UlrichGabler,

Ulrich SubmarineDesign
Gabler,Submarine Design
Ulrich Gabler
Ulrich

Submar ine
Submarine
Desi gn
Design
with an
with an updating
updating chapter
chapter by
by Fritz
Fritz Abels
Abels
and Jiirgen
and Jiirgen Ritterhoff
Ritterhoff

E3
Bernard & Graefe Verlag
Bernard & Graefe Verlag
(C) Bernard &
Q Bernard Graefe Verlag.
& Grael'c Bonn 2()()()
Verlag, Bonn 2000
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ISBN 3-7637—6202-7
ISBN 3-7637-6202-7
 Table of
Table of Contents
Contents

Prefaces 9 CHAPTER VIII

CHAPTER Vlll -Armament
— Armament 47
l. Torpedo
1. Torpedo armament
armament 47
CHAPTER I1—
CHAPTER -Development
Development of of military
military submarines
submarines 10
10 — Torpedo
- Torpedo tubes
tubes 47
1. Development
1. Development up up to
to the
the end
end of
of World
World War
War II 10
10 -
— Torpedo
Torpedo impulse
impulse launching
launching principle
principle 49
2. Development
2. Development between
between the the end
end of
of World
World War
War I1 -
— Torpedo
Torpedo swim-out
swim—out launching
launching principle
principle 50
and the
and the end
end ofof World
World War War I1
[1 1ll1 — Torpedo tanks
-Torpedo tanks (WRT)
(WRT) 50
3. Development
3. DeveIOpment sincesince the
the end
end of
of World
World War
War I1I] 13
13 —~ Torpedo loading
-Torpedo loading system
system and
and torpedo
torpedo storage
storage 50
— Arrangement of
-Arrangement of torpedo
torpedo armament
armament 51
CHAPTER I1
CHAPTER ll -
— Development
Development of of non-
non- 2.. Mine
Mine armament
armament 52

LII-AWN
military (commercial)
military (commercial) submarines 15 3.. Gunnery
Gunnery 53
4.. Missile
Missile armament
armament 53
CHAPTER 111
CHAPTER III -
— Characteristics
Characteristics of submarines 16 5.. Weapon
16 Weapon control
control systems
systems 54
1. Military
1. Military submarines
submarines l6
16
2. Non-military
2. Non-military submarines
submarines l6
16
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER X-
IX — Methods
Methods for detection,
detection, warning,
warning.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER lV -— General
General description
description of
of a
a submarine
submarine 18
l8 and deception
and deception 55
1. Detection
1. Detection systems
systems 55
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER V- — Diving
Diving andand stability
stability 2]
21 — Periscopes
- Periscopes 55
1. Diving
1. Diving 21
21 — Radar
- Radar systems
systems 57
2. Arrangement
2. Arrangement of of the
the tanks
tanks with
with respect
respect — Active sonar
-Active sonar systems
systems 58
to the
to the requirements
requirements for for submerged
submerged cruising
cruising 22
22 — Passive
- Passive sonar
sonar 59
- tanks
Ballast tanks
— Ballast 22
22 2.. Warning
Warning systems
systems 62
— Compensating
- Compensating tanks tanks 24
24 — Radar
- Radar warning
warning system
system 62
— Trim tanks
-Trim tanks 25
25 - system
intercept system
Sonar intercept
— Sonar 62
— Negative
- Negative tanks
tanks 25
25 3.. Deception
Deception methods
methods 62
3. Stability
3. Stability 26
26

CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER Vl -
— Dynamics
Dynamics 29 CHAPTER X
CHAPTER X- — Propulsion
Propulsion plants
plants 63
63
1. Shape
1. Shape of
of the
the submarine
submarine versus
versus the
the submersible
submersible 29 1. Propulsion plants
1. Propulsion plants that
that use
use lead
lead batteries,
batteries, electric
electric
2. Submerged
2. Submerged drag
drag 32 drive motors,
drive motors, and and diesel
diesel engines
engines 63
63
3. Propulsion
3. Propulsion 32 — Lead
- Lead battery
battery 65
65
4. Depth
4. Depth control
control 33 —— Electric machinery
-Electric machinery 68
68
5. Model
5. Model basin
basin experiments
experiments and
and submerged
submerged trials 36 — Diesel
- Diesel engines
engines 70
70
— Air
- Air intake
intake and
and exhaust
exhaust gas
gas systems
systems for
for the
the
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER Vll -— Hull
Hull structure
structure 38 diesel engines
diesel engines onon submersibles
submersibles 7711
11.. Loading
Loading due
due to
to diving
diving pressure 38 — Diesel fuel
-Diesel fuel and
and pressurized
pressurized water
water system
system 72
72
2.Sh0ckloads
2. Shock loads 38 — Snorkel
- Snorkel systems
systems 72
72
3. Other
3. Other loads
loads 38 — Cruising
- Cruising range
range calculations
calculations 77
77
4.. Strength
Strength of
of the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull 39 2.. Propulsion
Propulsion devices
devices based
based on
on their
their principles
principles 77
77
\OOO\]O'\U1.&

Materials
5.. Materials 42 — The
- The Walter
Walter principle
principle 78
78
6.. Strength
Strength of
ol‘pressure—proof conning tower
pressure-proof conning 42 -
—— Closed-cycle
Closed—cycle principle
principle 79
79
7.. Strength
Strength of
of other
other structural members 42 -
— Nuclear
Nuclear propulsion
propulsion plant
plant 8O
80
8.. Pressure
Pressure hulls
hulls for
for commercial
commercial submersibles 44 — Fuel
- Fuel cells
cells 8O
80
9.. Model
Model experiments
experiments 44 — Stirling
- Stirling engine
engine 81
81
CHAPTER
CHAPTER XI
XI - Ship
Ship handling -
handling equipment
equipment 82 2.
2. Salvage
Salvage and
and rescue
rescue
1.. Control
Control surfaces
surfaces 82
82 Summary
Summary

OC\JO\LJu-1"A'JJI'-o—
2.. Ballast tank equipment
Ballast tank equipment 85
85
hull closures
Pressure hull
3.. Pressure closures 86
86 CHAPTER XV — Design
CHAPTER XV Design- 119
4.. Equipment
Equipment for
for draining
draining and
and flooding
flooding 87
87
5.. Equipment
Equipment for
for trimming
trimming 89
89 1. Specification
1. of requirements
Specification of requirements 119
2.
2. Preparation
Preparation of
of type
type design 119
6.. Compressed
Compressed airair system
system 89
89 design
3.
3. Preparation
Preparation of
of construction
construction documents
documents 124
7.. Hydraulic
Hydraulic oil
oil system
system 91
91
8.. Electric
Electric ship
ship network
network 91
91
9.
9. Anchor
Anchor equipment
equipment 95
95 CHAPTER
CHAPTER XVI -
Construction and
XVI — Construction and
1 0. Equipment
10. Equipment for
for towing.
towing, mooring.
mooring, and
and lifting
lifting 95
95 commissioning
commissioning 129
129
CHAPTER
CHAPTER XII
XI1 - Navigation
Navigation and
and- 1.. Verfications
Verfications during
during construction
construction 129
129

—
communication
communication installations 97 Construction techniques
2.. Construction techniques 129
129

I‘J
installations 97
Shipyard trials
3.. Shipyard trials 131
131

DJ
11.. Navigation
Navigation aids
aids 97
97 Sea trials
4.. Sea trials 132
132

-1‘-‘-
— Compass installations
- Compass installations 97
97 5.. Deep submerging trials
Deep submerging trials 132
132

'Jl
—
- Speed
Speed measuring
measuring systems
systems 97
97
—
- Sounding
Sounding device
device 98
98
—
- Radio
—
Radio direction
direction finder
finder (RDF)
(RDF) 98
98 CHAPTER XVII
CHAPTER -
Developments in
XVII — Developments in
- Sextants
Sextants 98
98 air-independent
air-independent non-nuclear
non-nuclear submarines
submarines 134
—
- Radio
Radio navigation
navigation 98
98
2.. Indicator
Indicator systems
systems for
for submerged
submerged cruising 98
1.
1. Development
Development objectives
objectives 134
cruising 98
t-J

3.. Telecommunication
Telecommunication systems Design principles
Design principles 135
systems 1100
00
Lu

2. Conventional subn'iarines
2. Conventional
Underwater telephony
4. Underwater telephony 100
100 submarines 135
4:

5.. Alarm
Alarm systems
systems within
within the
the boat
boat 102
DOLPHIN
DOLPHIN 136
'Ji

