Topic 4 - Transportation Sector

OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE ADMINISTRATOR
CHAPTER 4: TRANSPORTRATION SECTOR

Learning Objectives:
Studying transportation sector will help the students to:
1. To gain knowledge on the evolution of travel transportation.

2. To be familiarize with the historical development of transportation system.
3. To know how to select efficient mode of transportation based on the needs of
tourism industry.
TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL EVOLUTION
Pre-Industrial Travel System Era

• The era before industrialization prevailed in Europe and North America.
• There were few common carriers in the two continents before the development of
railroads.
Early-Industrial travel System Era
• It was the period in which changes to infrastructure such as bridges, canals, and
steamship facilities were brought in response to rising industrialization and
developments in transport technology.
Mature-Railway System Era
• Characterized by railways who extended their activities by the management of
hotels and the provision of other transportation facilities.
• The railways became more aggressive in marketing their services.
Express-Travel System Era
• Increasing express operations
• Trains and other modes of transportation never stop at each station or terminal but
instead at the main stations.
Automobile-Based Travel System Era
• From the 1920s forward, the presence of private cars in North America and Europe
was increased.
• Auto ownership in North America boomed
Modern-Tourism Travel System Era
• From 1945 until 1974
• Car ownership kept growing at a rapid rate, mainly at the expense of long-distance
rail travel.
Post-Mobility Adjustment Era
• The oil embargo created by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Company.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Kabihasnan corner Coastal Road., Brgy. San Dionisio Parañaque City, 1700
Tel. No: (02) 962-6958 • E-mail: pccinfo.educ@yahoo.com
SPEED
YEAR MODE OF TRANSPORT (MILES PER
HOUR)
6000
Camel Caravan 8
BC
Source: https://www.freepik.com
1600
Chariot 20
BC
Source: https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/vehicle/other/chariot
AD
First English Mail Coach 10
1784
Source:https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xjf121254eng/the-
first-mail-coach/
1825 First Steam Locomotive 13
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph
Source: https://www.uvm.edu/landscape/dating/railroads
1890 Improve Steam Locomotive 100
Land Speed Record

1931
(Bluebird: Sir Malcom Campbell)
Source: https://www.carthrottle.com/post/alldrdz/
350
Land Speed Record

1938
Source: https://bluebird-electric.net/john_cobb.htm (Napier-Railton Car: John Cobb)
1938 Piston Aircraft 400
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/472878029604073656/
United States Liner from New

1952 41
York to Le Harve
Source: https://www.facebook.com/SSUSC/photos
1958 Jet Fighter Aircraft 1,300
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/
1958 Boeing 707 and DC-8 Aircraft 600
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707
1961 Spaceship (Vostok 1 orbiting) 17,560

Source: http://www.bisbos.com/space_past_vostok.html
1967 Rocket Plane 4,534
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15
1970 Fighter Bomber (Mirage IV) 1,450
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_IV
1970 Commercial Aircraft: Concorde 1,320
Source: https://www.businessinsider.com/concorde
1970 Boeing 747 626
Source: https://theconversation.com/50-years-of-the-boeing-747
SELECTION OF TRANSPORTATION MODE

Reasons for Selecting Mode of Transportation
• Cost • Frequency of trips • Comfort
• Travel time • Ground service • Availability
• Safety • Status and prestige • Departure and arrival times
• Convenience
• Terminal facilities and locations
Theory Identifying Transportation Variables and the Value of Travelers1

• Develop by Jagdish Sheth
• According to him travelers choose a travel mode based on how they
psychologically weigh the five factors:
✓ Functional – utility of mode its expected performance for a specific
purpose. Example departure and arrival time, safety record, directness of
the trip, and the number of stops or transfer
✓ Aesthetic/emotional – is related to such aspects as fear, social concerns,
style, luxury, comfort, and other personal feelings that the form of
transportation might evoke.
✓ Social/organizational – shows that the frequent users of certain kinds of
transportation are stereotyped according to sex, racial origin, income,
price/cost, and education.
✓ Situational – refers to how conveniently locate the particular mode of
transportation and its terminal facilities are for the traveler.
✓ Curiosity – refers to the traveler’s perceived need to do something new and
different. Example, flying transatlantic on Concorde may have high curiosity
value for many business traveler.
• Introduced a London-New York route, offering it to and from European cities for
one-half the usual airfare.
• Earnings have rising exponentially since 1950 as airfares have declined, rendering
air travel more appealing than ever. While the price of an airline ticket has improved
the quality of service regarding speed, size and comfort.
AIR TRANSPORT
For tourists, the fastest way to travel is by air transport. Travelers will comfortably explore
different tourist destinations around the globe.
The air travel industry is subdivided into two (2) sectors:

• The civil aviation sector containing airports, airlines, air navigation service
providers and other activities that specifically support passengers or include air
freight services;
• The civil aerospace sector, which involves the manufacture and repair of aircraft
components, frames, and engines as well as land equipment related to aviation.
Chicago Convention
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was founded as the governing body
for all member countries to enforce standards and prescribe policies and procedures. It
1 Lansangan-Cruz, Z. (2019). Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bool Store, Inc.
is a specialist United Nations organization supporting the secure and organized growth
of international civil aviation worldwide.
Warsaw Convention
This lays out a system for passenger, baggage, and goods transportation. Signed in the
year 1929. This had the production of:
• Determines the carrier's responsibility for failure, harm, illness, or death in
connection with an incident on international flights.
• Include compensation and reimbursement procedures;
• Include the structure and material specifications for air travel papers, plane
tickets, luggage tickets, and air consignment notices.
Trade Associations
The following are the trade groups who contributed to uplift air travel industry standards:
• International Air Transport Association (IATA)
• Civil Air Navigation Services Organization (CANSO)
Philippine Agencies In-Charge of Civil Aviation

o Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)
o The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
o Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA)
o Mactan-Cebu International Airport Authority (MCIAA)
Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC) – It undertakes business

and development activities for the establishment of a reliable aviation and aerospace
industry within the Philippines. It engages in the design, manufacture, and sale of all
forms of aircraft and also develops local capabilities in the maintenance, repair, and
modification of aviation equipment.
Airports
An airport is identified as a landing strip where aircraft may take off and land, typically
fitted with hard-surfaced landing strips, control towers, hangars (large housing aircraft
structures), aircraft maintenance and refuelling facilities, and passenger and freight
accommodation.
Classification of Airports
• International Airports
• Principal or Domestic Airports
• Community Airports
WATER TRANSPORT
Today the cruise ships serve as floating holiday liners. But ships have historically
been an integral part of human civilization, such as the discovery of nations, trade,
and migration. Ocean-liners were costly at that period and even the rich would
manage first-class travel.
There are as many motives to cruise as there are people. The following are the
most predominant motives (Mancini, 2008):
• A cruise is a stress-free and hassle-free vacation.
• It provides a new experience to vacationers as this deviates from the usual
vacation habit. It also provides the status quo for vacationers as the
experience gives prestige to the individual.
• It offers activities whether inside the ship, such as swimming, jogging,
watching a show, shopping from one (1) port to another, and other
recreational activities.
• Cruise facilitates socialization and networking.
• A cruise is ideal for special occasions like honeymoons, anniversaries, and
rekindling and renewing relationships.
• A cruise provides a brief overview of historical and learning experience from
one (1) port to another. In-house experts, such as port and shopping
lecturers, may provide passengers information about the place in the cruise
itinerary.
• In the advent of highly sophisticated technology, cruises represent a safe
travel experience. Perennial to the vessel is guest safety and security.
• The package price is generally all-inclusive. Passengers know upfront what
the majority of their vacation will cost. There are no hidden costs as
compared to other forms of relaxation and vacation.
Three Ship Style Staterooms:

✓ Outside staterooms
✓ Inside staterooms
✓ Suites
✓ Private Spaces
✓ Public spaces – These are intended for use by passengers. These encompass
the following areas:
• Reception area • Fitness center
• Purser’s office • Children's field
• Shore tour desk or offices • The gift shop
• Dining area • Internet center
• Showroom • Casino operations
• The pool area
Sailing Operations
The following unit of officers manages activities specifically connected with operating a
cruise ship:
• Captain
• Deputy Captain
• Chief Engineer
• Chief Medical Officer
• Chief Radio or Communications Officer
LAND TRANSPORT
Philippine Railways
• Philippine National Railways (PNR) - The sole provider of the biggest intra-island
railway in Luzon, Philippines' main island. It is an incorporated entity under the
Transportation and Communications Department (DOTC).
Green Lines and Orange Lines

