Chandi

gar
hUni
ver
sit
y

NameOmkarDubey
UI
D19BCS1680
 5GTechnol
ogy
-Ev
olut
ion

1.I
NTRODUCTI
ONS
Mobi lewi relessi ndust ryhasst artedi tstechnol ogycr eat i
onr ev olutionandev olut ionsi nceear ly1970s.I n
thepastf ewdecades, mobi l
ewi relesst echnol ogieshav eexper ience4or5gener ationsoft echnol ogy
revol utionandev olut i
onThet elecommuni cat i
onser v icei nwor ldhadagr eatl eapwi thinl astf ewy ear s6
bil
lionpeopl eownmobi lephonessowear egoi ngt oanal yzet hev ar i
ousgener at i
onsofcel l
ularsy st ems
asst udiedi nt heev ol utionofmobi l
ecommuni cationsf r om 1stgener at i
ont o5t hgener ation.Wecan
anal yzet hatt hiscoul dbeduet oi ncreasei nt het el
ecom cust omer sdaybyday .I nt hepr esentt ime, ther e
aref ourgener ationsi nt hemobi leindust ry.Thesear er espect ively1G-t hef i
rstgener at ion, 2G-t hesecond
gener ation, 3G-t het hirdgener at i
on, andt hent he4G-t hef orthgener at i
on,5G- thef ifthsecond
gener ation. [
1]Nowday sdi f
fer entwi r
elessandmobi let echnol ogi esar epr esentsuchast hi r
dgener at ion
mobi lenet wor ks( UMTS-Uni ver salMobi l
eTel ecommuni cat i
onSy st em, cdma2000) ,LTE( LongTer m
Evol ution) , Wi -Fi (I
EEE802. 11wi relessnet wor ks) ,Wi MAX( I
EEE802. 16wi r
elessandmobi lenet wor ks) ,as
wel lassensornet wor ks, orper sonal areanet wor ks( e. g.Bl uetoot h, Zi gBee) .Mobi let ermi nalsi nclude
variet yofi nter facesl i
keGSM whi char ebasedonci rcui tswi tching.Al lwirelessandmobi lenet wor ks
i
mpl ement sal l-
IPpr inci ple, t
hatmeansal ldat aandsi gnal i
ngwi llbet ransfer redv iaI P( Int ernetPr ot ocol )
onnet wor kl ay er.Fif thgener ationt echnol ogypr ovidef acili
t i
esl ikecamer a, MP3r ecor di ng, videopl ay er,
l
ar gephonememor y, audi opl ay eret c.thatusernev eri magi neandf orchi l
dr enr ocki ngf unwi thBl uet ooth
technol ogyandPi conet s.Thef ift
hgener ationwi r
elessmobi lemul timedi aint ernetnet wor kscanbe
compl et elywi relesscommuni cationwi t
houtl i
mi tation, whi chmakesper f
ectwi rel essr eal wor l
d–Wor ld
Wi deWi relessWeb( WWWW) .Fi f
thgener ationi sbasedon4Gt echnol ogies.The5t hwi relessmobi l
e
i
nt ernetnet wor ksar er eal wi relesswor ldwhi chshal lbesuppor tedbyLAS- CDMA( Lar geAr ea
Synchr oni zedCode- Di visionMul tipleAccess) , OFDM ( Or thogonal f r
equency -divisionmul tiplexing) ,
MCCDMA( Mul ti
-Car ri
erCodeDi visionMul ti
pl eAccess) ,UWB( Ul t
ra-wi deband) ,Net wor k- LMDS( Local
Mul tipoi ntDi stributionSer vice) ,andI Pv 6.Fifthgener at iont echnol ogi esof ferst remendousdat a
capabi li
tiesandunr est ri
ct edcal lvolumesandi nfi
nitedat abr oadcastt ogetherwi thinl at estmobi l
e
oper at i
ngsy st em.Fi fthgener ationshoul dmakeani mpor tantdi f f
erenceandaddmor eser vicesand
benef i
tst ot hewor l
dov er4G.Fi fthgener at i
onshoul dbemor ei ntelligentt echnol ogyt hati nter connect s
theent irewor ldwi thoutl imi ts.Thi sgener ationi sexpect edt ober eleasedar ound2020.Thewor ldof
univ ersal ,uni nt errupt edaccesst oinfor mat i
on, entert ainmentandcommuni cat ionwi ll opennew
dimensi ont oourl ivesandchangeourl if
est y l
esi gni ficant ly.[2]

Fi
g1:
Wir
elessCommuni
cat
ionSy
stem

2.1EVOLUTI ONOFMOBI LETECHNOLOGIES

Mobi l
ecommuni cati
onhasbecomemor epopularinlastfew yearsduetofastrev
oluti
oni nmobil
e
technology.Thi
srevolut
ionisduetoveryhi
ghincreasei
ntelecomscustomer
s.Thisr
evoluti
onisfr
om 1G
-thefir
stgenerati
on,2G-thesecondgener
ati
on,3G-thet
hirdgener
ation,
andt
henthe4G-t hefor
th
generati
on
 8000

6000 Mobi
l
e

4000

2000 Fi
xedTel
ephone

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

[
Figur
e2]
.Gr
owt
hofMobi
l
eUser
s(i
nBi
l
li
on)

