LINEAR Aus EORA

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NEcTOR OPACES nheleu
A

aus addlt
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aual
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 Dote
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LINEAR ALG EBRA

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Date
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7
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olud baau
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o

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EoREM Om m QunLsAAALmAL 1eles

l
Thun
P daih

L1 P1
L1 P le
wuy Veclou V. e
P = 1, 2..
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Page.
ExPLANATIO

asua
V(IF)
C
talabu
hal

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t man

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aelesLCesao) An ena)
Vecle 472)
 Date
Page-
let L1 Cex 9
An
LAu CoO

Cr
Aun
Cea

- 0+ Ce

walu

4 5
2

ww.io

P
Y
Ys

Th I leclau
4, , o)
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 INEARRANISE0RMA

V Laok
DEFINITION wea pasu l
daamsaLsalen
ale Auunh. lhat
TC+A) = c T + T(A)
V all
Asalaa

isaumpl verlatu
Damsauaalen , Ju I
te V. T
Suashauaalan 0. = O a wab
kwndasmalen

V
alysaaal w.lu

,K
)= Co+G +Ca+.

K-1
e 2, + - +k Ck
04)() =

wa aaufasmalan
- loumat ans maL@W

Aba mXm mA L

weLum

T(X) = Ax
Mx
mx)
Janasnalusn
xal 4 H
l l
Amalu
x malu
AL_E

TA) PAQ
aeuen dyuus
Tusm
usonaiaaualuan

5ecauaL

lLeA+ BB) CA+B)

c PaPB) e PA+ Pag
CT(A) + T(s)

Exanpl 5
ummloLH t 1
all_ ale R Ale 1R
T
Conlnusu

TD) dt

L uasnaema uen

nla V. meler
Lanunueus Jul LalLmuus alsials
ual

D
TP 9)
HEOKEM V
L N A L N

E Neale pat
eelsuel Sonu V. beO
veclo
pate
b sad Vecleu hum
Auammsammalien

ti 2

ott LA

AAL
allesa
V t O ww.qu 42... n)
Auch +Rt

T
ace

NAslo V Necls

a
L lmLa

be V uAm dsalae. Naw,-

Cntnt
LA+

_T)+ T(p)=
 Td)+ Tp)
Amua wAamoa malatm
n.ta u -
ulh U 2 9 T
a Neclau ham

U
U(o)
-

hat U JA-

T
 luanddanauos
m
po

pa aLO.um Jt
Quly

2, m

kat._7 umau ollununus

th staueladl baa Weclsuu dtaiaen

C 2 tm

Td

mx N alu

lecla Aans

T th
, h lm Bp. 8,
T) m
Bn

Obasan en T JA-
0 eakaLmalien

V W. nhAag
u b A p a c u ah l ,

RT aug T a
Nenln Ihal = ld
RT mal
ALONASA_ hw
eeleu el d 9v
L
Lma

Je+da) cT+ T
hah Ahenn ial ep eptBo.
RT
 ( et ALbopacL otualLal LLMLaL

Ceamounaluen. th t N CoMALAlung

th eeletva Auueh that 4uueh

duueh

T 0ubbpa.eu V beaun
Rat_N .
) Tk) Tt)=0, J

TC da) = T Td C.o+0 0

R Ctdo

DEI TO Weela
w.a
Jeaaater
LLA_ Auush

olLanns0mal
aul a T
A- CLLaLmaLeM

tke
w.L hpatu

HEOREN RANK AlJLITy HEOR.EM

V_Aul u k be etau
lmuax
mle l N
Thun
aak T)+ m (T =_d
 Apaa hsu Nesleu
V wh . . d}
We ha TdvA

Td Td cstauny Spau
T
amgu Qunol T
Tdy
ha vealatu malkmda
,

Apa _ ha ARalsa uab Jhat

hat T . AseALalngku

Veslo

wuat_ salasa b ba bRuh dhat

LMLA opuelnt
ww

mun Cn D
b 2 = k=CkT=

HanK Laalhat

that - m-k
 dAmLAAL au _oke

Cr (T)

C Ca Th .t (n Tn = O
(Ckee)+ Cdeso) Ten) =6
CCe e4 Cr+ ra 2 + + Cadn)

eMull sp
AA , K a
Acalasa 1 6 . .. b uL L
b
,bt -
- Cn n= 0

, Aba? V

-Ck4 -Ca
b nb b = -Cra1
Cu Cea Ce3 = Cw 0
 HEOREN A Qn mxY mOl

fh
Sts ak A)- lamklA

ALGEGRA O LiNEAR IRANISRORHATION

HEOREM V al de veata
t
anaarmaluen
T+U
U)(a) - T
LwaLau dua awma uen
eaaal

leT
V dt
all oia lacusomaliowms
W
Asad
Aunalau mltblicate LLa_C

Verlou

IHEOREN L V J n=_o ueclou pas

owminaina Vcl
LV, D LALnnLtna
wwwoLM mm.

V W = SpaA all a anudLe

wnb W
 uosual
ch
Loch
oa luguu . ay h m anol
Lmas
E
. V
E

scceul Thuo gwm

Jeaaswnadsen n V unlo
T lae ramiseemakt
a hasu

-
a oa amsfaunnalen a V tW
A An
U
LO-_Lolmaulu Vele
olsuo saa

T Apf PP .)

