MICROBIOLOGY module

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MICROBIOLOGY

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Prepared by: Engr. Manny Anthony M. Taguba

Review Lecturer, IntEnSE Engineering Review Center 1
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MICROBIOLOGY

SCIENTISTS WHO MADE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS IN MICROBIOLOGY

SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION/S

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • Father of Microbiology, Father of Bacteriology, and Father of Protozoology
• First acknowledged microscopist.
• Dutch tailor, merchant, and self-made microbiologist.
• First person to observe microscopic organisms using single-lensed microscopes
of his own design.
• He was the first to describe the spermatozoa, the red blood corpuscles, free-
living as well as parasitic protozoa and, above all, the bacteria which he called
animalcules (small animals).
• first accurately described the different shapes of bacteria (coccal, bacillary and
spiral) and pictured their arrangement in infected material.
Lazzaro Spallanzani • Italian naturalist proved that bacteria did not arise due to spontaneous
generation by developing a sealed, sterile broth medium.
Edward Jenner • English physician and scientist developed vaccination techniques against
smallpox.
• He observed that milkmaids who contracted cowpox or vaccinia while milking
were subsequently immune to smallpox.
• On May 14, 1796, he devised a brave experiment.
Ignaz Semmelweis • Hungarian physician and scientist regarded as “saviour of mothers” due to his
discovery that incidence of puerperal fever or childbed fever could be lessened by
hand disinfection.
• Demonstrated that doctors washing their hands with chlorine solution significantly
reduced mortality of women giving birth in the hospital setting.
• Advocated hand washing to stop the spread of disease.
Louis Pasteur • French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles
of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.
• Disproved spontaneous generation.
• A key proponent of the Germ Theory of Disease.
• He coined the term ‘microbiology’, ‘aerobic’, and ‘anaerobic’.
• He demonstrated that Anthrax was caused by bacteria and also produced the
vaccine for this disease.
• He developed live attenuated vaccine for disease.
• Developed the earliest effective vaccine against rabies that was first used to
treat a human victim in July 1885.

JUNE 01, 2021, MICROBIOLOGY MODULE

• Other literatures/scientists regarded him also as Father of Microbiology.
Joseph Lister • British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.
• Introduced sterilization techniques to surgery.
• He was the first person to isolate a pure culture of bacteria by a method based on
serial dilution of a suspension containing a mixed population of microorganisms.
• Some consider Lister “The Father of Modern Antisepsis”.
Robert Koch • Founder of Microbial Techniques
• First proof of Germ Theory of Disease with B. anthracis discovery. This agent as
sole cause of anthrax was confirmed by Pasteur.
• German physician that identified causative agents of tuberculosis (TB), cholera,
anthrax, and pink eye (Egyptian ophthalmia).
• 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on TB.
• He invented the hot air oven and steam sterilizer, basic tools in any microbiology
laboratory. He developed methods for testing antiseptics and to distinguish
between bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations.
Prepared by: Engr. Manny Anthony M. Taguba
Review Lecturer, IntEnSE Engineering Review Center 2
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MICROBIOLOGY
SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION/S

Paul Ehrlich
Hans Christian Gram
Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski
Martinus Beijerinck
Sergei Winogradsky
Carolous Von Linnaeus
Alexander Fleming
Walter Reed
Max Theiler
Charles Louis Laveran
• German scientist, first scientist to use the term chemotherapy to describe
application of such drug for curing diseases.
• Developed acid-fast stain. (i.e., 1882 – acid-fastness of tubercle bacillus)
• Synthesize an organic arsenic compound (‘Salvarsan’ or ‘magical bullet’) for
syphilis treatment.
• Credit for the minimum lethal dose.
• Danish bacteriologist that developed Gram stain used to identify and classify
bacteria.
• Russian botanist famous for his studies on tobacco mosaic disease.
• Recognized viral dependence on cells for reproduction.
• Discovered the first virus (i.e., TMV) as well as nitrogen fixing bacteria, and
sulfate reducing bacteria.
• Coined the term virus.
• Founder of Soil Microbiology
• Russian microbiologist who isolated pure cultures of nitrifying bacteria and clearly
demonstrated that the process of nitrification (oxidation of ammonia to nitrate) was
the result of bacterial action.
• (1893) He isolated the first nitrogen fixing bacterium (the anaerobe Clostridium
pasteurianum) using enrichment culture technique and by so doing developed the
concept of bacterial nitrogen fixation.
• Father of Taxonomy
• Swedish scientist established binomial system of nomenclature in 18th century.
• Scottish bacteriologist Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of penicillin
along with Ernst Chain and Howard Florey.
• U.S. Army pathologist and bacteriologist who led the experiments that proved
that yellow fever is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.
• Developed vaccine against yellow fever.
• French physician recognized parasitic protozoa as the causes of malaria and
African sleeping sickness.