Fig: Ev oluti
onal Changesi nMobi leTechnol ogies[7]
A.Fi rstGener at i
on( 1G) :
1Gemer gedi n1980s. I
tcont ainsanal ogsy stem andpopul arlyknownascel lphones.I tintroduces
mobi let echnol ogi essuchasmobi l
et elephonesy stem ( MTS) ,Adv ancedmobi letel ephone
syst em( AMTS) ,I
mpr ov edmobi l
et elephonesy st em( IMTS) andpusht ot alk(PTT) .Itusesanal ogradi o
signal whi chhav ef r equency150MHz, Voicecal lmodul ationi sdoneusi ngat echni quecal ledfrequency
divisionmul ti
pleaccess( FDMA) .Ithasl owcapaci ty, unr eliablehandof f,poorv oicel inksandnosecur ity
atal lsincev oicecal lswer eplay edbacki nr adiot ower smaki ngt hesecal lssuscept i
bl et ounwant ed
eav esdr oppi ngbyt hi rdpar t
ies[2] .
B.SecondGener at i
on( 2G) :
2Gemer gedi nl at e1980s.I tusesdi gitalsi gnal sf orv oicet r
ansmi ssionandhasspeedof64kbps.I t
prov idesf acil
ityofSMS( ShortMessageSer vice)anduset hebandwi dt hof30t o200KHz.Nextt o2G,
2.5Gsy stem usespacketswi tchedandci r
cui tswi tcheddomai nandpr ovidedat ar ateupt o144kbps.E. g.
GPRS, CDMAandEDGE[ 2]
C.Thi rdGener at i
on( 3G) :
ItusesWi deBr andWi rel
essNet wor kwi thwhi chcl ari
tyi si ncr eased.Thedat aar esentt hr ought he
technol ogycal ledPacketSwi tchi ng.Voi cecal lsar ei nterpr etedt hr oughCi r
cui tSwi tching.Al ongwi th
verbalcommuni cat i
oni tincludesdat aser vices,accesst ot elev ision/ vi
deo,new ser vicesl i
keGl obal
Roami ng.I toper at esatar angeof2100MHzandhasabandwi dthof15- 20MHzusedf orHi gh-speed
i
nt ernetser vi
ce,v ideochat ti
ng. 3G usesWi deBandVoi ceChannelt hati sbyt hist hewor l
dhasbeen
cont ract edt oal i
ttlev i
ll
agebecauseaper soncancont actwi t
hot herper sonl ocat edi nanypar toft he
wor ldandcanev ensendmessagest oo[2].
D.Four thGener ation( 4G) :
4Gof f
er sadownl oadi ngspeedof100Mbps. 4Gpr ov idessamef eat ureas3Gandaddi ti
onalser vicesl i
ke
Mul ti-Medi aNewspaper s,t owat chT. V pr ogr amswi thmor ecl arityandsendDat amuchf ast ert han
prev iousgener ations
LTE( LongTer m Ev ol ution)isconsi der edas4Gt echnol ogy .4Gi sbei ngdev elopedt oaccommodat et he
QoSandr ater equi rement ssetbyf ort
hcomi ngappl i
cat i
onsl ikewi relessbr oadbandaccess,Mul ti
medi a
Messagi ngSer vice( MMS) ,v ideochat ,mobi l
eTV,HDTV cont ent ,Di gitalVi deoBr oadcast ing( DVB) ,
mi nimal ser vi
cesl ikev oiceanddat a, andot herser vicest hatut il
izebandwi dth.[2]
E.Fi fthGener at i
on( 5G) :
5G Technol ogyst andsf or5t hGener ationMobi l
et echnol ogy .5G mobi let echnol ogyhaschangedt he
meanst ousecel lphoneswi thinv eryhi ghbandwi dt h.Usernev erexper iencedev erbef or esuchahi gh
valuet echnol ogy .Nowaday smobi leuser shav emuchawar enessoft hecel lphone( mobi le)technol ogy .
The5G t echnol ogi esi ncludeal lt ypeofadv ancedf eatur eswhi chmakes5G mobi let echnol ogymost
power fulandi nhugedemandi nnearf utur e.Ausercanal sohookt hei r5Gt echnol ogycel lphonewi th
theirLapt opt ogetbr oadbandi nternetaccess.5Gt echnol ogyi ncludi ngcamer a,MP3r ecor ding,v ideo
play er,lar gephonememor y,di alingspeed,audi opl ay erandmuchmor ey ounev eri magi ne.Forchi ldren
rocki ngf unBl uetoot ht echnologyandPi conet shasbecomei nmar ket
 Fi
g:5GMobi
l
ePhone[
3]
THEEVOLUTIONOF“GFROM 0TO5THGENERATI
ON2.
10G
(
Zer
oGener
ati
onMobi
leSystem)

Attheendoft
he1940’
s,thef
ir
str
adiotel
ephoneserv
icewasintr
oduced,andwasdesignedt
ousersi
n
car
stothepubl
icl
and-
li
nebasedt
elephonenetwor
k.Inthe1960’
s,asyst
em launchedbyBel
lSy
stems,
cal
l
ed,

Impr
ovedMobil
eTelephoneServ
ice(I
MTS),br
oughtqui
teafewimprov
ementssuchasdir
ectdi
ali
ng
andmorebandwidt
h.Thev er
yfi
rstanal
ogsystemswerebaseduponIMTSandwerecreat
edinthe
l
ate60sandear
ly70s.[
8]

2.
21GTechnol
ogy

Thef ir
stgenerati
onofmobi lephoneswasanal ogsy stemsthatemer gedi nt heearl
y1980s. More
popularl
yknownascel lphones.1G-t echnologyr eplaced0Gt echnology.1Gwi rel
essnet worksused
analogradiosignal
s.Through1G, av oicecal lget
smodul at
edtoahi gherfrequencyofabout150MHz
andupasi tistransmitt
edbet weenr adiot owers.Thi si sdoneusingat echniquecall
edFr equency-
Divi
sionMul t
ipleAccess( FDMA) .Buti tsfailinsomef iel
dsuchasi nt ermsofov er
allconnecti
on
quali
ty,1Gcompar esunfavor ablytoitssuccessor s.I thaslowcapacity,unreli
ablehandoff,poorvoi
ce
l
inks,andnosecur i
tyatal lsincev oicecal l
swer epl ayedbackinr adiot owers,makingt hesecall
s
susceptibl
etounwant edeav esdroppingbyt hirdpar t
ies.[2]

