10.

Phonological Rules for English Allophones (a selection) :

The phonological rule Examples:

1. Nasalization [+vowel]  [+nasal] before [+nasal] and, man, ram, camp, sang,
of vowels
tank
2. Fronting of [+velar]  more front before front vowels geese, get, keg
velars
3. Dentalisation [+alveoral]  [+dental] before [+dental] tenth [ten̪θ], in theory
of alveolars
[ɪn̪θɪǝrɪ], one thing [wʌn̪θɪŋ]

4. Unreleased [+stops]  unreleased in the word final position or before other oral cap, hat, black, cab, good
oral stops
stops
captain, hatpin, blackboard,
obtain, good dog
5. Aspiration of [–voiced]  [+aspirated] when syllable initial pit [phit], tie [thaɪ], come
stops
[+stop]
[khʌm];

6. Lack of [–voiced]  [– aspirated] after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable spit [spɪt], sty [staɪ], scum
aspiration after
[+stop]
/s/ [skʌm]);

7. Devoicing of [+approximant]  [-voiced] after [+aspirated, +stop]] pray [pr̊eɪ], play [pl̊eɪ], crew
approimants
kr̊u:], clue [kl̊u:], try [tr̊aɪ], twig
[tẘɪg], tune [tj̊u:n])

8. Glottal stop [–voiced]  [+glottal stop] + [–voiced] when after a vowel and cup [kʰʌʔp], heap [hi:ʔp], bit
suport
[+stop] [+stop] at the end of a syllable
[bɪʔt], beat [bi:ʔt], buck [bʌʔk],
oak [ǝʊʔk], felt [feɫʔt])

9. /t/  glottal [–voiced] pit [pɪʔ], belt [beɫʔ], atlas

stop
[+alveolar]  [+glottal stop]
[æʔlǝs], lightning [laɪʔnɪŋ],
[+stop]
pity [pɪʔɪ], bottom [bɒʔǝm]

10. /t/  tap [–voiced] [+voiced] when it is the single consonant between later [leɪɾr], writing [raɪɾɪŋ],
[+alveolar]  [+tap] two vowels, the second of which is
waiter [weɪɾr], divinity
[+stop] unstressed
[dɪvɪnɪɾɪ], startle [sta:rɾɫ]

11. /d/  tap [+voiced] [+voiced] when it is the single consonant between ladder [leɪɾr], riding [raɪɾɪŋ],
[+alveolar]  [+tap] two vowels, the second of which is
wader [weɪɾr]
[+stop] unstressed

12. Devoicing of [+voiced]  partially voiced when syllable initial except buy, die, guy, zoo, veal, they
consonants
[+obstruent] when preceded by a voiced sound
13. Devoicing of [+voiced]  partially voiced when syllable final except rib, rid, rig, rise, drive, writhe
consonants
[+obstruent] when preceded by a voiced sound
14. Shortening of [+vowel]  shorter before voiceless sounds in the same syllable cap, back
vowels
15. Syllabicity of [+nasal]  [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately leaden [ledn̦], chasm [kæsm̦]
nasals
after [+obstruent]
16. Syllabicity of [+lateral]  [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately kiln [kɪln], film [fɪlm], bottle
laterals
after another consonant
[bɒtl]