®

AutoCAD 2009
For

Beginners

Er. KANTHARAJ CHINNAPPA. B.E.,

 Page No
Preface…………………………………………………………………….. 04
Chapter I:

®
Introduction to AutoCAD 2009…………………………………. 05
®
Opening AutoCAD 2009………………………………………………………. 06
Drawing templates........................................................................................ 07
Work spaces……………………………………………………………………… 09
The mouse as a digitizer………………………………………………………… 10
Buttons at the left-hand end and right-hand end of the status bar………….. 13
®
The AutoCAD coordinate system…………………………………………….. 16
®
Entering Points in AutoCAD …………………………………………………… 17
Drawing Limits and extents……………………………………………………… 17
Opening, Saving, Closing, and exiting a drawing file…………………………. 18
Creating A drawing Template…………………………………………………… 19
Steps before Starting drawing…………………………………………………… 20

Chapter II:

Drawing Entities-Introducing drawing……………………………... 23

Line tool ………………………………………………………………………… 23
Angular Measurements………………………………………………………… 31
Polygon tool……………………………………………………………………… 32
Rectangle tool…………………………………………………………………… 34
Arc tool …………………………………………………………………………. 36
Circle tool ………………………………………………………………………. 42
Ellipse tool………………………………………………………………………. 45
Polyline tool …………………………………………………………………… 48
Donut tool …………………………………………………………………… 48

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Chapter III:

Modify Entities……………………………………………………….. 50
Aim ……………………………………………………………………. 50
Copy tool………………………………………………………………………. 51
Mirror tool……………………………………………………………………… 52
Offset tool……………………………………………………………………… 53
Array tool………………………………………………………………………. 54
Fillet tool…………………………………………………………………………. 56
Chamfer tool…………………………………………………………………….. 57
Trim tool……………………………………………………………………….. 59
Move tool………………………………………………………………………. 60
Rotate tool…………………………………………………………………….. 61
Scale tool………………………………………………………………………. 61
Join tool……………………………………………………………………….. 62
Stretch tool……………………………………………………………………. 63
Extend tool……………………………………………………………………. 64
Hatching………………………………………………………………………… 65

Chapter IV:

Dimensioning …………………………………………………. 68

Chapter V:
Orthographic and isometric………………………………….. 73
Orthographic and isometric………………………………………………….. 73
First angle and third angle........................................................................ 73
Isometric Drawing…………………………………………………………….. 77

References................................................................................................. 78

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 Preface
The purpose of writing this Book is to produce a text suitable for students

who are pursuing Higher Technical Education, who are required to learn how to

use the CAD software package AutoCAD® 2009. Students taking examinations

based on computer-aided design will find the contents of the book of great

assistance.

The contents of this book are basically consisting of chapters giving explanations

and examples of methods of constructions.

AutoCAD® 2009 is a complex computer-aided design (CAD) software package.

A book of this size cannot possibly cover the complexities of all the methods.

However, it is hoped that by the time the student has worked through the

contents of the book, he/she will be sufficiently skilled in methods of producing

drawing with the software to be able to go on to more advanced constructions

with its use and will have gained an interest in the more advanced possibilities

available when using AutoCAD®.

Special thanks to all the authors who wrote the books about AutoCAD® which

helped me a lot in bringing this book and I am highly grateful to them.

Er.Kantharaj
®
Chinnappa .B.E.,
AutoCAD Instructor, ICT, Oman
Member AUGI, USA, INDIA
Member-CAD society, USA

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 Chapter I
®
Introduction to AutoCAD
CAD –An acronym for Computer Aided Design. It is synonymously used for
Computer Aided Drafting.

®
AutoCAD is the CAD software developed by the company USA.

®
utoCAD is a general purpose computer aided design software which you can use
to prepare a wide variety of two-dimensional drawings and three –dimensional models.
AutoCAD brings the sophisticated technology, previously available only on large and
costly systems, to the desktop, laptop user.

Virtually there is no limits to the kinds of the drawing that you can prepare using
®
AutoCAD , if a drawing can be created by hand it also can be generated using
AutoCAD.
®
Here are just a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being used today.

The AEC industry- Architecture, engineering and construction

Civil Engineering and Infrastructure

Water Supply and Hydraulic Engineering

Storm Drain, Wastewater and Sewer systems

Factory Layout

Heating, Ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)

Mechanical (MCAD) Engineering

Automotive ,Machinery

Electronic design automation (EDA)

Electronic and Electrical (ECAD) and Digital circuit design and Electrical Engineering .

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 ®
Opening AutoCAD 2009

Chapter1
®
AutoCAD 2009 is designed to work in a Windows operating system. In general, to open
® ®
AutoCAD 2009, either double-click on the AutoCAD 2009, Desktop icon or shortcut in
the Windows desktop, or right-click on the icon, followed by a left-click on Open in the
menu which then appears.

