ST.

ANTHONY COLLEGE OF ROXAS CITY

San Roque Extension, Roxas City Member,
DC-SLMES Philippines
COLLEGE OF NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

Assignment#1

Name: MYKRISTIE JHO B. MENDEZ Year Level and Section: 2-A

1. What is the difference between Communicable and Non-Communicable Disease?

Communicable diseases, also known as transmissible diseases, are illnesses caused by

the infection, presence, and proliferation of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms

that transmit from one person to another or from an animal to a person. Direct contact

with a sick person, inhalation in airborne viruses and bacteria, exposure with blood and

other body fluids, bites by disease-transmitting insects or animals, and contact with a

contaminated surface or object are some of the ways they potentially transmit.

COMMUNICABLE INFECTIOUS AGENT CLINICAL MANIFESTATION MANAGEMENT

DISEASES

LEPROSY also known Mycobacterium Early signs & Enables the patient/family in

as “Hansen's disease” leprae symptoms: comprehending and accepting

the issues brought on by the

A disease that spans An acid fast, rod-  Pain and
illness, as well as assessing their
back thousands of shaped bacillus redness of the
ability to deal with them.
years and is the which can be eyes.

major cause of detected by Slit Vaccination specifically the BCG

 Loss of
irreversible physical Skin Smear (SSS) vaccine
sensation on
disability. The
the skin lesion Promotes healthy living by
condition mostly
emphasizing the need of proper
affects the skin,  Ulcers that do personal cleanliness, nutrition,

peripheral nerves, not heal and rest and sleep.

upper respiratory
 Change in skin Adequate nutrition
mucosal surfaces,
color
and eyes. Prevents secondary injury by

 Nasal teaching leprosy patients/family

obstruction or to protect cases from burns and

bleeding rough/sharp objects.

Late signs &

symptoms:

 Inability to

close eyelids-

lagophthalmos

 Loss of

eyebrows-

madarosis

 Contractures

 Sinking of the

nosebridge

 Clawing of

fingers and

toes.

 Chronic ulcers
MALARIA It is caused by Signs & symptoms: Wearing of clothes that covers

protozoan arms and legs in the evening.

A debilitating and  High fever
parasites of the
occasionally fatal Using mosquito repellents such
genus  Anemia
disease produced by as mosquito coils, soap lotions
Plasmodium. The
a parasite that infects  Nausea and etc.
most serious forms
a specific variety of
 Headache Planting of Neem tree or other
of disease are
mosquito that feeds
caused by herbal plants which are
 Diarrhea
on humans. It is
Plasmodium (potential) mosquito repellents
frequently associated  chills
falciparum and as advocated by the DOH/MCS.
with poverty, but it is
Plasmodium vivax,
also a result of Draining standing water where
but other related
poverty and a key mosquitoes lay their eggs.
species can also
impediment to
infect humans.
economic progress,

according to

Engelkirk.

CHOLERA Vibrio cholerae Signs & symptoms: Drink safe water only

bacteria
An acute diarrheal  Vomiting Wash hands frequently and

illness thoroughly
 Diarrhea

Avoid raw food, street food, and

 Nausea
any suspicious sources

 Muscle cramps

 Fever
CORONAVIRUS Practice frequent and proper
DISEASE (COVID-19) SARS-CoV-2 virus Signs & symptoms:
handwashing - wash hands
A coronavirus is a kind
A member of a  Fever often with soap and water for at
of common virus that
large family of least 20 seconds. Use an
causes an infection in  Cough and
viruses called alcohol-based hand sanitizer if
your nose, sinuses, or shortness of
coronaviruses soap and water are not
upper throat. breath.
available.
 In more severe
Practice proper cough etiquette.
cases, infection

can cause
i. Cover mouth and nose using
pneumonia,
tissue or sleeves/bend of the
severe acute
elbow when coughing or
respiratory
sneezing.
syndrome
ii. Move away from people when
 Fatigue
coughing.
 Muscle or body
iii. Do not spit.
aches

 Headache
iv. Throw away used tissues
 New loss of properly.

taste or smell
v. Always wash your hands after
 Sore throat
sneezing or coughing.
 Congestion or

runny nose vi. Use alcohol/sanitizer.

 Nausea or

vomiting
 Diarrhea Maintain distance of at least

one meter away from

individual/s experiencing

respiratory symptoms.

Avoid unprotected contact with

farm or wild animals (alive or

dead), animal markets, and

products that come from

animals (such as uncooked

meat).
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium Signs & symptoms: BCG vaccination

tuberculosis
A potentially serious  Fever Improve social conditions

infectious disease a species of

 Cough of two Promoting activity and
that mainly affects pathogenic
weeks & more adequate nutrition. The nurse
the lungs. bacteria in the
plans a progressive activity
family  Chest or back
schedule that focuses on
Mycobacteriaceae pains
increasing activity tolerance

 Significant and muscle strength and a

weight loss nutritional plan that allows for

small, frequent meals.

