UTS

ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT TRANSLATING PROPOSAL

TRANSLATED BY :

ARDION RURU
218212080

Name : ARDION RURU

Stamp Number : 218212080

Class : A / Mechanical Engineering

1
 FINAL PROPOSAL

PERFORMANCE TEST OF GORLOV MODEL VORTEX FLOW

WATER TURBINE WITH THE NUMBER OF VALVE
VARIATIONS

BY:
EDI MENDAUN
217 212 036

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
TORAJA INDONESIA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
2021
VALIDITY SHEET
GORLOV MODEL VORTEX FLOW WATER TURBINE PERFORMANCE
TEST WITH VARIATIONS OF THE NUMBER OF VALVES

2
Name : Edi Mendaun

Stamp Number : 217 212 036

Faculty of Engineering

Study Program : Mechanical Engineering

Approved by :

Advisor

Nofrianto Pasae ,ST,.MT

NIDN. 0912119002

Knowing,

Head of Mechanical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering

Indonesian Christian University Toraja.

Nitha,ST.,MT.
NIDN. 090211780

FOREWORD

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 Praise be to the presence of God Almighty who has givenkahealth and

the opportunity to the author to complete this thesis proposal.

Writing this final project proposal is one of the requirements for

completing studies at the Undergraduate Study Program (S1) Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Indonesian Christian

University, Toraja. The author has encountered many obstacles and

obstacles in compiling this proposal but it can be resolved properly. The title

of the final project proposal taken is: "Performance Test of Gorlov Vortex

Flow Water Turbine with Variation in Number of Blades"

The author realizes that the success of completing this thesis proposal

cannot be separated from the guidance and assistance. On this occasion,

with all humility, the author would like to thank profusely to:

1. Mr. Nofrianto Pasae, ST,. MT as the supervising lecturer, may God the

Almighty always protect and give the most beautiful blessings.

2. Mrs. Nitha ST,. MT as the Head of the Mechanical Engineering Study

Program, Faculty of Engineering, Indonesian Christian University

Toraja.

3. Mr. Dr. Yafet Bontong, ST., MT as Dean of the Faculty of Engineering,

Indonesian Christian University Toraja.

4. All lecturers and staff of UKI Toraja who have provided knowledge and

assistance to the author.

5. Papa and Mama as parents who always provide prayers and

encouragement in writing this final project proposal to completion.

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 6. My friends who are the guidance in the preparation of research the

final project proposal, especially Nur Hardini Rombe Payung and Eko

Retnovaldi who from the beginning of the proposal have been

struggling together to complete this research proposal.

In writing this, the writer realizes that this writing is still far from perfect

and all suggestions and criticisms that lead to the improvement of this paper

are highly expected.

Rantepao, February 2021

Writer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE......................................................................................................i

VALIDITY SHEET.............................................................................................ii

FOREWORD....................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................v

5
LIST OF PICTURE.........................................................................................viii

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................ix

NOMENCLATURE...........................................................................................x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background........................................................................................1

1.2 Formulation of the problem................................................................4

1.3 Research purposes...........................................................................5

1.4 Scope of problem...............................................................................5

1.5 Benefits of research...........................................................................6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Fluid Machine....................................................................................7

2.2 Turbine...............................................................................................7

2.3 Water Turbine....................................................................................8

2.4 Turbine Working Principle.................................................................8

2.5 Turbine Types....................................................................................8

A. Reaction Turbine.........................................................................9

1. Francis . turbine..................................................................10

2. Kaplan Turbine...................................................................11

B. Impulse Turbine........................................................................11

1. Turgo Turbine.....................................................................12

2. Cross Flow Turbine.............................................................13

3. Pelton Turbine....................................................................13

2.6 Vortex Turbine.................................................................................14

6
 2.7 Vortex Classification........................................................................15

2.8 Vortex Turbine Flow Classification..................................................17

2.9 Gorlov . turbine................................................................................19

2.10 Basic Concepts of Calculation.......................................................20

1. Cross-sectional area....................................................................20

2. Flow Speed..................................................................................21

3.Flow..............................................................................................21

4. Loading Style...............................................................................21

5. Water Effective Head...................................................................22

6.Torque..........................................................................................22

7. Angular Speed/Angular...............................................................23

8. Water Power................................................................................23

9. Turbine Power.............................................................................23

10. Efficiency...................................................................................24

2.11. Reference Journal.........................................................................24

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Time and place ...............................................................................27

3.2 Tools and materials.........................................................................27

3.3 Research methodology...................................................................28

3.4 Research procedure........................................................................28

3.5 Layout Penelitian Turbin vortex.......................................................29

3.6 Research Design Table...................................................................35

3.7 Research Flowchart........................................................................36

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 3.8 Research schedule..........................................................................37