2.
32GTechnol
ogy

Second- generat
ion(2G)mobi lesy st emswer ei nt roducedi nt heendof1980sandf inishedint hel ate
1990s,waspl annedmai nlyf orv oicet r
ansmissi onwi thdigitalsignalandt hespeedsupt o64kbps. .
Compar edtof i
rst-
gener ati
onsy stems,second- gener ation( 2G)sy st
emsusedi git
almul t
ipleaccess
technol ogy,suchasTDMA( ti
medi v i
sionmul ti
pleaccess)andCDMA( codedi vi
sionmul ti
pleaccess) .
Consequent ly,compar ed wi thf irst-generat
ion sy st
ems,hi gherspect rum ef fi
ciency ,bet t
erdat a
serv i
ces,andmor eadv ancedr oami ngwer eof fer edby2Gsy st
ems.I nt heUni tedSt ates,therewer e
threel inesofdev elopmenti nsecond- generationdi git
alcel lul
arsy stems.Thef i
rstdi git
alsy stem,
introducedi n1991,wast heI S-54( NorthAmer icaTDMA Di git
alCel lul
ar),ofwhi chanew v ersion
suppor tingaddi t
ionalser vices( IS-136)wasi ntroducedi n1996. Meanwhi le,IS-95( CDMA One)was
depl oyedi n1993.2G communi cationi sgener al lyassoci atedwi t
hgl obalsy st
em f ormobi le(GSM)
serv i
ces, Thebandwi dthof2Gi s30- 200KHz.SecondGener ation(2G)wi r
elesscel l
ularmobi leser vices
wasast ep ahead ofFi rstGener ation(1G)ser v
icesbypr oviding thef acil
i
tyofshor tmessage
serv i
ce(SMS)unl ike1Gt hathadi tspr i
mef ocusonv er
bal communi cati
on[ 10] .
Itisusedt odescr i
be2G- systemst hathav eimplement edapacketswi tcheddomai ni nadditiont ot he
circuitswi t
cheddomai n.2.5Gcanpr ov i
dedatar at e,upt o144kbps.GPRS, EDGEandCDMA2000wer e
2.5t echnologies.
2.
43GTechnol
ogy

3GusesWi deBr andWi relessNet wor kwi thwhi chcl arityisi ncr eased.3Gt elecommuni cationnet wor ks
suppor tser v i
cest hatpr ov i
deani nfor mat iont ransf err ateofatl east2Mbps. InEDGE,hi gh- vol ume
mov ementofdat awaspossi ble,butst il
lthepackett ransf eront heai r-i
nt erfacebehav esl i
keaci r cuit
swit chescal l.Thuspar toft hispacketconnect i
onef ficiencyi slosti nt heci rcui tswi t
chenv ironment .
Mor eov er,thest andar dsf ordev elopingt henet wor kswer edi fferentf ordi fferentpar tsoft hewor ld.
Hence,i twasdeci dedt ohav eanet workwhi chpr ov i
desser vicesi ndependentoft het echnol ogy
platfor m andwhosenet wor kdesi gnst andar dsar esamegl obal ly.Thus, 3Gwasbor n[ 11] 3Gi snotone
standar d;itisaf ami l
yofst andar dswhi chcanal lwor kt oget her .Anor gani zat ioncal l
ed3r dGener at i
on
Part nershi pPr oject( 3GPP)hascont inuedt hewor kbydef iningamobi l
esy stem t hatf ul
fill
st heI MT-
2000st andar d.I nEur ope,i twascal ledUMTS( Uni v
er salTer rest r
ialMobi leSy stem) ,whi chi sETSI -
driven.I MT2000i stheI TU- Tnamef ort het hirdgener at i
onsy stem, whilecdma2000i st henameoft he
Amer ican3G v ariant.WCDMAi st heai r-i
nt erf
acet echnol ogyf ort heUMTS.Themai ncomponent s
i
ncl udesBS( BaseSt ation)ornodB,RNC( RadioNet wor kCont roll
er),apar tf rom WMSC( Wi deband
CDMAMobi leSwi tchingCent re)andSGSN/ GGSN.3G net wor ksenabl enet wor koper atorst oof f
er
user sawi derr angeofmor eadv ancedser vi
ceswhi leachi evinggr eat ernet wor kcapaci tyt hr ough
i
mpr ov edspect ralef f
iciency .Thef ir
stcommer cial3Gnet wor kwasl aunchedbyNTTDoCoMoi n
Japanbr andedFOMA, basedonW- CDMAt echnol ogyonOct ober1, 2001[ 12]3Goper atesatar angeof
2100MHzandhasabandwi dthof15- 20MHz.Hi ghspeedi nter netser vi
ce, v i
deochat t
ingar et heasset s
of3G. Wi tht hehel pof3G,wecanaccessmanynew ser vicest oo.Onesuchser vi
cei st heGLOBAL
ROAMI NG.Anot hert hingt obenot edi ncaseof3Gi st hatWi deBandVoi ceChannelt hati sbyt hist he
wor ldhasbeencont r
act edt oal itt
lev ill
agebecauseaper soncancont actwi thot herper sonl ocat edi n
anypar toft hewor ldandcanev ensendmessagest oo.Ther ei sal soaconcer nt hatinmanycount ri
es
3Gwi llnev erbedepl oy edduet oitscostandpoorper f
or mance.Al thoughi ti spossi blet hatsomeof
theweaknessesatphy sicall ayerwi l
lst i
llexi stin4Gsy stems,ani ntegr at i
onofser vicesatt heupper
l
ay erisexpect ed.[9]