 Sweating

 Fatigue
Preventing spreading of

tuberculosis infection. The

nurse carefully instructs the

patient about

important hygienic

measures including mouth care,

covering the mouth and nose

when coughing and sneezing,

proper disposal of tissues,

and handwashing.

Disposal. Place a covered trash

can nearby or tape a lined bag

to the side of the bed to dispose

of used tissues.
Non-communicable diseases are a category of illnesses that are not caused by an acute infection,

have long-term health implications, and frequently necessitate long-term treatment and care.

Cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and diabetes millitus

are the four primary non-communicable diseases.

NON- COMMUNICABLE CAUSES CLINICAL MANIFESTATION MANAGEMENT

DISEASES

CORONARY ARTERY Atherosclerosis Symptoms: Promote regular

DISEASE physical activity and

The thickening of the  Chest pain or
exercise
A heart disease caused inside walls of arteries discomfort

by impaired coronary due to deposition of a (angina) Maintain body weight

blood flow. It is also fat-like substance.  Weakness, light- and prevent obesity

known as Ischemic headedness, through proper

Heart Disease. nausea (feeling nutrition.

sick to your
Advise smoking
stomach), or a
cessation for active
cold sweat
smokers and prevent
 Pain or
exposure to second-
discomfort in the
hand smoke by family
arms or shoulder
members and others.
 Shortness of

breath
CEREBROVASCULAR There are generally Symptoms: Smoking cessation and

DISEASES OR STROKE three types of strokes promoting a smoke free

 Trouble in
based on cause: environment.
The loss or alteration of speaking
thrombotic, embolic
bodily function that Limitation of alcohol
and hemorrhagic  Poor vision
results from an consumption

insufficient supply of  Sudden severe

Treatment and control
blood to some parts of headache
of hypertension
the brain.
 Numbness or

weakness

 confusion

DIABETES MELLITUS Specific cause depends Signs & symptoms: Encourage proper

in the type of diabetes, nutrition

A genetically and  Frequent
however it is easier to
clinically urination Maintain body weight
think of diabetes as an
heterogeneous group  Extreme hunger and prevent obesity
interaction between
of metabolic disorders  Excessive thirst
two factors: Genetic Promote regular
characterized by  Sudden vision
predisposition and physical activity and
glucose intolerance, changes
Environmental/Lifesty exercise
with hyperglycemia  Weight loss
le
present at time of Advise smoking

diagnosis. cessation for active

smokers and prevent

exposure to second-

hand smoke.
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Genetic and Signs & symptoms: Promote proper nutrition

environmental Encourage more physical

An inflammation  Shortness of
component activity and exercise
disorder of the airways breath

in which many cells and Promote smoke-free

 Tightness of
environment
cellular elements play a chest

role.  Wheezing Discourage excessive drinking

of alcoholic beverages

 Excessive

coughing

CANCER Normal cells transform Signs & Symptoms: Quit smoking for active

into cancer cells smokers.

A disease in which  Pain
because of damage to
some of the body's  Fever Encourage proper
DNA.
cells grow  Changes in your nutrition

uncontrollably and skin.

Drink alcoholic
spread to other parts  Sores that don’t
beverages in
of the body. heal.
moderation
 Cough or
Exercise regurlarly.
hoarseness that

doesn’t go away.

 Unusual

bleeding.

 Anemia.
2. What are the different Pathogens? Give its Characteristics and 5 examples.

PATHOGENS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

 Photosynthetic, eucaryotic
ALGAE  Diatoms
organisms.

 Euglena
 All algal cells consist of

cytoplasm, a cell wall

 Volvox
(usually), a cell membrane,
 Dinoflagellates/ brown
a nucleus, plastids,
algae
ribosomes, mitochondria,

and Golgi bodies. Some  Green algae

have a pellicle, a stigma,

and/or flagella

 Algae range in size from

unicellular microorganisms

(e.g.,diatoms) to large,

multi-cellular organisms

(e.g.,seaweeds or kelp).

 Do not have cell walls, but

PROTOZOA  Ciliates
some possess a thickened

 Flagellates
cell membrane called a

“pellicle,” which serves the

 Sporozoa
same purpose – protection.
 Amebae
 Nonphotosynthetic,

eucaryotic organisms.  Paramecium

  Most protozoa are

unicellular and free-living;

found in soil and water.

 Most protozoa are more

animal-like than plant-like.

 All protozoal cells possess a

variety of eukaryotic

structures/organelles.

 Protozoa cannot make their

own food

 The “garbage disposers” of

FUNGI  Molds
nature.
 Mushrooms
 Not plants – they are not

photosynthetic.
 Yeasts
 Fungal cell walls contain a
 Smuts
polysaccharide called

chitin.  Mildews

 Some fungi are unicellular,

while others grow as

filaments called hyphae.

 Hyphae intertwine to form

a mass called a mycelium

THALLUS.

 Some have septate hyphae

(the hyphae are divided into

 cells by cross walls or

septa).

 Some have aseptate hyphae

(the hyphae do not have

septa).

