Notes:

- One beaker has Valium Hydroxide

- Other beaker has Barium and Ammonium Chloride
- Pours water in wood block
- Mixes two beakers together over wood block with water
- The temperature will drop inside the beaker and the water will then freeze
- Temperature keeps dropping
- Energy goes INTO chemicals as it takes in heat energy and converted to chemical
energy, less heat energy outside as more chemical energy is produced than the heat
energy (ENDOTHERMIC REACTION)

- Another chemical is added with Sulfuric acid and converts chemical energy to heat
energy, more heat energy is produced so it will heat up (EXOTHERMIC REACTION)

Endothermic reactions absorb more energy when they react

Exothermic reactions release most energy when reacting
Types of exothermic reactions:
- Combustion
- Oxidation (e.g. rusting)
- Neutralisation
Types of Endothermic reactions:
If energy is taken from the surroundings it will taken in nearby heat energy and make it
colder
- Flying Saucer (Sweet)
- Sport injury cold pack

SELF-HEATING CANS
Self-Heating cans use Exothermic reactions to work because the material of the can is
usually Aluminum and Silica which will absorb the heat into the cup and then absorbed by
the food inside the can. However, the reaction and heating up of the food can be sped up by
integrating powdered aluminum and Thermite into the can. The thermite can be used to heat
it up alot faster but too much heat will cause it to explode as thermite, also used in grenades
which is why Self-heating cans are very popular among the military as it cooks fast. But
normal, distributed self-heating cans mainly use exothermic reactions to heat up the food.
Which can become a problem because exothermic reactions take heat in but during cold
weather, which is very common in the UK the cans will not heat up.

HAND WARMERS
Hand warmers also use exothermic reactions to work, there are 2 types of hand warmer, air-
activated hand warmers and reusable. Air-activated hand warmers contain iron, activated
carbon and salt so the iron will begin to oxidise when exposed to air and produce heat from
the exothermic radiation produced and will also form rust as the oxygen reacts with iron.
However, salt is also added to catalyze, speed up, the reaction. An advantage of these is
that it is easily activated but a disadvantage is that they wear away and become deficient
over time as it will completely oxidise. However, this is not a problem with reusable warmers
because they don't contain the iron and instead uses a supersaturated solution of sodium
acetate which releases heat as it crystallizes and will return to its original form after it is
boiled, making it reusable.
SPORT INJURY PACKS
Sport injury packs use endothermic reactions, using chemical cold packs to treat bumps and
sprains as the endothermic reaction will cool it down. And by squeezing the pack it will
release chemicals and they will mix together to create a small endothermic reaction to
reduce swelling. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and citric acid is commonly used in the packs
as the reaction will decompose the compound in an endothermic reaction. However a
disadvantage of these packs is that they are one time use items but the advantage of them
is that they are very quick when reacting together and then become ice packs which can
also be used in a lot of different ways, not just treating injuries.
FIREWORKS
Metal salts are mixed with chemicals (oxidising agents) that cause a very rapid oxidation
reaction to occur. This reaction is very fast and exothermic, which means it gives off energy
as heat—and anytime you have a very fast and hot reaction, you get an explosion. This
launches the fireworks into the sky and the heat from this explosion is what provides the
energy to create the colours and can change depending on the metal salt.
GLOW STICKS
A typical glow stick or light stick contains two separate liquids. There is a hydrogen peroxide
solution in one compartment and a phenyl oxalate ester with a fluorescent dye in another
compartment. When you snap the glow stick, the two solutions mix and undergo a chemical
reaction. This reaction does not emit light, but it produces enough energy to activate the
electrons in the fluorescent dye. When the activated electrons fall from a higher energy state
to a lower energy state, they emit light. The color of the glow stick is determined by the dye
that is used.

How can we measure the temperature change in reactions?

1. Measure the best amount of liquid solution like 25cm^3 and measure the solid too
2. Taking temperature of reagents (A substance used in a chemical reaction) by sticking
a thermometer in the top and measuring it then
3. Mixing them in a polystyrene cup and measure the temperature of the solution at the
end of the REACTION
4. The reduce the amount of heat energy being lost into the surroundings put the
polystyrene cup in a beaker with cotton wool carpeting the bottom of the cup so there
is more insulation
5. Place a lid on top of the beaker to stop energy being lost through evaporation
6. REPEAT the experiment but change the independent variable like type of metal or
the surface area
Using energy profile diagrams to identify what type of reaction is occuring (Exothermic or
Endothermic)
KWS: Reaction / Energy profile diagrams
A diagram to demonstrate how much energy is used during a reaction

Exothermic there is less energy in the product that the reactant chemical as energy is
released during the reaction, producing more heat
Endothermic there is more energy is the product than the reactant chemical a energy is
taken in during the reaction
The graph will go up in energy to BREAK THE BONDS and then will go down again
MINIMUM amount of energy needed to cause a reaction is called the ACTIVATION
ENERGY