102
3.
3. Civilian
Civilian submarines
submarines and
and submersibles
submersibles 139
4.
4. Air-independent
Air-independent non-nuclear
CHAPTER
CHAPTER XIII
XI11 - Crew
Crew habitability
habitability- 103
Non-nuclear AlP
Non-nuclear
non-nuclear submarines
AIP options
options
submarines 142
144
1.. Accommodations
Accommodations 103 Fuel
Fuel cell
cell system
system and
and the
the Permasyn’i‘
Permasyn" motor
'J-FALAJIQ—

motor 145
2.. Provisions
Provisions 104 Future
Future trends
trends inin propulsion
propulsion systems
systems 146
3.. Fresh
Fresh water
water 104 Class 212
Class 212 148
Wash water
4.. Wash 104 Class 214
Class 214 151
5.. Galley facilities
Galley facilities 104 The hull
The hull 151
6.. Sanitary
Sanitary facilities
facilities 105 Conclusion
Conclusion andand outlook
outlook 153
Ventilation system.
7.. Ventilation heating. air
system, heating, air
~\1

conditioning
conditioning 105
Bibliography
Bibliography
8.. Air
Air purification
purification system 108
system 108
—
- Carbon
Carbon dioxide
dioxide absorbent
absorbent system
system 108 Bibliography for
Bibliography for Chapter XVll
Chapter XVII
— replenishment system
Oxygen replenishment
- Oxygen system 109
Index
Index
CHAPTER XIV
CHAPTER Safety and
XIV — Safety -rescue
and rescue
Specifications
Specifications sheets 1. 2.
sheets 1, 2, 3.
3, 4.
4, 55 and
and 66 162
factilities
factilities 110
(Tables)
(Tables)
1 . Preventation
1. Preventation of
of accidents
accidents by
by safety
safety
precautions
precautions 110 Plates 1,
Plates 3, 4,
2, 3.
1. 2, and 66
4, 55 and 168

6
Preface
Preface to
to the
the First
First German
German Edition
Edition
This
This book
book deals
deals comprehensively
comprehensively with with the
the nature
nature ofof sub-
sub- construction
construction engineers
engineers and
and shipbuilders
shipbuilders and
and toto introduce
introduce
marines,
marines, more
more specifically,
specifically, with
with their
their planning,
planning, design,
design, naval
naval officers
officers toto the
thefield
field of
of submarine
submarine engineering.
engineering.
and
and construction.
construction. TheThe associated
associated equipment
equipment andand opera-
opera- 1I would
would like
like to
to thank
thank those
thosefirms
firms which
which kindly
kindly provided
provided
tion
tion of
of submarines
submarines are are treated
treated only
only when
when necessary
necessary toto the
the photographs.
photographs. The The sketches
sketches were
were made
made by by my
my
understand
understand special
special construction
construction details.
details. colleagues
colleaguesatat Ingenieurkontor
Ingenieurkontor Luebeck.
Luebeck. II also
also would
would like
like
The
The book
book discusses
discusses the
the present
present status
status of
of the
the techniques
techniques to
to thank
thank Mr.
Mr. H.H. G.
G. Hahn
Hahn for
for editing
editing the
the text
text and
and Mr.
Mr. C.
C.
of
of submarine
submarine construction,
construction, after
qfter there
there have
have been
been no
no new
new Aschmoneit,
Aschmoneit, Federal
Federal Building
Building Director,
Director, for
for his
his review.
review.
book publications in this field in Germany for
book publications in this field in Germanyfor decades. decades.
Its
Its purpose
purpose isis to
to serve
serve as
as aa handbook
handbook for for design
design and
and Luebeck,
Luebeck, January
January I1964
964 U.
U. Gab/er
Gabler

Preface
Preface to
to the
the Second
Second German
German Edition
Edition
Since
Since the
the publication
publication of of the
thefirst
first edition,
edition, the
the construc-
construc- The
Thenew
new measuring
measuringsystem
system isis in
in the
thestate
state of
of introduction,
introduction,
tion
tion of
of military
military submarines
submarines has has considerably
considerably been
been de-de- however,
however, the
the transition
transition period
period has
has not
not yet
yet come
come to
to an
an
veloped
veloped inin the
the Federal
Federal Republic
Republic of of Germany.
Germany. An An impor—
impor- end.
end. For
For this
this reason,
reason, thethe new
new measuring
measuringsystem
system has,
has, as
as aa
tant
tant number
number of of submarines
submarines had had been
been built
built for
for the
the Fed-
Fed- rule,
rule, been
been applied
applied toto the
the new
new edition,
edition, and
and the
theformer
former de-
de-
eral
eral German
German Navy, Navy, and and several
several foreign
foreign countries
countries alsoalso signations
signations havehave been
been added
added in(n parenthesis.
parenthesis. As As far
far asas
ordered
ordered submarines
submarinesfrom from Germany.
Germany. All AN over
over the
the world,
world, nautical
nautical data
data areare concerned,
concerned, the the former
former designations
designations
ocean
ocean engineering
engineering isis in in aa state
state of
of quick
quick advancements,
advancements, such
such asas nautical
nautical miles
miles (n.
(n. m.),
m.), knots
knots (2(= nautical
nautical miles
miles
mainly
mainly caused
caused by by the
the tasks
tasksin in connection
connection with
with oil
oil and
and gas
gas per
per hour),
hour), and
and long
long tons
tons have
have been
been used
usedsoso that
that conform-
conform-
exploitation
exploitation in in continental
continentalshelves.
shelves. ity
ity with
with the
the tables
tables ofof the
the standard
standard books
books isis maintained.
maintained.
Consequently,
Consequently, the the improvements
improvements and and developments
developments of of The
Thesame
same also
also applies
appliesto to horse power (H.
horsepower (H.P. ).
P.).
military
military submarine
submarine construction
construction have have adequately
adequately been been An
An important
importantpartpart of of the
the pictures
pictures has
has also
also been
been revised,
revised,
taken
takeninto
intoaccount
accountin in the
thenew
newedition
edition which
whichalso
also includes
includes and
and their
their number
number hashas been
been increased.
increased.
ocean
ocean engineering
engineering as asfar
far asas manned
manned underwater
underwater vehicles
vehicles II am
am indebted
indebted to to the
the Navies
Navies ofof the
the Federal
Federal Republic
Republic ofof
are
are concerned.
concerned. Germany,
Germany, USA, USA, France,
France, and and Canada
Canadafor for their
their having
having
In
In the
the revised
revised edition,
edition, particular
particular attention
attention has
has been
been at-
at- provided
provided adequate
adequatedocumentation.
documentation.
tached
tached to to the
the influences
influencesof of design
design on'the
on'the operation
operation and and II also
also would
would like
like to
to thank
thank Mr.Mr. K.
K. Ar'ertdt
Arendtfor
for perusing
perusing the
the
handling
handling of of submarines.
submarines. Due Due to to the
the restrictions
restrictionsexisting
existing text.
text.
in
in Germany,
Germany, nuclearnuclearpropulsion
propulsion systems
systems have
have only
only been
been
mentioned
mentionedfor for comparison,
comparison,general general remarks
remarks onon weapons
weapons LLuebeck,
uebeck, January
January 1978
1978 U.
U. Gab/er
Gabler
have
have been
been mademade onlyonly as asfar
far asas the
the overall
overall design
design isis di-
di-
rectly
rectly influenced
influenced by by their
their arrangement.
arrangement.

Preface
Preface to
to the
the Third
Third German
German Edition
Edition
Development
Development inin submarine
submarine design
design and
and construction
construction has
has been
been modified,
modified, andand some
some new
new ones
oneshave
havebeen
been added.
added. OnOn
progressed
progressed since
since the
thesecond
second edition
edition was
waspublished
published about
about the
the whole,
whole, the
the third
third edition
edition depicts
depicts the
thepresent
present status
status of
of
six
six years
years ago.
ago. The
The improved
improvedfeatures
features have
have been
been incor-
incor- submarine
submarinetechnology.
technology.
porated
porated as asfar
far as
as they
they have
have been
been considered
considered toto be
be rele—
rele-
vant
vant to
to the
thepurpose
purpose ofthis
of thisbook.
book. Some
Someillustrations
illustrationshave
have Luebeck,
Luebeck,March
March 1985
1985 U.
U.Gab/er
Gabler
Preface to the
Preface to German
Fourth G
the Fourth Edition
e m n Edition
Professor Gabler
Professor died in
Gabler died 1994. After
February 1994.
in February third
the third
After the chapter [applies only
chapter [applies to the
only to edition]: this
German edition]:
the German spel—
this spel-
edition was
edition published in
was published autumn of
the autumn
in the 1986 he
of 1986 conti-
he conti- ling without
ling spacing or
without spacing hyphen is
or hyphen is meanwhile fully
meanwhile fully
nued to
nued follow further
to follow developments in
further developments submarine con-
in submarine con— accepted by
accepted by the
the Navy
Navy and
and in
in the
the submarine
submarine industry,
industry.
struction with
struction great interest.
with great Ten years
interest. Ten later. the
years later, com—
the com- after discussion
after with the
discussion with editors of
the editors "Duden".
of "Duden".
INGENIEURKONTOR LUBECK
pany INGENIEURKONTOR
pany LUBECK which which he he
and built
founded and
founded takes the
up takes
built up opportunity of
the opportunity adding a
of adding a grateful to
am grateful
II am Dr. Ritterhoff,
to Dr. Gerwald and
Mr. Gerwald
Ritterhoff. Mr. Mr.
and Mr.
chapter on
chapter developments in
on developments the field
in the air—independent
of air-independent
field of Goesmann for their
Goesmann for support and
their support assistance in
and assistance drawing
in drawing
non-nuclear submarines.
non—nuclear submarines. up chapter.
this chapter.
up this

detail of
A detail
A interest for
special interest
of special German reader
the German
for the the
is the
reader is
orthography of
orthography the German
of the word "Uboot"
German word in the
“Uboot” in new
the new I996
Luebeck. October 1996
Luebeck, F. Abels
F. Abels