REFERENCES

LIST OF PICTURE

1. Figure 2.1 Francis . Turbine.....................................................................10

2. Figure 2.2 Kaplan . Turbine......................................................................11

3. Figure 2.3 Turgo Turbine.........................................................................12

4. Figure 2.4 Cross Flow Turbine.................................................................13

5. Gambar 2.5 Turbin Pelton........................................................................14

6. Figure 2.6 Vortex Turbine Schematic......................................................15

7. Figure 2.7 Vortex Classification Based on Strength................................16

8. Figure 2.8 Mathematical Form of Whirlpool Surface...............................17

9. Figure 2.9 Gorlov . Turbine......................................................................20

10. Figure 3.1 Schematic installation of a four-blade Gorlov vortex turbine..29

11. Figure 3.2 Four-blade Gorlov model vortex turbine.................................30

12. Figure 3.3 Gorlov model five blade vortex turbine...................................30

13. Figure 3.4 Gorlov model vortex turbine six blades..................................30

14. Figure 3.5 Installation of the Gorlov model vortex turbine, top view........31

8
15. Figure 3.6 Installation of the Goorlov model vortex turbine side view.....32

16. Figure 3.7 Dimensions of the blade of the Gorlov model........................33

17. Figure 3.8 Gorlov blade model.................................................................34

LIST OF TABLES

1. Table 3.1 Flow Velocity Measurement......................................................35

2. Table 3.2 Measurement of Rotation and Load.........................................35

3. Table 3.3 Research Schedule..................................................................37

NOMENCLATURE

Symbol Information Unit

A Turbine blade cross-sectional area (m2)

9
 F Style (N)

g Gravity Acceleration (m/s2)

H Head Efektif Air (m)

m water mass (kg)

n Round (rpm)

Q Water discharge (m3/s)

r Shaft Radius

(m)

τ Torque (Nm)

L Distance (m)

t Time (s)

V Volume (m3)

v Flow SpeedFlow Speed (m/ s)

ρ Water Density (kg/ m3)

ω Speed (rad/s)

π Phi (3,14)

Pair Daya airWater power (Watt)

Pturbin Turbine power (watt)

η Turbine efficiency (%)

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1Background

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 Energy is currently decreasing due to the excessive use of fossil

energy in all fields, scientists around the world are aware of this and are

trying various alternative energies. One of the sources of energy that many

researches are carried out is the flow of water. The use of various kinds of

turbines is increasingly advanced. Indonesia is an agricultural country with

the 5th largest potential for water resources in the world. The potential of

water resources is very abundant with a total amount of about 3,200 billion

m³/year (Kirmanto, Djoko. 2012). So that water turbines are preferred over

wind turbines because the wind in Indonesia is relatively less stable.

Hydroelectric power is currently one of the options in utilizing the latest

energy sources, but the existing utilization is still using simple technology.

This type of power plant in the process of manufacture is very economical,

but still on a small scale. This means that plants like this are only able to

meet the use of electrical energy for a number of homes. This type of

hydroelectric power plant is often called microhydro or often also called

picohydro depending on the output of electrical power generated.

Microhydro or Picohydro that are made usually use a waterfall with a large

falling head. As for the river flow

with a small falling head has not been utilized optimally. This becomes a

reference for utilizing river flow by turning it into a vortex flow.

This technology consists of the main components, namely a water

turbine and an electric generator (Marsudi, Djiteng. 2005). The water turbine

plays a role in converting water energy (potential energy, pressure and

11
kinetic energy) into mechanical energy in the form of shaft rotation. The

rotation of the turbine shaft will be converted by a generator into electric

power. Whereas in Indonesia there is potential for river water originating from

5,590 river flows spread across various islands in Indonesia.

A vortex turbine is a turbine that utilizes an artificial vortex to rotate the

turbine blades and then converts it into rotational energy on the shaft. The

process water from the river is flowed through the inlet to the turbine tank

which is circular in shape and in the center of the bottom of the tank. As a

result of this exhaust channel, the water flows to form a whirlpool. The water

level (head) required for this turbine is 0.7-2 m and the discharge is around

1000 liters per second.

In the design that has been done, to determine the maximum output of

the vortex turbine performance is to vary the shape of the vortex turbine

blades. So that the maximum power obtained from the previous design is

30.27 watts. Small-scale vortex turbine design and testing the effect of blade

cross-section on power). Experimental tests have been carried out on a

vortex turbine by making variations in the height of the vortex. From these

variations, to find out the highest power, the power generated is 41.7 watts.

Vortex turbine is a type of microhydro turbine that uses a whirlpool as

the driving force for the blades. The Vortex turbine works at a low head of

0.7m-3m with a flowrate of 50 L/s (Mohanan,Anjali M. 2016). This type of

turbine is very suitable for river flow, because most rivers have low heads.