2.
54GTechnol
ogy

Thef irstsuccessf ulf iel

dt r
ialf or4Gwasconduct edi nToky o,JapanonJune23r d,2005.NTTDoCoMo
wassuccessf uli nachi ev i
ng1Gbpsr ealt i
mepackett ransmi ssioni nt hedownl i
nkatamov ingspeedof
about 20km/ h.Touse4Gser v ices,mul timodeusert ermi nalsshoul dbeabl et osel ectt het argetwi reless
systems.I ncur rentGSM sy stems,basest ati
onsper i
odi call
ybr oadcastsi gnalingmessagesf orser v ice
subscr iptiont omobi lest at i
ons.Howev er ,thi sprocessbecomescompl icatedin4Ghet er ogeneoussy st ems
becauseoft hedi f
ferencesi nwi relesst echnol ogiesandaccesspr otocol s.Topr ov i
dewi relessser vi
cesat
anytimeandany wher e,t ermi nalmobi li
tyi samusti n4G i nf rastructure.Ter mi nalmobi li
tyal l
owsmobi l
e
cli
entst or oam acr ossgeogr aphi cBoundar iesofwi relessnet wor ks.Ther ear etwomai ni ssuesi nter mi nal
mobi li
ty :locat i
onmanagementandhandof fmanagement .Wi thl ocat i
onmanagement ,thesy stem t r
acks
andl ocat esamobi l
et er minalf orpossi bleconnect ion.Locat i
onmanagementi nv olveshandl ingal lt he
i
nformat ion aboutt he r oami ng t erminal s,such as or iginaland cur rentl ocated cel ls,aut henticat i
on
i
nformat ionet c.Ont heot herhand,handof fmanagementmai ntainsongoi ngcommuni cat ionswhent he
terminalr oams.Mobi leI Pv 6(MI Pv 6)isast andar dizedI P-basedmobi li
typr otocolforI Pv 6wi relesssy stems.
Inthisdesi gn,eacht ermi nalhasanI Pv 6homeaddr ess.Whenev ert het erminalmov esout sidet hel ocal
networ k,t hehomeaddr essbecomesi nv alid,andt het ermi nalobt ainsanewI Pv 6addr ess( calledacar e- of
address)i nt hev isi
tednet wor k[ 13]Thedesi gnandopt imizat i
onofupcomi ngradioaccesst echni quesanda
furt
herev ol uti
onoft heexi stingsy stem,t heThi r
dGener ationPar tnershipPr oject( 3GPP)hadl aiddownt he
foundat ionsoft hef ut ureLongTer m Ev olut ion( LTE)adv ancedst andar ds- t
he3GPPcandi dat efor4G[ 14] .
Thet ar getv aluesofpeakspect rum ef ficiencyf orLTEAdv ancedsy stemswer esett o30bps/ Hzand15
Bps/ Hz i n downl i
nk and upl ink t ransmi ssi on r espect ively.Apar tf rom t he mul t
iple access schemes,
enhanced mul ti
ple-input mul ti
pl e-output ( MIMO) channel t r
ansmi ssion t echni ques and ext ensi ve
coordinat ionamongmul tiplecel lsi t
escal ledcoor dinat edmul ti
point( CoMP)t r
ansmi ssion/ r ecepti
onwer e
accept edast hekeyt echni quesf orLTE[ 15]
 3.WHATI
S5GTECHNOLOGY?

Fift
hgener ati
onofwirelessmobi l
enet workwhichwillbegi
nin2015s.I thasal
mostnol i
mi t
ati
onwhi ch
makesi tisol
atedorcompl etedwi r
elesscommuni cat
ion.Mobi l
eusersnothadexper i
enceofsucha
highlyadvancetechnology[16]Anendusercanal soconnectt heir5Gmobi l
ephoneswi t
htheirdesktops
tohav einter
netconnection.I
ttotall
ysupportedWor l
dWi deWi r
elessWeb( WWWW) .Thiscommuni cati
on
technologymer gesall
enhancedbenef i
tsofmobilephoneslikedi al
i
ngspeed,MP3r ecordi
ng,cloud
storage,HDdownl oadingininstantofsecondsandmuchmor ethaty ouhadnever

4.5GNETWORKS
5Gnet wor ki sver yf astandr el
i
able.Theconceptofhandhel ddev icesi sgoingt ober evolut i
onizedwi th
theadv entof5G.Now al ltheser vicesandappl icati
onsar egoi ngt obeaccessedbysi ngleI P as
telephony ,gami ngandmanyot hermul timediaappl i
cati
ons.Asi ti
snotanewt hi nginmar ketandt here
aremi ll
i
onsofuser sal lov erthewor ldwhohav eexper i
encedt hewi relessservi
ceswi rel
esst echnol ogy .It
i
snoteasyf orthem t oshr i
nkfrom usi ngt hi
snew5Gnet wor ktechnol ogy.Ther
ei sonl yneedt omakei t
accessi blesot hatacommonmancaneasi l
yaffordthepr ofitabl
epacksof feredbyt hecompani esso
that5Gnet wor kcoul dhol dtheaut henticplace.Thereisneedt owi nt hecustomert rustt obui ldf ai
rlong
termr el
ationt omakear eli
ableposi t
ioni nthetelecommuni cationf ield.Tocompl etewi ththepr ecedi ng
wirelesst echnol ogiesi nt hemar ket5G net wor khast ot endersomet hi
ngr eli
ablesomet hingmor e
pioneer ing.Al lt
hef eaturesl i
ket el
ephony ,camer a,mp3pl ayer,arecomi ngi
nnewmobi lephonemodel s.
4Gi spr ovidingal ltheseut i
li
tyinmobi l
ephone.Byseei ngt hef eat
ur esof4Gonecanget sar oughi dea
aboutwhat5GNet wor kscoul dof f
er.Ther eismessenger ,phot ogallery ,
andmult i
medi aappl icationst hat
areal sogoi ngtobet hepar tof5G.Ther ewouldbenodi ff
erencebet weenaPCandamobi lephoner ather
bot hwoul dactv icev ersa[3].

