American Journal of Applied Sciences

Original Research Paper

q-Euler Lagrange Equation

1,2
Amna Hasan, 3,4Hakeem A. Othman and 5,6Sami H. Altoum

1Department of Mathematics, College of Sciences, Albaha University, KSA, Saudi Arabia

2Department of Mathematics, Al Neelain University, Sudan
3Department of Mathematics, AL-Qunfudhah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, KSA, Saudi Arabia
4Department of Mathematics, Rada’a College of Education and Science, University Albaydha, Albaydha, Yemen
5AL-Qunfudhah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca. KSA, Saudi Arabia
6Academy of Engineering Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan

Article history Abstract: In this work, for q  (0, 1), the q-deformation of Euler-
Received: 03-10-2019 Lagrange equation is studied; we use q-derivative (or Jackson
Revised: 04-11-2019 derivative) to deduce a new formula of Euler- Lagrange equation. Some
Accepted: 22-11-2019
examples are presented.
Corresponding Author:
Hakeem A. Othman Keywords: q-Derivative, q-Euler-Lagrange Equation
Department of Mathematics,
AL-Qunfudhah University
College, Umm Al-Qura
University, Mecca, KSA and
Department of Mathematics,
Rada’a College of Education
and Science, University
Albaydha, Albaydha, Yemen
Email: hakim_albdoie@yahoo.com

Introduction J   f  t , y, ydt (1)

The calculus of variation is a one of the most
important division of classical mathematical analysis as Where:
regards application. The aim of this study is to supply
the reader with a certain minimum of problems dy
y 
covering the basic divisions of classical calculus of dt
variation. In Euler; s methods, the values of the
functional see Equation 1 are considered not on Then J has a stationary value if the Euler-Lagrange
arbitrary curves admissible in the given variational differential equation:
problem, but only on polygonal curves composed of a
given number n of straight-line segments with specified f d   f 
    0,
abscissas of the vertices. If we have a certain class M of y dt  y 
function y(x) and each function y  M there is
associated, by some law, a definite number J, then we is satisfied. If time-derivative notation is replaced instead
say a functional J is defined in the class M and we write by space-derivative notation, the equation becomes:
J = J[y(x)]. The class M of function y(x) on which the
functional J[y(x)] is called the definition of functional.
f d  f 
In mathematics, a q-analog of a theorem identity or     0.
expression is a generalization involving a new y dx  yx 
parameter q that returns the original theorem, identity
or expression in the limit as q  1, see (Altoum, 2018a; The Euler-Lagrange differential equation is
2018b; Rguigui, 2015a; 2015b; Bangerezako, 2004). implemented as Euler equations [f, u[x], x] in the
The Euler-Lagrange D.E is the essential equation of Wolfram Language package variational methods. In
variational principle. It is defined by an integral of the form: many physical problems, the partial derivative of with

© 2019 Amna Hasan, Hakeem A. Othman and Sami H. Altoum. This open access article is distributed under a Creative
Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license.
Amna Hasan et al. / American Journal of Applied Sciences 2019, 16 (9): 283.288
DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2019.283.288

respect to turns out to be 0, in which case a manipulation Of course, this is not valid when q = 1 or x = 0 but
of the Euler-Lagrange differential equation reduces to otherwise this alternative formula is equivalent to the
the greatly simplified and partially integrated form usual derivative. You can convince yourself by
known as the Beltrami identity: f  x   q  1 x   f  x 
writing , the term (q-1)x playing
 q  1 x
f
f  yx  c. the role of h.
yx
At the beginning of the 20th century, F.H. Jackson
studied this modified derivative and many of its
For three independent variables, the equation consequences, see (Rguigui, 2016a; 2016b; Rguigui,
generalizes to: 2018a; 2018b). The key concept is the q-derivative
operator defined as follows when 0 < q < 1:
f  f  f  f
   0
 D f   x   lim  qx  x   .
u x u x y u y z u z f qx  f x
q q 1 q 1

This paper organized as follows: Section 1 and 2

introduce the basic concepts of the study. In next section, This q-derivative can be applied to functions not
we present an analogous of the classical Euler Lagrange containing 0 in their domain of definition. Then it
equation, finally we deduce some theorems. reduces to the ordinary derivative when q goes to:

Preliminaries lim  Dq f   x   f   x .
q 1

We introduce the q-Derivative, we recall some basic

notations used in q-calculus. The natural number n has As an example, we compute the q-derivative of x2
the following q deformation: +2x +1:

 qx 2  2  qx   1   x 2  2 x  1
 nq  1  q  q 2   q n 1 , with 0q  0.
Dq  x 2  2 x  1     
.
qx  x
Occasionally, we shall write []q for the limit of
1 One can easily check that the q-derivative operator
these numbers: . The q factorials and q binomial
1  q  is linear:
coefficients are defined naturally as:
Dq  f  g   Dq f  Dq gDq

 nq !  1q . 2q .3q  nq ,  D   f     D  f ,

q q

With: the product rule is slightly modified but it approaches the

usual product rule when q goes to one:
0q  0.
 D  fg   x   f  qx   D g   x    D f   x  g  x .
q q q

Here is a decent redirection for any individual who

knows what the derivative of a simple function is f(x). The q-Euler Lagrange Equation
modern theory of differential and integral calculus began in
the 20th century with the works of Newton and Leibniz. As As analogous of the classical Euler Lagrange
it is well known, see (Altoum et al., 2017), the derivative of equation:
a function f(x) w.r.t the variable x is by definition:
f d  f 
  0 (2)
f  x  h  f  x y dt  y 
f   x   lim .
h 0 h
Where:
Now, let us consider the following expression: dy
y 
dt
f  qx   f  x 
f   x   lim .
q 1 qx  x We introduce the q-Euler Lagrange equation as follows:

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DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2019.283.288


Dq , y f  Dq ,t Dq , y  f  0  (3) l t  
f  t , y  t  , y  t    f  t , y  t  , y  qt  
.
yq  t 1  q 
q

Where:
Then, for q  (0, 1) the q-Euler Lagrange Equation
f  f  t , y, yq  (3) is equivalent to:

y  t   y  qt 
yq  t   Dq ,t y  t  
t 1  q 
(4) n 1
   
 f q k t , y  q k t  , yq  q k t   f q k t , y  q k 1t  , yq  q k t   
q k

y  qkt 

  (6)
f  t , y  t  , yq  t    f  t , y  t  , yq  t  
k 0

Dq , y f  t , y  t  , yq  t    l  t   l  q nt 
y  t 1  q   .
t
and:
Proof
f  t , y  t  , yq  t    f  t , y  t  , yq  qt   Let q-Euler Lagrange equation is given by
Dq , y  f 
 = 0. Let l given by:
(5)

.
q
yq  t 1  q  Dq , y f  Dq ,t Dq , y  f
q

From the above discussion, we obtain the following

f  t , y  t  , y  t    f  t , y  t  , y  qt  
theorem. l t  
yq  t 1  q 
Theorem 3.1
Let l given by: Then, we substitute (4) and (5) in (3), we get:

 f  t , y  t  , yq  t    f  t , y  qt  , yq  t    l  t   l  qt 
  0
 y  t 1  q   t 1  q 
 
f
  

 qt , y  qt  , yq  qt    f qt , y  q 2t  , yq  qt   l  qt   l  q 2t 
0
 y  qt 1  q   q 1  q  t
 

f
   q t  , y  q t  , y  q t   f   q t  , y  q t  , y  q t    l  q t   l  q t   0.
n 1 n 1
q
n 1 n 1 n
q
n 1 n 1 n

 y  q t  1  q 
n 1
 q n 1
1  q  t
 

Then, we obtain:

 f  t , y  t  , yq  t    f  t , y  qt  , yq  t    l  t   l  qt 
  0
 y t   t
 
f
q
 

 qt , y  qt  , yq  qt    f qt, y  q 2t  , yq  qt   l  qt   l  q 2t 
0
 y  qt   t
 

f
q n 1 
  q t  , y  q t  , y  q t   f  q t  , y  q t  , y  q t    l  q t   l  q t   0
n 1 n 1
q
n 1 n 1 n
q
n 1 n 1 n

 y q t 
n 1
 t
 

This leads to:

n 1   
 f q k t , y  q k t  , yq  q k t   f q k t , y  q k 1t  , yq  q k t 
    l t   l  q t  . n

q k

y  qkt 

k 0 
 

t

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DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2019.283.288

Which completes the proof.