Preface to
Preface the Second
to the Edition
English Edition
Second English
The first
The edition of
English edition
first English work was
this work
of this published in
was published in Professor Gabler's
Professor name is
Gabler‘s name revered among
widely revered
is widely sub-
among sub-
I986. It
1986. very well
was very
It was received and
well received and has been out
has been of
out of marine designers
marine engineers. and
ancl engineers,
designers and his teachings
and his and
teachings and
print for
print time. The
some time.
for some demand for
general demand
The general textbook
foraa textbook ideas the basic
form the
ideas form tenet still
basic tenet in aa continuing
today in
still today tra—
continuing tra-
work of
and work
and reference in
of reference in this field has
this field prompted the
has prompted the dition of lectures
dition of on submarine
lectures on design:
submarine design:
preparation of
preparation of this edition in
new edition
this new English. In
in English. In order to
order to University of
University of Hamburg l959—78 Professor Gabler
Hamburg 1959-78
alter Professor
alter Gabler's text
Professor Gabler's as little
text as as possible,
little as this
possible. this University of
University of Hamburg l978—98 Professor
Hamburg 1978-98 Abels
Professor Abels
edition represents an
edition represents unchanged reprint
an unchanged reprint of first
the first
of the University
Technical University
Technical
English edition,
English that is
edition. that I—XVI. and
Chapters I-XVI,
is Chapters translation
and translation Hamburg—Harburg
Hamburg-Harburg 1998—
1998- Dr. Ritterhoff
Professor Abels'
of Professor
of Abels’ new chapter XVII
new chapter which was
XVII which was
added in
added the fourth
in the edition.
German edition.
fourth German Thanks are
Thanks to Professor
due to
are due Abels for
Professor Abels his assistance
for his in
assistance in
preparation of
the preparation
the new edition
this new
of this to Dr.
and to
edition and von
Sally von
Dr. Sally
However. as
However, submarine designs
as submarine and industrial
designs and innova—
industrial innova- Stiinzner for translation
Stilnzner for of Chapter
translation of XVII into
Chapter XVII English.
into English.
never stand
tions never
tions this final
still. this
stand still, has been
chapter has
final chapter revi—
been revi-
sed and
sed and updated.
updated. Kiel, 2000
February 2000
Kiel. February J. Ritterhoff
J. Ritterhoff
 Alles iiber
Alles iiber Uboote
Uboote
Eberhard Rossler
Eberhard R6ssler Erich (,ironer
Erieh Groner Jiirgen Rohwer
.liirgen Rohwer
deutsehen Uboote und
Die deutschen und Die Kriegsschiffe
deutschen Kriegsschiffe
Die deutschen Allied Submarine Attacks of
Allied Submarine
Werften
ihre Werften 1815-1945
1815-1945 Two
World War 'Itvo
Eine Bilddokumentation
Eine BiIddokumenlalion ffber iiher den
den deut-
deul— Band 3:
Band U—Boote, Hilfskreuzer,
3: U-Boote, Minen—
Hill‘skreuzen Minen- European Theatre of
European Theatre I939—
(V)perations 1939-
of Operations
schen Uboolbau von
sehen Ubootbau I935 bis
von 1935 heute
his heute sehit’fe. Netzleger,
schiife, Sperrbreeher
Nelzleger. Sperrbrecher I945
1945
Wesentlich veriinderte
Wesentlich veranderte Neuausgabe
Neuausgabe in in 295 Seiten. 3
295 Seiten, 310 Seitenrisse und
10 Seitenrisse Decks—
und Decks- 252 Einl‘iihrung in
Seiten. EinRihrung
252 Seiten. 'I'ext
deutseh, Text
in deutsch,
einem Band.
einem pltine. Leinen.
Bildbamlformat. Leinen.
pliine. Bildbandformat. in Geb.
engliseh. Geb.
in englisch.
336 Seiten,
336 S/W- und
4 I 2 S/W-
SCIICI], 412 95
Farhl‘olr'm, 95
und Farbfotos, ISBN 3-7637-4802-4
ISBN 3-7637-4802-4 ISBN 3-7637-5975—1
ISBN 3-7637-5975-1
Plllne, Zeiehnungen und
Plane, Zeichnungen Skizzen.
und Skizzen. Band 3
Band 3 der GroI5doku-
(ironersehen Groadoku-
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In diesem Naehsehlage-
malfigebenden Nachschlage-
Bildbandlormat. Geb.
Bildbandformat. (,ieb. mentation uml‘allt auch
mentalion umfaJ3t deulsehen
alle deutschen
aueh alle werk werden
werk die alliierten
werden die U-Boot—An-
alliierlen U-Boot-An-
ISBN 3-7637-5879-8
ISBN 3-7637-5879-8 Unterseeboote mit
Unterseeboote teehnisch—histori—
mit technisch-histori- griffe gegen die
grille gegen Kriegsmarine und
die Kriegsmarine I Ian—
and Han-
schen Detailangahen und
sehen Detailangaben zahlreichen
und zahlreichen delsschil‘l’e in
delsschiffe in Europa
Europa wiihrend
wa'hr'end desdes
Seitenrissen Quersehnitten.
Seitenrissen und Querschnitten. Zweiten Weltkrieges
Zweiten dokumenliert.
Weltkrieges dokumentiert.
Eberhard R6ssler
Eberhard Rossler
Die Unterseeboote der
KaiserlichenMarine Sonke
S Neitzel
W e Neitzel Gerhard Koop
Gerhard Koop
KaiserlichenMarine
232 Seilen, 264
232 Seiten, (Fotos.
Abbildungen (Fotos,
264 Abbildungen Die deutschen
Die Ubootbunker
deutschen Ubootbunker Kampf
Kampf und Untergang der
und Untergang der
Zeiehnungen und
Zeichnungen Faksimiliedrueke).
und Faksimiliedrucke). und Bunkerwerften
und Bunkerwerften deutschen U-Boot—Waffe
deutschen U-Boot-Waffe
Bildbandl'ormat. Geb.
Bildbandformat. (jeb. Bau, Verwendung und
Bau. Verwendung und Bedeutung ver-
Bedeutung ver- Bilanz in Wort und Bild aus der
Eine Bilanz
ISBN 3-7637—5963—6
ISBN 3-7637-5963-6 bunkerler Ubootstiitzpunkte
bunkerter Ubootstiitzpunkte in beiden
in beiden Siehl des
Sicht des Gegners
Gegners
Die Ubootwaffe,
Die Uboolwal‘l‘e. die die zzu Beginn des
u Beginn des Weltkriegen
Weltkriegen 223 Seiten,
223 Seiten. 348 348 Abbildungen,
Abbildungen. 9 9 Tabel-
Tube]—
Zweiten Weltkrieges
Zweiten Weltkrieges der der Kriegsmarine
Kriegsmarine 232 Seiten, 157
232 Seiten, Fotosi 80
I57 Fotos, Zeiehnungen,
8O Zeichnungen, len. Bildbandl‘ormat. Geb.
len. Bildbandformat. Geb.
zur Vefigung
zur Verl‘i'igung stand,
stand. wurde
wurde kontinuier-
konlinuier— zahlreiche Diagramme und
Tabellen. Diagramme
zahlreiehe Tabellen, und ISBN 3-7637-5980-8
ISBN 3—7637-5980-8
Iieh aus
lich aus den
den Uboottypen
Uboottypen der der Kaiserli-
Kaiserli- Sehaubilder. Bildbandformat.
Sehaubilder. Geb.
BilclbaiidIbI‘inat. Geb. In diesem Buch
In diesem Bueh wird komprimiert der
wird komprimiert der
ehen Marine
chen Marine abgeleitet.
abgeleilel. InIn diesem
diesem Band
Band ISBN 3-7637-5823-2
ISBN 3-7637-5823-2 Kampf und
Kampf und der Untergang der
der Untergang deut-
der deut-
wird die
wird die Entwicklung
Enmieklung exakt exald und
und aus-
aus- Die erste,
Die uml‘assende und
ersle, umfassende detaillierle
und detaillierte schen U-Boot—Wal‘l'e dargestellt.
sehen U-Boot-Waffe Der
dargestellt. Der
fiihrlieh nachgezeichnet.
ttihrlich naehgezeiehnet. Das Das Werk
Werk er-er- Darstellung von
Darstellung von Planung, Ver-
Bau. Ver-
Planung, Bau, Inhalt ist
Inhalt ist ohne gesehriehen und
Pathos geschrieben
ohne Pathos und
I‘allt alle
faBt alle in
in Auf€rag
Aul‘lrag gegebenen
gegebenen Uboote,
Uboote, wendung und
wendung Bedeutung,r der
und Bedeutung verbun—
der verbun- zeigt in
zeigt Aul‘nahmen die
zahlreiehen Aufnahmen
in zahlreichen die
deren Baudaten
deren Baudalen undund besondere
besondere Eigen-
Eigen- kerten Uboolsliilzpunkte und
kerlen Ubootstlttzpunkte Uhool—
und Uboot- Tragodie der
TragiSdie Sehlaehten im
der Schlachten Atlamik
im Atlantik
sehallen.
schaften. werften im
werl‘len im Zweiten Weltkrieg.
Zweiten Weltluieg. und in
und den HeimathZifen.
in den Die Bilder
Ileimathiil‘en. Die oI‘—
Bilder of-
I'enharen die
fenbaren Harte und
die H&te (Zinadenlosig-
und Gnadenlosig-
keit mil der
keit mit Kampl‘gelilhrt
dieser Kampf
der dieser wur-
geffihrt wur-
Ulrich Gabler
Ulrich Gabler Klaus Herold de. schlieDlich
de, naeh ihrem
sehlielfilieh -— nach vergehli-
ihrem vergebli-
U nterseebootbau
Unterseebootbau Der Kieler
Der Brandtaucher
Kieler Brandtaucher chen Bemiihen um
Chen Bemiihen um die Niederringungy
die Niederringung
Entwurf, Konstruktion
Entwurf, Konstruklion und
und Bau
Bau von
von Wilhelm Bauers
Wilhelm Tauehbool -
erstes Tauchboot
Bauers erstes ihres gel‘aI‘u‘liehslen Gegners,
ihres geftihrlichsten Roy—
der Roy-
(jegners. der
Unlerseebooten
Unterseebooten Ergehnisse einer
Ergebnisse Naehl’orsehung
einer Nachforschung al Navy
al aueh das
Navy -— auch Ifinde der
das Ende U—Boole.
der U-Boote.
4. Auflagel
4. Aul‘lage/ aktualisierte
aklualisierle Sonderaus-
Sonderaus- 160 39 Abbildungen
Seiten, 39
I60 Seiten, und
(Folos und
Ahbildungen (Fotos
gabe. 173
gabe. 173 Seiten
Seiten und
und 66 Klapptafeln,
Klapptafeln, Skizzen). Brosch.
Skizzen). Broseh.
59 Fotos,
59 Fotos, 302
302 Skizzen.
Skizzen. Bildbandformat.
Bildlmndl‘ormat. ISBN 3-7637-59l8-2
ISBN 3-7637-5918-2 Karl Donilz
Karl Donitz
(jeh.
Geb. Die hohe
Die hohe technische Begahung von
teehnisehe Begabung von Zehn Jahre
Zehn Jahre und und zwanzig Tage
zwanzig Tage
ISBN 3-7637-5958-1
ISBN 3—7637—59584 Wilhelm Bauer
Wilhelm und seine
Bauer und Verhissen—
an Verbissen-
seine an Erinnerungen 1I 93
Erinnerungen 945
5- 1I 945
935—
Das Werk
Das Werk bietet
bietet einen
einen umfassenden
umfassenden heit grenzende Zielstrebigkeit
heit grenzende sehul‘en
Zielstrebigkeit schufen Mit einem
Mit einem Nachwort
NaehaI von von Professor
Professor Dr.
Dr.
Uberblick die Grundlagen
iiber die
Uberblick Ilber den
und den
Grundlagen und das erste deutsche
das erste Alle
Unterseeboot. Alle
deutsehe Unterseeboot. .liirgen Rohwer:
JUrgen Donitz u.
Rohwer: D6nitz u. die Sehlaehl
die Schlacht
aktuellen Stand
aktuellen Unlerseebmlbaus,
des Unterseebootbaus,
Stand des wiehligen Dokumente
wichtigen Dokumenle werden
werden hierzu
hierzu im Atlantik,
im Allantik, eine
eine Neubetrachtung.
Neubetraehlung.
in Elementen sich
dessen Elementen
in dessen Quer—
ein Quer-
sieh ein im des Originals
Worllaul des
im Wortlaut wiedergege—
Originals wiedergege- 1II. Aullage. 5
1. Auflage. 512
12 Seiten und 16
Seiten und Bildta—
I6 Bildta-
schnitt der gesamten
fast der
sehnitt fast lin-
Teehnik fm-
gesamten Technik ben und zahlreiche
ben und ver-
Abbildungen ver-
zahlreiehe Abbildungen I‘eln, 60
feln, Folos. 6
()0 Fotos, 6 Kartenskizzen. (ieb.
Kartenskixzen. Geb.
det. vollst&digen Darstellung.
die Darstellung.
vollstéindigen die ISBN 3-7637-5
ISBN I 36—6
3-7637-5 186-6