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 According to research conducted by Gatot Suwato, Supriyato (2018),

the larger the turbine rotation, the greater the generator power produced until

it reaches a certain peak and then decreases. The peak point is the optimum

point for the generator to produce the greatest power. The peak point of the

0º blade angle produces a generator power of 3,528 watts at a turbine

rotation of 65.7 rpm. The peak point of the 45 blade angle produces a

generator power of 4.56 watts at 75.8 rpm.

According to research conducted by Gibran, Syahril Gultom, Zulkifli

Lubis, Pramio G. Sembiring (2017), that the experimental test of a micro

hydro power plant using a vortex turbine with a circular cross-section casing

using a blade with a diameter of 46 cm, height 90 cm, 3 variations in distance

between the Blade and the Outlet with the Outlet 6 cm in diameter.

According to research conducted by Herning Hapsari Wibawanto

(2018), variations in the width of the turbine blades have an influence on the

power and efficiency produced. The width of the turbine diameter of 27 cm

has the most optimal power and efficiency, namely at a water capacity of

11.04292594 L/s with a loading of 40000 grams, which is 40 warr and an

efficiency of 51.33%. Turbine power tends to increase with the addition of the

blade width, this can be seen from the test results between 21 cm and 27 cm

diameter turbines, but there is a decrease in power and efficiency in 33 cm

and 39 cm turbines.

Based on the above background, the authors are interested and

interested in conducting research with the title "Gorlov Model Vortex Water

13
Turbine Performance Test with Variations in Number of Blades" as one of the

requirements for fulfilling the final project in completing undergraduate

mechanical engineering courses.

1.2 Formulation of the problem

Based on the above background, the problems obtained can be

formulated as follows:

1. How Does Variation in Number of Blades Affect the Torque of Gorlov's

Vortex Flow Water Turbine?

2. How Does Variation in Number of Blades Affect the Mechanical Power

of Gorlov's Vortex Flow Water Turbine?

3. How Does Variation in Number of Blades Affect the Performance of

the Gorlov Model Vortex Flow Water Turbine?

1.3 Research purposes

Based on the formulation of the problem above, the research

objectives obtained are as follows:

1. Knowing the Effect of Variation in the Number of Blades on the

Mechanical Torque of the Gorlov Vortex Flow Water Turbine.

2. Knowing the Effect of Variations in the Number of Blades on the

Mechanical Power of the Gorlov Vortex Flow Water Turbine.

3. Knowing the Effect of Variation in the Number of Blades on the

Performance of the Gorlov Model Vortex Water Turbine.

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1.4 Scope of problem

1. The number of blades that are varied are 4,5 and 6 blades

2. Blade dimension

a. Blade width : 110.5 mm

b. Blade height : 500 mm

c. PVC pipe material : 4 Inch = 101,60 mm

3. Shaft Dimension

a. Shaft diameter : 20 mm

b. Material : iron pipe

4. Bearing

a. Bore : 20 mm

b. Type : Shaft Bearing

5. Pulley

a. Diameter : 250mm

b. Bore : 20 mm

1.5 Benefits of research

a. Benefits for Writers

1. Adding insight into low head turbines in addition to the existing

turbine types.

2. Increase knowledge that river flows with low water fall height can be

utilized optimally to produce electrical energy.

b. Benefits for the University

15
 1. As a reference material for other students who will submit a title for

consideration.

2. Can be used as an example of a vortex turbine testing practicum

material.

c. Benefits for society and industry

1. It can be used by the community and industry as another alternative

energy source.

2. Get information about how to use water as a source of electrical

energy.

16
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Fluid Machine

A fluid engine is a machine that functions to convert mechanical

energy into potential energy and vice versa, converts mechanical

energy in the form of a fluid, where the fluids in question are water,

steam, and gas.

Based on the above understanding, in general, fluid machines

can be classified into two groups, namely:

1. Group of work machines, which function to convert mechanical energy

into fluid energy, for example: pumps, blowers, compressors, and others.

2. Class of power machines that function to convert fluid energy into

mechanical energy such as: water turbines, steam turbines, windmills,

and others.

2.2 Turbine

A turbine is a rotating machine that draws energy from the flow

of a fluid. The simplest turbine consists of a rotating part called the

rotor, which consists of a shaft with blades or blades attached around

it. The rotor rotates as a result of the collision of the fluid flow or

rotates as a reaction to the fluid flow. Therefore, turbines are divided

into two types, namely impulse turbines and reaction turbines.