BACTERIA  Microscopic size  Escherichia coli

 Unicellular  Salmonella
typhimurium

 Lack of membrane-bound  Treponema pallidum

organelles
 Vibrio cholera

 Do not have true nucleus

 Helicobacter pylori

 Single-celled

VIRUSES  Non-cellular  Herpesvirus

 Non-living structures  SARS-CoV-2

 Capable of reproducing only  Hepadnavirus

when inside a HOST cell
 Contain a protein coat  Ebola virus
called the capsid.

 Rotavirus
3. Give and explain the Stages of Disease Process.

During the course of an infection, different stages or time periods can be

distinguished regarding the infectivity and manifestations of symptoms in the

infected individual.

a. INCUBATION PERIOD. The interval between first contact with an infectious

agent and the onset of symptoms is known as the incubation period; during this

time, microorganisms are developing and multiplying.

b. PRODOMAL STAGE. The time period from the onset of nonspecific symptoms

to the appearance of specific symptoms related to the causative pathogen

symptoms range from being fatigued to having a low-grade fever with malaise;

during this phase it is still possible to transmit the pathogen to another host.

c. FULL STAGE/ILLNESS PERIOD. Acute stage: manifestations of particular signs

and symptoms of infectious agent; depending on the virulence of the infectious

agent, it may be possible to transfer the infectious agent to another at this stage.

d. CONVALESCENCE PERIOD. Time period that the host takes to return to the pre-

illness stage; also called the recovery period; the host defense mechanisms have

responded to the infectious agent and the signs and symptoms of the disease

disappear; the host, however, is more vulnerable to other pathogens at this time;

an appropriate nursing diagnostic label related to this process would be risk for

Infection.
 4. Draw an illustration of the Infection Process Cycle (Handwritten). Paste your work

here.

In order for a microorganism or infectious disease to transmit from person to person, several

circumstances must be satisfied. The chain of infection (CDC, 2016) is the name given to this

process, which is seen in Figure. The infection chain is made up of six phases, and transmission

can only occupy if all six connections are viable.

Infectious Agent – microorganisms capable of causing infections are referred to as an

infectious agent or pathogen (e.g. Virus, bacteria, or fungi)

Reservoir (source) – the environment in which the microorganism lives to ensure

survival; it can be a person, animal, arthropod, plant, oil or a combination of these

things; reservoirs that support organism that are pathogenic to humans are inanimate

objects food and water, and other humans.

Portal of Exit – a path for the microorganism to escape from the host. This can happen

through the mouth, if a person coughs or sneezes, through a cut, if a person is bleeding,

during diaper changes or toileting.

Mode of Transmission – how the infectious agent is transmitted from one person to

another. It can be in the form of droplets, direct or indirect contact, or through airborne

transmission.

Portal of Entry – the means of a pathogen entering a host, similar to the portal of exit.

Susceptible Host – describes a host (human or animal) not possessing enough resistance

against a particular pathogen to prevent disease or infection from occurring when

exposed to the pathogen; in humans this may occur if the person’s resistance is low

because of poor nutrition, lack of exercise of a coexisting illness that weakens the host.

5. Give and explain different Isolation Precautions.

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

A set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that can be

acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (including rashes), and

mucous membranes. It contains hand hygiene, glove, mask, eye protection, and gown

etiquette; respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette; safe injection practices; lumbar puncture;

cleaning of patient-care equipment; environmental control; handling of soiled linens;

resuscitation devices; patient placement; and disposal of used needles and other sharps

are all protected.

Transmission-Based Precautions

The second part of infection control, and they should be implemented in conjunction to

Standard Precautions for patients who may be contaminated or infested with certain

pathogens that require extra measures to combat infection transmission.

3 types of transmission-based precautions are:

CONTACT PRECAUTIONS- patients who are infected or colonized with

epidemiologically relevant diseases that can be transferred by direct or indirect

contact are given this distinction.

Example of Diseases Requiring Contact Precautions:

Chickenpox; cutaneous diphtheria; disseminated shingles; extrapulmonary

tuberculosis with draining lesion; gastroenteritis in diapered or incontinent

persons; impetigo; infection or colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms;

major draining abscesses or wound infections; monkeypox; poliomyelitis; severe

mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections

DROPLET PRECAUTIONS- pathogens transmitted by respiratory droplets

produced by a patient coughing, sneezing, or talking patients known or suspected

to be infected.

Example of Diseases Requiring Droplet Precautions:

Epiglottitis or meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b; major skin, wound,

or burn infections due to group A streptococcus; scarlet fever in infants and young

children; influenza; meningitis or pneumonia caused by Neisseria meningitidis;

mumps; Mycoplasma pneumonia; parvovirus B19 skin infection; whooping cough;

pharyngeal diphtheria; pneumonic plague; German measles; severe acute respiratory

syndrome (SARS)

AIRBORNE PRECAUSTIONS- for individuals who are known or suspected to be

afflicted with pathogens dispersed through the air

Example of Diseases Requiring Airborne Precautions:

Chickenpox; confirmed or suspected pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis;

extrapulmonary tuberculosis with draining lesions; disseminated shingles in any

patient; localized shingles in immunocompromised patients; measles; severe acute

respiratory syndrome (SARS); smallpox