Apq, E )

Lwwa anaunaluew w

()
hamal
Ud Ap E la)

Ap
m

P=

2)
Ahenn ha
Rat dekualnt
Bt a hal
uamAmalm

U=
P
Auamaaumalen ha U =0
Y

O
Qwa

ExPLANAT|ON

eluud nu a
o
 EP :) Pp . (1

3
=

Vaua usudaly

Fo E ()=u P = Pi
El ) =

2 (0) =
A,(e)

E ) = Su Bi = °. E a ) = daa p
4. Fov 9 - , =

5Fo -2 E (o) =
dia 3 =o

.Fon 2 2, =3 , _ E () =
d2/3 o , E ()
do $3 3

rem Jaum_de bua y

V
..(I)
 loahew_EL1tpem, lq, *n bon

oesoaen
T an elunsun LAAL

A Ai Aw

A p+ Aaj * A
12
P-
T A P t Ap $ +Ami3m
T A1e p A22 p t . Am Pm

Tn Amt An p t Amn
Amn 33m
m

T
P E

i,e- (Au E AgE.. + Arn E

( A E +A E . An E")
+
Am E Ama E"

Z Apq,
P
Ul) 2 Apa )
PI
Apq ja PP
Ari Fp T 12.
 U nbanheho V
hunu

T pa E P:ay
14pm, 1 m

Next a E
eEm. TEye ndepsdel

A E A1 E'2. E A E +
Aunphe
.2,2 + E
Ap EnE"+
TTy2 mn 7
Am
ZApa P o

Thur 2APE (;)

Lasb n

uan B m
arb

Thu (B) lnel 3E P:V

Ce
n-
 HEDREH Qud vaeta
bea unma ua,savummauon
sle wLa an fanamaluon
m A _uALa wwn.uon
UT_dud (UT)A) UIT))
himLau
rai aluen Lsa V umlo Z

UT)lep) -Tc)

c. WT)) t (UT) (B)_

E PINIION .

V anemal

EMMA

Qm elummn
ay Tu -UI U
U(T, +T,)-UT+ T T+T)U - 7U+T
C) UT = l¢U) T Uc T)

Val all alyua

t Du t aakalee
Jt
multLualLn
 T()= t)

DT- T0
DTTD
oly

OEFINITIOA L n nto callu ut.bl

wahn U l te
UT
wwelum aual Tu

weluww _
olaslo ulhmw A

T Eat TA Tp p-
A Raale Jhat_ amg alla

-HEOREM Aune he ecla

www.aL an malon
le w. T uwmws unaLen
T usms tamnalum

T
ww.quus ollununal www.s clanT
V_
umeuo n V, mal TT t,
wounllyH-
Je Ahaw thatV
w.iwow
AMIA%
utLL
ahe

Lt pAuelpa l e u W
 at

hle b h _ hent lhai

Arala

T(LA p) IA,tIa

E dbe
Lt de =
hat T
LMLO
= T+ Tda

h +da Jh LsAAqUAL verla

wllo
Ba d

ept Ba T t T

uAAacpu Nerlne

T (cpt Ba Cotd
T Tp)+Tp)

NoTE
LmLak
AMA MAmaltn
le asae
CD .
ne Z m UT
Asa (uT)= T
Vies Ral T'y)(UT) = (UT)T) =I
 DEEINITIOA1
ALsa mnasenaluen
nl pa

JA
Enialently

a l a

Nul pau Thun T) = 0-Ttb)

Ao, Nul SpauoT>1of.
Ceweauly Jt Nl

TCa) Tp 63 TR- TC«) TCA) =

d-peNulspas o L

HEDREN Que enlu

T en wgu lan
ask ianly nalLkenenlaht
e

V ale mLaul

pla lt
e naepsmen auk e V.
Neulou uw
nauendunt
Werleu TdT d
eT) CTY -

T angula

2 da t . +Ck d =0
C
deh allerua hal tach =
inolpnakal
Decauo
Jhat
The
nolpranaknl
 Shas La
nle
siapaudlauba
Ncteu
Neate V Thw
tenalung h erlo arelupuaat.
WsnAAalLng

T 0 beraa
Cenaalhang Neslou alcsa
hen

mon=AngulLas

tFJ
waLau
saleu

Ti ) ( + ,7)
L Amagulas bAsaua

0. hle alae
e J Z, Za)
lo aayNesleu
hathat (Z, Z) U t
ne
Aur hat

oluten a Z -Z:
Comlaen
T'
T (Z1 79)
(7,-Z),
HEORCM wtolnamalwealau pa
Ausb fat_olu d l
uat _ ansdausal.es teW
LAnsaln

Tdi T
Tdn
basu V Aab
Rat To Td .Tán bac W.

Lset
Baak (T+ullit (T)
Nu nqula
nui T = AmAL

T
vnulli

ngulan

T ) = W_a CnalLa

sataL

) liu)
wwasn= wimalan i d . da.. n
Bunppas
b boo V Thn 7d T«- Td
osany w.elupenau t urta.
aual AimaL oluminsan
t LA- ban W.
i) ( ) quunl Cmmnl

(V (i
thwu
V T T Tn
S. T
ang

mul pass L

(C C do - +Cn dn,
T)+ CnT n ) = Ob

T
C = O o=0. hamu
wn T T
wen AGula Gan T akutl
 PAGE NO.:
DATE:

JbOMORHIsM A

lsalat hans nnmalem V AA.

ialld le
hu Xuobb

that

NLat V LA.

sale bag

uammepe

wamvnekhuam A

becaaAL
Anuehsam

ilat

HEOREM C n- dumaadBAAal leole pas

h 120aM

_ T
(4 .. dn)
teunalaa
I
= t A2da+- -. + nn
 PAGENO.:
DATE

EPRLSEATATIDN Oe leANIA£oRMATLONIS y MATRICES

V b n
e lau

AAL-

gualutual

Lssas

I tsd

ah wnas
n-etas
Cassabhoalun
wsqlyexuas

2A Anb
Balan A

dcnling ekmaks (1)

mm- Asalau A
malua A_dLa Ar
lals
Lallus

laaal

al nabu
tL t
AX .

haad
saaalta

dcala- A
 cluM aluat AX
ala Aalsat A
ML mx m maluio P

Jwial

HEOREN Lt a
Nle pot

ALM b W
waLau_
Jeanewaln V
A.
A_
nlu AuAdw. LatL

V.
TA

Cwo
VwdeNLv. w))
al
EEOREM
V be m dammaana acls pa
tt a t m=_cliswnnaikaa

Necke pas -Asa pa

solal

t
t
amoaaphua LL
L v lal)
 f hth p.os mx L_ luam n
ma l t
M_ malusu eusIE aiaaLL
LAba a
d mx n ma lua IE

uam malssm VLnle hl d

TCX) AX t a
aaalegauala Alanolauaban
Jk Nenls J enx 1-
X all
eanlusA
t
ba, Vecla
umx JL eih
Laalu tt
malua la
MnaHua A Te
ma luuAL AX cumM A
=