5. DESI GNOF5GMOBI LENETWORKARCHI TECTURE

Figur e9showst hesystem modelt hatpr oposesdesi gnofnet wor karchi tecturefor5Gmobi lesy stems,
whi chi sal l
-IPbasedmodelf orwi r
elessandmobi l
enet wor ksint eroper abilit
y.Thesy st
em consi stsofa
usert ermi nal( whi ch has a crucialr oleint he new ar chitect ure)and a numberofi ndependent ,
aut onomous r adio access technol ogies.Wi thin each oft he t ermi nals,each oft he r adi o access
technol ogiesi sseenast heI Pli
nkt ot heoutsideI nternetwor ld.Howev er, thereshouldbedi ff erentr adio
i
nt erfacef oreachRadi oAccessTechnol ogy(RAT)i nt hemobi l
et erminal.Foranexampl e,ifwewantt o
hav eaccesst of ourdi ff
erentRATs,weneedt ohav ef ourdi fferentaccess-speci f
icinterf acesi nt he
mobi l
et ermi nal,andt ohavealloft hem act i
veatt hesamet i
me,wi thai mt ohav ethisar chitect uretobe
funct i
onal.[ 9].
Thef i
rstt woOSIl evels(data-li
nkandphy sicall evel
s)ar edef i
ningt her adioaccesst echnol ogi es
throughwhi chi spr ovi
dedaccesst ot heInternetwi t
hmor eorl essQoSsuppor tmechani sms,whi chi s
furtherdependentupont heaccesst echnology( e.g.
,3G andWi MAXhav eexpl i
citQoSsuppor t,whi l
e
WLANhasnot ).Then,ov ertheOSI -1andOSI -2lay ersist henet wor klay er,andt hislayeri sI P( Int
er net
Prot ocol)int oday ’scommuni cati
onwor ld,ei
therI Pv4orI Pv 6,regar dlessoft her adi
oaccesst echnol ogy .
Thepur poseofI Pi stoensur eenoughcont roldat a( i
nI Pheader )f orpr operrout i
ngofI P packet s
belongi ng t o a cer tai
n appli
cation connect i
ons-sessi onsbet ween cl ientappl icati
onsand ser vers
somewher eont heI nt
ernet.Rout i
ngofpacket sshoul dbecar riedouti naccor dancewi thest ablished
policiesoft heuser[ 9].

WHYI S5GREQUI RED?

Themaj ordiff
er ence, from auserpoi ntofv i
ew,betweencurrentgenerati
onsandexpect ed5Gt
echni
ques
mustbesomet hingel set hanincreasedmaxi mum t hr
oughput;ot
herrequir
ementsinclude:
•Loweroutagepr obabi l
it
y ;
bet t
ercov erageandhi ghdatarat
esav ai
labl
eatcelledge.
•Lowerbatteryconsumpt ion.
•Multi
pleconcur r entdatat ransferpaths.
•Around1Gbpsdat arateinmobi l
ity.
•Moresecur e;bet tercogni t
iveradi o/
SDRSecur i
ty.
•Highersystem l evelspect raleffi
ciency.
•Wor l
dWidewi relessweb( WWWW) .
•Moreappl i
cationscombi nedwi thar t
if
icial
intel
li
gent(AI
)ashumanl i
fewill
besurroundedbyart
if
ici
al
sensorswhi chcoul dbecommuni cati
ngwi thmobi l
ephones.Nothar mfult
ohumanheal t
h.
.
 6.CHARACTERI STICSOF5GTECHNOLOGY
Thet echnology5Gpr esentst hehi ghresoluti
onf orsharp,passionatecel l
phoneev erydayandgi ve
consumer swellshapeandf astI nternetaccess.
The5Gt echnologyprov i
desbi l
lingli
mi t
sinadv ancet hatthemor ebeaut if
ulandsuccessf uloft hemodern
era.
The5Gt echnologyalsoal l
owsuser sofmobi lephones, cellphoner ecordsforpri
nting
operations.
The5Gt echnologyforlargev olumedat adi st
ri
but i
oninGi gabit,
whichal somaintainsclosetiest oalmost
65,000.
Thet echnologygivesy ou5Gcar ri
erdistri
buti
ongat eway stounpr ecedentedmaxi mum st abi
litywi t
hout
delay.
Thei nformationfr
om thedat at ransfertechnology5Gor gani zeamor eaccurat
eandr el
i
abler esults.
Usingr emotecont r
ol t
echnologyt ogettheconsumercanal sogeta5Gcomf ortandr el
axbyhav inga
betterspeedandcl arit
yinlesst imeal one.
The5Gt echnologyalsosuppor tv ir
tualpri
vatenet work.
Theupl oadinganddownl oadingspeedof5Gt echnologyt ouchingthepeak.
The5Gt echnologynetwor kof f
er i
ngenhancedandav ail
ableconnect i
v i
tyj
ustaboutt hewor l
d.
5Gnet wor kisveryfastandr eli
able.

7.APPLI CATI ONSOF5GTECHNOLOGY

Real wir
elesswor ldwi thnomor elimitati
onwi t
haccessandzonei ssues.
Wear abledev iceswi thAIcapabi l
it
ies.
Int
ernetpr otocol versi on6( I
Pv 6) ,whereav i
siti
ngcar e-ofmobi l
eIPaddr essi sassi gnedaccor dingto
l
ocat i
onandconnect ednet wor k.
Oneuni fi
edgl obal standar d.
Pervasivenet wor kspr ov i
ding ubi quitouscomput i
ng:Theusercansi mul taneouslybeconnect ed t o
severalwi rel
essaccesst echnol ogiesandseaml esslymov ebetweent hem t heseaccesst echnologies
canbea2. 5G, 3G,4Gor5Gmobi l
enet wor ks,Wi -
Fi,WPANoranyot herfut ur eaccesst echnology.In5G,
theconceptmaybef urtherdev elopedi ntomul ti
pleconcur rentdatatransferpat hs.
Cogni t
iveradi otechnol ogy ,al
soknownassmar tradio:al lowingdif f
erentr adi otechnol ogiest osharet he
samespect r
um ef f i
cient l
ybyadapt i
velyfindingunusedspect rum andadapt ingt hetransmi ssionscheme
tother equi rement soft het echnol ogiescur r
entlyshar ingt hespect rum.Thi sdy nami cr adioresour ce
managementi sachi evedi nadi stri
butedfashi on,andr eliesonsof twaredef i
nedr adio.
Highal t
itudest r
at ospher icplat form stati
on( HAPS)Sy st ems.Ther adioi nt erfaceof5Gcommuni cation
systemsi ssuggest edi naKor eanr esear chanddev elopmentpr ogram t obebasedonbeam di v i
sion
multipl
eaccess( BDMA)andgr oupcooper ativerelaytechni ques.[
8]

