NOTATIONS

SYMBOLS
aL constant in Langmuir equation (mg g 1)
aR constant in Redlich-Peterson equation
BD constant in Dubunin-Radushkevich equation (mol2 J 1)
bL constant in Langmuir equation (L g 1)
C concentration (kmol m 3)
Ce equilibrium concentration in solution phase (kmol m 3)
CV cavitation number
DHA diffusion coefficient (m2 s 1)
d diameter (m)
d grain size of the crystallite (Chapter 8)
dT,dTO tangential nozzle diameter at diode inlet and pipe inlet of vortex diode
dc diameter of diode chamber (m)
E energy of adsorption (kJ mol 1)
fT frequency of turbulence
HA acid species
[HA] concentration of acid (kmol m 3)
[HA]i initial concentration of acid (kmol m 3)
[HA]o outlet concentration of acid (kmol m 3)
[HA]bo breakthrough concentration of acid (kmol m 3)
h height of diode chamber (m)
K constant in Freundlich equation
KR constant in Redlich-Peterson equation
k reaction rate constant (s 1)
ksa film mass transfer coefficient (s 1)
Np number of passes
1/n constant in Freundlich equation
P pressure (kg cm 2)
Pv vapor pressure of liquid
Ps, Pi power (J s 1) (Chapter 2)
Q flow rate (m3 s 1)
Qe/qe equilibrium concentration in adsorbent phase (mg g 1)
qD theoretical saturation capacity in Dubunin-Radushkevich equation (mol g 1)
R molar gas constant
Rb radius of bead (m)
Rs. rupees (Indian)
rc radius of curvature (m)
T temperature
t time (s)
tB breakthrough time (s)
tD diffusion time (s)
tE film transfer time (s)

537
538 Notations

tF flow time (s)

tR reaction time (s)
u velocity (m s 1)
vo velocity at the throat of the cavitating constriction
V volume (m3)
a ratio of throat perimeter to the throat area (Chapter 3)
b constant in Redlich-Peterson equation (Chapter 2)
b ratio of throat area to the cross-sectional area of pipe (Chapter 3)
b full width at half maximum (Chapter 8)
h pump efficiency
u angle of reflection
l wavelength of the X-ray used
r density
△P pressure drop

ABBREVIATIONS
4-CP 4-chlorophenol
4-NP 4-nitrophenol
AAJSC acid activated jute stick chars
AB acidogenic bacteria
ACF activated carbon filter
AES activated egg shells
AF anaerobic filter
AMBR anaerobic migrating blanket reactor
ANL activated neem leaf
AnMBR anaerobic membrane bio reactor
AOP advanced oxidation process
API American Petroleum Institute
API active pharmaceutical ingredients (Chapter 13)
APPC activated potato peel chars
ASP activated sludge process
ASTM American standard testing method
ATFD agitated thin film dryer
ATW activated tea waste
BCM billion cubic meters
BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (Chapter 8)
BET bio-electrochemical treatment (Chapter 6)
B-DWW biomethanated distillery wastewater
BDD boron doped diamond
BI biodegradability index
BIOFOR biological filter oxygenated reactor
BJH Barret-Joyner-Halenda
BMO binary mixed oxide of Al-Fe
Bn billion
BNR biological nutrient removal
 Notations 539

BOD biological oxygen demand

BOD5 5-day BOD
BP banana peel
CAD command area development
CADWM command area development and water management
CAPEX capital expenditure
CETP common effluent treatment plant
CFD computational fluid dynamics
CIP cleaning in place
COD chemical oxygen demand
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board (India)
CPI corrugated plate interceptor
CSTR continuous stirred tank reactor
CWAO catalytic wet air oxidation
CWC central water commission
DAF dissolved air flotation
DM demineralized
DMF dual media filter
DO dissolved oxygen
EGSB expanded granular sludge blanket
EMBR enhanced membrane bioreactor
EMP Embden Meyerhof pathway
ETC electron transport chain
ETP effluent treatment plant
FAB fluidized aerobic bed
FABR fluidized aerated bed reactor
FAME fatty acid methyl esters
FHL formate hydrogen lyase
FTIR Fourier transform infrared
GP growth phase
HB hydroxybutyrate
HC hydrodynamic cavitation
HRT hydraulic retention time
HV hydroxyvalerate
ICID International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage
IGF induced gas flotation
INCID Indian National Committee of Irrigation and Drainage
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
JSC jute stick chars
LOPROX low pressure wet oxidaton
MBBR moving bed bio reactor
MBR membrane bio reactor
ME membrane element
MEC microbial electrolysis cell
MEE multiple effect evaporators/evaporation
MF microfiltration
MFC microbial fuel cell
MFL Madras Fertilizer Ltd.
540 Notations

MGF multigrade filter

MINLP mixed-integer non-linear programming
MLD million liters per day
MLSS mixed liquor suspended solids
MLVSS mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
MMF multimedia filter
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests
MRL Madras Refineries Ltd.
MVR mechanical vapor recompression
MWCO molecular weight cut off
MWR Ministry of Water Resources
NF nanofiltration
NGRMP National Groundwater Recharge Master Plan
NL neem leaf
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OLR organic loading rate
OPEX operating expenditure
ORP oxidation-reduction potential
PEM proton exchange membrane
PFL pyruvate formate lyase
PFOR pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase
PHA polyhydroxyalkanoates
PHB polyhydroxybutyrate
PHV poly-B-hydroxy valerate
PP polishing pond
PPC potato peel char
PPP pentose phosphate pathway
PSF pressure sand filter
RAS return activated sludge
RCF Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers
RO reverse osmosis
SAFF submerged aeration fixed film reactor
SBBGR sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor
SBR sequencing batch reactor
SDI silt density index
SEM scanning electron micrograph
SRT sludge retention time
STP sewage treatment plant
TAG triacylglycerides
TCA tricarboxylic acid
TCD thermal conductivity detector
TDS total dissolved solids
TEA terminal electron acceptor
TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen
TMP trans-membrane pressure
TN total nitrogen
TOC total organic carbon
TSS total suspended solids
 Notations 541

TTP tertiary treatment plant

TVR thermal vapor recompression
TW tea waste
UASB upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
UF ultrafiltration
UN United Nations
UNDP United National Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Program
US ultrasonication (Chapter 3)
VFA volatile fatty acids
VOC volatile organic carbon
WAO wet air oxidation
WHO World Health Organization
WPO wet peroxide oxidation
WSP waste stabilization pond
WUAs Water Users’ Associations
WWAP World Water Assessment Program
WWTP wastewater treatment plant
XRD X-ray diffraction
ZLD zero liquid discharge
ZPC zero point charge