LOJnx

Jm* Jmx

Y
1 A lAar be
- a l u

T V
1X) =_AX N
T ula

Tx) = Ax
T») [Au
=A Ao A
Aa Ano Aan

LAm An . Ano

A
A

Am mx
An
.+

6 mx
mx

Aaa Tx2) AXq A

nx
Ae . Aa
mx
Avn
 T(xn)

TAm
Agm Ar Av

Amm m

AmalaL ulalw l aud AA

Au A A
Toe As Ap An

Am
Am Am

CAaap 2 I b.e
I u.al T( ) -(%1,0
alanalau ad2
Aualuud haa
o ) auol (o,)
TU,o) (o) .
N Di- Te (,o)
TCe) T(o.,1) O. E O .
T olual

2X
 L Vht Spa L
haapuaamaak wcuass R R
(n)=

wwelaAM_
aluq Ihiu T dluuhaLa
ala D naa wnle L _
alugu csLaa
V_eua
we.luan
4
J-

D)) = O -+O+0

D ) = . + O. + 6. + o.

= 0- + 2. +O. +.

3n . + 0. + 3. 2 +.

t malu D

0 O
O o 2
O
3
O O O
o 4x 4
HEO REi V
adosal

km V_ W
d n l e

aualue

A
ulaia a
lalu L I

n a l
UT lal
C=A

l emisaltama Vecla
HEOREM

pas
heauelud

P .. P
P-.

CTl P
2 - .m hw

LTTe'

iA_aud
DEFINTiON that_
Auma Las_

_Ld IF._le
A fALLh lat
ma lu P A P _

equssaraluAAL La hon
an
Amalari
t i
mx
mab
 LNEAR fUNCTIONA

DEFINI TmoN a Weels poto

Lam V la
lLatau ddnaetmaluam
tala atd IF aloe Call.d lena uneenal
n V

LxANPLE 1 L F a aund G0
U
Atalasa

(4 , an) =

hn a
esal
elalus
klamelaud ol _asme h

C.

( u y mma w. Pna oLLn

t Lmmmidiale

h d en Aimua wnsma becauas

t

EvANCE_2: Hou
 unuguu md
A emleuw
ucc A J &cala
A = A 4 A9
A22 + A nn.

Jhu
Auacn mnlen a ma naenal hna
bpace
caua CA+ b)_= cAcA:: * Bi)
A

(A)+ (e)

EANLE 3 t V t Spac

Jum L V. . wsaLea..

Lal _Lash
wsaLa one lmal
molse

XANPLE 4 a b c l o o d wleaal
aanl [e fa. b1) J
damumued a b
lhin Llg)=

L a elTa b])
 Werlou po
DuAL SeacE: meLLAMA.

th csllclen al m a

Malau LvJE).hleduali t s
H eual p a
acall Ih
pa
N
Lv.f)

OunsmLBMal_ m
V d
alus doepes
KaassRat

pace aan
da V _d V

- n h a o V.

Acesolung

Vm

Jmua- welgnos

V
2
alen

Taula atemal
hw t declaa C
 lONa
nanlyd
y dde
T b eall dual

HEOREN V be oot-dawr vela pon

Dn _ = ,da dn
bas Tn dual

tors ash eonl

aww

ww.qL
dudusd_
Ama
lesal_enen V Ihur
he beumual

sco lasa-

elen V
o. na
DUAL OPACE Ja
Verlon po
calcluen n a l u onN
Maleal
pat
J Spass (V, IF) hle duet Utt
asmal tall ual spau

= Lv. f)

V dumGLamal tasalelan

VT e n
d v= d \

oa V
hu sash i)
mqu wueuwal

tha

4
Vm
a a
Vwmuan eluenoy

2 weiuonak
alon dlupmaal.

patda enal
hwi
Lal 0._Ne Ummasly u n d o n n
J
hu Kana hal dommaue
mul

basu V ealld_dual bas

HEOREN Vbe vec lo opas

L amal t dny
baau hu dunl

tos each aLas

V

honim ae
dual
uemal n V n
nbwnauen
calas wen
SwLa

ALalan J
 AxpuooLm
Umia
Lonnbuolluom K d

Cx PLAAIATON

, ,

2.n

S, ( ) = dm: 0

Ahe Ci ( *Cnn
Thn,

2 n

1 +0

2 n

C C
n O, {f LI.
olu V _d V
ANe

We ha wu
NAeh (
V V on

Two

= t2.. M
T

Ca)

Veclou spa all

ANPLE
nle IR huh

han 2 t ttaaud t 3
MmbL42
dolnwl

Litp)
Tn L La, Ls_
Thue neenal malypedim

Se Tun
 L()= Li)

L( L ) =t s ( ) = t

Nen, CL+CaLa +
s =D
hen
Thum e,L Ca La sy)a) =o

(C, L CaLa t Ls) a) =O

c LCn)+ Ca La(a) +e (r) = o

C Ct èt tt o .. (2)

C L+ la + G l3) («) =
C, L, ( ) + Lla") + Ls ( ) = o
2
8)

L
t

No
t t o wwwe
4 t
Aumn bans , da V- das V.
wn
baa V
Nt,
N t uL_th hbaad
n 4 L La, _L V,_

nhnch
LL olual
Lp =

t ) du- ) o, t ) - o
 )
2
-o t)- (a)-o
aue t ) =o H.) = 0 )=o

t a ) (-ta)
t-t)Ct, -t)
-t,) (a-t)
tta-t)(t -ts)
( - t ) (ox- ta)
(t-ta (t-t)

