and
public opinion. A major chunk of the investment is involved in sitting and planning considerations without
proper allocation of which it will not be possible to attain public acceptance. It is therefore necessary to
strategically locate waste transfer stations such that they are at an optimal distance away from the urban areas
and communities to eliminate odor concerns while minimizing transportation costs and inconvenience caused
by traffic and associated pollution. Other environmental conditions must be considered during sitting to
minimize impact on both land and water resources. Commonly rejected wastes include large bulky objects
(such as trees, mattresses), furniture, infectious medical waste, hazardous waste, explosive or radioactive
materials, fuel tanks, dead animals, asbestos, liquids and sludges. With special arrangements, waste transfer
stations may be able to accept these wastes. However, the list of unacceptable wastes is quite small in
comparison to those accepted on a regular basis. Handling all the wastes received at the waste transfer station
requires diligent handling by the manager and local solid waste management authority.

Requirement of Transfer Station (TS) in Vijaywada Two transfer stations are proposed for Vijaywada city of 300
tons/ day capacity considering the following parameters:

1. Vijaywada city has expense of 61.88 sq.km. Longitudinally spread along Krishna River. The
present landfill site at Jakkampudi is at about 17km from the city towards North-west direction.

2. The proposed WtE facility for Krishna and Guntur district would be located at Naidupeta at
Guntur. This is about 45km from Vijaywada city.

3. This is important to save on fuel and consequent environmental problems by transporting

large amount of waste to such a long distance, TS would be essential in Vijaywada for waste segregation and
transporting only dry waste.

4. For operation point of view, TS will facilitate the movement of smaller vehicles within city
for waste collection, whereas, a large vehicle will take the waste from TS to WtE facility.
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Chapter-9

SANITARY LANDFILL FOR DISPOSAL OF MSW

Sanitary Landfill Sanitary landfill is defined as “A method of disposing of refuse on land without creating
nuisance or hazards to public health, by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the refuse to the
smallest practical area, to reduce it to the smallest practical volume and to cover it with a layer of earth (soil) at
the conclusions of each days operation or at such more frequent interval as may be necessary”. Land filling can
be the most economical method of disposing of all types of municipal solid waste, including large and bulky
items except bio-medical waste and industrial waste. A sanitary landfill is not only a refuse disposal operation,
but it is also a construction project which results in reclamation of land. Therefore, careful planning is required
in the site selection, design and operation of the landfill.

Land Requirement An important factor in the selection of a landfill is volume and area of land
required. The volume of usable land must be known rather than its area since topographical characteristics
vary. In some cases, a few acres may be enough if valleys and ravines can be filled. On the other hand, if the
land is fairly level and is to be raised only by few metres, the land will get exhausted soon.

Cover Material Refuse in a landfill operation must be covered daily with a layer of 15 cm soil or other
suitable, inert material. A sandy soil/ earth, building rubbish construction waste and other such materials are
desirable material. The advantages of soil cover is to control the blowing of waste materials, to prevent rat, flies
and other disease vectors from entering landfill, to confine and keep the waste from scattering, to control the
entry of water into the landfill during operation, to provide a clean finished appearance and to improve the
hygienic conditions in the working areas of landfill.

Access Roads A landfill operation must be readily accessible to refuse trucks. Roads must be capable of
withstanding the loads and constant traffic imposed by the transportation vehicles. The access road should
have a hard surface and all-weather design. The approach road is required to be constructed at landfill site to

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approach landfill site from main road.

Water Table To ensure that ground water is not polluted, the site should be carefully examined
for water table depth and the existence of ponds, creeks or underwater springs. A landfill must be operated
above the water table and be designed for proper surface drainage.

Utilities Most of the codes require that utilities like site entrance and fencing, administrative and site
control office, weighbridge, garage, approach and internal roads, water supply, lighting, telephone service,
firefighting equipment etc. be available at the site.