8.FUTURESCOPE
Beyond5g:
Thef ut
ureenhancementofNano- corewi llbeincredibleasitcombineswi thar t
ifi
cialintel
li
gent(AI )
.One
canabl et ocontrolhisintell
igentRobotusi nghismobi lephone.YourMobi l
ecanaut omat i
cal
lytypet he
messagewhaty ourbr ai
nt hinks.Wemi ghtgetaci rcumstancewher ewedon’ trequireanyspect rum for
communi cati
on.TheGoogl ehott rendshav er
atedt heterm 6Gast he17t hmostsear chedwor di nthe
searchengi nes.Thei Pod6Gcomesi nsev endifferentcolorsandhasanal umi num bodywhi chmakes
thebodyst r
ongtowi thstandconst antdai l
yusage.Ithasacl ipondesignlikeiPodshuf fl
eandi tat
t ached
toshirtfirmly.6Gt echnologyhav en’tbeenf ul
lyrevealedy etbutsearchphr asesl i
kewhati s6Gmobi l
e
technology,6G t echnology ,6G mobi le,6G net wor k,6G wi ki
,6G technologyppt .ar e get
ting mor e
famili
arswithnewmobi l
etechnologyget ti
ngevolved.

9.
SOFTWAREOF5G

1)5G wil
lbesingl
euni f
ied st
andard ofdif
ferentwirelessnetworks,i
ncluding LAN t
echnologi
es,
LAN/ WAN,WWWW-Wor ldWi deWir
elessWeb, uni
f i
edI
P&seaml esscombi nat
ionofbroadband.
2)Softwar
edef
inedradi
o( SDR),
Packetlay
er,
Impl ementati
onofPackets,
Encrypti
on,Fl
exibi
l
ity
,Anti
-
Virus.
 10.
HARDWAREOF5G

UWBNet wor ks:hi

gherbandwi dthatlow energylevels.Thi
sshort-
rangeradiotechnol ogyi si dealfor
wireless personalar ea net works (WPANs) .UWB compl ements existi
ng l onger r ange r adio
technologies–suchasWi -Fi
,Wi MAX,andcellul
arwidear eacommuni cati
ons–t hatbringi ndat aand
communi cati
onsfrom theoutsideworld.UWBpr ovi
dest heneededcost-ef
fecti
ve, power-effi
cient,hi
gh
bandwi dt
hsol uti
onforr elay
ingdataf rom hostdevicestodev i
cesint heimmedi atearea( upt o10
met ersor30f eet
).
Bandwi dth:4000megabi tspersecond,whichis400t i
mesf ast
erthantoday’swirelessnet works.

Smar
tant
ennas.

a.Swit
chedBeam Ant
ennas:Swi
tchedBeam Antennassuppor
tradi
oposi
ti
oni
ngv
iaAngl
eofAr
ri
val
(AOA)i
nfor
mati
oncoll
ect
edfrom near
bydev
ices.

b.AdaptiveAr r
ayAntennas:Theuseofadapt iveant ennaar
raysisonear eat
hatshowspr omisefor
i
mpr ovi
ngcapaci tyofwi rel
esssystemsandpr ovidingimprovedsafetythr
oughposit
ionl ocati
on
capabil
i
ties.Thesear r
ayscanbeusedf ori
nterfer
encer ej
ecti
onthroughspati
al_al
ter
ing,positi
on
l
ocationt hr
oughdirect
ionendi ngmeasurements,anddev el
opingimprovedchannelmodelsthrough
angleofar r
ival
channelsoundingmeasurements.

Multi
plexing: CDMA( CodeDivi
si onMul t
ipleAccess)CDMAempl oysanalog- t
o-di
git
alconversi
on(ADC)
i
ncombi nationwithspr eadspect r
um technology.Audi oinputisf i
rstdigiti
zedintobinaryelements.
Thefrequencyoft hetr
ansmittedsignali sthenmadet ov aryaccordingtoadef i
nedpattern(code)
,so
i
tcanbei ntercept
edonl ybyar ecei
verwhosef r
equencyr esponseisprogr ammedwi t
hthesamecode,
soitfollowsexact l
yalongwitht het r
ansmi tt
erfrequency .Therearet ri
l
lionsofpossiblef r
equency-
sequencingcodes, whi
chenhancepr i
vacyandmakescl oningdiffi
cul
t.[22]

11.KEYCONCEPTSOF5G
Real
wi r
elessworl
dwithnomoreli
mit
ati
onwi
thaccessandzonei
ssues.[
27]
Wearabl
edev i
ceswit
hAIcapabi
li
ti
es.

I
nter
netpr
otocolv
ersion6(I
Pv6)
,wher
eav
isi
ti
ngcar
e-ofmobi
l
eIPaddr
essi
sassi
gnedaccor
dingt
o
l
ocati
onandconnectednet
work.

Oneuni
fi
edgl
obal
standar
d.

Pervasiv
enet workspr ovi
dingubiqui
touscomput i
ng:Theusercansimult
aneousl
ybeconnect edto
severalwir
elessaccesst echnol
ogi
esandseaml essl
ymov ebet
weent hem (
SeeMediaindependent
handoverorv er
ti
cal handover,I
EEE802.21,
alsoexpect
edtobeprov
idedbyfutur
e4Grel
eases).These
accesstechnologiescanbea

5G,3G,4Gor5Gmobil
enetworks,
Wi-Fi
,WPANoranyot herfut
ureaccesstechnology
.In5G,
the
conceptmaybef
urt
herdev
elopedint
omulti
pleconcur
rentdatatr
ansferpaths.
[27]

Cognit
iveradi
otechnol
ogy,al
soknownassmar t
-radi
o:allowi
ngdi ff
erentr
adi
ot echnologi
estoshare
thesamespect r
um eff
ici
entl
ybyadaptivel
yf i
ndingunusedspect rum andadaptingt hetr
ansmissi
on
schemet otherequi
rementsofthetechnologi
escur rentl
ysharingthespectr
um.Thi sdy namicradi
o
resour
cemanagementi sachi
evedi
nadi str
ibutedfashion,andreli
esonsoftwaredefinedradi
o.[
27]

Hi
ghal
ti
tudest
rat
ospher
icpl
atf
orm st
ati
on(
HAPS)sy
stems.