Fig 1.1The AutoCAD 2009 Fig 1.2 The menu which

shortcut icon on the Windows appears from the shortcut icon
desktop

When working in education or in industry, computers may be configured to allow other

®
methods of opening AutoCAD , such as a list appearing on the computer in use when
the computer is switched on, from which the operator can select the program they wish
to use.
®
When AutoCAD 2009 is opened a window appears, depending upon whether a
®
3D Modeling, Classic AutoCAD or a 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace has been
used previously. In this example the 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace is shown
®
and includes the drop-down menu from which a choice of the AutoCAD workspace to
be opened can be made. This 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace shows:

The Draw commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and circles. Most
AutoCAD drawings are composed purely and simply from these basic components. A
good understanding of the
®
Draw commands is fundamental to the efficient use of AutoCAD .

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DRAWING TEMPLATES

Fig 1.3 2D drafting & Annotation workspace

From the menu browser ,click file -close

Fig 1.4 Closing file

A screen like below will appear

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Fig 1.5 AutoCAD screen
From Menu Browser —click File—New,

Fig 1.6 Drawing template

Drawing template pop up window will appear

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Fig 1.7 The AutoCAD 2009 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace with its various parts

ƒ Title Bar - This will show you what program you are running and what the current
filename is.
ƒ Pull-down menus - These are the standard pull-down menus through which you
can access almost all commands.
ƒ Main toolbar - This has most of the standard Windows icons, as well as the
most common AutoCAD commands.
ƒ Property toolbar - This toolbar gives a way to quickly modify an object's
properties, such as layer and line type.
ƒ Floating toolbar - This is a toolbar that can be moved around the screen, or
'docked' as the main toolbar is.
ƒ Drawing space - This is where you draw. You have an almost infinite area to
draw and this is just a 'section' of the entire space.

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 ƒ Scrollbars - These work like in other windows programs. You can also use the
PAN command to move around your drawing.
ƒ WCS Icon - This is here to show you which direction positive X and positive Y
go. The W means you're in the World Co-ordinate System. (It can be changed to
a User Co-ordinate System.)
ƒ Status Bar Tray Icons - These icons give you updates on items like reference
files program updates and print status.
ƒ Command line - When you type a command, you will see it here. AutoCAD uses
this space to 'prompt' you for information. It will give you a lot of information and
tell you where you are in the command.

Mouse as a digitizer

Many operators working In AutoCAD will use a two button mouse as a digitizer. there are other
digitizers are also used-picks with tablets, a three mouse button,etc,.

Fig shows a mouse with two buttons and a wheel. Here the pick button is left-click. Return button is
right –click(same as enter key in the key board).When the wheel is pressed drawings are panned by
moving mouse.

Moving wheel forward enlarges the drawing(zoom in),and backward movement of wheel will reduce
the size of the drawing(zoom out)

Fig 1.8 MOUSE DETAILS

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Fig 1.9 The AutoCAD 2009 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace with its various parts

Fig 1.10 Workspace control toolbar

Workspace control toolbar to the left of Standard Annotation

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Fig 1.11 Workspace Settings

The Workspace Settings dialog appearing when the Workspace Settings... icon
of the Workspaces toolbar is clicked( Choose AutoCAD Classic)

Fig 1.12 The AutoCAD 2009 Classic workspace with its various parts

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Command palette can be dragged from its position at the bottom of the AutoCAD
window into the AutoCAD drawing area, when it can be seen as a palette (Fig. 1.7). As
with all palettes, an Auto Hide icon and a right click menu is included.

Fig 1.13 The command palette when dragged from its position at the bottom of the
AutoCAD window

Menu bar and menus: The menu bar is situated under the title bar and contains
names of menus from which commands can be selected.

Buttons in the status bar

A number of buttons in the status bar can be used for toggling (turning on/off) various
functions when operating within AutoCAD 2009 (Fig. 1.17).
A click on a button turns that function on, if it is off, a click on a button when it is off turns
the function back on. Similar results can be obtained by using function keys of the
computer keyboard (keys F1 to F10).

Fig 1.14 The buttons at the left hand end of the status bar

SNAP: also toggled using the F9 key. When snap on, the cursor under mouse
control can only be moved in jumps from one snap point to another.

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 GRID: also toggled using the F7 key. When set on, a series of grid points appears
in the drawing area.

ORTHO: also toggled using the F8 key. When on, lines, etc. can only be drawn
vertically or horizontally.

POLAR: also toggled using the F10 key. When set on, a small tip appears showing
the direction and length of lines, etc. in degrees and units.

OSNAP: also toggled using theF3 key. When set on, an osnap icon appears at the
cursor pick box..

DYN: Dynamic Input. F12When set on, the x, y coordinates and prompts show when
the cursor hairs are moved.
LWT: when set on, line weights show on screen. When set off, Line weights only show in
plotted/printed drawings
OTRACK: when set on, lines, etc. can be drawn at exact coordinate points and precise
angles.