IUoSERVATION 2
ank Scaua
nAn=_2eD uhspe Lcalar 2Ls
b I Aralan ale J L wweun 2pa V_
al th ank l l

N dhal ll apa N aa
olN de V-

m werle pac LmasmALM

bpo wmmmALSMO_ m L aalld a hySpo

ANNIHILA ToA Op A SaseT aVelo

pa aMd
auka V,
AnhalnL lmmanu
Jentuna uch hal z O
 URAERVATIDN 0 hspas V I
ubspas

-8
OAubspass a 1 /

HEOAEM I V_ba a dunae»a Wee

Wbe aubipae
hn
oV

We eheve Melatu dvn, dkra.,

V e halfn{4. abas

y7
dual b.au
Cla KA9 a bai.
asadulale

zht1
brcaaL

anal d=0 ke
em ul llersa hal ex z = 0
Lembuwoluom
,
 enelpalr
w

No

Rat

e ham kawsaa Ral d hl K ER aun

eIl=m-ls,

COAOLLAR wbspa
m CumuwmLemM Vela apac .
n-L)
n-k) by spac
AL_ Oopas
aw.waienal Veclas pa V eiawen

bpas
Neslee w he

Apin W W
La Auseh

LXPLANATIO
. , b
basd
be

) = d k . O,
 A

all

5 V k

S A t
k
han

KA

A 9
 O
Cxawe COwoislua
weeamalh

(1,22, s , 4)= +2Mo + 2M + 4

o4 M2, 3 4) = 2dn + 4
4, , g ) =
- 2 A 34
 Jb aubapaa IR amallata

4) e N, haL

( tI2 4 , X4) 2 + 4 =

I 2 3 , 4) O
4)= 2 - 42 + 3 14 = O

2 O

2 o -+3

R Ro+2R R3 Rs -Ra
2

12 5 4

(, a , , 4) =_ 2 g
Jnn lasak
( n , 4) =

Aam wubapaez a da
an lau Aam Auwbapas
 lhaaubaspnes amolaluelL

2a

Spam H

oJ

9 2
IRSpam d (Q2,-2, 3, 4. 4)
d 1 1, 2 S, 2)_
(0, (0, 0 1, 9, 3
-23,
TRun he huah
4xS walleu A auth
n 4 Ou

la uduue_een Malu R
uu quanl J A

A 5 2
2 S2 -234 -1
- I -2 O O -3

2 3 |L -1. 2 3o

2 5 2 2

0
2 -3 2 -3

O4 s 2 Lo 2 4
 2
O 5
O

2 4

-1 L O
o o
2

a iAMLa L JAasse luenal R t

. s) Csss
( a . zs) = O
Aunphesa

, o, . o)
Nae pamnuo
O, 0, o, 0, 1
, 0, 0 2, 0)

o ) = 0, , 0 , 0, 1, 2, o)=o
,
Lo, o, 0,0 ) E

4 = C C4 =0
C- -
2C
0

e allah a eena
ame
CA
bans
( 2, 74 s ) =
2 3 + M4
 DoueLE DuAL

Vele 2pas
Callu

dauble dlual Quol da

Vleu
wcuen mau L

Lf) =) V
Ihn L a
L cf+
l)la)+gta)

L 4y
esER VÄTIDN - Amll LuwnAkmal

esh tu luenal
weh 1 a

Aes V ) d

baau V

tach
tach
Vecles d V _ l -dsnk
tk
+F + n n
V (p)
 d=Jd O. t
+0.n
Hex

JhAA2_a
L

tEREN
V naua Vela pac

vecle V_d

L = ft) V
L Om
ownakan

als)ILt saah d
a l e Jale ho
mia
Alet aha tRal
L
L L

Lcanp 4) - (c-)
ett (8)_
=lel + Lp) G),e vV
e L f)+ Lelf
0 Lear p
Th hesu
V V
wen= ngulase, duacwmLd
drams sumaluen

mgular Lisod
a
Noue, l o y**

sama Len.
dumV demV*
Aumas- L
tcunle
,**

e V 8lo V
 CoRoLLAR be a
Veclou Bpate L
Lumuao
enal dual
Spor
Necle wn V Auek. at
P
L
w N".

be w. ClimaLwmLma
Nerlou pas
baa dual 4
Saa .

uoe
boa V
baai
Ausb
L:4) = d
derellas ab ack
Neelg V
L f) = f )
i, L=La
P
V
EOREN
nae V () t
Abona

Aubac
hat W nWd.
 Ruplnsiy
di+ d = V o(2)

uem

Rub 2p oc +R

J1la Aubspat pamud

a l lE
all
ww
hue
awwy
al
al .2.
e S Jhn )= O

C (e)
(a)
Ao

INEAR RANSoRMA TION

RANSPoSE

t N ud hl be veelet pa.cu
JHEOREMM
wa bams saumalkem
eash t
deuoomkaumal.en
w.cpaAL

Tg l(e)= (T)
uh Lal
A

t ha a
a h a l l a la
l ll T
* Qnd

J
Asala
(TA)
 ColTIA) T) T T
2

t
all d V_

Rhat

NEOREM

V_wleW. L null pa.ae

aabala J Ha T d

0 a k (T) =Muk (T)

T
Spoa

mm
= (T))

lhin (T)L)= Tt)

0 T)
0 T))

L4aLALL

annibila e Ama ww
mual_how (T))=0 o n V
0 IT)=o lanu _ V
ku (r)
8hww ull
Spaa
aneblal
lage
 Vam
dLwnnm
wmwesma amd tht

ank o T i, dwwmesm
Thn don
RT pac em
(RT) t d (RT) =
ol R = m-

ALLL T da (RT)°_ m-
aaallet UL, (T)+_Rank (Tt)
lN*

m- t Ramk (Tt) Raat (Tt)=

=Rank (T

e I muull p
J T t
lal
T
NT
TA))