Worl
dWidewi
rel
essweb( WWWW),i
.e.compr
ehensi
vewi
rel
ess-
basedwebappl
i
cat
ionst
hati
ncl
ude
f
ull
mult
imedi
acapabi
l
itybey
ond4Gspeeds.

DynamicAdhocWirel
essNet
wor
ks(DAWN),essent
ial
l
yi dent
icalt
oMobil
eadhocnetwork(MANET),
Wirel
essmeshnet
work(WMN)orwi
rel
essgr
ids,combinedwithsmartant
ennas,
cooper
ati
vedi
ver
sit
y
andfl
exibl
emodul
ati
on.[
7]

Groupcooper at
iverel
ay:-
Amaj orissueinbeyond4Gsy st
emsi stomaket hehighbitratesavai
lablein
alargerpor
tionofthecell,especi
all
ytousersinanexposedpositi
oninbetweensev eralbasestat
ions.
Incurrentr
esearch,thi
sissuei saddressedbycell
ularr
epeater
sandmacr o-
diver
sit
yt echni
ques,also
knownasgr oupcooper at
iverelay
,aswel lasbybeam di
visi
onmulti
pleaccess(BDMA) .
[7]
COMPARI
SONOFALLGENERATI
ON

Compar
isonofdi
ff
erentGener
ati
oni
sshownTabl
e-1

Generat
ion 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Feat
ures

Year
s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Defi
nit
ion Analog Digit
al Digi
tal Digi
tal NotYet
Narrow Broadband Broadband
bandcircui
t PacketData Packet
data,Packet AllI
P

Compar
isonofdi
ff
erentGener
ati
oni
sshownTabl
e-2

Dat
a Veryhi
gh
thr
oughput
Key
wor
ds Anal
og Di
git
al Gl
obalwor
ld Highdata Hi
ghdata
rat
es r
ates
per
sonal st
andar
ds Highmobili
ty Hi
ghmobili
ty
I
PBased I
PBased
Data 2kbps 64kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps 1Gbps
Bandwidth
Standar
ds AMPS TDMA, WCDMA Si
ngl
eunif
ied Si
ngl
eunif
ied
CDMA, GSM, st
andar
d st
andar
d
GPRS
Technol
ogy Analog Digi
tal Br
oadband Unif
iedIP& Unif
iedI P&
cel
lular cell
ular wi
thCDMA, seamless seaml ess
I
Ptechnol
ogy combinati
on combi nation
ofbroadband, ofbroadband,
LAN, WAN& LAN, WAN,
WLAN WLAN&
WWWW
Ser
vices Mobil
e Digi
talvoi
ce, I
ntegrated Dynamic Dynami c
t
echnology SMS, Hi
gher hi
ghqual i
ty i
nformation i
nformat ion
(
Voice) Capacit
y audi
o, v
ideo& access, access,
packeti
zed data wearable wearabl e
Devices Deviceswi t
h
AIcapabi li
ti
es
Mul
ti
plexi
ng FDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA
CDMA
Swi
tchi
ng Ci
rcui
t Ci
rcuit& Packet Al
lpacket Al
lpacket
Packet
Cor
eNet
wor
k PSTN PSTN Packet I
nter
net I
nter
net
net
work
Handof
f Hor
izont
al Hor
izont
al Hori
zontal Horizontal& Hori
zont al&
Verti
cal Vert
ical
Sy
stems Analog Digi
tal 3Gcel
lul
ar 4Gcel l
ular 5Gcellular
cel
lular cell
ular Maxdatarat
e:Broadband Mindat arate:
Analog Digi
tal 2Mbps access 20-
100Mbps
cor
dless cordl
ess Mindat arate:
Mobile 2-20Mbps
 12.APPLI
CATI
ONSOF5GTECHNOLOGY

The5Gt echnol
ogyappl i
cat
ionsaresettoev olvei
namul tipl
atf
orm envi
ronment.4Gappli
cati
onswil
l
beav ai
lableacrossv ari
ouswi r
elesstechnologi
esli
keLTE,Wi -
Fi,et
c.andal soindevi
ceslikecel
l
phones,l apt
ops-r
eaders,digi
talcameras,pri
ntersandsoon.4G appl i
cati
onsar ever
ylikel
ytobe
ext
endedandi mprovedv er
sionsoftheexist
ing3Gser v
ices,butiti
sstil
luncl
earwhatthecapaci
tyof
4Gwillhol df
orthemobi l
ewor l
d.Someoft heappli
cat
ionsof5Gnet worksare[28-
31]:

a.Educat
ion:Forpeopl
ewhoar eint
erest
edinlif
elongeducat
ion,4G pr
ovi
desagoodoppor tuni
ty.
Peopl
eany wher
einthewor
ldcancont
inuethei
reducati
ont
hroughonli
neinacostef
fect
ivemanner.

b.Cri
sismanagement:Natur
aldi
sast
erscancausebreakdownincommunicati
onsyst
ems.I
ntoday’
s
worl
ditmighttakedaysorweekstorest
oret
hesyst
em.Buti n4Giti
sexpectedtor
estor
esuchcr
isi
s
i
ssuesinafewhours.

c.Virt
ualPresence:Thi
smeanst hat5Gpr ovi
deuserservicesatallt
imes,evenift
heuserisoff
-si
te.
Vir
tualnavi
gat i
on:4G provi
desuser swithv i
rt
ualnavigati
ont hr
oughwhi chausercanaccessa
databaseofthestreet
s,bui
l
dingsetc.ofl
argecit
ies.Thi
srequir
eshighspeeddatatr
ansmissi
on.

d.Securi
ty:Thi
slay
eralsobranchesacrossallthelay
ersoft
he5Gnetworkar
chi
tect
urewhichper
for
m
thefunct
ionofauthent
icat
ion,author
izat
ion,encry
pti
on,est
abl
i
shmentandimpl
ementati
onofservi
ce
poli
cyagreementbetweenthev ar
iousvendors.