Fig 1.15 The buttons at the Right hand end of the status bar

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Fig 1.16 Most Commonly Used Buttons in status Bar

Fig 1.17 Application Status Bar Menu

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The AutoCAD coordinate system
Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact. In the AutoCAD 2D coordinate system,
units are measured horizontally in terms of X and vertically in terms of Y. A 2D point can
be determined in terms of X, Y (in this book referred to as x, y). x,y _ 0,0 is the origin of
the system. The coordinate point x, y _ 100,50 is 100 units to the right of the origin and
50 units above the origin. The point x, y _ _100,_50 is 100 units to the left of the origin
and 50 points below the origin.

Fig 1.18 Coordinate system

In order to work effectively with AutoCAD, you have to work with this system.

Fig 1.19 Drawing sheet size

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Entering Points in AutoCAD
ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES - Using this method, you enter the points as they relate to
the origin of the WCS. To enter a point just enter in the exact point as X,Y.

RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES - This allows you to enter points in relation to the first point
you have entered. After you've entered one point, the next would be entered as @X, Y.
This means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to another point X units
over and Y units up relative to the previous point.

POLAR CO-ORDINATES - You would use this system if you know that you want to
draw a line a certain distance at a particular angle. You would enter this as @D<A. In
this case, D is the distance and A is the angle. Example: @10<90 will draw a line 10
units straight up from the first point.

Drawing Limits and Extents

AutoCAD assumes that you are drawing in a rectangular area. The drawing limits are the
borders of the rectangle, expressed in X,Y

Fig 1.20 Drawing limits

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Open Existing Drawings

Choose File, OPEN.

Click the OPEN icon.

Fig 1.21Opening a Existing drawing

Saving Existing Drawings

Choose File, Save.

Click the Save icon.

Give suitable file name

Closing Existing Drawings

Choose File, Close.

Exiting Drawings

Choose File, Exit.

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Creating a Drawing Template File

When you need to create several drawings that use the same conventions and default
settings, you can save time by creating or customizing a template file instead of
specifying the conventions and default settings each time you start. Conventions and
settings commonly stored in template files include

• Unit type and precision

• Title blocks, borders, and logos
• Layer names
• Snap, Grid, and Ortho settings
• Grid limits
• Dimension styles
• Text styles
• Line types

Choose File, New

Click the New icon

or

Fig 1.22 Opening New Drawing

By default, drawing template files are stored in the template folder, where they are easily
accessible.

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Fig 1.23 Template

Steps to be followed before starting the drawing

1. Format- Drawing limits- 0,0(enter)

X,Y(put the values for x and y, and enter)

2. Zoom-Window- 0,0(enter)

X,Y(enter)
(you have to enter the same values)

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3. Format –Units

Select your choice of unit

Select Millimeters

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Set the Format of drawing Units

After you decide what drawing units to use ,you can set the format of the drawing units,
The format settings available for linear units are as below
Architectural
Decimal
Engineering
Fractional
Scientific

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 Chapter II

Drawing Entities
Aims of this chapter
1. The construction of 2D drawing

2. The drawing of simple outlines using the Line , Polygon , Rectangle ,

Arc Circle , Ellipse and Poly line tools from the Draw toolbar or the
2D Draw control panel.
3. Drawing to snap points.
4. Drawing to absolute coordinate points.
5. Drawing to relative coordinate points.
6. The use of the Erase, Undo and Redo tools.

Drawing with the Line tool

First example – Line tool

1. Open AutoCAD. The drawing area will show the settings of the acadiso.dwt template
– Limits set to 420,297, Grid set to 10, Snap set to 5

2. Left-click on the Line tool in the 2D Draw control panel (Fig. 2.1).

Fig. 2.1 The Line tool from the 2D Draw control panel or from the Draw toolbar

3. Make sure Snap is on by either pressing the F9 key or the SNAP button in the status
bar. _Snap on_ will show in the command palette.
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4. Move the mouse around the drawing area. The cursor’s pick box will jump from point
to point at 5 unit intervals. The position of the pick box will show as coordinate numbers
in the status bar (left-hand end).
5. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,240,0 and press the Pick
button of the mouse (left-click).
6. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 260,240,0 and left-click.
7. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 260,110,0 and left-click.
8. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,110,0 and left click.
9. Move the mouse until the coordinate numbers show 60,240,0 and left click.
Then press the Return button of the mouse (right-click).
Fig. 2.3 appears in the drawing area.

Fig. 2.2 First example – Line tool

Second example – Line tool

1. Clear the drawing from the screen with a click on the Close drawing button (Fig. 2.4).
Make sure it is not the AutoCAD 2008 window button.
2. The warning window (Fig. 2.5) appears in the centre of the screen. Click its No button.
3. Left-click on New... in the File drop-down menu and from the Select template dialog
which appears double-click on acadiso.dwt.
4. Left-click on the Line tool icon and enter figures as follows at each prompt of the
command line sequence:
Command:_line Specify first point: enter 80,235 right-click

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Specify next point or [Undo]: enter 275,235 right-click
Specify next point or [Undo]: enter 295,210 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 295,100 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 230,100 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 230,70 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 120,70 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 120,100 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 55,100 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter 55,210 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter c (Close) right-click

Fig. 2.3 Second example – Line

Third example – Line tool)

1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window.

