Clase Martes 12 de Octubre 2021

Ricardo Cabrera (Facultad de Ciencias)

ricabrer@uchile.cl

Tópicos

Un planeta habitable

Evidencia de vida antigua en la Tierra

Evolución de organismos complejos

Transition form chemistry to biology

Lopez, A. & Fiore, M. Investigating

prebiotic protocells for a
comprehensive understanding of
the origins of life: A prebiotic
systems chemistry perspective.
Life 9, (2019).

Sutherland, J. D. Studies on the origin

of life - the end of the beginning. Nat.
Rev. Chem. 1, 1–8 (2017).
The Earth from space

The presence of an atmosphere out

of chemical equilibrium
Features of habitable planets

Shahar, A., Driscoll, P., Weinberger, A. & Cody, G. What makes a planet habitable? Science (80-. ). 364, 434–435 (2019).
Features of habitable planets

• The atmosphere is tied to the interior

dynamics and evolution of the solid planet

• Hydrosphere and atmosphere is determined by the

planet’s bulk composition, interior structure and
dynamics

• Plate tectonics play a crucial role by cycling material

between the surface and interior

• Cooling processes drive convection and dynamo

action in the liquid-iron outer core, which in turn
produces the geomagnetic field that shields
atmosphere

• Earth’s interior maintains a stabilizing feedback

between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, mantle and
core that is important for long term stability of
conditions

Shahar, A., Driscoll, P., Weinberger, A. & Cody, G. What makes a planet habitable? Science (80-. ). 364, 434–435 (2019).
https://www.tuttee.co/blog/chem-calculating-percentage-of-oxygen-in-air

http://www.mtscienceducation.org/toolkit-home/scientific-engineering-practices/developing-and-using-models/activity-4-the-goldilocks-principle-a-model-of-atmospheric-gases/?print=print
Titan’s atmosphere

Colozza, Anthony & Cataldo, Robert. (2014). Radioisotope Stirling Engine Powered Airship for
Atmospheric and Surface Exploration of Titan.
The geologic time scale represented on a human arm

http://superoceras.blogspot.com/2013/09/deep-time.html#more
Geologic time scale

Evolución del contenido de O2 en la atmósfera terrestre

http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/ages.html
Planetary environments change by the action of the biosphere

conditions inhabited environments are a subset of

needed for the planetary environments
origin of life

through its management of the

greenhouse and its partitioning of
reductants and oxidants, the activity of
life increases the range of inhabited
environments

Chopra, A. & Lineweaver, C. H. The Case for a Gaian Bottleneck: the Biology of Habitability. Astrobiology 16, 7–22 (2015).
Tópicos

Un planeta habitable

Evidencia de vida antigua en la Tierra

Evolución de organismos complejos

Evolución del contenido de O2 en la atmósfera terrestre

Hohmann-Marriott, M., & Blankenship, R.E. (2011). Evolution of photosynthesis. Annual review of plant biology, 62, 515-48 .
Estromatolitos, los fósiles más antiguos conocidos

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/611716/view/fossil-stromatolite
Live stromatolites were found in 1956 in western Australia

https://www.sharkbay.org/place/hamelin-pool/

Microbial mats are diverse and complex ecosystems

Syntrophic interactions in phototrophic microbial mats

Syntrophic interactions based on interspecies hydrogen and

sulfur transfer are widespread, notably involving
methanogens, Asgard archaea, SRB and SOB

López-García, P. & Moreira, D. The Syntrophy hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes revisited. Nature Microbiology 5, 655–667 (2020).
Fraccionamiento isotópico

carbonate
mineral
Tópicos

Un planeta habitable

Evidencia de vida antigua en la Tierra

Evolución de organismos complejos

Radiation of a morphologically diverse phyla

most of them unicellular

(protists)

many
including multicellular taxa

Burki, F. The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 6, 1–17 (2014).
Endosimbiosis, la hipótesis del hidrógeno

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hydrogen-hypothesis-of-Martin-and-Mueller-The-events-leading-to-the-establishment_fig4_285516150
Lokiarqueas

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00087-4

After an effort that took 12 years, japanese microbiologists

have successfully grown a new Asgard lineage

Cells are tiny spheres 300–750 nanometres in diameter, but

they often extrude longer, branched filaments that reach
out to meet neighbouring bacteria.

https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news
/a-disputed-origin-for-eukaryotes/
Evidences for the evolution of multicelularity in different Eukaryote’s lineages
FIN