T N
-
d N=_du
o
dem V-dm RT) dR)
k T

t Umun Xacly be Np
 werlau
EOREM be O l u m i n o e m a l

Spacs t
V wlh dual
a
eu baau
La
olual bae
V o Lt A bu
hamemalen
maleua
aulal . t
t waus sulatan
amd Lt B b
te hun A
 GHARACIE RIBTIG VALUES

EAINII1ON t b a Veslsu pa

chasasluala Aaluu
Btalau 1 duuc +Rat
wt T =CA
o. basasusuaLe Alaus
T
Calls
haosuu Vcle 0scallol
LOnAscLAlla.
uth J hnunnlsuake valuu C
Lalllasew all
Ta Quchthat
Calle ChauasluMale
seLals lh

06sERVATON T w.as
ual awe
Veel ALuch
Ihat
bapanu V
olS\u V J
T,=c
T, o T A T
 haaalsube e s
eheralu Veslot Onescuo

ehanasuuac asCLaled sth C

EDooala T-I
ma

LO 3 Cu ALubopauin , -C
h cunedscu pac VCIE) 2
lneLenal - T-eI
henb
dlumunaml
AumMAALge loRLalLen

EOREM
L T pales Lmsnalmal

calas Th l n4
2pat

oudvalsml

chanaalahe Aalu e
rale -eT las mslnuLL).
T-L)

ON A al
a

ohauaelual A_ IE ALa lau

uek thal mauUL A-TL) o alas o e l

tl .

DEINITION shannaule aualu a

Spheas A-

.
mAlAAl A
ckt (A-eI) ane e MAoe

ANMAAL dt (aI-A) )
hanaslouahe nauua A

Acalaa OLAb that

call.a
 h hm dgsuxaell

LEMNA wmalua ham Aaum LALAloula

alymcanal

A
um cmalsun
P_kuew Rat B= PAP h
diI -B)- d t - Far)
-di PP PAP)
dt e (a-IA) P)
dtP)dt e-TA). dttP)
ddeZd P) dt (z-1A)
_dt (a-IA)

ErANPLE mLaH eala

el I
slaelane bons wmlu

A 0-
Lkanarlual
T (faA
A(T-A) 2

Laus
U
a l u t
 Poge
slandeud
Düsa dupauainluab A. th
chwwneduruakc ul a

seriPLE 2 A Jual 3x3 CUwlsus

-
2

m- hauaclunt
(I - A)
dt
-3
2

2
-2

(- r-1) e (-2 + 4 (42(a-a)=o

o -) (-3) + 2(-3) -

2n+2 2 =

o (-1) (z-3)+ 2-6 -2h + 2 +2a =o

-e(a-3)
(a-3)+ (2-4)
o 2 ) (a -3) 2 (x -2)

-2) a-s) + 2) = o
Sot+ 2)
Yx-9) =6
-9) ( -1)( - 2) = o

nLalu
epaler en R
A dh alasalasd
supaaunk
LAAd_ t ia chasuaclunle vcles
Chaanaine skalu wel 2

Nau A-I

Kak (A-I) -2 hw AL.t, A-I)=3-2

 charaalaualie pau aonteual
S
chaaaeaLualu

, 7s)
A
-17
- I
2 2

|2

O o

|2 O -

2 0 2 =D
2 73
hauacktuel p

( 1) e 1R 2 , o

spa po -27
A 2T) =O
- 1
2
2 2 Lo
 L
2

2 73= O

2
212
nasuusue
2
3
22 RR
Spom
2
DEFINITIDN
t T be L
dumsena pa hat I
dngenala

Vesle haaalLuale Neeler T

Juu dudL baa

eash chaaaeluale
Nesle Jlh J wmalu
T& C
end baa dagmal
C 0
T
C2

Cn

Ceulol oln
dingnalaa.bl chaaeloule
Ve pan
 olagualahl

ehasnsliahe

T T Jhn
usua by a
dageinalau h hoo
t calao C ask uual
numk mu
ol malun han Jh

blesk

IT1
O

dheo xd a (tt)
(@) JsemJ Rat hanaelaute
o

dod
-)x-ca).-On)

(b)Alao, mal
t

supuenaluen B, Mumku_
C

ouLal
Öpatu hasacluake
kosaelesuhe Lalun
ample

2 shanosuu
lynimal
-)?(n -2) C -) .
Thun boa
eu Couushendn
A O
(

MAmMA.

A
( 1 ) (x -2)r-3)

A Jat n R be sb
wels Lasenals
Thn

(A-I )

ahu L
bpoc
vectu
( . 7 , 0, 0) c I
pom , o , 0, ), Co,1, 0. o)
pam
tugm 6p e e 2
 u
LEMMA Ouere hal T
smwal J T)a
O+.
+Qno
uwe Aubhea T +anT
a o 0T + an
hen d (T) a T) (
(a+0T + T+
INouD (T)() ()+.. +anT (
OoI )
+
a, Tt) +O

2
+ ancd
E
Ao +a C 4

+ C +On t . Onc)

T C hn T )
T (e
2
T) C(u) =c*
3
T(T)) Tc T)= ((Cc

amo

LEMMA h
ot dana p
skanasloalue waluin T
d h 2pa shasactesua
ealus h Jke chanasuuae a
C W-k+Wa t t klk,
dum h .