2. Left-click on the Line tool icon and enter figures as follows at each
prompt of the command line sequence:
Command:_line Specify first point: enter 60,210 right-click
Specify next point or [Undo]: enter @50,0 right-click
Specify next point or [Undo]: enter @0,20 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @130,0 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @0,_20 right-click

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Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @50,0 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @0,_105 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @_50,0 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @0,_20 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @_130,0 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @0,20 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter @_50,0 right-click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: enter c (Close) right-click

Fig. 2.4 Third example – Line

Fourth example – Line tool

1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window.
2. Left-click on the Line tool icon and enter figures as follows at each
prompt of the command line sequence:
Command:_line Specify first point: 70,230
Specify next point: @220,0
Specify next point: @0, 70
Specify next point or [Undo]: @115 _ 225
Specify next point or [Undo]: @_60,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @115 _ 135
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0,70
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c (Close)
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Fig. 2.5 Fourth example – Line

Fifth example – Line tool

1. Close the drawing and open a new acadiso.dwt window.
2. Left-click on the Line tool icon and enter figures as follows at each prompt of the
command line sequence:
Command:_ line Specify first point: Enter 65,220 Right click
Specify next point: Drag to right enter 240 Right click
Specify next point: Drag down enter 145 Right click
Specify next point or [Undo]: Drag left enter 65 Right click
Specify next point or [Undo]: Drag upwards enter 25 Right click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag left enter 120 Right click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag upwards enter 25 Right click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Drag left enter 55 Right click
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c (Close)

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Fig. 2.6 Sixth example – Line tool

Fig. 2.7 Straight line example

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Steps Involved in the drawing

After opening the drawing template file

Press function Key F12 in the key board to switch on Dynamic In put

1. Format-Drawing Limits- 0,0 enter

50,40 enter

2. View- Zoom – Window- 0,0

50,40
3. Format –Units –set to Millimeters
4. Switch grid and snap on and Grid set to 5, Snap set to 5
(In the Status Bar place the mouse icon on snap, or grid icon and right click and click on
settings a pop up window as below will come)

or
Fig. 2.8 Draft settings Fig. 2.9 line creating

5.Click the line Icon in the draw tool bar or from

6..Left Click (mouse)at the top middle of the working area , and this is your starting point
7. Press the function key F8( ortho on),and drag downwards and enter the value in the

box as 10 and enter or right click of mouse

Drag left and enter value 15 right click

Drag down ,enter 5 right click

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Drag right ,enter 15, right click
Drag down, enter 20, right click
Drag right, enter 10, right click
Drag up , enter 20, right click
Drag right enter,15 right click
Drag up enter 5, right click
Drag left enter 15, right click
Drag up enter 10, right click
Drag left enter 10, right click
Press enter(right click in the mouse ) or press esc in the key board

Seventh example – Line tool

Fig. 2.10 Creating Angular Line

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Before starting the drawing solve for the unknown angles .

Angular Measurement

Fig. 2.11 Angular Measurement

AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also. Look at the diagram below and then place
your mouse on it to see how this is done.

When drawing lines at an angle, you have to begin measuring the angle from 0 degrees, which
is at the 3 o'clock position. If you drew a line at 90 degrees, it would go straight up. The
example above (when you move your mouse over it) shows a line drawn at +300 degrees
(270+30), or -60 degrees.

You might not always have an obvious reference point for 0 degrees. Look at the example
below and place your mouse on the image to find out angle in question.

Fig. 2.12 Finding Angle

In this example, you are given information about the lines, but not the angle AutoCAD needs
to draw the line from the start point. What you are given though, is (a) the knowledge that 0°
is at the 3 o'clock position (b) the knowledge that 180° is at the 9 o'clock position and (c) the
angle between 180° and the line you want to draw is 150°. With this information, you can
figure out what angle you need. Here is a fool-proof way of getting the angle you need:

1.) Start at the 0° position and measure counter-clockwise (+) to 180°.

2.) From 180°, measure clockwise 150°.