PNR owns two (2) different rail lines, the North Main Line (Green Line), and the South
Main Line (Orange Line), together with the three (3) spur lines serving different parts of
Luzon. The only operating line and currently under rehabilitation is the South Main Line
(Orange Line), which serves as Southern Luzon's regional rail backbone.
Passenger Services: Commuter Express

Commonly known as the Commex, the Light Express (also known as Metro Light) acts
as the commuter rail route for the metropolitan city of Manila, reaching as far south as
Biñan, in Laguna.
The Bicol Commuter

The Bicol Commuter service acts as the Bicol Region's commuter rail backbone, serving
stations between Tagkawayan, Quezon province, and Ligao City, Albay, with Naga City
functioning as the main terminal in Camarines Sur. The operation was released in time
for the Feast of Our Lady of Peñafrancia on September 16, 2009, but was once
discontinued owing to typhoon disruption and awaiting complete restoration.
Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) – It is known as the country’s prime rail transit
offering safe, effective, secure, and environmentally conscious commuter rail services to
all Metro Manila citizens. LRTA is a fully owned government company responsible for
constructing, managing, repairing and/or leasing light rail transit networks in the
Philippines.
• Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line 1 / Metrorail system
• Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line 2/Megatren system
Motor Coaches
The Philippines has two (2) main players in the motor coach industry: the Philippine
Rabbit and the Victory Liner.
Land Transportation Agencies in the Philippines

• Toll Regulatory Board (TRB)
• Office of Transport Cooperatives (OTC)

• Land Transport Office (LTO)
• Land Transport Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
ACTIVITY 1
THE EVOLUTION OF TRAVEL TRANSPORTATION
Name: _____________________________________ Course, Year & Sec.: ________
Score: _______ Rating: _______
Direction: Match column A according to the information in column B. Write your answer
in the space before each number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Thomas Cook started activities in his firm in United
Kingdom Express-Travel
A
2. From the 1920s forward, the presence of private System Era
cars in North America and Europe was increased.
3. Popular carrier established and began providing
daily scheduled transport services. Post-Mobility
B
4. This was the stagecoach period (horse-drawn Adjustment Era
carriage) and the inn on the wayside
5. Increase express operations Early-Industrial Travel
C
6. Started from 1945 until 1974 System Era
7. Changes in infrastructure were brought in

response to rising industrialization.
Automobile-Based
D
8. Large air transport became a further phenomenon Travel System Era
during the Second World War.
9. The oil embargo created by OPEC and the
subsequent increase in fuel prices started in 1973 Modern-Tourism
to 1974. E
Travel System Era
10. No scheduled regular transportation services.
11. The circumstances of the oil crises radically altered
the worldwide travel habits. Pre-Industrial Travel
F
System Era
12. Travel agencies were formed
13. Tourists are growing as more people have travel Mature-Railway
G
capital. System Era
14. Trains and other modes of

transportation never stop at each station or
terminal but instead at the main stations.
15. Auto ownership boomed in North America
Pre-Colonial Travel
16. There were few common carriers before the H
System Era
development of railroads

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Topic 4 - Transportation Sector

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OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE ADMINISTRATOR

CHAPTER 4: TRANSPORTRATION SECTOR

1. To gain knowledge on the evolution of travel transportation.

TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL EVOLUTION

Pre-Industrial Travel System Era

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

1825 First Steam Locomotive 13

1890 Improve Steam Locomotive 100

Land Speed Record

Land Speed Record

1938 Piston Aircraft 400

United States Liner from New

1958 Jet Fighter Aircraft 1,300

1958 Boeing 707 and DC-8 Aircraft 600

1961 Spaceship (Vostok 1 orbiting) 17,560

1967 Rocket Plane 4,534

1970 Fighter Bomber (Mirage IV) 1,450

1970 Commercial Aircraft: Concorde 1,320

1970 Boeing 747 626

SELECTION OF TRANSPORTATION MODE

Theory Identifying Transportation Variables and the Value of Travelers1

The air travel industry is subdivided into two (2) sectors:

Philippine Agencies In-Charge of Civil Aviation

Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC) – It undertakes business

Three Ship Style Staterooms:

Green Lines and Orange Lines

Passenger Services: Commuter Express

The Bicol Commuter

Land Transportation Agencies in the Philippines

• Office of Transport Cooperatives (OTC)

Name: _____________________________________ Course, Year & Sec.: ________

Score: _______ Rating: _______

7. Changes in infrastructure were brought in

14. Trains and other modes of

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Name: _____________________________ Course, Year & Sec.:

Score: _ Rating: _