. + dm kle

t
= ( ..
OLLohrud kl
 ASSMAt
Date
Page
bpae =
chasalul VveaaL
pavnun

aA
Juppuae

e shnla

thal

TO = T T) +

Jt hum Spams
Jh ubpacu
unnanly-ehndenl Vecles

JMLaL lal belu

Neclaus haa

CAmbMaLM_
Vedes Lw
A AAmIAA

www lash
hau n l y
pnalunlL.

lauen
 PLANA TION
On

7) fa ) )o =
O

Cheeasel
0,

Hw,
G-a) (cG -,).. ( - Ce )

(-) - (g41))-. (a-Ca)

-c) (G -(,)Ca -Ca)

Ihm T)(Bt pat. * ) =9(T)0 o

1.2.. K

O lud ha
B ,63, m
Aubspoc
. Ahos

w Bx -. k.. kpj
m O , O, On ., m.
b, ba. b,
+Jm+ (osb, +Sby nm
,
 Date

Page

p P'eW

d , -dz -.dn
heM ( dp 0
A E O R E M
a ac a e a saena
Neclou LaL
h a s a e u a i

alus ase tW
T-cIT lssg
C)I alAagemaluaa

hasaeeuale dpmama
d
(o-)
C2) da - CE)
2- . k

t dum s2 t t dlun bNs = d V

u aln

k(u)
ee Je ha aluay esasud hat (
haaeuaL al

t dk_ daa V
d tdt aual
ehasaclisa
(
olm
lesmua AL mua ha
Skea4 ( ) holdh hosaleuele
i
Vaclas T 2pan
lugtmntaluu aus LgLmielsick

3
pales n IR
alerua baau
ALawelauel
uanlL
A 5 -
-1 4
6 1
3
 T dLagnaueal
h mabun D ulal
oliagbna.
malwo P R
PAP D

A
NNTHILATN G loLynOMIALS.

UpbERVATnoN
OuumaAcmal_ Öpas Cemocl Jh

I T T. T
2
cOLguuMAL alen
LIv,v). J
( V_TR Lvy)_ hoa LumisQLit
2
Thouee hal mt
be hamiany dupumnu ie,

AcaLaua vne al 3e

DEEiNTiDA -uala
MAMAAsmal verla
mnamal
a T 2

olug a l _Qhalalu T
f0
mwwmal
onsal__a aA pnalau
wgw

nnmal
 O (3) Al
mAma
T
anhdalu
ogpuAmnalln

mabun umwwna
A al AL UM

LmLa opmalax T _A oal

LaLsd has UA A_Jn Iamd AP

hcan
Lpnanlhal h baa day
A) T) =0 ma 0nly (n) =O

P
malnusu
al
T
HËOREM T
Necle epac V_Ln, A ba am nxn naalud
ma plne I
huaslualu
utle
LAlhar
oimaL pelensraal L_LI
anL
btam
behe Acalan ha-
_ chasacloua Akalu

aa c)=0 lhu P
AA.
lqaaaaaal

Menal algnaooa
vales V_Aus
4,T) O hesas a

0 P (T)s
T-e)a/T)A.
T-eT)
a chaaaaluuals al o
 Na, Auphes Jal

pT) _blo

NOTE Lt T a oliagenalal_l
a_
CR
Chanaelale unlun s T hun a

ihal mimLomal elgmcmal

-C -tp)... -C)

ahasaelouau vuler hun

- CII, T- I . T-GL
aeualeu .

Amdla 0.
T-4I) T-CI c = O
a thapaataua alask
J T-C
sualou
pT)= (T-gI)(T- Ca I)... T-CI)= 0

mumAma al kene
oaleu X apl

3
n R

daheh ia unlual A
t laelasal
A
2

2 2 O

Aharaeeunhe mawMAl

mMAmaL A Can
a-1)(o -2) 1 )-q)

(A-T)A -21) 2

2 L 2 O -L J
- 1

2
MAMAMmaN haa auguallaal
e-1) (-2 hanaeluae
2
hau (A-I)A-2I)=O. S
Leneuechaadushavaede
lidaaqLL Comel
o
A sanm vmAnimoa lpmana A
EOREM lAyLEy= HAtILTGN ht L a Qs as bunales
umimdJnas
Nerleuapor V -
en o J n

eAanaclauel lynans )=0

hauoh Jh muwmal dil

es
unnn n olumunoienal veala

V dJaia A =LaIn th wulm

apa
1 uamluol
s eitua baa
o
Thun, kwon ekanaclsuahe
y t uAALMA

t T

I-A) =O
2
= O
Po
Aralaa
 aua4eabes I++A 2

A=
Aaa A-adpA =Al. T
A Ror -A,

1- A)aal T-A) « I -A I, e -t1)

Agaana_Gol o-A = S+B* 6, t.- + B-1

-

(1
oT A) (6+ B Bt.+Bm ) =pot ba+ b

- A b + ( 0 -A B ) « + 8 , - A b )2.

B- ABn-" mH

Abo = _o L
B = AB,.
-Abn= (2)

n-AB L
in
(n)

MLL, () A (2) A 2 ) b H
A
o

l l ti abm qualen
A ADo-A+ AB- A . . +Bn- - AB

A borA hoT++ Po At. t

2

I+A+ A t . + A- A - 0
Im-1
t C a l )
mA ()
dl thasaalusaue d
eyuseal 0 mabuoy A uam

a t h CA () analal A
mNmal
aMe

mAC) _ dumq
olugeueAad Omabalallu A
0
Ck)
ma ) 9 , ( ) + R )
CaC)
han R))< d a C)
CA CA.) =maCA)9,(A) + R(A)
m
0+RCA) O
N 0 Da RA) =

smal a Ampihelat A
anal
olugeu
ho
hihalenleuade lLen
lymual mA( ) C a l x ) .

0_ a a) = ma (o)9{a)
Rla)=

4x1 (saLnal)mal
xapl

mnAMAL

LNVARIANT ÖUBsPAcE
ba
DEPINIION -
DEFNITION V mel paeaud a
a obbpac
pualo n .
ala wmedu
AAAL_Aay
Wth Necle la
 TN) Camlamd_ J

o ol T J
Ausbapo.ck h mg Dusl null
Opac aloe uan salse T.

Cn) 1 T da
ww.ad V
tethul th T TU -UT
a t N
nul Spae
uwalaunn T

Up -d Thn
Pat
Ta

Lke RasgU)
Ramy (U) wn Anl wnaon T
O

U =0
N UCT)- U TU) =Tto)
ww N _Gun humeL N
muauml wwelv T.