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CHAPTER II
CHAPTER

Development
Development
military submarine
of military
of submariness

1. Development up
1. Development the end
to the
up to end
of World
of War
World War II
The history of
The history submarine construction
of submarine well back
goes well
construction goes back hull boat
hull was more
boat was seaworthy for
more seaworthy surface navigation
for surface navigation
ancient times.
into ancient
into Attempts at
times. Attempts controlled submerged
at controlled submerged than the single-hull. At the beginning of
than the single-hull. At the beginning of World War I,I,
World War
cruising were successful
cruising were machine age.
the machine
before the
even before
successfuleven age. all the larger
all the navies had
larger navies number of
had aa number self-containedsub-
of self—contained sub-
The inventor Wilhelm
The inventor Bauer was
Wihelm Bauer first submarine
the first
was the submarine marines, all
marines, all of which carried
of which torpedo armament.
carried torpedo armament.
designer to
designer the technics
understand the
to understand controlled sub—
of controlled
technics of sub- Milestones in
Milestones in this development were:
this development were:
merged cruising. Since
merged cruising. he favourably
Since he influenced sub-
favourably influenced sub-
In 1899,
1.1. In the French
1899, the the prototype
Nantal, the
French Narval, of the
prototype of the
sequent designers,
sequent we begin
designers, we with him.
begin with the first
For the
him. For first double-hull was launched.
submarine, was
double-hull submarine, launched.
time, Wilhelm Bauer
time, Wilhelm dived with
Bauer dived "Brandtaucher" near
with “Brandtaueher” near
2. In
2. several US
1900, several
In 1900, submarines of
US submarines the Holland
of the Holland
Kiel in 1850.
Kiel in After aa submerged
1850. After accident, he
submerged accident, he
class (single
class were ordered.
hull) were
(single hull) ordered.
succeeded in
succeeded making his
in making out of
escape out
his escape this vehicle.
of this vehicle.
3. In
3. an order
1904, an
In 1904, placed for
was placed
order was construction of
for construction of
Bauer very successful
was very
Bauer was with the
successfulwith built at
boat built
the boat St. Pe—
at St. Pe- the U-1
the (double hull)
U-I (double the Germania
at the
hull) at Germania
tersburg (Leningrad)
tersburg in 1855.
(Leningrad) in 1855. Shipyard in Kiel.
Shipyard in Kiel.
However true
However underwater vehicles
true underwater not be
could not
vehicles could built un-
be built un-
tilthe
til availabilityof
the availability plants which
power plants
of power not depend-
were not
whichwere depend- There were many
There were regarding the
opinions regarding
different opinions
many different the pos-
pos-
ent on
ent supply of
steady supply
on aa steady of outside air. The
outside air. boats of
first boats
The first of sible uses
sible for submarines.
uses for submarines.
this type were
this type propelled by
were propelled battery-powered electric
by battery—powered electric World War
World proved that
War II proved that the self-charging submarine
the self—charging submarine
motors. Their
motors. cruisingrange
Their cruising on the
essentially on
depended essentially
range depended the effectivewhen
most effective
was most
was when used alone on
used alone long-rangeopera-
on long-range opera-
capacityof
capacity storage battery
the storage
of the charged in
was charged
which was
battery which in port
port tions. Long
tions. cruises were
Long cruises generally made
were generally made on the surface,
on the surface,
or by
or by an escort ship.
an escort were suitable
They were
ship. They for brief
only for
suitable only brief and submarine usually
the submarine
and the submerged only
usually submerged when the
only when the en—
en-
operations, which were
operations, which carried out
were carried under water.
mainly under
out mainly water. emy was
emy during the
sighted during
was sighted the day.
day.
The were milestones:
following were
The following milestones: The submarine's main
The submarine‘s weapon, the
main weapon, torpedo, required
the torpedo, required
1. In
1. J. Peral,
1887, J.
In 1887, built the
Spaniard, built
Peral, aa Spaniard, first sub-
the first sub- that the
that attack be
the attack launched at
be launched range. The
close range.
at close The sub-
sub-
marine provided with
marine provided storage batteries.
with storage batteries.
marine could use
marine could torpedoes in
its torpedoes
use its daytime attack
in aa daytime attack while
while
2. In
2. 1888, Zéde',
In 1888, similar boat.
built aa similar
Frenchman, built
ZCdC, aa Frenchman, boat. submerged or
submerged or in night attack
in aa night while on
attack while on the surface. The
the surface. The
3. In
3. the Germania
1902, the
In 1902, Shipyard in
Germania Shipyard Germany built
in Germany built approach to the enemy went unnoticed by day when
approach to the enemy went unnoticed by day when thethe
the first
the serviceable vessel
first serviceable this type
with this
vessel with type submarine was
submarine submerged and
was submerged using its
and using periscope. A
its periscope. A
approach on
night approach
night surface took
the surface
on the advantage of
took advantage the low
of the low
of propulsion, i.i. e.e. Fore/(e,
of propulsion, was sold
who was
Forelle, who sold
to in 1904.
Russia in
to Russia 1904. Because of
silhouette. Because
silhouette. of its ability to
its ability submerge, the
to submerge, the sub-
sub-
marine could
marine penetrate sea
could penetrate controlled by
areas controlled
sea areas the en-
by the en-
The stage of
next stage
The next development was
of deveIOpment of self-charging
that of
was that self-charging emy, escape
emy, attacks by
enemy attacks
escape enemy diving, and
by diving, attack any
and attack any
submarines; these
submarines; capable of
were capable
these were charging batteries
of charging batteries major target
major its torpedoes.
with its
target with torpedoes.
operating on
while operating
while surface and
the surface
on the separate power
had aa separate
and had power The submarine was
The submarine capable of
was capable carrying other
of carrying types of
other types of
plant for surface
plant for cruising. Different
surface cruising. of propulsion
types of
Different types propulsion weapons as
weapons well. As
as well. mine layer,
As aa mine could lay
layer, itit could lay mines un-
mines un-
plants (e. g.,
plants (e. engines or
steam engines
g., steam or petroleum engines) were
petroleum engines) were noticed in
noticed places that
in places inaccessibleto
were inaccessible
that were surface vessels.
to surface vessels.
tried finally, the
until, finally,
tried until, proved to
engine proved
diesel engine
the diesel be the
to be the became very
Guns became
Guns important in
very important the warfare
in the against mer-
warfare against mer-
most useful type
most useful engine for
of engine
type of surface cruising.
for surface The per-
cruising. The per- ships. lndividual
chant ships.
chant submarines were
Individual submarines fitted with
were fitted with
capability to
formance capability
formance be reached
to be by the
reached by diesel engines
the diesel engines armoured guns
heavy, armoured
heavy, guns for for engaging land-based targets.
engaging land-based targets.
made possible to
made itit possible use these
to use submarines for
these submarines variety of
for aa variety of submarine was
The submarine
The sometimes used
was sometimes used for for reconnaissance
reconnaissance
purposes.
purposes. cooperation with
in cooperation
in units of
with units of aa fleet.
fleet.
Right from the
Right from the start, distinction was
structural distinction
start, aa structural was made
made became an
It became
It an extremely dangerous weapon
extremely dangerous weapon in the hands
in the hands
double-hull and
between double—hull
between and single—hull The double—
boats. The
single-hull boats. double- of naval power.
weaker naval
of aa weaker power.