2.3 Water Turbine

7
 8

A water turbine is a device for converting the potential energy of water

into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is then converted into

electrical energy by a generator. Water turbines were developed in the 19th

century and are widely used for electric power generation. In hydroelectric

power plants (PLTA) water turbines are the main equipment in addition to

generators. Based on the working principle of the turbine in converting the

potential energy of water into kinetic energy.

2.4 Turbine Working Principle

The water turbine converts the potential energy of water into

mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is converted by an electric generator

into electric power. Based on the working principle of the turbine in

converting the potential energy of water into mechanical energy. The flow of

water that has potential energy will be sprayed into the turbine blades by the

nozzle. The rotation of the blades will cause the turbine shaft to move and

then the rotation of the turbine shaft will be forwarded to an electric generator

to be converted into electrical energy.

2.5 Turbine Types

Based on the type of runner water flow, water turbines can be divided

into three (3) types (Haimerl, 1960), namely:

1. Tangential Flow Turbine

In this turbine the position of the water entering the runner in a

tangential direction or perpendicular to the runner shaft causes the

runner to rotate, for example: Pelton turbine, Propeller turbine.

 9

2. Axial Flow Turbine

In this turbine the water enters the runner and exits the runner

parallel to the runner shaft. One example of this type of turbine is the

Kaplan turbine or the Propeller turbine.

3. Radial Flow Turbine

In this turbine, water enters the runner radially and exits the

runner, axially parallel to the shaft. The Francis turbine is one of this

type of turbine.

Based on the working principle of the turbine in converting the

potential energy of water into kinetic energy, water turbines are divided into

two groups, namely impulse turbines and reaction turbines.

A. Reaction Turbinei

Reaction Turbine is a turbine that works by converting all available

water energy into kinetic energy. This type of turbine is the most widely used

turbine. The blades in the reaction turbine have a special profile that causes

a decrease in water pressure as it passes through the blades. This pressure

difference exerts a force on the blades so that the runner (the rotating part of

the turbine) can rotate. Turbines that work on this principle are grouped as

reaction turbines. The reaction turbine runner is completely submerged in

water and is located in the turbine housing.

Reaction turbines are also called overpressure turbines because the

water pressure before entering the turbine wheel is greater than the water

pressure when leaving the turbine wheel. In general, it can be said that the
 10

flow of water that enters the turbine wheel has full energy, then this energy is

used partly to drive the turbine wheel and partly is used to remove the sewer

water. Types of reaction turbines that are often used include the Francis

turbine, propeller turbine or Kaplan. (Fritz Dietzel, 1988:17).

Meanwhile, the types of Reaction Turbines are as follows:

1. Francis Turbine

Figure 2.1 Francis . Turbine

Sumber : (http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/)

Francis turbines have runners with fixed blades, usually 9 or

more in number. Water is introduced directly over the runner and

surrounds it and falls through the runner and spins it. Besides runner,

other components are scroll case, wicket gate and draft tube

2. Kaplan Turbine

The Kaplan turbine is an adjustable blade-type water turbine, it

was developed in 1913 by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, which

combines an automatically adjusted vane with an automatically

 11

adjusted goal gate to achieve efficiency at various flows and water

level.

The Kaplan turbine is a revolution of the Francis turbine. An

invention that enables efficient charging in low-head applications not

possible with the Francis turbine.

Figure 2.2 Kaplan . Turbine

Sumber: (dikamesin.blogspot.com)
B. Impulse Turbine

An impulse turbine is a turbine that utilizes the potential energy of

water to be converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle. The water coming out

of the nozzle which has a high speed hits the turbine blades. After hitting the

blade, the direction of the flow velocity changes so that it becomes a change

(impulse). The main characteristic of the impulse turbine is that the pressure

drop only occurs at the fixed blade, and does not occur in the rotating blade,

generally this impulse turbine converts all potential energy into kinetic energy

in the nozzle before hitting the turbine wheel, the water coming out of the

nozzle radiates at speeds The height is directed at a number of blades

mounted around the turbine wheel.

 12

The types of Impulse Turbines are as follows:

1. Turgo Turbine

Turgo turbines can operate at heads of 30 to 300 m. Like the

Pelton turbine, the turgo turbine is an impulse turbine, but the blades

are different. The jet of water from the nozzle strikes the blade at an

angle of 20o. Turgo turbine rotational speed is greater than Pelton

turbine. As a result, direct transmission from the turbine to the

generator is possible thereby increasing total efficiency while reducing

maintenance costs.

Figure 2.3 Turgo Turbine

Sumber: (dikamesin.blogspot.com)

2. Cross-Flow Turbine

Cross-Flow Turbine is a water turbine of the type of action

turbine (impulse turbine). The working principle of this turbine was first

discovered by an Australian engineer named A.G.M. Michell in 1903.

