Data Science Exam Reviewer

Measures of variability
Meaning: Average deviation or mean deviation may be defined as the sum of the absolute
deviations of the arithmetic mean divided by the number of cases. It is a measure of
variation, spread or dispersion which is infrequently used.

Mean deviation of ungrouped data

MD=
∑|x−x|
N

where MD = mean absolute deviation

x=¿ raw score

x=¿ mean score

N = number of observations

Example
A group of scientists went on an expedition to the mountain range in Sierra
Madre, Philippines to study the different species of plants existing in the area.
The ages of the scientists are 34, 35, 45, 56, 32, 25, and 40. What is the mean
deviation of their ages?
 Solution:
The ages are 34, 35, 45, 56, 32, 25, and 40. (no need to arrange in
ascending order)
34 +35+45+ 56+32+25+40
Mean age : x = =38.14
7

x x−x |x−x|

34 34 – 38.14 = -4.14 4.14

35 35 – 38.14 = -3.14 3.14

45 45 – 38.14 = 6.86 6.86

56 56 – 38.14 = 17.86 17.86

32 32 – 38.14 = -6.14 6.14

25 25 – 38.14 = -13.14 13.14

40 40 - 38.14 = 1.86 1.86

Total: 53.14

MD=
∑|x−x|
N
53.14
MD=
7
MD=7.59
Therefore, the mean absolute deviation is 7.59

Quartile deviation
The quartile deviation is another way of determining the spread of a
distribution in terms of quartiles. The quartile deviation formula is
shown below:
Q3−Q1
QD=
2

where QD=quartile deviation

Q 3=3 rd quartile
 Q1=1 st quartile

Example:
The following are the scores of 12 students in AP examination.
35 34 24 45 43 26 37 18 35 41 42 39
Find the quartile deviation of the scores.

Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the observations in ascending order
18, 24, 26, 34, 35, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45
Step 2: Determine the Q1 and Q3
3(12)
Q 3=
N 4
Q 1=
4
36
Q 3=
12 4
Q 1=
4
Q 3=9
Q 1=3
Therefore, Q 3=41
Therefore, Q1 = 26
Step 3:
Use the formula in finding the quartile deviation
Q3−Q1
QD=
2
41−26
QD=
2
15
QD=
2

QD=7.5

Example
Php1,000 Php 850 Php 1, 560 Php 350
Php 200 Php 980 Php 450 Php 1, 345
Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the observations in ascending order
Php 200 Php 350 Php 450 Php 850 Php 980 Php1,000 Php 1, 345 Php 1, 560
Step 2: Determine the Q1 and Q3
N 3N
Q 1= Q 3=
4 4
8 3(8)
Q 1= Q 3=
4 4
Q 1=¿ 2 24
Q 3= =6
4
Therefore, Q1 = 350
Therefore, Q 3=1,000

Step 3:
Use the formula in finding the quartile deviation
Q3−Q1
QD=
2
1000−350
QD=
2
650
QD=
2
QD=325

Variance
Variance is another measure of variability which can be used
instead of the range. The variance considers the deviation of
each observation from the mean. To obtain the variance of a
distribution, first, square the deviation from the mean of each
raw score and add them together. Then, divide the resulting
sum by N or the total number of observations.

A. Population Variance for Ungrouped Data

 ∑ (x−μ)2
σ p=
N

Where σ p= population variance

x=¿ raw score
μ=¿ population mean
N=¿ number of observations

B. Sample Variance for Ungrouped Data

∑ (x−x)2
σ s=
N−1

Where σ s=sample variance

x=¿ raw score
x=¿ sample mean
N=¿ number of observations

EXAMPLE
Find the population and sample variances of the following
distribution:
34, 35, 45, 56, 32, 25, and 40.
Solution:
Step 1: Compute for the mean of the observations.
 34+35+ 45+56+32+25+ 40 267
x= = =38.14
7 7

Step 2: Square the

x x−x (|x −x|)

2

|x−x|

34 34 – 38.14 = -4.14 4.14 17.14

35 35 – 38.14 = -3.14 3.14 9.86

45 45 – 38.14 = 6.86 6.86 47.06

56 56 – 38.14 =17.86 17.86 318.98

32 32 – 38.14 = -6.14 6.14 37.70

25 25 – 38.14 = 13.14 13.14 172.66

40 40 - 38.14 = 1.86 1.86 3.46

Total: 606.86

Step 3: Use the formula for Variance of:

σ p=
∑ (x−μ)2
N
606.86
σ p=
7
σ p=86.7

B. Sample Variance for Ungrouped Data

∑ (x−x)2
σ s=
N−1
 606.86
σ s=
7−1
606.86
σ s=
6
σ s=101.14
 Measures of position
  Quartiles divide a distribution into four equal
parts.
  Q1or the first quartile locates the point which is
greater than 25% of the items in a distribution.
  Q2 is considered the median of the distribution
  Q3or the third quartile locates the point which is
greater than 75% of the distribution
  First quartile
N
Q 1=
4
  Second quartile
2N
Q 2=
4
  Third quartile
3N
Q 3=
4
 Example

Find the Q1 , Q2, and Q3 of the score distribution.

35, 54, 38, 53, 40, 52, 45, 51, 47, 50, 50

Solution:
Arrange the scores in ascending order.
th
35, 38, 40, 45, 47, 50, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 The numbers between the 2.75 position are 38 and 40.
  First quartile
To get the final answer, get the average of the two
N numbers.
Q 1=
4
38+40
Q 1= =39
2
Q211
Q 1=
4
Therefore, Q 1=39
Q 1=¿ 2.75

Q3