IO
 The fact
The fact that
that at at that
that time time submarines
submarines ran ran "blind"
“blind” and and means of
means waging naval
of waging warfare. Thus,
naval warfare. Germany became
Thus, Germany became
“deaf” when
"deaf" when theythey cruised
cruised deeper deeper thanthan at at periscope
periscope depth depth leader in
aa leader development and
submarine development
in submarine and had had the most ex-
the most ex—
-— i.i. e.
e. "deep submerged” -
“deep submerged" — asas any
any acoustic
acoustic underwater
underwater perience in
perience in the use of
the use submarines. The
of submarines. results of
The results German
of German
sensors were
sensors were not not yet yet available,
available, was was a a decisive
decisive factorfactor in in developments were
developments were made available to
made available to all navies at
all navies the
at the
the way
the way in in which
which they they were were used.
used. At At periscope
periscope depth, depth, the the end of
end the war.
of the Among other
war. Among things, the
other things, the big German
big German
visual range
visual range was was limited.
limited. The The range
range of of optical
optical observa-
observa- submarine cruiser
submarine became the
cruiser became model for
the model for US US deepdeep sea sea
tion was much greater on the surface, surface, but, even when vis- submarines as
submarines well as
as well Japanese and
large Japanese
for large
as for Russian
and Russian
ibility was
ibility was good,
good, it it could
could not not compare
compare with with that that of of submarines.
submarines.
surface vessels
surface vessels because
because of of the
the relatively
relatively low low observation
observation accordance with
In accordance
In with the provisions of
the provisions of the Treaty of
the Treaty of
level. Because
level. Because the the chance
chance of of sighting
sighting an an enemy
enemy was was Versailles, no
Versailles, submarines were
no submarines built or
were built maintained in
or maintained in
greater on
greater on the
the surface,
surface, the the highest
highest possible
possible surfacesurface speedspeed Germany immediately after
Germany immediately after the war.
the war.
was the
was the measure
measure of of a a submarine's
submarine’s value. value. Conditions
Conditions per- per- Washington Naval
The Washington
The Conference of
Naval Conference 1921—22 failed
of 1921-22 failed
mitting, the
mitting, the submarine
submarine could could take take advantage
advantage of of itsits agree on
to agree
to on submarine construction. However,
submarine construction. However, rules rules
surface speed
surface speed during
during the the daytime
daytime to to take
take up up a a favourable
favourable established for
were established
were calculating the
for calculating displacement of
the displacement of
position for
position for launching
launching a a submerged
submerged attack. attack. Underwater
Underwater submarines.
submarines.
attack speeds
attack speeds werewere generally
generally slow slow duedue to to thethe temporary
temporary The London
The London Naval Naval Conference
Conference of of 1930
1930 restricted
restricted the the
use of
use of periscope.
periscope. The The night night surface
surface attackattack was was thethe pre-
pre— submarine tonnage
total submarine
total tonnage of of the United States
the United States and and
ferred method
ferred method because
because it it enabled
enabled a a faster
faster attack
attack speed.
speed. Britain to
Great Britain
Great 150,000 tons
to 150,000 tons and and that that of Japan to
of Japan to
Submerged "drag was
Submergeddrag was greatly
greatly increased
increased by by thethe require-
require— 105,500 tons.
105,500 tons. The submarine was
The submarine simply defined
was simply defined as as "a“a
ment for
ment for surface
surface cruising
cruising and and by by the
the armament
armament mounted mounted designed for
vessel designed
vessel for use under the
use under surface of
the surface of thethe
on the
on the upper
upper deck.
deck. However,
However, since since maximum
maximum submerged submerged water”.
water".
speed was
speed was considered
considered of of relatively
relatively littlelittle importance,
importance, the the German-Anglo Naval
The German-Anglo
The Treaty of
Naval Treaty of 1935 permitted
1935 permitted
speed and
speed and endurance
endurance for for submerged
submerged cruising cruising continued
continued Germany a
Germany tonnage equal
a tonnage equal to that of
to that Britain, but
Great Britain,
of Great but
to decrease.
to decrease. Basically
Basically it it was
was sufficient
sufficient if if the
the submarine
submarine voluntarily agreed
Germany voluntarily
Germany agreed not not to exceed 45
to exceed percent
45 percent
could stay
could stay submerged,
submerged, all all day
day if if necessary,
necessary, until until it it could
could of the
of British submarine
the British tonnage.
submarine tonnage.
surface at
surface at night
night to to recharge
recharge its its batteries.
batteries. In the
In between the
period between
the period the two world wars,
two world deveIOpments
wars, developments
The diving
The diving period,
period, i. i. e.
e. the
the period
period of of transition
transition betweenbetween consisted mainly
consisted mainly of improved features
of improved features for submarines
for submarines
surface cruise
surface cruise andand submerged
submerged cruise cruise was was reduced
reduced signifi-
signifi— basic lines
whose basic
whose those of
were those
lines were World War
of World War I. I.
cantly during
cantly during WorldWorld War War I. I. Air-bubble—free discharge
Air-bubble-free discharge torpedo torpedo tubes tubes were were in- in-
Vessels with
Vessels with these
these rype type features
features will will bebe referred
referred to to inin troduced. In
troduced. Germany, the
In Germany, “wakeless” torpedoes
the "wakeless" torpedoes were were
what follows
what follows as submersibles.
submersibles. developed, and
developed, and in Japan the
in Japan super-heavy torpedoes.
the super-heavy torpedoes.
The double-hull
The double—hull construction
construction was was preferred
preferred in in Germany.
Germany. Bottom mines
Bottom mines with magnetic fuses,
with magnetic which are
fuses, which difficult to
are difficult to
Only three
Only three series
series of of small,
small, single-hull
single—hull submersibles
submersibles were were sweep, were
sweep, deveIOped in
were developed Germany. Light
in Germany. Light air defense
air defense
built.
built. weapons were
weapons were added added to to the gunnery. Some
the gunnery. Some big sub—
big sub-
The armament
The armament of of small
small submersibles
submersibles consisted consisted primarily
primarily marines carried
marines seaplanes, which
carried seaplanes, which were were housedhoused in large
in large
of torpedoes or mines. mines. In addition, addition, medium-size
medium—size sub- sub— hangars.
hangars.
mersibles carried
mersibles carried guns guns for for useuse against
against merchant
merchant ships. ships. Submergence depth
Submergence depth and and protection
protection against against explosion
explosion
Submarine cruisers,
Submarine cruisers, built built for for long-range
long-range operations operations were increased
were increased by by using
using stronger
stronger steel steel and
and by by introducing
against merchant
against merchant ships, ships, gave gave preference
preference to to guns
guns over
over tor-tor- electric welding.
electric welding.
pedoes.
pedoes. Engine durability
Engine durability and and efficiency
efficiency were were increased
increased by by
The
The vesselvessel waswas fully
fully developed
developed as as a a submersible
submersible vehicle vehicle improving the
improving the design
design of of the
the diesel
diesel engines
engines and and electrical
electrical
with
with dieseldiesel andand battery-electric
battery—electric propulsion propulsion by by thethe end
end of of installations. However,
installations. However, although
although surfacesurface speed speed increased
World War
World War I. I. slightly on
slightly on the the average,
average, the the underwater
underwater speed speed remained
remained
A class
A class of of submarines
submarines (R (R class)
class) waswas built
built in in England
England dur- dur- the same.
the same.
ing World
ing World War War II for for making
making submerged
submerged attacks attacks against
against Listening devices
Listening devices were were developed
developed which which enabled enabled sub-
submarines
submarines running running on on thethe surface.
surface. The The boats
boats had had aa rela-
rela— marines to
marines to pick
pick up up an
an enemy
enemy whilewhile remaining
remaining submerged submerged
tively
tively high high submerged
submerged speed speed and and a a long
long submerged
submerged to escape
to escape detection.
detection.
operating
opefating range. range. Communication equipment
Communication equipment was was improved.
improved. Submarines Submarines
l/’e$sels with
Vessels these type
with these features will
type features will be referred'to as
be referred'to as
could transmit
could transmit over over long
long distances
distances while while operating
operating on on the
the
submarines.
submarines. surface andand couldcould receive
receive communications
communications by
surface by radio while
running at
running at periscope
periscope depth, depth, thusthus improving
improving tactical tactical capa-
capa-
2. Development between the end of World bilities. The use of submarines submarines had, at least in part, been
planned in in conjunction
conjunction with with surface
surface fleets.
fleets. In In this
this case,
case,
War II and
and the
the end
end of
of World
World War
War I1
11 planned
for example,
for example, the the maximum
maximum surface surface speed speed of of the
the bigbig
During World
During World War
War I,
1, Germany
Germany more than any any other American and
American and Japanese
Japanese submersibles
submersibles was was adapted
adapted to to the
the
combatant was committed
combatant committed to the use of submarines
submarines as a speed of
speed of thethe surface fleet.
surface fleet.