Then this turbine was developed and patented in West Germany by

 13

Prof. Banki donuts so that this turbine is sometimes called the Banki

Turbine. The use of this turbine for the same power can save the cost

of making prime movers up to 50% from using a waterwheel with the

same material. These savings can be achieved because the size of

the Cross-Flow Turbine is smaller and more compact than the

waterwheel.

Figure 2.4 Cross Flow Turbine

Sumber: (dikamesin.blogspot.com)

3. Pelton Turbine

The Pelton turbine which works on the principle of impulse, all

the high energy and pressure when it enters the turbine blades is

converted into speed energy. The jet of water will become a tangential

force acting on the road wheel blades. The Pelton turbine operates at

a large fall height. The height of the falling water is calculated from the

top surface to the middle of the water jet. The shape of the blade is

split into two symmetrical parts, with the intention of being able to

reverse the jet of water properly and free the blade from side forces.

Not all blades receive water jets, only some of the high pressure water
 14

valve needles take turns depending on the position of the blade. The

number of nozzles depends on the amount of water capacity, each

turbine wheel can be equipped with 1 to 6 nozzles.

Gambar 2.5 Pelton Turbine

Sumber: (dikamesin.blogspot.com)

2.6 Vortex Turbine

A vortex turbine is a turbine that utilizes a whirlpool as a medium for

intermediary energy to the vertical axis so that there is a pressure difference

between the axis and its surroundings. This water turbine is operated in an

area that has a low head and utilizes the gravitational vortex of water so that

it will cause a difference in water pressure with the axis.

This turbine was named as Gravitation Water Vortex Power Plant

(GWVPP) by its Austrian inventor Frans Zotleterer, but the name of this

turbine is also known as vortex turbine or whirlpool turbine. As the name

implies, this turbine utilizes an artificial whirlpool to rotate the turbine blades

and then the energy of the whirlpool is converted into rotational energy on the

shaft. The vortex turbine has a low head of about 0.7 – 3 m with a discharge
 15

of 50 Ls and is also a type of micro hydro turbine that utilizes a whirlpool as

the driving force of the blades (Mohanan, Anjali M. 2016).

Gambar 2.6 Votex . Turbine Schematics

Sumber: (Prasetyo, DW. 2018)

2.7 Vortex Classification

In the classification there are three types of vortex strength by looking

at the shape of the whirlpool can be seen in Figure 2.7

Gambar 2.7 Vortex classification based on strength.

Sumber: (Wahyu Didik Prasetyo, 2018)

In general, the vortex phenomenon is divided into two parts, namely:

 16

1. Forced Vortex / Rotating Vortex

Forced Vortex is a vortex that is formed due to an external force

that affects the fluid.

2. Free Vortex / Non-Rotating Vortex

Free Vortex is a vortex that is formed due to natural phenomena,

is not affected by forces from outside the fluid system, in incompressible

flow, generally occurs because of the exit hole.

Here are the fundamental findings of research from the Institute of

Technology, Sligo in Civil Engineering :

1. The shape of the whirlpool surface can be drawn mathematically and

accurately predicted (Figure 2-7).

2. Power efficiency Maximum vortex that can occur in the range of the

ratio between hole diameter and tank diameter is about 14%-18% for

low and high head places, respectively.

3. The vortex height varies linearly according to the discharge.

4. The theoretical maximum output energy ideally = gQHv (Hv = Height

of Vortex).

5. Maximum hydraulic efficiency increases when the impeller speed is

half of the fluid velocity.

 17

Figure 2.8. Mathematically shape the surface of the Whirlpool.

Source : (Wahyu Didik Prasetyo, 2018)

2.8 Vortex Turbine Flow Classification

One type of turbine that is suitable for low head applications is a

reaction turbine driven by vortex flow. Vortex flow is known as pulsating flow

or eddies that occur in a fluid flowing in a channel that undergoes a sudden

change, this change in flow moves the blades of the turbine. In the reaction

turbine, all the potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy

when the water passes through the curvature of the guide blades so that the

shaft will rotate.

Based on the classification of vortex flow, namely:

1) Free Vortex Flow

Vortex flow occurs even though no force is applied to the fluid.