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3.) Consider that you just went +180-150 and use that as an equation:
+180-150=30

If you solved the angles check your angles with drawing below

Fig. 2.13 After Solving Angles

Polygon Tool

To draw an inscribed polygon

Call The Polygon tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or from the
Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

Fig. 2.14 Polygon Icon In draw bar and pull down menu bar

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Enter the no of sides as 5 Right Click
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Specify any point in the drawing area by left click

or
in the command prompt press –I Enter
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: I Enter
Specify radius of circle: 6 Right Click

Fig. 2.15 Polygon Construction Fig. 2.16 Polygon Inscribed

To draw a circumscribed polygon

Fig. 2.17 Polygon Circumscribed Fig. 2.18 Different Polygon

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Call The Polygon tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or from the
Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

Enter the no of sides as 6 Right Click

Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Specify any point in the drawing area by left click

or
in the command prompt press –c Enter
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: c Enter
Specify radius of circle: 6 Right Click

Rectangle Tool

To draw a rectangle
Call The Rectangle tool-with a click on its tool icon in the Home/Draw panel, or from
the Draw drop down menu, or from the Draw toolbar

or

Fig. 2.19 Rectangle

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1. Specify the first corner of the rectangle. Click on any point in the drawing area

2. Specify the other corner of the rectangle.

3. Press Shift+@ button and enter the other value

Fig. 2.20 Rectangle by 2points

Arc Tool

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Arc is a Segment of an continuous curve.

Fig. 2.21 Arc tool

Before starting this Arc let us learn about O snap(In the Status Bar place the mouse icon
on O snap, and right click and click on settings a pop up window as below will come)
Click select all and click OK

Fig. 2.22 Draft Settings

Draw Arcs by Specifying Three Points

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You can draw an arc by specifying three points. In the following example, the start point
of the arc snaps to the endpoint of a line. The second point of the arc snaps to the
middle circle in the illustration.

Fig. 2.23 Arc By 3 Point

Draw the lines according to the dimensions

After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc ,3points

Click on the first point, then click second, and click the third point to get arc

Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, End

When you know the start point, center point, and endpoint, you can draw an arc by
specifying either the start point or the center point first. The center point is the center of a
circle that the arc is part of.

Fig 2.24 a Arc by Start,Center,End

Fig 2.24 Arc by Start,Center,End

After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start,

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Center, End. Click on the first point, then click second, and click the third point to get arc

Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Angle

When you have a start point and a center point you can snap to and you know the
included angle, use the Start, Center, Angle or the Center, Start, Angle option.

Fig 2.25 Arc by Start,Center,Angle

After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start,

Center, Angle. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the angle t to get

arc .The included angle determines the endpoint of the arc. Use the Start, End, Angle

method when you know both endpoints but cannot snap to a center point.

Fig 2.26 Arc by different methods using angles

Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Length

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When you have a start point and a center point you can snap to; when you know the
chord length, use the Start, Center, Length or the Center, Start, Length option.

Fig 2.27 a Arc by Start,Center,Length

Fig 2.27 b Arc by Start,Center,Length

After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start,
Center, Length. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the chord length to
get arc .The included angle determines the endpoint of the arc.

Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, End, Direction/Radius

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When you have a start point and an endpoint, use the Start, End, Direction or the Start,
End, Radius option.

The illustration on the left shows an arc drawn by specifying a start point, endpoint, and
radius. You can specify the radius by entering a length or by moving the pointing device
clockwise or counterclockwise and clicking to specify a distance.

Fig 2.28 Arc by Start, end ,Radius and direction

After drawing the lines click the draw command in the menu bar and select arc, Start,
End, Radius. Click on the first point, then click second, and specify the Radius to get arc

The illustration on the right shows an arc drawn with the pointing device by specifying a
start point and an endpoint and a direction. Moving the cursor up from the start point and
endpoint draws the arc concave to the object, as shown here. Moving the cursor down
draws the arc convex to the object.

Draw Continuous Arcs and Lines

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Immediately after you complete an arc, you can start a line tangent to the arc at an
endpoint by starting the LINE command and pressing ENTER at the Specify First Point
prompt. You need to specify only the line length.

Fig. 2.29 Continuous Arc

Conversely, after you complete a line, you can start an arc tangent to the line at an
endpoint by starting the ARC command and pressing ENTER at the Specify Start Point
prompt. You need to specify only the endpoint of the arc

Fig. 2.30 Arc By Start, center, Angle Method Fig. 2.31 Arc By Start, End, Direction Method

Arc Fig. 2.32 By Start, End , Radius Method

Circle Tool

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 or

Fig 2.33 Circle tool

1.Open the acadiso.dwt template

2.Left click on the Circle tool icon in the home/Draw panel

To create a circle, you can also specify the diameter, center point, points on the
circumference, and tangents.

Center Point
Draws a circle based on a center point and a diameter or a radius.
Radius
Defines the radius of the circle. Enter a value, or specify a point (2). The distance
between this point and the center point determines the radius of the circle.

Left click on the Circle tool icon in the home/Draw panel

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Click any point in the in the drawing area

Specify radius as 2 units

Diameter
Draws a circle using the center point and a specified distance for the diameter.

Specify diameter of circle <current>: Specify a point (2), enter a value, or

press ENTER

Specify Diameter as 4 units

2P (Two Points)
Draws a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter.

Specify first endpoint of circle's diameter: Specify a point (1)

Specify second endpoint of circle's diameter: Specify a point (2)

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Fig 2.34 Circle by 2 points

3P (Three Points)
Draws a circle based on three points on the circumference.