ll
In the
In antisubmarine warfare
meantime, antisubmarine
the meantime, warfare (ASW) (ASW) tactics tactics for making surface
for making Attempts to
attacks. Attempts
surface attacks. to engage atacking
engage atacking
improved as
improved as a result of
a result development of
the development
of the active under-
of active under- aircraft with
aircraft heavy guns
with heavy while on
guns while on the surface were
the surface gener-
were gener-
water detecting devices
sound detecting
water sound devices (asdic(asdic or sonar) and
or sonar) and more more ally unsuccessful.
ally unsuccessful.
effective depth
effective charges. For
depth charges. For this reason, it
this reason, was by
it was by nono American radar-equipped submarines
American radar-equipped submarines used against
used against
means clear
means clear at at the beginning of
the beginning World War
of World War I1 whether
II whether Japan were
Japan were very effective for
very effective locating the
for locating enemy in
the enemy the
in the
submarines could
single submarines
single could operate effectively in
operate effectively enemy
in enemy vast ocean areas
vast ocean areas and and for keeping contact
for keeping contact duringduring nightnight
areas. If
ocean areas.
ocean submarine detection
If submarine detection devicesdevices were were reallyreally attacks. Because
surface attacks.
surface Because the themselves had
Japanese themselves
the Japanese had
as effective as
as claimed, a
as claimed, submarine would
single submarine
a single would surely surely no effective radar,
no effective radar, the effectiveness of
the effectiveness radar-equipped
of radar-equipped
fall victim to
fall victim to a searching combat
a searching combat unit. unit. American submarines
American submarines was considerably enhanced
was considerably enhanced
The first
The phase of
first phase World War
of World War I1 showed that
[I showed that the sub—
the sub- without any
without any change
change in in tactics.
tactics.
marine could
marine generally defend
could generally defend itself against the
itself against the typetype of of Once radar was fitted fitted to ASW units,
to ASW submarines could
units, submarines could
ASW waged
ASW waged by surface forces.
light surface
by light forces. The The rangerange of the
of the stay in
stay in areas where the
areas where enemy had
the enemy had air air oror naval superior-
naval superior-
underwater detection
underwater detection devicesdevices proved proved to to be be so short in
so short in only if
ity only
ity they remained
if they submerged. This
remained submerged. This was possible
was possible
comparison to
comparison enormous ocean
the enormous
to the ocean areasareas that that the pos--
the pos- after the
after installation of
the installation of the snorkel which
the snorkel which enabled diesel
enabled diesel
sibility of
sibility detecting a
their detecting
of their submerged submarine
a submerged submarine was was ex-ex- engines to
engines operate when
to operate when the ship was
the ship submerged to
was submerged peri—
to peri-
tremely low
tremely low in absence of
the absence
in the other clues.
of other “Contact” by
clues. "Contact" by scope depth.
scope depth.
asdic or
asdic sonar was
or sonar accomplished after
usually accomplished
was usually after the sub—
the sub- pre-World War
However, pre-World War I1 submarines that
II submarines had to
that had stay
to stay
However,
marine had
marine attacked.
already attacked.
had already submerged for for veryvery long period of
long period time were
of time were so clumsy
so clumsy
submerged
When attacked, German
When attacked, submarines proved
German submarines proved able able to dive
to dive success was
their success greatly reduced.
was greatly Substantial in-
reduced. Substantial in—
that their
that
much deeper
much deeper than than theirtheir peacetime requirements. A
peacetime requirements. sub—
A sub- novations in torpedo armament
in torpedo armament did nothing to
did nothing change
to change
novations
marine at
marine maximum depth
at maximum depth was was very very hard hard to to hit with
hit with this.
this.
depth charges.
depth charges. During World
During World War War 11, Germany developed
11, Germany torpedoes
developed torpedoes
At the
At beginning of
the beginning World War
of World War I1 (just as
11 Cjust as in World
in World homing warheads
with homing
with warheads as well as
as well torpedoes whose
as torpedoes whose
War I), surface cruising
1), surface accounted for
cruising accounted for mostmost of of thethe could be
path could
path changed by
be changed by a a preset programme; both
preset programme; both of of
operating time.
operating Therefore the
time. Therefore submarine had
the submarine had to contend
to contend these developments increased
these developments increased hit chances.
hit chances.
with search and
with search aircraft during
attack aircraft
and attack during the the day.day. This development
development naturally naturally led led fromfrom the the pure
pure sub- sub-
This
Because diving
Because diving time considerably faster,
became considerably
time became faster, the sub-
the sub- mersible to to thethe true submarine (capable
true submarine (capable of remaining
of remaining
mersible
marine had
marine had an opportunity to
an opportunity before it
dive before
to dive it was spotted
was spotted continuously) with
submerged continuously) characteristics that
with characteristics that met met
submerged
by aircraft or,
by aircraft or, if if already submerge to
sighted, submerge
already sighted, such
to such the requirements
requirements for for submerged
submerged cruising. cruising.
the
depths that
depths that it could avoid
it could being hit
avoid being aircraft bombs.
by aircraft
hit by bombs.
The big
The German boats
big German boats of Type 21
of Type and the
2] and the small ones of
small ones of
Submarines were
Submarines were successful primarily in
successful primarily surface at-
night surface
in night at—
Type 23 23 offered a solution solution (1944).(1944). In connection, see
this connection,
In this see
tacks, but
tacks, they also
but they had good
also had capability for
good capability for a submerged
a submerged
Specification Sheet
Specification Sheet 1 for main
1 for particulars and
main particulars Table 2
and Table 2
attack by
day attack
day using the
by using periscope. At
the periscope. that time,
At that Germany
time, Germany
type sketches.
for type
for Improvements in
sketches. Improvements power in-
electric power
the electric
in the in-
used the
used Type 7
the Type (medium size)
boats (medium
7 boats and Type
size) and Type 9 boats
9 boats
stallation and
stallation and in boat shape
in boat enabled the
shape enabled speed for
the speed sub—
for sub-
whereas the
size), whereas
(bigger size),
(bigger small Type
the small Type 2 2 boats generally
boats generally
cruising to
merged cruising
merged approximately double
to approximately double and and the sub—
the sub-
served as
served training boats.
as training boats. In connection, see
this connection,
In this Speci-
see Speci-
merged running
merged running time time to increase several
to increase several fold. fold. The The
Sheet 1
fication Sheet
fication particulars and
main particulars
for main
1 for Table 1
and Table type
for type
l for
snorkel made
snorkel made it possible to
it possible to charge batteries while
charge batteries while at peri-
at peri-
sketches.
sketches. depth. In
scope depth.
scope same period,
the same
In the similar steps
period, similar steps were taken
were taken
countermeasures comprised
Enemy countermeasures
Enemy comprised a extended
widely extended
a widely
by the
by Japanese.
the Japanese.
V. L.
V. L. F.,
F., L.
L. F.,F., andand H. H. F.F. direction
direction finding finding systemsystem which which
transition from
necessary transition
The necessary
The from the submersible to
the submersible to the true
the true
obtained radio
obtained transmitted by
messages transmitted
radio messages by the submarines,
the submarines,
submarine increased
submarine increased the long—standing endeavours
the long-standing endeavours to- to-
clues on
that clues
so that
so long-range movements
on long-range movements could could be gained.
be gained.
wards realization of a "completely air-independent
“completely air-independent
Moreover, escort
Moreover, vessels of
escort vessels convoys were
of convoys fitted with
wcrc fitted with an an
submarine radio radio propulsion system".
propulsion system”.
direction finder
H. F. direction
H.F. finder that obtained submarine
that obtained
signals at
signals quarters, so
close quarters,
at close that they
so that directly be
could directly
they could at-
be at- The high-horsepower
The high-horsepower engines engines for for submarines
submarines de- de-
tacked. Radar
tacked. Radar (1943)(1943) placed
placed submarines
submarines at at anan additional
additional veloped in
veloped in Germany
Germany by by H. H. Walter
Walter between
between 1936 1936 and and
disadvantage. Surfaced
disadvantage. submarines could
Surfaced submarines could now now be de-
be de- 1945 were
1945 were a a very
very important
important step step in in this
this direction,
direction, how- how-
tected both at at day and night, night, in clear and
in clear overcast
and overcast ever, they
ever, they werewere not not operational
operational at at the
the endend of of the
the war.
war.
weather, by
weather, by aircraft
aircraft at at very
very longlong ranges,
ranges, and and by by ships
ships at at In thiS
In this connection,
connection, see see Specification
Specification Sheet Sheet 1 I for
for main
main
ranges. Radar
long ranges.
long warning devices
Radar warning devices were subsequently
were subsequently particulars, and
particulars, and Table
Table 3 3 for
for type
type sketches.
sketches. While While sub- sub—
introduced in
introduced submarines to
in submarines indicate when
to indicate when a submarine
a submarine merged, these
merged, these plants
plants operated
operated on on a a combustion
combustion prin- prin-
had been
had picked up
been picked up by enemy radar,
by enemy radar, and,and, under certain
under certain ciple; the
ciple; the submarine
submarine carried carried liquidliquid oxygen
oxygen compound
compound
circumstances, gave
circumstances, gave the submarine sufficient
the submarine sufficient time time to dive
to dive and was
and was notnot dependent
dependent on on a a supply
supply of of fresh
fresh air. Simul-
Simul-
before it
before attacked. But
was attacked.
it was detection devices
radar detection
But radar devices kept kept taneously with
taneously with thesethese engines,
engines, a a special
special hull hull design
design was was
submarines down
submarines down for longer and
for longer and longer periods of
longer periods time,
of time, developed particularly
developed particularly suitable suitable for for high
high submerged
submerged
and thus
and deprived them
thus deprived them of mobility and
their mobility
of their capability
and capability speeds. The
speeds. The new new hull hull form
form was was alsoalso usedused for for the
the Type