Some Notable Scientists of the ‘Golden Age of Microbiology’ and the Agents of Disease They
Discovered

Scientist Year Disease Agent

JUNE 01, 2021, MICROBIOLOGY MODULE

Robert Koch 1876 Anthrax Bacillus anthracis (bacteria)

Albert Neisser 1879 Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacteria)

Charles Laveran 1880 Malaria Plasmodium species (protozoa)

Carl Elberth 1880 Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi (bacteria)

Robert Koch 1882 Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria)

Edwin Klebs 1883 Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae (bacteria)

Theodore Escherich 1884 Traveler’s diarrhea Escherichia coli (bacteria)

Prepared by: Engr. Manny Anthony M. Taguba

Review Lecturer, IntEnSE Engineering Review Center 3
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MICROBIOLOGY
Scientist Year Disease Agent

Bladder infection

Albert Fraenkel 1884 Pneumonia Streptococcus pnuemoniae (bacteria)

Robert Koch 1884 Cholera Vibrio cholerae (bacteria)
David Bruce 1887 Undulant fever (brucellosis) Brucella melitensis (bacteria)
Anton Weichselbaum 1887 Meningococcal meningitis Neisseria meningitidis (bacteria)
A.A. Gartner 1888 Salmonellosis (form of food Salmonella species (bacteria)
poisoning)
Shibasaburo Kitasato 1889 Tetanus Clostridium perfringens (bacteria)
Dmitri Ivanowski and 1882 Tobacco mosaic disease Tobamovirus tobacco mosaic virus
Martinus Beijerick 1898 (TMV)
William Welch and 1892 Gas gangrene Clostridium perfringens (bacteria)
George Nuttall (Cloistridial myonecrosis and
myonecrosis)
Kiyoshi Shiga 1898 Shigellosis Shigella dysenteriae (bacteria)
Walter Reed 1900 Yellow fever Flavivirus Yellow fever virus
Robert Forde and Joseph 1902 African sleeping sickness Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Dutton (protozoa)

Fields of Microbiology

Disciplines Subject (s) of Study

Microbe-centered
Bacteriology Bacteria and Archaea
Phycology Algae
Mycology Fungi
Protozoology Protozoa
Parasitology Parasitic protozoa and parasitic animals
Virology Viruses
Process-Centered
Microbial metabolism Biochemistry: chemical reactions within cells
Microbial genetics Functions of DNA and RNA
Environmental Relationships between microbes, and among microbes, other organisms,
microbiology and the environment.

JUNE 01, 2021, MICROBIOLOGY MODULE

Prepared by: Engr. Manny Anthony M. Taguba

Review Lecturer, IntEnSE Engineering Review Center 4
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MICROBIOLOGY

Difference between Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Cell size Small cells (< 5 µm) Larger cells (> 10 µm)

JUNE 01, 2021, MICROBIOLOGY MODULE

Organism type Always unicellular Often multicellular
Examples Bacteria and Archaea Animal, Plant, Fungi, and Protista
Membrane-enclosed organelles Absent Present. Examples include lysosomes,
Golgi complex, ER, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts
Cell wall Chemically complex cell wall (may Chemically simple cell walls
contain peptidoglycan) Ex: Cellulose (plants) and chitin (fungi)
Presence of Nucleus No nucleus or any membrane-bound Always have nucleus and other
organelles, such as mitochondria membrane-bound organelles
DNA DNA is circular, without proteins DNA is linear and associated with
proteins to form chromatin
Ribosome Ribosomes are small (70S) Ribosomes are large (80S)
Cytoskeleton No cytoskeleton Always has cytoskeleton
Motility Motility by rigid rotating flagellum (made Motility by flexible waving cilia or
of flagellin) flagellae (tubulin)
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Cell division
Sexual reproduction
Metabolic pathways
Growth rate / Generation time
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Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Cell division is by binary fission Cell division is by mitosis or meiosis
Reproduction is always asexual Reproduction is asexual or sexual
Huge variety of metabolic pathways Common metabolic pathways
Faster Slower

Four Groups Based on Metabolic Diversity

1. Chemoheterotrophs:

•Energy source: Organic compounds.

•Carbon source: Organic compounds.
•Examples: Most bacteria, all protozoans, all fungi, and all animals.

2. Chemoautotrophs:

•Energy source: Inorganic compounds (H2S, NH3, S, H2, Fe2+, etc.)

•Carbon source: Carbon dioxide.
•Examples: Iron, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrifying bacteria.

3. Photoheterotrophs:

•Energy source: Light.

•Carbon source: Organic compounds.
•Examples: Purple and green nonsulfur bacteria.

4. Photoautotrophs:

•Energy source: Light.

•Carbon source: Carbon dioxide.
•Examples: Plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria

JUNE 01, 2021, MICROBIOLOGY MODULE

Prepared by: Engr. Manny Anthony M. Taguba

Review Lecturer, IntEnSE Engineering Review Center 6
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COMPARISON OF GRAM-POSITIVE & GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

CHARACTERISTIC GRAM-POSITIVE GRAM-NEGATIVE
Color at the end of Staining procedure Blue – Purple Pink - Red
Peptidoglycan in cell walls Thick layer; Thin layer;
multilayer Single layer
Overall thickness (20 – 80 nm) (8-11 nm)

JUNE 01, 2021, MICROBIOLOGY MODULE

Outer Membrane Absent Present
Periplasmic space Narrow Extensive
Teichoic & Lipoteichoic acids in cell walls Present Absent
Lipopolysaccharide in cell walls Absent Present
Porin proteins Absent Present
Permeability to molecules More penetrable Less penetrable

Prepared by: Engr. Manny Anthony M. Taguba

Review Lecturer, IntEnSE Engineering Review Center 7