e.Tel
e-Medi
cine:5G wi
l
lsuppor
tremotehealthmoni t
ori
ngofpat i
ent
s.Auserneednotgotothe
hospi
tal
inst
eadausercangetvi
deoconf
erenceassi
stanceforadoct
oratany
timeandany
wher
e.

f.Tel
e-geopr
ocessingappli
cat
ions:Thi
sisacombinat
ionofGI
S(Geogr
aphi
calInfor
mat
ionSy
stem)
andGPS( Gl
obalPosit
ioni
ngSystem)inwhi
chausercangett
hel
ocat
ionbyquer
ying.

g.Art
if
ici
alI
ntel
l
igence:Moreappl
i
cati
onscombi
nedwi
thar
tif
ici
ali
ntel
l
igent(
AI)ashumanl
i
fewi
l
lbe
sur
roundedbyarti
fi
cial
sensor
swhichcoul
dbecommuni
cat
ingwithmobil
ephones.

h.Travell
i
ng:Intr
oducingthelaunchofnewmobi l
ephoneapps; t
heuseofBl uet
ooth&NFCt echnology
i
ntegratedsmar tphonesinthepassengertravelprocess.Technologyisli
kelytoplayar ol
ei nr e-
orderi
ngt hesephasesoverthenextdecade,al
l
owi ng,f
orexample,peoplet
oexperienceadestinat
ion
vi
rtual
lybef or
etransi
t,ortoseekinspi
rat
ionandshar einf
ormationliv
e,whil
etheyaretr
avell
ingand
experi
encingaplace.

.WORKI
NGCONCEPTSOF5GNETWORKS

Asstatedear
li
er,5Gwi l
lbecompletel
yusercent r
ici.
e.not hi
ngishi ddenfrom user
.Itwil
lhavenew
err
orpr ev
ent
ion schemes thatcan be instal
led t
hrough internetany t
ime and have modulat
ion
methodsandsoftwaredefi
nedradi
os.[
25]5Gwi l
lbeacollaborati
onofnet worksandindi
vi
dualnetwork
handl
eusermobi l
it
y.Thisnetworkwil
lbebasedonOpenWi r
elessAr chi
tect
uresasithasPhy si
cal
AccessContr
olLayeri.
e.OSILayer
.OSIlayerareshownint abl
e1.

Appli
cati
onLayer Appl
i
cat
ion(
Ser
vices)
Present
ati
onLayer
SessionLay
er OpenTr
anspor
tPr
otocol
Transpor
tLayer
Net
wor
kLay
er UpperNet
wor
kLay
er
LowerNet
wor
kLayer
Dat
alinkLayer OpenWi
rel
essAr
chi
tect
ure
Phy
sicalLay
er

Tabl
e1:
OSILay
ersi
n5GTer
minal
Desi
gn.[
26]
 13CONCLUSI ON
Int hispaper,weconcl udet hat5G net wor ki sv eryf astandr eli
abl
e.Fifthgenerat i
oni sbasedon4G
technologies.The5t hwi r
elessmobi leinternetnet wor ksar er ealwir
elessworldwhi chshallbesuppor ted
byLAS- CDMA( LargeAr eaSy nchronizedCode- DivisionMul t
ipl
eAccess) ,
OFDM ( Or t
hogonalfrequency -
division multi
plexi
ng) ,MCCDMA( Mul ti
-CarrierCode Di vision Multi
ple Access),UWB( Ult
ra-
wi deband),
Net work-LMDS(LocalMul ti
pointDist r
ibuti
onSer vi
ce) ,andI Pv6.Fift
hgener at
iont echnologiesof f
ers
tremendousdat acapabi li
ti
esandunr estri
ctedcal lv olumesandi nfi
nitedatabroadcastt ogetherwi thi
n
l
at estmobi l
eoper atingsy stem.Fifthgener ati
onshoul dmakeani mpor t
antdifferenceandaddmor e
ser vi
cesandbenef it
st othewor ldov er4G.Fi ft
hgener ati
onshoul dbemor eint
elligenttechnologythat
i
nt erconnectstheent i
rewor l
dwi t
houtl i
mi t
s.Thi sgener ati
oni sexpectedtober el
easedar ound2020.The
wor ldofuniversal,
uni nt
erruptedaccesst oi nformat ion, entertai
nmentandcommuni cati
onwi l
lopennew
dimensi ontoourl i
vesandchangeourl i
fest ylesignificant ly

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ment
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Achar
acter
izat
ionofmobil
it
ymanagementi
nuser-
centri
cnet
works"
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tSpacesandNext
Gener
ationWired/Wi
rel
essNetworki
ng.Spr
ingerBer
li
nHei
del
ber
g,pg.314-
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Akhi
leshKumarPachaur i
,
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ngh,
“5GTechnology–Redefini
ngwi r
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ear s”
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nati
onal
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eWi r
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eof Next
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ionCommunicat
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ernat
ionalJournalofComputerSci
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ng,Vol.
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pg.
47–
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i
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ernat
ional
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nal
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ancedResear
chi
nComput
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hi,
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soft
ruebr
oadband'
swi
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essnextwav
e(4G-
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”Vehi
cul
arTechnol
ogyConf
erence,
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2003-
Fal
l
.2003I
EEE58t
h.Vol
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Eri
cSavit
z,For
bes,ht
tp:
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bes.
com/sit
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icsavit
z/2012/10/
22/gart
ner-10-cr
iti
cal
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rends-
for
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he-
next
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ve-
year
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“5GWIRELESSTECHNOLOGY” ,GandhinagarInst
itut
eofTechnology,Gujarat
,India.
kavi
arasani
ndi
a.f
il
es.
wordpress.
com/2010/
06/4g-t
echnology .
ppt.

Mohd.Mar
oofSi
ddi
qui“
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onof5GCommuni
cat
ion”
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rietal
.(
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inger
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li
n
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