Specify first point on circle: Specify a point (1)

Specify second point on circle: Specify a point (2)

Specify third point on circle: Specify a point (3)

T Fig 2.35 Circle by 3 points

TR (Tangent, Tangent, Radius)

Fig 2.36 Circle by Tangent,Tangent,Radius

Draws a circle with a specified radius tangent to two objects.

Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: Select a circle, arc, or line

Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: Select a circle, arc, or line

Specify radius of circle <current>:

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Fig 2.37 Circle by Tangent,Tangent,Radius

Ellipse Tool
The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width. The
longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis. Ellipse Can be
regarded as what is seen when a circle is viewed in an angle
Ellipses are measured in terms of two axes-a major axis and a minor axis
Major axis is the diameter of the circle and minor axis is being the height of the ellipse
after the circle has been rotated through an angle

Fig 2.38 Ellipse

Fig 2.39 Ellipse tool

To Call the Ellipse tool, click on its tool Icon in the Home/Draw panel
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Fig 2.40 Ellipse by axis and distance

Fig 2.41 Different methods of drawing Ellipse

Ellipse by Center Method

Click on the center point

Specify the end point of axis
Specify the other end point of axis

Ellipse by Axis, End Method

Defines the first axis by its two endpoints. The angle of the first axis determines the
angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the
ellipse.

Click on the 1point

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Specify the other end point (2point) of axis
Click on the 3point (Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]:)

Ellipse by Arc Method

The first two points of the elliptical arc determine the location and length of the first axis.
The third point determines the distance between the center of the elliptical arc and the
endpoint of the second axis. The fourth and fifth points are the start and end angles.

Construct a Polygon inscribed in Circle of radius 10

Click draw tool bar and in that select ellipse-arc
Specify the 1st and 2nd axis end points
Specify distance to the other axis as 9
Again click the 1st and second axis end points once again.

Fig 2.42 Ellipse by arc

Poly Line Tool

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When Drawing Lines with Line tool, each line is in its own right. A rectangle drawn with
line tool is four objects, but if the same rectangle drawn by poly line is a single object.

Fig 2.43 Poly Line tool

Donut

To create a donut
Donuts are filled rings or solid-filled circles that actually are closed polylines with width.

From The drop down menu bar pick do nut

Specify inside diameter

Specify out side diameter

Specify centre of donut

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Fig 2.44 Do Nut

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 Chapter III
The Modify Entities
Aims of this chapter

The Aim of this Chapter is to describe the uses of tools for modifying parts of drawings

The drawing of simple outlines using the Erase , Copy , Mirror ,

Off Set , Array , Move , Rotate ,Scale ,Trim ,

Extend , Join Stretch ,Break ,Chamfer ,and Fillet tools from

the Modify toolbar,

FIG 3.1 The Modify Tool Bar

Erase
Construct the drawing as shown in fig

Fig 3.2 Erase

Call the Erase too l-Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel
Pick Erase from the modify tool bar
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Click the first line and second line and right click

The Copy Tool

Fig 3.3 Copy

1. Construct the following drawing using Poly Line.

2. Call the copy tool-Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel
3. Pick copy from the modify tool bar

Fig 3.4 Copying Circle

Pick the circle –Right click

Specify the base point 1
Specify the other points where you want to copy

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Mirror Tool

Fig 3.5 Mirror

Draw The following Drawing as per dimension

Fig 3.6 Before and after mirror

Call the Mirror tool –Left click on its tool icon in the home/modify panel. Pick the mirror
tool icon from the modify tool bar, Pick Mirror from the modify drop down menu.
Pick the First corner and second corner
Pick n click the first and second point of mirror line
erase or keep the source object by pressing y or n in the command prompt

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Off Set Tool

Fig 3.7 Offset

1.Construct the four outlines as shown

2.Call the off set tool-left click its tool icon in the home/modify panel,pick the tool from
modify drop down menu.

specify off set distance as 5 units right click

Select the Rectangle and

click in side the rectangle

Repeat the step.

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Array

You can create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern called an
array. Arrays can be either in Rectangular form or in Polar form

For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance
between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and
whether the copies are rotated. To create many regularly spaced objects, arraying is
faster than copying.

Rectangular Array

Fig 3.8 Array-Rectangle

Draw the above sketch

Call The Array tool-by either clicking Array in the Modify drop down menu bar, from the
home /modify panel, pick the array tool icon from the modify tool bar
Make settings in the dialog
Rectangular Array –Radio Button set on
Row field –Enter 5
Column field-Enter 6
Row off set field-enter -50(minus sign)
Column offset field-enter 50
Click the select objects button
Click preview button
Accept and click ok

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Fig 3.9 Array-Rectangle Method

Polar Array

Fig 3.10 Array-Polar Method

Construct the drawing shown below
Call Array. Array Dialog appears
Make settings

Fig 3.11 Array-Polar Method fig 3.12 Array-Polar Method

Click radio button polar array

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Select the objects
Select the small circle
Specify the center point of array as shown
Specify total no of items as 12
Then click preview
Click ok

Fillet Tool

The fillet radius is the radius of the arc that connects filleted objects. Changing the fillet
radius affects subsequent fillets. If you set the fillet radius to 0, filleted objects are
trimmed or extended until they intersect, but no arc is created.