Landfill section Landfills may have different type of sections depending on the topography of the area.
The landfills may take the following forms:

Above ground landfill (Area landfill) The area method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the
excavation in which to place the solid wastes. High groundwater conditions necessitate the use of area type
landfills. Operationally the wastes are unloaded and spread in long narrow strips on the surfaces of the land in
a series of layers that vary in depth from 15 to 45cm. Each layer is compacted as the filling progresses during
the course of the day‟s until the thickness of the compacted wastes reaches a height varying from 2 to 3m. At
that time and at the of each day‟s operation, A 15-30cms layer of cover material is placed over the completed
fill. 6.1.5.2 Below ground landfill (Trench landfill) The trench method of land filling is ideally suited to areas
where an adequate depth of cover material is available at the site and where the water table is not near the
surface. A trench of 1-3m depth and 5-15m width is generally used. The length of the trench depends upon the
site conditions and the frequency of refuse vehicles likely to arrive simultaneously at the site. Normally, the
earth taken out of the ground to form the trench is used as the cover material. The size of the trench should be
adequate to accommodate the quantity received during a day; the refuse vehicles stand at the face of the trench
and deposit their contents directly into it. It is then spread and compacted by appropriate equipment. The top
of the trench is covered by a soil layer which should be at least 15 cm thick when compacted; such a landfill
consists of a series of long narrow cells separated longitudinally by ridges or rids of undisturbed ground. The
top of the finished fill is raised (1-2m) above the original ground level.
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Slope landfill In hilly regions it is usually not possible to find flat ground for land filling. Slope
landfills and valley landfills have to be adopted. In a slope landfill, waste is placed along the sides of existing
hill slope. Control of inflowing water from hill side slopes is a critical factor in design of such landfills.

Selection of Landfill Site: - The selection of a suitable site or sites for sanitary landfill requires the
consideration of many factors. Some of these can be measurable, while some are subjective or need value based
judgments. Considerable preliminary information can be obtained, including aerial photos, land use plans,
well logs, soil surveys, geological surveys and climatologically data. The major criteria of site selection are the
protection of health and the prevention of environmental pollution, the economies of operation and public and
political acceptability. Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rule, 2000 and SWM Rules 2016,
describes the provisions on basis of which the disposal site is to be identified, developed & managed. The rule is
applicable to every municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solid waste.

Site selection criteria as per MSW (Handling & Management) Rules, 2000 and Supreme Court Report on
SWM are given below:

1) The landfill site should be atleast 0.5 kms away from habitation, clusters, forest area, water bodies,
monuments, national parks, wetlands and place of important cultural, historical and religious interest

2) It should not lie in the path of proposed highway or railway alignments.

3) A buffer zone of no development should be maintained around landfill site and should be
incorporated in the Town Planning Departments Land-use plans.

4) Landfill site should be away from airport authority including air base.

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Geotechnical Investigation and Topographical Survey One of the pre-requirements of a newly selected
landfill facility is the site investigation. It involves geotechnical investigation, topographical investigation and
ground water investigation. Geotechnical investigation will help in knowing the type of soil, strata of soil, depth
of water table, permeability of soil and bearing capacity of soil. Topographical survey will help in finalizing the
layout and entry to the site, design of storm water drainage facility. These studies would be carried out at later
stage.

Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies are to be carried out
by VMC to obtain the environmental clearance for the proposed landfill sites from the State Dept. of
Environment & Forest. EIA studies which will provide baseline data for assessing of the impact of landfill site
on the groundwater quality, surface water quality, air quality (gases, dust, litter), land environment, noise level,
aesthetic view, ecology etc.

Design Considerations: -

a. The active period of 20 years is taken for the landfill sites at G. Kondur/Naidupeta (2015-2040).

b. Area is reserved for pre-sorting facility at landfill sites.

c. All basic infrastructures for efficient operation of landfill site have been provided.

d. The proposed sanitary landfill will be developed in phases. Duration of each phase has been
considered 1.25 years.

e. The anticipated increase in waste generation is about 3.5% percent considering the increase in
population as well as life style changes.

f. It is assumed that only 20% of total solid waste quantity will be coming to sanitary land filling as
inert material and remaining 80% will remain as process material.

g. For design purpose, the density of solid waste at landfill site is assumed as 850kg/m3
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h. The cover material required at the landfill site will be about 5% of total waste coming to the disposal
site. The compost produced from compost plant will be used as cover material.

i. Landfill section of combination of above ground landfill and below landfill (ramp method) is adopted
at both sites.

j. The depth of landfill depends upon the ground water table and soil strata. Total depth of Landfill is
taken as 15.0m including liner system and top cover system.

k. For design purpose, the depth of landfill where waste will be deposited is taken 11m above bund level
and 4m below ground level.

l. Side slope below bund level for landfill section is taken 1:2.

m. Lining system will be of lining geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) having permeability coefficient not
greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec and 1.5mm high HDPE geomembrane above it as per requirement of MSW (M&H)
Rules 2000 & SWM Rules 2016.

n. The sanitary landfill design is as per SWM, CPHEEO Manual 2014.

o. The top liner system is proposed. p. The structural design is based on Indian Standard Codes (latest
issues).