12
 21 and
21 and waswas also
also influential
influential in in the
the design
design ofof the
the powered plants
powered plants laterlater developed
developed in in thethe United
United States
States
Type 23.
Type 23. avoided these
avoided these disadvantages.
disadvantages. A A nuclear
nuclear plant plant generates
generates
Improved listening
Improved listening devices
devices and
and active
active underwater
underwater detec-
detec— very high
very high max. max. speed
speed and and gives
gives the the submarines
submarines unlimited
unlimited
tion devices
tion devices mademade it it possible
possible for
for the
the new
new submarines
submarines to to submerged cruising
submerged cruising range.
range.
detect enemies
detect enemies eveneven at at long
long range,
range, while
while submerged.
submerged. As to
As to the the "completely
“completely air-independent
air—independent propulsion propulsion
They could
They could then
then take
take advantage
advantage of of their
their increased
increased speed
speed system”, this
system", this was
was realized
realized by by the
the nuclear
nuclear plants.
plants. Since
Since
for attack
for attack purposes.
purposes. Although
Although boats
boats of
of the
the Type
Type 23
23 were
were 1954, abt. 146
1954, 146 new US American American submarines submarines were
used on
used on several missions shortly
several missions before the
shortly before the end WW
of WW
end of equipped with
equipped with nuclear
nuclear propulsion
propulsion systems, systems, which which should
should
11, boats
11, boats ofof the
the big
big Type21
Type 21 were
were commissioned
commissioned but but never
never be named
be named submarine
submarine ships. ships. 108 108 ofof these
these areare armed
armed withwith
used for
used for war
war missions.
missions. By By the
the end
end of
of the
the war,
war, however,
however, it it torpedoes, and
torpedoes, and 38 38 submarine
submarine ships ships are are provided
provided with with
was evident
was evident that
that these
these new
new types
types constituted
constituted an an effective
effective missiles against
missilb against land land targets.
targets. SinceSince not not soso long
long ago,
ago, mis-
mis—
weapon and
weapon and that
that the
the submarine
submarine had had gained
gained the
the upper
upper siles for
siles for the the attack
attack against
against surface
surface ships ships may may also
also bebe car-
car-
hand in
hand in the
the struggle
struggle between
between submarines
submarines and and ASW
ASW de-de- ried in
ried in the
the torpedo
torpedo tubes. tubes. The The USSR USSR have have followed
followed the the
VICCS.
vices. American nuclear
American nuclear developments
developments by by building
building about about thethe
same number
same number of of submarine
submarine ships ships with
with similar
similar armament.
armament.
Great Britain
Great Britain and and France
France have have also also developed
developed nuclear-
nuclear-
powered submarine
powered submarine ships. ships. Up Up to to date,
date, 12 12 torpedo-car-
torpedo-car-
3. Development
3. Development since since the the end end rying submarine
rying submarine ships ships and and 4 4 ones
ones armedarmed with with missiles
missiles
against land land targets
targets have have beenbeen builtbuilt in in Great
Great Britain,
Britain, as as
World War
of World War I1 II against
well as
well as 2 2 submarine
submarine ships ships carrying
carrying torpedoes
torpedoes and and 5 5 ones
ones
with missiles
with missiles against
against land land targets
targets in in France
France (see (see Speci-
Speci-
Postwar submarine
Postwar submarine construction
construction progressedprogressed in in the
the direc-
direc-
fication Sheet
fication Sheet 3 3 for
for main
main particulars
particulars of of nuclear-powered
nuclear—powered
tion characterized
tion characterized by by the
the German
German Type Type 21.
21. The
The snorkel
snorkel
submarine ships).
submarine ships). Because
Because of of their
their size
size (several
(several thousand
thousand
was introduced
was introduced in in all
all navies.
navies. Many Many American
American fleet-type
fleet-type
tons). these
tons), these submarine
submarine ships ships cannot
cannot be be used
used in in coastal
coastal
submarines were converted into
submarines were converted into Guppy type (greater Guppy type (greater
waters, and
waters, and theirtheir high
high costcost hashas constrained
constrained construction
construction
underwater propulsion
underwater propulsion power). power). More More efficient
efficient electric
electric
in any
in any quantity
quantity to to the the twotwo GreatGreat Powers,Powers, USA USA and and
machinery, bigger
machinery, bigger batteries,
batteries, and and lighter
lighter diesel
diesel generator
generator
USSR.
USSR.
sets were provided; drag of appendages could be reduced
sets were provided; drag of appendages could be reduced For these two reasons,
For these two reasons, development development of of the
the submarine
submarine
thus increasing
thus increasing submerged
submerged performance
performance of of the the sub-sub-
with diesel/battery
with diesel/battery electric electric drivedrive was was continued,
continued, which which is is
marines.
marines.
able to
able to carry
carry torpedo
torpedo armamentarmament with with proper
prOper detection
detection
The new
The new members
members of of the
the first
first postwar
postwar generation
generation being being
means similar
means similar to to those
those of of nuclear-powered
nuclear—powered submarine submarine
influenced by
influenced by n Type 21 are
p e 21 are mentioned
mentioned as as follows:
follows:
ships, and
ships, and equipment
equipment for for missiles
missiles against
against surface
surface ships
ships is
Tang class
Tang class (USA),
(USA), Porpoise
Porpoise and and Oberon
Oberon classes
classes (Great
(Great
also possible.
also possible. Moreover,
Moreover, they they are are appropriate
apprOpriate for for laying
laying
Britain), Narval
Britain), Narval classclass (France),
(France), and and "W"“W” class
class (USSR).
(USSR).
of mines.
of mines. These These second
second generation
generation submarinessubmarines are are diffi-
diffi-
These submarines
These submarines are are true
true torpedo
torpedo carriers,
carriers. In In this
this con-
con—
cult to
cult to detect
detect due due to to their
their small
small size;size; particularly
particularly near near the
nection, see
nection, see Specification
Specification Sheet Sheet 2 for main particulars,particulars,
coast, they
coast, they are are most
most suitable
suitable for for anti-submarine
anti-submarine mis- mis-
and Table
and Table 4 4 for
for type
type sketches.
sketches. Due Due to to the
the shapes
shapes of of these
these
sions.
sions.
ocean-going submarines,
ocean-going submarines, nearly nearly equalequal surface
surface and and sub-sub—
In France, the Ardthuse Are’thuse class class (abt. 470 tons) tons) and, after-
merged speeds
merged speeds werewere possible,
possible, i. i. e.
e. they
they are
are submersible/
submersible/
wards, the
wards, the DaphnP
Daphne class class (abt.
(abt. 720 720 tons)
tons) havehave been
been built;
built;
submarine combination
submarine combination types. types.
moreover, 4
moreover, 4 Agosta
Agosla class class submarines
submarines (abt. (abt. 1,200
1,200 tons)
tons)
The US
The US American
American Barbel Barbe] class class is is aa submarine
submarine class class
have been
have been commissioned.
commissioned.
provided with diesel and battery/electric
provided with diesel and battery/electric propulsion, propulsion,
Sweden has
Sweden has builtbuilt 6 6 submarines
submarines of of the
the Draken
Draken class class (abt.
(abt.
whose shape
whose shape points
points to to the
the best
best performance
performance during during sub- sub-
770 tons)
770 tons) and 5 5 ones of the SjOormen Sjr‘jormen class (abt. 1,150 1,150
merged cruise.
merged cruise.
tons), followed
tons), followed by by 3 3 Ndcken
Nae/(en class class submarines
submarines (abt. 1,000 1,000
Several navies
Several navies carried
carried on on development
development of of the the
“Walter” principle,
principle, however,
however, any any realizations
realizations have have
tons).
"Walter"
not been
not been effected
effected with with the the exception
exception of of Explorer
Explorer and and 66 submarines
submarines of of abt.
abt. 430 430 tons
tons and and 18 18 ones
ones of of 450
450 tons
tons
have been
have been commissioned
commissioned in in the
the Federal
Federal Republic
Republic of
of Ger-
Ger-
Excalibur built
Excalibur built and
and tested
tested in in Great
Great Britain.
Britain.
Diesel/battery electricelectric submarines many. 15
many. 15 submarines
submarines of of similar
similar construction
construction were were built
DieseVbattery submarines have have the the disad-
disad-
vantages of of limited
limited maximum
maximum submerged submerged speed speed (approx- in
in the
the Federal
Federal Republic
Republic of
of Germany
Germany for
for Norway,
Norway, and 2
and 2
vantages (approx-
imately 1 hr) and the need to use the snorkel of same
of same type type werewere built
built in in Denmark.
Denmark.
imately 1 hr) and the need to use the snorkel to charge to charge
Italy has built 4 submarines submarines of the Toti class class (abt. 460
batteries. The
batteries. The submarine
submarine is is exposed
exposed to to increased
increased danger danger
tons) and 4 Sauro class
tons) class submarines
submarines (abt. 1,000 1,000 tons).
when snorkeling
when snorkeling becausebecause it it radiates
radiates more more noise.
noise. The The
snorkel head
snorkel head can can be be picked
picked up up by by enemy
enemy surface
surface detec-detec— Japan has
Japan has built 14 14 submarines
submarines resembling resembling the above above
tion devices
tion devices (even(even though
though only only to to aa limited
limited extent);
extent); mentioned US
mentioned US American
American Barbel Barbe/ class. class.
submarine must remain at a constant shal-
moreover, the submarine shal- An especially
An especially fast, torpedo-armedtorpedo—armed submarine submarine was de- de-
low depth
low depth during
during the the snorkeling
snorkeling operation.
operation. The The nuclear-
nuclear— veloped in
veloped in the
the Federal Republic of Germany Germany for export export