Fig 3.13 Fillet

Construct three rectangles of 100x60 by using either line or Ploy line tool
Call Fillet-Click the fillet tool icon in the modify tool bar, pick fillet from modify drop down
menu

Type R in the command prompt

Set the radius as 15 units

Pick the first object to fillet

Pick the second object to fillet

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Fig 3.14 Filleting Poly line

Chamfer Tool

Specifies the first of two edges required to define a 2D chamfer, or the edge of a 3D
solid to chamfer.

Distance
Sets the distance of the chamfer from the endpoint of the selected edge.

Specify first chamfer distance <current>:

Specify second chamfer distance <current>:

Fig 3.15 Chamfer

Construct three rectangles of 100x60 by using either line or Ploy line tool
Call Chamfer tool-Click the Chamfer tool icon in the modify tool bar, pick Chamfer from
modify drop down menu

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Fig 3.16 Chamfer polylines Fig 3.17 Chamfer polylines

Type D in the command prompt

Specify the first distance as 10 units

Specify the second distance as 10 units

Pick the first object to Chamfer

Pick the second object to Chamfer

Polyline

Chamfers an entire 2D polyline.

Select 2D polyline:

The intersecting polyline segments are chamfered at each vertex of the polyline.
Chamfers become new segments of the polyline.

If the polyline includes segments that are too short to accommodate the chamfer
distance, those segments are not chamfered.

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Fig 3.18 Polyline

Angle

Sets the chamfer distances using a chamfer distance for the first line and an angle for
the second line.

Specify chamfer length on the first line <current>:

Specify chamfer angle from the first line <current>:

Fig 3.19

Trim Tool
This tool is frequently used in AutoCAD

Fig 3.20 Trim

Draw the Drawing as shown below in the figure

Call Trim tool –Left click its tool icon in the Home? Modify panel, pick its tool icon from
the modify tool bar, pick Trim from the drop down menu bar
Select the cutting edge (left side) Right click
Select the objects to trim
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Fig 3.21 Trimming method

Move

Fig 3..22 Move

Construct the drawing as shown below

Call Move-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool
bar, click Move in the modify drop down menu
Select the objects--right click
Specify the base point

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Specify the second point

Rotate
When using the rotate tool remember the default rotation of objects is counter clockwise
(anti clockwise)
Construct the drawing as shown below

Fig 3..23 Rotate

Call Rotate-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify
tool bar, click Rotate in the modify drop down menu
Select objects-right click
Specify base point
Specify rotation angle as 45

Scale
Using the Rectangle and Polyline , construct drawings .
The rectangle fillets are R 10. The line width is 1

Call Scale-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool
bar, click Scale in the modify drop down menu

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Fig 3..24 Scale

Join
The Join tool can be used to join two plines provided their ends are touching
To join lines which are in line with each other, to join arcs and convert arcs to circles
Call Join-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool
bar, click Join in the modify drop down menu

Fig 3..25 Join

Select objects to join to source-pick a pline

Pick another, and pick all what you want then right click
Join select objects to join the source
Pick the lines
Right click

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Stretch
Stretch tool is for stretching drawings or parts of drawings.
Construct the drawings as shown below
Call Stretch-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify
tool bar, click Stretch in the modify drop down menu
Select the objects right click
Specify the base point
Specify the second point

Fig 3..26 Strecth

Break
You can create a gap between two specified points on an object by breaking it in to two
objects.
Construct the rectangle ,arc and circle
Call Break-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify
tool bar, click Break in the modify drop down menu

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Fig 3..27 Break
Select the object pick at the point
Specify second break point or first point –type f in command prompt right click
Pick First point
Pick second point

Extend
Construct plines and a circle as shown

Fig 3..28 Extend

Call Extend-click its tool icon in the home /Modify panel, pick its tool icon in the modify
tool bar, click Extend in the modify drop down menu
Select boundary edges-right click
Select the objects to extend –right click

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 Fig 3..29 Extend before and after

Hatch

You can choose from several methods to specify the boundaries of a hatch.

Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects.

Select objects that enclose an area.

Fig 3..30 Hatch

Construct a simple rectangle of size 100x50

Call Hatch-click its tool icon in the home /Draw panel, pick its tool icon in the modify tool
bar, click Hatch the Draw drop down menu

Click in the swatch field. The patterns of hatch will appears

Click the ANSI tab chose ANSI31
Pick points
Click in the drawing area where you want the hatch (Click inside Rectangular Area)
Change Scale to 20

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Click ok

Fig 3..31 Hatch window

Fig 3..32 Before and after Hatch

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Fig 3..33 Different types of hatch pre loaded

Fig 3..34 Hatch Method

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 Chapter IV
Dimensioning Tool
The dimensioning style is already set in the acadiso.dwt template

Linear Dimension

Creates a linear dimension with a horizontal, vertical, or rotated dimension line.