The characteristic of the free vortex is the tangential velocity of the

rotating fluid particles at a certain distance from the center of the

vortex. The relationship of the velocity of the fluid particle v to its

distance from the center of rotation r can be seen in this equation :

 18

τ
V= .....................................................................(2.1)
2 πr

Where :

V = Fluid tangential velocity (m s-1)

r = Radius of rotation of fluid particles from center (m)

τ = Circulation

2) Forced Vortex Flow

When a force is applied to a fluid with the intention of making

the fluid flow rotate. The relationship of the velocity of the fluid

particle v to its distance from the center of rotation r can be seen in

the following equation :

𝑉 = 𝑟.𝜔 ...................................................................(2.2)

Where :

ω =The angular velocity

r = Round radius (m)

3) Combination Vortex Flow

Combination Vortex Flow is a vortex with a forced vortex at

the center core and a velocity distribution corresponding to the free

vortex at the outer core. So for a combination vortex, it can be seen

in the following equation:

Vθ = ωr r ≤ r0 ..........................................................(2.3)

K
Vθ = r r≤ r0............................................................(2.4)

Where :
 19

K dan ω = Constant

r0 = Central core radius

2.9 Gorlov turbine

One of the vertical current turbines is the Gorlov Helical Turbine which

is a type of turbine that was newly developed in 1995, converting the kinetic

energy produced by the flow stream into mechanical energy / rotary motion,

discovered by Professor Gorlov from Northeastern University, this type of

turbine is intended for current energy. river (river energy), ocean current

energy (marine energy) and tidal current energy.

The Gorlov turbine is a hydrokinetic turbine technology that is different

from conventional water turbines. The Gorlov turbine can be installed

vertically or horizontally and can be used in low head conditions, but has a

catchment area that depends on the curved dimensions of the helix. The

hydrokinetic gorlov turbine is used as a hydro power plant by utilizing the

kinetic energy of the flow of river and tidal water. The DNA turbine is a new

type of turbine resulting from the development of the Gorlov turbine design by

adding a pair component which aims to increase the area of the catchment

area.
 20

Figure 2.9 : Gorlov . turbine

Source: (http://images.app.goo.gl/dYNFnoKsefeRWxNW7)

2.10 Basic concept of calculation

The formulas used in this test are as follows:

1. Cross-sectional area

For the cross-sectional area of the trapezoid, it is known:

1
LTr = 2 ( a+b ) . t

In this study, the profile of the inverted conical blade used is in the

form of half the surface area of the unterum, so the formula is used:

1
( a+b ) . t
A =2 ...........................................................(2.5)
2

Where :

A = l Cross-sectional area of the blade (m²)

(a+b) = Length of parallel sides (m)

t = Trepezoid height (m)

2. Flow Speed
 21

The speed of water flow in the propeller turbine is based on the

flow entering the reservoir. water velocity can be calculated by:

L
v= ..........................................................................(2.6)
t

Information:

v = Flow speed (m/s)

L = Distance (m)

t = Time (s)

3. Flow

The flow rate calculation aims to optimize the water source used for

irrigation. The flow rate can be calculated using the following formula:

Q = A.v ...................................................................(2.7)

Information:

Q = Flow (m³/s)

A = Cross-sectional area (m²)

V = Flow speed (m/s)

4. Loading Style

Force is the amount of work required per distance covered.

Calculating the force to rotate the turbine is affected by the cross-

sectional area, temperature, and water flow velocity. Then it can be

written in the form of an equation as follows:

F = m.g .....................................................................(2.8)

Information:

F = Loading style (N)

 22

m = Mass/load (kg)

g = Gravitational acceleration (m/s²)

5. Water Effective Head

v2
H= ...................................................................(2.9)
2. g

Where:

H =Water effective head (m)

v = Flow speed (m/s)

g = Gravitational acceleration (m/s²)

6. Torsi

Torque is the result of force with the arm. The water turbine is a

means for converting water into energy for rotational torque on the

turbine shaft. The torque generated by the turbine is influenced by the

force to rotate the turbine and the turbine radius. Then the turbine

torque equation is obtained which can be written as follows :

(Dietzel,Frits,Dakso Sriono 1996).

τ = F. r ...................................................................(2.10)

Information:

τ = Turbine torque (Nm)

F = Style (N)

r = Spoon radius (m)

7. Angular Velocity

2 πn
ω= .................................................................(2.11)
60
 23

Where :

ω = Angular speed (rad/s)

n = Turbine rotation (rpm)

π = 3,14

8. Water Power

Water power is the power produced by water against the rate of

work done against time. The blades use the energy of water to

produce torsional moments on the shaft. The power of the water

depends on the speed of the water (v) and the water flow (Q),:

(Dietzel, Fritz, Dakso Sriono 1996).

Pair= ρ. g .Q . H ...............................................................(2.12)

Information :

Pair = Water power (watt)

ρ = water mass (kg/m3)

Q = Water discharge (m3/s)

H = Head (m)

9. Turbine Power

Calculation of turbine power that can be produced by a water

turbine with the following equation :

Pt = τ.ω .................................................................(2.13)

Information :

Pair = Turbine power (Watt)

Τ = Torque (Nm)
 24

ω = Angular speed (rad/s)

10. Efficiency

The efficiency of the water turbine is the ratio of turbine power

(P turbine) to water power (P water), which can be calculated by the

following equation: (Sriono Dakso 1996).

