Paper 2

Student book answers questions

Question Answers Extra information Mark

01.1 stimulus 1
central nervous system – brain 1
and spinal cord

effector – a muscle or a gland 1

motor neurone – carries 1

01.2 electrical impulses to a muscle

receptor – detects changes in 1

the environment

synapse – gap between 1

neurones
X – sensory neurone 1
02.1
Y – relay neurone 1
chemical released (from X) do not allow electrical impulse 1
accept neurotransmitter or
named chemical e.g.
02.2 acetylcholine
diffuses 1

across synapse (to Y) 1

allow 1 mark for correct
0.21 / 0.2 / 0.211 substitution or rearrangement
2
provided no subsequent step:
02.3 65.4 = 1.38 / time
or
time = 1.38 / 65.4
seconds / s 1
any two from: 2

• fewer synapses /
neurones involved
02.4
• shorter pathway allow impulse does not travel
to brain
• does not involve a
thought process

02.5 adrenaline accept epinephrine 1

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 Paper 2
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(stimulates) any two from: 2

• release of glucose into accept breakdown of stored
blood glycogen
• increased heart rate
02.6 • increased breathing rate allow increased amount of
oxygen in blood
(for) increased respiration 1

(to) transfer more energy (to run) 1

any three from: 3
• (both have) 22 pairs of allow 44 chromosomes control
chromosomes that characteristics
control characteristics

• 23rd / another pair of

chromosomes
03.1
determines sex

• females have XX
chromosomes

• males have XY
chromosomes
male and female gametes allow ecf from 3.1 1
correctly written in Punnett
square
03.2
all genotypes correctly derived allow 1 mark for 2 / 3 correctly 2
from their gametes derived genotypes
any one from: allow ecf from their Punnett 1
• 1 in 2 square
• 2
03.3 • 50%
• 1:1
• 2:2

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any six from: 6

• mother given FSH / LH /
fertility hormone(s)
• stimulates egg
maturation / release
• eggs collected
• sperm collected
• eggs fertilised (in petri
03.4 dish)
• embryos form
• (cells from embryos
tested to identify sex
• healthiest female
embryo(s) selected
• implanted into woman’s
womb / uterus
any four from: reference to both selection in 4
selection of sex in general general population and if risk
population: of genetic disorder required for
• unethical to select sex of full marks
baby
• would lead to unequal
proportion of males and
females in society
• may lead to ‘designer
babies’

03.5 if risk of serious genetic

disorder:
• reduces stress / upset for
parents
• prevents suffering / early
death of a child
• reduces proportion of
genes for genetic
disorder in population

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any three from: 3

• good eyesight to see
prey
• good sense of smell /
hearing to detect prey
04.1
• strong legs to run fast
• sharp teeth to kill / hold
prey
• sharp claws to hold / rip
apart prey
any two from: 2
• new pathogens
04.2 • new predators (of the
fox)
• competition

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1 mark for factor and 1 mark 2

for a correctly linked reason
different genes

• as daffodils produced by
sexual reproduction

or

amount of light

• light is needed for

photosynthesis
or
• more light and plants
grow more
or
• less light and plants grow
05.1 taller to find light
or
amount of mineral ions

• more ions and plants will

grow more
or
amount of water

• water is needed for

photosynthesis
or
disease / pests

• can stunt / slow growth

or

• restrict photosynthesis

height is a continuous variable allow the idea of many 1

05.2
different values to be plotted
suitable scales for both axes allow +/- ½ a square 1
with titles allow 1 mark for 3 or 4 correct
05.3 bars 1
bars labelled correctly
bars plotted correctly 2
05.4 25.0 – 29.9 (cm) 1

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05.5 20.0 – 44.9 (cm) 1

06.1 12 1
1 185 600 allow ecf ×98 800 calculated 4
correctly

allow 1 mark for field area of

24 700 (m2)
06.2 and
allow 1 mark for quadrat area
of
0.25 m2

allow 3 marks for 98 800

throw quadrats randomly allow idea of not selecting 1
areas
or
06.3
take more samples / quadrat
and calculate a mean
to reduce effect of high / low 2
06.4
quadrat values
20% 2
allow 1 mark for counting 5
squares
06.5 or
allow 1 mark for (incorrect
number of squares / 25) ×100
correctly calculated
06.6 transect 1

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idea of damage to plant only

required once

ribwort plantain grows mainly allow answers in terms of 1

away from path / on the field / quadrat number / start and
grass / on area not walked on finish

ignore figures
(because) ribwort plantain has 1
tall leaves / is taller and gets
damaged (more) on path

06.7 greater plantain grows mainly on 1

path / walked on area allow answers in terms of
quadrat number / start and
finish

(because) greater plantain ignore figures 1

grows flatter / lower to ground /
is shorter (so) will be damaged
less by trampling / will not be
pulled out

allow for 1 mark where

number of one plant high,
number of other plant low
07 • pancreas detects blood 1
sugar concentration

• if concentration is high 1
pancreas secretes insulin

• (insulin) stimulates liver 1

and / or muscle cells to
absorb glucose

• and store as glycogen

1
• if concentration low,
pancreas secretes 1
glucagon

• (glucagon ) stimulates
liver and / or muscle cells 1
to convert glycogen to
glucose

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select a cow that produces a 1
creamy milk

breed with a bull from a cow that 1

produced creamy milk
08.1
select offspring that produce the 1
most creamy milk to breed from

repeat over several generations 1

until all cows produce creamy
milk
gene for poison is cut from ignore characteristic 1
bacterial DNA / plasmid / accept from Bacillus
chromosome thuringiensis / Bt
08.2 1
using enzyme(s)
and transferred to cotton plant do not allow to cotton plant 1
cells / DNA / chromosome plasmid
increased yield as less eaten by 1
insects

fewer pesticides need to be 1

08.3
used

(so) producer can make more 1

money
Any two from: 2
• gene (for poison) could
be passed onto wild
plants

• may kill useful insects allow named insect e.g. bees

08.4
• ecosystem / food chain
could be affected
allow less variation in cotton
• gene pool of cotton plant population
plants could be reduced

produce hormones 1
09.1
that are released directly into the accept are ductless glands 1
blood
adrenal gland = C 1

pituitary gland = A 1
09.2
thyroid gland = B 1

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(pituitary gland) secretes several 1
different hormones
09.3
which stimulate other glands (to 1
release hormones)

any six from: 6

• FSH causes eggs to
mature in ovary

• FSH stimulates release

of oestrogen from ovary

• oestrogen stimulates
thickening of uterus
lining

• oestrogen inhibits
release of FSH

• oestrogen stimulates
release of LH

• LH causes ovulation /
09.4 release of an egg

• progesterone is released
after ovulation from the
ovary / empty follicle

• progesterone maintains
the uterus lining

• progesterone inhibits
release of FSH and LH

• if egg is not fertilised

levels of all hormones
fall

• (fall in level of hormones)

causes menstruation

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