Capacity of Sanitary Landfill the Landfill design calculation is attached with this report. As per
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 Schedules II & III only Non-Biodegradable
fraction inert quantity has been taken for designing of SLF. The design has been done dividing available area
for landfill into phases. In deciding the section of the landfill facility, the following data have been taken into
consideration: Topography of the proposed site Depth of ground water table and the soil characteristics.
Quantity of waste to be landfilled and available area for land filling Based on the above information, it has been
decided to go for a Landfill which is below and above the ground.

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Garland Drain Storm water drain is very essential component of landfill facility. The first and important
factor for a landfill is to prevent the entry of water streams in the landfill facilities, thus reducing the
generation of leachate from the waste body, which ultimately reduce the migration of pollutants from landfill
facility. Along the sides of the active filling area is intercepted and channeled to water courses without entering
the operational area. For this purpose, garland drain of size 500mmx500m is provided along the sides of
landfill facility. It is ultimately connected to leachate collection sump. After the final cover is laid on the landfill
facility, it has to be ensured that the topography allows the smooth drainage of the precipitation rainfall and no
ponding take place thereby enhancing the leachate problem.

Chapter-10

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE FOR SANITARY LANDFILL SITE

SITE PROCEDURES

It is important to formalize and document the record keeping procedures as well as waste
acceptance procedures to be followed at the landfill site.

Site Manual

The site manual should be kept at the site office giving all site investigation, design and construction
details. These are necessary as landfill design may get modified during the operational phase. The site manual
shall contain the following information:

(a) Data collected during site selection

(b) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report

(c) Site investigation and characterization data

(d) Detailed topographical map

(e) Design of all landfill components

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(f) Landfill layout and its phases

(h) Detail of Leachate Management Plan

(i) Detail of Gas Management Plan

(j) Environmental Monitoring Program

(k) Closure and Post-closure Plan

(l) All permissions/ licenses from concerned authorities.

Site Report

The daily, weekly and monthly reports shall comprise of the following:

(a) Weighbridge data (daily inflow and outflow for each vehicle).

(b) Waste inspection data (daily)

(c) Materials, stores etc. (daily)

(d) Bills/ accounts (daily)

(e) Visitor record (daily)

(f) Complaints record from nearby areas (daily)

(g) Topographic survey at operating phase (daily/ weekly) .

(h) Photographic record at operating phase (daily/ weekly)

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PHASE OPERATION

A landfill is operated in phases which allows progressive use of the landfill area such that at any
given time a part of the site would have a final cover, a part being actively filled, a part being prepared to
receive waste and a part undisturbed; The term phase describes a sub-area of the landfill. A phase consists of
cells, lifts, daily cover, intermediate cover, liner and leachate collection facility, gas control facility and final
cover over the sub-area. The term cell is used to describe the volume of material placed in a landfill during one
operating period, usually one day. A cell includes the solid waste deposited and the daily cover material
surrounding it. Daily cover usually consists of 30 cm of native soil or inert debris or construction material that
is applied to the working faces of the landfill at the end of each operating period. Waste subjected to land
filling should be compacted into thin layers using landfill compactors to achieve high density of the waste. Prior
to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 45cm thickness of soil should be placed on
the landfill with proper compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper drainage
should be provided to divert run off away from the active cell of the landfill. It can be achieved by diverting the
runoff to the surrounding drain (garland) constructed at landfill area. A lift is a complete layer of cells over the
active area of the landfill. Typically, each landfill phase is composed of a series of lifts. Intermediate covers
(45cm) are placed at the end of each phase; these are thicker than daily covers and remain exposed till the next
phase is placed over it. The final lift includes the cover layer.