Pt
η= .100 %...........................................................(2.14)
pair

Information :

η = Turbine Efficiency (%)

Pturbin = Turbine Powe r (Watt)

Pair = Water power (Watt)

2.11 Reference Journal

Gatot Suwoto and friends, (2018), The aim of this program is to

develop, engineer, and compare a vortex water turbine with blades in the

form of a triangular pipe with a blade angle of 0° and a blade tilt angle of 45°.

Gibran and colleagues, (2017), the purpose of this design is to obtain a

vortex turbine casing design, shaft design, blade design and bearings as well

as suitable materials.. This Vortex turbine is designed with a water flow rate

of 0.0052 and a water speed of 1.44 m/s. Using a circular cross-section

casing made of Acrylic, with a zinc blade. Herning Hapsari Wibawanto and

colleagues, (2018), the purpose of this study was to determine the optimum

straight-section turbine blade width for power and efficiency. In this study

using the experimental method. The independent variable used is by varying

 25

the width of the diameter of the vortex reaction turbine, namely 21 cm, 27 cm,

33 cm and 39 cm using a capacity of 7.998670381 L/s, 9.3092098 L/s,

11.04292594 L/s, and 13,44349629 L/s. The test was carried out with several

predetermined variables on the power and efficiency of the vortex turbine.

Try Antomo and colleagues, (2020), are of the opinion that the purpose of

this study is to increase the area of the catchment area that depends on the

curved dimensions of the helix. The hydrokinetic gorlov turbine is used as a

hydro power plant by utilizing the kinetic energy of the flow of river and tidal

water.

The method used is the turbine design stage, the work process, the

test procedure, the test steps. In this study using the experimental method.

The test results are obtained in the shape of a triangular blade with a

blade angle of 0° at a turbine rotation of 65.7 rpm which produces the highest

efficiency of 9.094%, while at a blade tilt angle of 45° at a turbine rotation of

75.8 rpm which produces the highest efficiency of 11.755%. From the

comparison of the shape of the triangular blade with a blade angle of 0° and

a blade tilt angle of 45°, it can be concluded that the angle of the blade angle

of 45° has better efficiency. From the results of this Vortex Turbine design, a

fairly good efficiency was obtained, namely 76.01503% at 6.96033 rad/s

rotation. From the results of this study, the variations in the width of the

turbine blades have an influence on the power and efficiency produced. The

width of the turbine diameter of 27 cm has the most optimal power and

efficiency, namely at a water capacity of 11.04292594 L/s with a loading of

 26

40000 grams, which is 40 warr and an efficiency of 51.33%. Turbine power

tends to increase with the addition of blade width, this can be seen from the

test results between turbines with a diameter of 21 cm and 27 cm, but there

is a decrease in power and efficiency at 33 cm and 39 cm turbines. The

rotations per minute (RPM) produced by the Gorlov turbine and the DNA

turbine are 31.1-38.1 and 13.0-17.6, respectively. Torque () gorlov turbine

and DNA turbine are 0.025-0.038 Nm and 0.054-0.085 Nm, respectively. The

effect of increasing the catchment area with the addition of a pair component

causes the rotation per minute (RPM) of the DNA turbine to decrease, but

has an advantage in the value of torque () produced. This can be seen from

the tendency of the torque graph () to increase the flow velocity at the

rotation angle 0 °<θ<90 °, 120 °<θ<210 ° dan 240 °<θ< 330 °.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Time and place

This research will be carried out in July 2021 for the manufacture of

tools to be carried out in the UKI Toraja mechanical engineering laboratory

located on campus 2 Kakondongan. For tool testing and retrieval carried out

in

3.2 Tools and materials

3.2.1 Tools used

1. Tachometer

2. Thermometer

3. Roll Meter

4. hand grinder

5. hand drill

6. Shooting clamp

7. Keys and tools

3.2.2 Materials used

1. Angle iron size 3x3 mm

2. 20 mm berdiameter diameter steel pipe

3. Zinc plate 0.5 mm

4. Bearing bore and shaft 20 mm

5. Bolts and nuts

27
 28

6. Pully

7. Loading rope

3.3 Research methodology

This study uses an experimental method where we conduct trials on a

vortex turbine prototype to obtain mechanical torque, mechanical power,

mechanical efficiency as an analytical parameter of the performance of the

prototype being tested.

3.4 Research procedure

1. Preparation of tools and materials needed in research.

2. Ensure that the test equipment is properly installed before carrying out

the test.

3. Prepare the measuring instrument used in the measurement of the

performance test of the Gorlov model vortex flow water turbine with

variations in the number of blades.