( 2
AL
aau_ R h
hatauelasuelBleud ac
A
 2
Thun h ny LDALb p o IR h umiauaml
Thuo IR ne o.
aae Aubopas un OHLAn

hin hoo
A u e A O e W._ thu Ta = _ Cd
e IR i,e
Cauabasadluna- Lugnalue IR
4
Bul
o mLaluus.
 hch muauanl.
LRLLh ap ate
IRL o.
Lwelks
DUM
ubapas eh
N
IN mmALoaAuuy Olumumeu

T
L m e l u u

Jh
ie L.

e R
sem Lugnnkalua IR Bu
Casub0Aaalina_

mLalus_

Oune

w n n a U a n

IK

h T a kU = T-
2T JJun TU =UT
pacL aesralal

t luGimaalu
xamplI)
apac ahasael Necleu
Gsualo h u t h ehanael a l ua

bubpa
ale apacs

hu www.aA a T ) = Ta)
T alama

ael baa w la- diw)_1 A LTIo,

m

2, A d
 sud T t Neclo
T miouMA

TRat T
IL
hTwe Aha blek

A
D

x(n-)
webue D ( n - x (m-)mal

lh waluuM puay aluu

meuend exal

EMNA l sbapak T
he chanaslu emerual
uakuslusn tt
Charaaualt alymanmmal iMmal

mnMal
mamal

EFINTIoN ubqpasL I
Neclan T
1Senduelas o la W
all
 Page

Eri Abapac s L. J
T
TR ne dd se.)
ll pmlalgshaoFEI

mllua

o
A alsurana ealsu
LEMNA
aales
hpa
dha l maeler T
V_Laech

xusha eele V
Seek Thu
wmaiAAL.

l W ( -cI)
aueha
ehasalosta valu e shnala

La

b ny Nsles
ba T-Lesadual AleW. The-
T
amo

L a lo

5;)slun Ltn duelex

Mwwwa) u T
alasaana -

wewa

Llnl
 e
(o-C) -Ca) -C)
huau
athal
chos
hun

Coaans(
Nou
W t T-Cp L) T-eT) T)S
gT)

denala

(T)

kp-
k
LaaL
T T- Cael le
lyncmial uon eligtu Auch tR
IRAANGULABLE UPERKTORh osaln T Callnd
Asuangurlab
Loluud
aua
uanulas wmolu
 lasSMate.
Dota

kEOREMdt V_k
Oumunaukna Nis
n V. lhm be La

eaeaona ugulas O

(o-e ( - ) . (-C mimal

LTle O4 - in

O22

b Onn

Puern
haL ouubpa 2pauaia
alant
wma

Nicl Th hlmmo

paanud ad h
d Nxt hnma e
paApannue auddme tonlme a

i a mamni.

argulaaa t
lekasatL T
Kaum
 Date
Page

abac falau -0
mimanal
ecas

amalla e. Om- algsbraeally closial

muwmb LLIL.
mX wmalua &Lmalase

de bunngulas mauu

alqahaaueallycled
Qo+Qy(|t ag t - . amn

faala

HEORE .
Omenomal
o
Necleu

Tun
slogomal0.

Coc-e) ( - ) C)
uminb

Ko nlL al hl 1
wmimemal_alyomua
mLaM

bpaaanu all
t skarasue
VM
oiapwa P.hLemy
O
veela
hanasluake ual
Auh Rt AL l
 T-Ia) _ N. ww

W
+ Bo t +
K Vela
T) hCc) po
euy

Alaa
(-
Alat
2(T) -9)- ACT)- I)
hCT)

am A n
LT) T-T) (T)&
Vecla 9T)_
kou )= ww
aobuaouel fhal

9 (-(x-)... c) (-C)..(x-c)
(x -

x-G)-
-9) e (-)(-C).. ( - -1)/n -Cu)..

t G C« ) ( - -
-(G4 G

Agom
)-qIz (TI) k(T) -AIT) (T-G1)
 ACT)
KT) T
Ao T) 9pl)*
) 9 )*- T)
T)s

0 E_ T) T(T-) a,T)
T T-J ) ()
9T)9T), T Ahnn

T 9T) A)
t ame
(2)

N 9(T) -9 ) = hT)p
T) -hT)p = 4) WW
m (1) 2 ( 9 ) nNLee luel 9 G) o
E6,umrlws ) le c )
e
L

alat
bare
 A, T)-9tI)« _ AT) (T-T)

qCT) 9D 1T)

LT)d (T ) (T)
7 ))
9T)
T (t0

(2)

9T)
T) Tp=4)
tm (1) 2(9

W L

on
LabaoeLn.

DiRECT- SUM 1DecoNPo51T1ONS

DefINMTo
pa V_hle by h l
olnolunl
aJat .

Laeauelen. i,e, aelpund

 laaonb boy

R 1 tk)n

J2

AubtapanSspunaud
a Neele I Ca

LaaLal
W

uolen habeu LApuonLA

qLULG

-P) + + (% -BK)

We wwaupunalal

We Aam aa MAL

k
IR a k- Jupla

LENNA t Vb XmumAAAMa pas

Auubhpa.cun
Jt
paaknl

(a) nalpundenT.(
wm
()
_n_ nWa.
-N )= o
C) M
aoluol baa or i k,

dequumt (, . (bR) d
Auum (a). t be le um.wunuauon

veslam
o

JUmu )+ 0 t- t0 =0

dangan shat

KI= O

(a) (C
A . i :
sulaliam mm
m

Cembmaken
VerYpiu m

elpuneleni iach pe u 0 .
ach
nlpanent , islaan
ha

ulale
S

10,
, Onn) + (bid, ba, + bn?n) +
 elasSMAte
Date
Page

+Cd 2 t..

40e W
b b, bnn e
am dm Be

b be?, T... bn a e

Th
=

ba U

ha
, s, dp

Auwm

baas
Veclea
N. Than

anbuuaalum
wne
.

dpeudhanL.
DEFINITIDN a lne Cnolnuom
J
d
Jlal Auw
olsual

W W Ome

N W,.. .