Following steps to be taken into consideration during Daily Landfill operation: -

1. Waste should be spread in thin layers and preferably compacted to achieve high density.

2. The waste may be covered on daily basis with 30cm thickness of inert material such as construction
waste or soil to avoid any foul smell and breeding of rodents and insects.

3. Waste shall not be allowed to be burnt at the landfill site to avoid air pollution.

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Chapter – 11

steps to achieve:

We have taken various steps to decrease the dumping of waste we had taken many steps as follow:

-we had prepared so many pomp lets and we distributed among the people based on the reduce of the waste.

-We had implemented some schemas and we taught the unknown peoples about the environment pollutions.

-These are some steps we explained to the public are:

1. Use a reusable bottle/cup for beverages on-the-go. ...

2. Use reusable grocery bags, and not just for groceries. ...
3. Purchase wisely and recycle. ...
4. Compost it! ...
5. Avoid single-use food and drink containers and utensils. ...
6. Buy second hand items and donate used goods. ...
7. Shop local farmers markets and buy in bulk to reduce packaging
effectiveness of the project:

Before the internship my knowledge of waste management control on a state level was minimal and
when it comes to SWM and related procedures, I knew nothing at all. Now that my minimum 36 hours
internship is over, I fell really learned a lot. First of all, I became more familiar with the organization of
environmental protection on a state level and the role of different institution (the Ministry of Environment,
Environment protection Agency, Regional Environment Protection Department, agencies of a city level, etc.,).
Secondly, I got acquainted with functions and responsibilities of the Environment Protection Agency in general
and, of course, got highly involved in the daily life of our Division. I didn’t just learn to do my daily tasks, but
got an insight into the strengths of waste control management, as well as its weaknesses and the need for
improvement.
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On the other hand, I can’t say that this internship was challenging
and I had to put a lot of hard work. A few weeks after the beginning I started hoping for a wider variety of
assignments to keep myself busy and motivated. What is more, I felt like my word didn’t matter of any
ambitions.

Despite the fact that this internship didn’t keep me as much interested as I wish, I
admit that there still is quite a lot to learn, for example, I would like to know more about the type of wastes,
what exactly renders them hazardous, specific effects on the environment they can have, as well as more about
the operations of waste recovery and disposal. Another thing of great value would be getting more familiar with
policy-making on an international level. First of all, I’d love to get involved in the work of but later while doing
the working I put my full effort on that work like that way I get much interest in doing that work. A group of
specialists from several Ministries, Navyandhra Helping Organisation and other institutions will be formed to
take lead. I think being a part of such group of people would be a unique and promising experience.

Chapter-12

The conclusion

conclusion:

There is a significant progress in providing legal protection to environment but there are
several loopholes. Though under Indian legislative environmentalism there are many enactments such as
Water Act, Air Act, the Forest conservation and the recent comprehensive Environment (Protection) Act, they
are inadequate to deal with present contingency. India is in need of a new effective legislation for this 21st
century and venture to have the U.S model of legislative planning and open public scrutiny. The principle of
sustainable development must be recognized and emphasis on Environmental Impact Assessment is needed.
India being developing country it concentrates on the socio-economic development but it must be in
co-ordination with environmental upgradation. Though, the Environmental (Protection) Act is very ambitious
and maintained different ingredients of the environment in India, environment protection has been dominated
more by socio-economic constraints and the priority of development. Therefore, sometimes with several
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compromises, the objective lost which has resulted in the failure of legislative mission. The rapid growing

population and economic development is leading to a number of environmental issues in India

because of the uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization, expansion and massive
intensification of agriculture, and the destruction of forests. Major environmental issues are 384
Forest and Agricultural land degradation, Resource depletion (water, mineral, forest, sand, rocks
etc) Environmental degradation, Public Health, Loss of Biodiversity, Loss of resilience in
ecosystems, Livelihood Security for the Poor. It is estimated that the country’s population will
increase to about 1.26 billion by the year 2016. The projected population indicates that India will be
the first most populous country in the world and China will be ranking second in the year 2050.
India having 18% of the world's population on 2.4% of world's total area has greatly increased the
pressure on its natural resources. Water shortages, soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air
and water pollution afflict many areas.

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