Fig 4.1 Dimensioning

Different types of dimensioning

1.Linear

2.Angular

3.Aligned

4.Radius

5.Diameter
And etc

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Fig 4.1 Dimensioning tool

Fig 4.2 Dimensioning

Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned. With aligned dimensions, the
dimension line is parallel to the line (imaginary or real) between the extension line
origins. Baseline (or parallel) and continued (or chain) dimensions are series of
consecutive dimensions that are based on a linear dimension.

In all four illustrations, the extension line origins are designated explicitly at 1 and 2,
respectively. The dimension line location is specified at 3.

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Fig 4.3 Linear Dimensioning

Creates a linear dimension that is aligned with the origin points of the extension

lines.

You can create dimensions that are parallel to the locations or objects that you specify.

In aligned dimensions, the dimension line is parallel to the extension line origins. The
illustration shows two examples of aligned dimensioning. The object is selected (1), and
the location of the aligned dimension is specified (2). The extension lines are drawn
automatically.

Fig 4.4 Aligned Dimensioning

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Fig 4.5 Dimensioning Linear And Aligned

Dimension Circles and Arcs

If you use an arc or a circle or three points to specify an angle, the program
draws the dimension line arc between the extension lines. The extension
lines are drawn from the angle endpoints to the intersection of the dimension
line arc.

Fig 4.6 Dimensioning Circles and Arcs

The location that you specify for the dimension line arc determines the
quadrant of the dimensioned angle.

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 Radial dimensions measure the radii and diameters of arcs and circles with
optional centerlines or a center mark.

There are two types of radial dimensions:

ƒ RADIUS measures the radius of an arc or circle, and displays the

dimension text with the letter R in front of it.

Fig 4.7 Dimensioning Arcs

Fig 4.8 Dimensioning Circles

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 Chapter V
Orthographic and Isometric

The aims of this chapter are to introduce methods of constructing views in orthographic
Projection and the construction of isometric drawings.

Fig 5.1Solid model Fig 5.2 First angle Projection Fig 5.3 Third angle Projection
projection

Orthographic projection involves viewing an article being described in a technical

drawing from different directions – from the front, from a side, from above, from below or
from any other viewing position. Orthographic projection often involves:
● the drawing of details which are hidden, using hidden detail lines
● sectional views in which the article being drawn is imagined as being cut through and
the cut surface drawn
● centre lines through arcs, circles spheres and cylindrical shapes.

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Setting The AutoCAD window for Isometric Drawing
Right click on the snap tool in the status bar

Fig 5.4 Draft Settings For isometric

Change to Isometric snap
Change snap and grid spacing
Click ok

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Fig 5.5 Isometric Screen View

An Isometric View

Fig 5.6 IsoPlanes

There are three isometric angles

Iso plane Top
Iso plane Left
Iso plane Right
These can be set by pressing the F5 key

Fig 5.7 an Example

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Working to the shapes and sizes given in the orthographic projection
Set the snap onF9 key set it to 10
Grid on F3 key set it to 10
Set to the iso plane top using F5
Ortho on F8
With the line construct the out line of model

Fig 5.8 Construction of Isometric

Call the ellipse tool from the draw tool bar, press I in the command prompt
Add the iso circle of radius of 20 centered in its correct position in the outline of the top
Set the iso plane to Iso plane right and with copy tool; copy the top with its ellipse
vertically downwards three times
Add lines
Use trim to remove unwanted parts of lines and ellipses to produce the fig

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 Fig 5.9 Isometric Drawing after Completion

Dimensioning in the Isometric drawing

After finishing the sketch call dimension-aligned
Pick the points for dimension
Again call dimension and choose oblique
Select objects
Select any dimension
Enter oblique angle choose angles 30,-30,90and -90

Fig 5.9 Isometric Drawing after Completion with oblique dimensioning

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References

01. AutoCAD® 2009 manual by Ing .Antonio Lope`z Astete

02. AutoCAD® 2009 Tutorial by Randy H Shih

03. AutoCAD® 2006/2007/2008/2009 Bible by Ellen Finkelstein

04. Introduction to AutoCAD® 2008/2009 by Alf Yarwood

05. Tips by Lynn Allen –CAD Blogist

06. AutoCAD® Notes by Uhrskov

07. AutoCAD® help files by Autodesk

08. Introducing AutoCAD® 2009 by George Omura

09. AutoCAD® 2009 getting started tutorial by Autodesk

10. AutoCAD® 2007 by Dr.Kamil

11. AutoCAD® by Cheryl R Shrock

12. AutoCAD® notes by Dr.D Fox

Websites

www.google.com

www.autodesk.com

www.aaue.dk

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