ExaNPLE-) .t
auoulel h camp a numau
ucu

he aubhpac a
qwmnmleue A Aush ILal
AA Acubsspac all

Smmluc wwalome i, malkuaeu

A-A. Thin
A wwlu w Uww.cuL

A 0 AuummV malun
hu M-

A A+A2
A AtA
2
(A -A

L T a wanu ala
nAnssma. spal . _L . c .
ekasnaeleualLe uaua a s s e
t pa sasawua
Necle OAARtLalal nth hasuaauunlL
unespavnaleW

G Lelou bani

=
koJECTION J V
J
E VAmah hat
E-E
CeoERVATIo.NA E t R
Wh E ma N Null pass o E
A
Th esla u
2

E E m
Ep- E
EP
pEp
E

N R N
(3) punLew
R E+(- E

(
RON o A
E
Laoas E = 0 a lanadel.

E ( - E)
Th AN R

Th
LM NL V N
(1 ww.q

dbapaas e V ueh lat V =R@N,

Pakesa aer E
has- N
Nuull p
Lalhel Jeelhsmln R
Ang N
5 E aaal lgalil .
R
9 Laa
baa tn N,
+

dhnganaluge mabu uaialalsn

sth iakiel dagsena nlsos

aaaln saten o E

E
amal

E
E 0.4. a +0.t o.Kn

0, 0, . 1, *+ 0.

E
N

0 O. +.
0 0.
t-t0./
0. - 6.

O. +
0. 2 4. . Kn
[E

esh alldpa aw V
.

Aubzpa .+Hk
+W2 + -. k +
+
+ +

E ==o w.ass

aluall Vel

po In
hoss
+Ek

0, Ca neueu T - EE E «
EE, t t E

E O b becaa
Clanua nul hpac
 E E E wwarl

+
Awsh
E,2

Lwodd
B

( E

C cE+ Ep.

E
HEDREH
N .
E E E Aueh that
or E (EE)D
E E =O

( E , + E, t TE

E
LL

E E L Lunta nla
(yt
aala Cenol i C

l.

Couallett

,1itAsAS
 ycesokilen i),
E
V E a
aen

E
dud Cu)

EEp
L

l ,
ahens-
Jna

ale apac V-
IHEOREH
aus EL Ea Ex
el W hNa

naLaKan
Lach Abtat
C-mhMalks
ab
TE:_ET - ,

P hach
sach
evamulu E 11

TE E:TA)
T
hah hema TA
umdu

wwac

KALwm
amy
1deshalahelhal TE=E;T
Vec V.
 wnawLAml

eele
Thn

To E t TE, t TE
E nataiar

T E) tzBr_
NecleB Th
TE p

E4 ETEx

Theldh

HEOREN
Apas V. olaganalald Land
CLasae Leale
Lua ualess
it_
= eE + eEt. + en Er
I E t E+

(iu)
E
E (E
oE ckasaslsake
LaaaAnaual
lk

Onauwa
nal
es En... tu
 T ngonalizab
yalun

chagnkizabb,
Lhora uobun9. L

Josssuns

= . . . Ll

E
msinlu
n 1) ) ,
E L + . t Lnd

TE + + TEn
+En
T E, C En

pnla T
3 nales
a, ), G) aud ii) Su E
all
E A a TE E
ul pan
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ll po (TC; L)
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R
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A A -AT)A) =A-T A- I )
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CSERVATON S h black- wu

eLgunnalu an JThu oagessa he ha

O
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J dam Caen hanaa elu

(oc A)" (z - An)... ( - 'K

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lo)
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Dngesua n asoan Loaskamwal

walsa A ww uch
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TUA)

() LLek
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t
lagesal
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4) all Jadan blah au oungasa oa

5) d all ann TL wwwlm b

 el)= (-18) m)=z-13)_
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hasachwuale hsmal

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Tavala Lameme

Alas adouona Taals blseka

JeLoLas ta84AAmal a alasalilall
lamsna

3
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Ct)=(-)(-) m()==(z-)(*-)|
a

iehie walust all

Tala lamsmc mal.

en w eC)= ( - ) (o-2) auemln)= (a-)(«-2)

JoLalns Casaesonsa

3
O

O 2 Io

o 2 o
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OTO
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ua heww_maa Jsuolam

Jaolo
7- +
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oo o o

O o oke oo
O o 13

3 3

3+2+

o 3

3++
 elassMAt
Date
Page

A salu 4 k
A
A =AC4o). RaukA) 2anol

lagamaeade

aal A
A

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INNER RoDUI OPACE

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LNIER RoQUCT
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all dB
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s al e V au *> -o
O

CeuaL (a2 (5D

 elassmAte
Date
Page

bu

OTANDARD NNER RoDUeTS

ExANPLEI n
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ExanPLE 2 (4,Ta)_ad = ij2

IR

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all Ke R
3

ames

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alamelanal

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Scalazn

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Page No.
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himeL = O_ A
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DEfINLILON dnsl
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OasERVATIONS

d. tp
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2
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3)
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Ausnlasuy d-p u -2 R <«, ipp>

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4

(A) o d . . ( B ) calld elasidal

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paa Lgaollaa

I V_ olimmLmal

dn
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UMMLLU
tamplul
Page No.
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Vcelew

k=

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and tndien
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Page No
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p. d,

p. d Page No.
 Date

p. p
D

d, p> <p.

p.
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&112

pn Ik4,P>|2
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2
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Page No.
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calleal
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R S

Nel heg.enal le Veclau

eca
 Date-

anolauol
n

Esaup
olhemsmal uaeiel
t laclassel

exaumple 2 T Necle (o. IR asthegbmal

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Lac k m

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Page No.
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a bbpac

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lp-4-Ep+Ip-Ep-70
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<B-Ep. 12 K Ep. >

he

12 j

es Page No.
 Date

hoLM ol ma ubapa
OLAA e spa E
aslhegoaal
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NL
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Veele

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asn tat V= Wt N - {o
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2120c0

equal

p. d 22
d
K

huw
H
 Date

Tt A
p, d>|

n p laae
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Cak abpac panni

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EXa ( Z Rikt
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losITIVE ORMS

Nec l apa V_ ugak

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Page
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