4. Bringing the vortex water turbine test equipment to the test location to

measure and test the performance of the vortex water turbine.

5. The measurement data is recorded for later calculations on torque,

power, and efficiency to be analyzed in the water tubin prototype

format vortex tipe inverted conical.

 29

3.5 Layout Turbin Vortex

5
6

Figure 3.1 Installation Schematic of a four-blade Gorlov vortex turbine

Caption :

1. Turbine Blade

2. Turbine Shaft

3. Pully

4. Turbine frame

5. Bottom bearing

6. Upper bearing
 30

Figure 3.2 Four-blade Gorlov model vortex turbine

Figure 3.3 Gorlov model five blade vortex turbine

Figure 3.4 Gorlov model six blade vortex turbine

 31

Figure 3.5 Installation of the Gorlov model vortex turbine, top view
 32

Figure 3.6. Gorlov model vortex vurbin installation side view

 33

Figure 3.7 Dimensions of the Gorlov . Blade Model

 34

Figure 3.8 Gorlov blade model

3.6 Research design table

 35

Table 3.1Flow speed measurement

N Volume Time,t Average flow rate,
Flow (m³/s)
o (m³) (s) (m³/s)
1
2
3
4
5

Table 3.2 Measuring rotation and load

No Burden, m Round, n Average round, n
(kg) (rpm) (rpm)

1 1/5

2 2/5

3 3/5

4 4/5

5 Maximum

3.7 Research Flowchart

 36

Mulai

Tinjauan Pustaka

Persiapan alat dan bahan turbin vortex model sudu gorlov

Pembuatan turbin vortex model sudu gorlov

Jumlah sudu yang divariasikan adalah 4, 5 dan 6 sudu

Kecepatan Beban Putaran Temperatur

Data hasil pengujian turbin vortex model sudu gorlov

Pengolahan Data

Analisa dan Pembahasan

Kesimpulan

Selesai
 37

3.8 Research schedule

The ....... month

Order
No
Study I II III IV V VI

1 Proposal

2 Preparation

Research tool
3
making

4 Data retrieval

5 Data processing

6 Results seminar

7 Exam
 38

REFERENCES

Ariprasetya, S. and Adiwibowo, P. H. (2010) 'Experimental Effect of

Inclination Angle of Data Plate Cross Section Blades on Vortex Flow
Turbine Performance', Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 06(01), pp.
105–113.

Dandekar, MM Sharma KN “WATER POWER PLANT”, D. Bambang Steyadi,

publisher of UI.

Dietsel, Frits, Dakso Sriono (1996). Turbines, pumps and compressors.

Erlangga, Jakarta.

Directorate of Natural Resources and Appropriate Technology.

Munson, Bruce, et al. 2005. Fluid Mechanics

Efficiency, S. T. (2020) ‘VORTEx TYPE WATER TURBINE DESIGN

OPTIMIZATION WITH 5 VARIATIONS OF QUANTITY’, Journal of
Mechanical Engineering, (April).

Fauzan, A. and Arifian, D. N. (2019) 'DESIGN OF VORTEX TURBINE WITH

50 WATT POWER', national seminar on technology and engineering,
pp. 102–111.

Gibran et al. (2015) 'Design of a Vortex Turbine with a circular cross-section

casing using a blade diameter of 46 cm at 3 variations in the distance
between the blades and the outlet', Dynamic Journal, 5(2), pp. 36–46.
Giles, R.V., Widodo, s, 1994. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. Erlangga
Publisher, Jakarta.

Harinaldi, Budiarso. (2004). Fluid mechanics fourth edition : Erlangga,

Jakarta

Herman Hi. Tjolleng Taba Teaching Staff of the Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Jayapura University of Science and Technology, (2017)

Iriyanto H. (2014) journal of microhydro (https://www.docstoc.com) (Quoted

on March 28, 2018)

Mukhtar H. (2013) Types of Turbines (https://www.dikamisi.blogspot.com

Quoted on 27 March 2018
Munson. R. Bruce and Budiarso, (2003). Fluid mechanics : Erlangga,
Jakarta.

Paryatmo wibowo.(2007). Water turbine: GrahaIlmu, Yogyakarta.

 39

Sriyono Dakso. (1996). Turbine pumps and compressors: Erlangga, Jakarta.

Suwoto, G. and Supriyo (2018) 'Manufacture of a Vortex Turbine with a
Trisection Pipe Blade with a Blade Tilt Angle of 45°', Journal of Energy
Engineering, 14(3), pp. 72–77.

Wibawanto, H. H. and Adiwibowo, P. H. (2018) 'Experimental Test of the

Performance of Vortex Flow Reaction Turbine Type Straight Cross Section
With Variation of Blade Width', Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol
06(01), pp. 153–161.