 
Dq ,t Dq , y  f  0.
q

Remark 1
Using Theorem 3.1, for n  1, the q-Euler Lagrange Therefore, we obtain:
Equation (3) is equivalent to:
Dq , y  f  c,

   
 f q k t , y  q k t  , yq  q k t   f q k t , y  q k 1t  , yq  q k t 
  
q k

y  qkt 
 Then, we get:
k 0 
 

l t  1  yq2  1  qyq2
 .  c.
t yq 1  q 

Examples This gives:

Recall that, the classical standard example, for f
given by: 1  yq2  1  qyq2  cyq 1  q 

1  qyq2  1  q 2 yq2  cqyq 1  q 

f  t , y, y  1  y 2

1  q n 1 yq2  1  q n yq2  cq n 1 yq 1  q  .

We get:
From which we get:
y  At  B
1  yq2  1  q n yq2  cq n 1 yq 1  q   ....  cyq 1  q  .
That is, the function must have constant first
derivative and thus it is graph is a straight line.
Then, we deduce:
Now, we will study the q-analogue of this standard
example. n 1

Theorem 4.1
1  yq2  1  q n yq2  c 1  q  yq q
k 0
k

 1  qn 
Let f given by:  c 1  q  yq  
 1 q 
f  t , yq , yq   1  yq2  c  n q 1  q  yq .

Satisfying the q-Euler Lagrange equation: As n  , we obtain:


Dq , y f  Dq ,t Dq , y  f  0.
q
 (7) 1  yq2  1  cyq

Then, we get yq = At + C, for constants A and C. Which implies:

Proof
1  yq2  1  cyq .
Using equation (5), we obtain:
This gives:
1  yq2  1  qyq2
Dq , y  f  .
q
yq 1  q  1  yq2  1  c 2 yq2  2cyq .

Since, we have: Finally, we get:

Dq , y f  0 yq2 1  c2   2cyq

Then, by Equation (7), we get: Which gives:

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DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2019.283.288

2c Then:
yq  0 or yq  .
1  c2

Dq , y Dq , y  , f  t , y, yq
q
  0
2c
Let  A . Then yq = Ax + C, this completes the
1  c2 Therefore, we get:
proof.
Using Euler-Lagrange Equation (2) to find the Dq , y  f  t , y, yq   c
extremals for the following function: q

This gives:
    
2

x y  x   y  x .
 x   x  t   2q yq  c
We obtain the following solution:
Which is equivalent to:
1 2
y  x  x  c1 x  c2 (8) y  t   y  qt 
4 t   2q  c.
t 1  q 
As q-deformation of this example, we get the
following theorem. This implies that:

Theorem 4.2  y  t   y  qt  
 2q    c  t.
Let f given by:  t 1  q  

f  t , yq , yq   tyq  yq2 Then, we get:

 c  t  t 1  q   t 2  ct  1  q 
Satisfying the q-Euler Lagrange equation: y  t   y  qt     
 2q   q 
2

Dq , y f  Dq ,t Dq , y  f  0.  (9) 1 q 
y  qt   y  q 2t     q 2t 2  cqt   
q

  2 
Then, we get:  q 

1 1 q 
y t    t 2  c1 t  c2 .
 2q
2
y  q k 1t   y  q k t   q  2  k 1 2
t  cq 
k 1

t  ,
  2 
 q 
Proof We deduce:
Using Equation 5, we obtain:
k 1 1 q 
y  t   y  q k t     q 2it 2  cq it   .
f  t , yq , yq   f  t , yq , qyq    2 
Dq , y  f  t , yq , yq  
i 0
 q 
q
yq 1  q 


 ty q  yq2    tqyq  q 2 yq2  But:
yq 1  q  k 1 k 1

 q t  t 2    q i 
2i 2 i

 1 
  t  yq  qt  q yq 
i 0 i 0
 2

1 q   1  q2k 
 t 2  2 
 1  q2   1 q 
 t  yq  
 1 q  In addition:
 t  1  q  yq  t   2q yq .
k 1 k 1

 cq t  ct  q
i 0
i

i 0
i

Since, we have:
 1  qt 
 ct  .
Dq, y f  t , yq , yq   0  1 q 

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DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2019.283.288

Then, we get: References

y t   y  qkt  
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1 2
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22 Rguigui, H., 2016b. Wick differential and Poisson
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  t 2  c1 t  c2
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Author’s Contributions DOI: 10.1007/s11040-017-9261-1
Rguigui, H., 2018b. Characterization theorems for the
All authors equally contributed in this work.
quantum white noise gross Laplacian and
applications. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory, 12:
Ethics 1637-1656. DOI: 10.1007/s11785-018-0773-x
This article is original and contains unpublished
material. The corresponding author confirms that all of
the other authors have read and approved the manuscript
and no ethical issues involved.

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