13
purposes. Since
purposes. various navies
1970, various
Since 1970, ordered 43
have ordered
navies have of
43 of by means at
no means
by no end. Nearly
an end.
at an navies having
all navies
Nearly all commis-
having cornrnis-
this type,
this in tonnages
type, in ranging from
tonnages ranging 1,000 to
from 1,000 1,400, and
to 1,400, and sioned nuclear—powered submarine
sioned nuclear-powered ships are,
submarine ships besides,
are, besides,
most of
most them have
of them meanwhile been
have meanwhile delivered (see
been delivered Speci-
(see Speci- continuing to
continuing to develop conventionally driven
develop conventionally submarines.
driven submarines.
fication Sheet 4
fication Sheet for main
4 for particulars, and
main particulars, Table 5
and Table for
5 for The alone are
USA alone
The USA exception to
an exception
are an as they
this, as
to this, continue
they continue
sketch). An
type sketch).
type An enlarged type 1500
enlarged type proceeded from
1500 proceeded this
from this in development of
the development
in the of nuclear-powered ships
submarine ships
nuclear—powered submarine
type, and 4
type, and of it
units of
4 units have meanwhile
it have been ordered.
meanwhile been Fur-
ordered. Fur- only.
only.
thermore, 2
thermore, submarines displacing
2 submarines 1,700 tons
displacing 1,700 been
have been
tons have Moreover, submarines powered
Moreover, submarines by an
powered by system
anaerobic system
an anaerobic
construction in
under construction
under the Federal
in the Republic of
Federal Republic Germany
of Germany entirely or in part, may also be built in future; with
either entirely
(see Specification Sheet
(see Specification 4).
Sheet 4). regard to
regard their propulsion
to their system, they
propulsion system, will thus
they will come
thus come
A submarine
A submarine of of 2,400 tons is
2,400 tons construction in
under construction
is under Great
in Great between the
between the conventional diesel/battery driven
conventional diesel/battery vehicles
driven vehicles
Britain.
Britain. and nuclear—powered submarine
and nuclear-powered ships, when
submarine ships, considered
when considered
Development of
Development the diesel/battery
of the submarines is
electric submarines
diesel/ battery electric is from a
from aspect.
technological aspect.
a technological

14
CHAPTER I1
CHAPTER II

Development of
Development
non-military
non-milit ary
(commercial) submarines
(commercial) submarines
Civil submarines had
Civil submarines had been developed much
been developed much later than
later than riety demands in
of demands
riety of in the future (see
the future (see Specification Sheet 5
Specification Sheet 5
military ones.
military ones. Two submarines were
civil submarines
Two civil built in
were built Ger-
in Ger- for main
for particulars).
main particulars).
many during
many during World World War (1915), i.
War II (1915), i. e. Deutsch/and and
e. Deutschland and There have
There repeatedly been
have repeatedly designs for
made designs
been made underwater
for underwater
Bremen, who
Bremen, who were intended for
were intended transportation of
the transportation
for the of having a
tankers having
tankers large carrying
a large capacity and
carrying capacity nuclear
and aa nuclear
valuable goods
valuable goods fromfrom thethe U. U. S.SA. A. andand to underrun the
to underrun the propulsion system,
propulsion system, in in the past; but
the past; but such projects had
such projects had
blockade which
blockade prevented the
which prevented commercial surface
the commercial surface ship-ship- never been
never realized due
been realized due to a lack
to a lack of of any abili—
competing abili-
any competing
ping traffic. Their
ping traffic. Their carrying capacity was
carrying capacity 470 tons.
was 470 Since
tons. Since ties when
ties compared with
when compared surface tankers.
usual surface
with usual An es-
tankers. An es—
then. no
then, no freightsarrying submarines have
freight-carrying submarines have been built;
been built; reason, in
sential reason,
sential in this connection, is
this connection, considerably lar-
the considerably
is the lar-
however, there
however, there have been a
have been number of
a number of projects covering
projects covering ger wetted
ger surface of
wetted surface submarine tankers
of submarine in a
resulting in
tankers resulting re-
a re-
fast nuclear-powered submarine
fast nuclear-powered submarine tankers tankers of large ton-
of large ton— sistance being
sistance larger than
being larger that of
than that of aa commercial surface
commercial surface
nage. It
nage. is not
It is possible to
not possible such submarine
use such
to use tankers in
submarine tankers in tanker of
tanker speed and
similar speed
of similar capacity.
carrying capacity.
and carrying
the rather
the depths of
shallow depths
rather shallow water of
of water of the Alaska —
route Alaska
the route - However, after discovery
However, extensive oil fields below the
discovery of extensive
U.S. east
U.S. east coast which is
coast which passable by
is passable by surface tankers
surface tankers arctic ice
arctic ice toto the North of
the North Canada, fresh
of Canada, submarine
fresh submarine
under conditions only.
difficult conditions
under difficult only. For reasons,
economical reasons,
For economical designs have
tanker designs
tanker have been prepared, but
been prepared, conven-
with conven-
but with
submarine tankers
submarine tankers areare not suitable for
not suitable the general
for the trade
general trade drive now
tional drive
tional now (see Fig. 1).
(see Fig. 1). Such underwater ships
Such underwater ships
in open
in waters.
open waters. could transport the
could transport the oil oil toto the nearest open
the nearest harbour,
open harbour,
Development of
Development of underwater vehicles was
research vehicles
underwater research begun
was begun where it
where should be
it should transshipped into
be transshipped into usual tank—
surface tank-
usual surface
in the
in fifties. In
the fifties. In this connection, mention
this connection, should be
mention should made
be made ers. Such
ers. systems seem
Such systems seem to to be economical than
more economical
be more than thethe
of Trieste
of designed by
Trieste II designed Professor Piccard
by Professor Piccard and and his son
his son conveyance of
conveyance of the delivered oil
the delivered or its
pipelines or
through pipelines
oil through its
Jacques Piccard
Jacques (completed in
Piccard (completed 1953 and
in 1953 converted in
and converted in transportation by
transportation ice—breaking surface
by ice-breaking tankers.
surface tankers.
1958) which, in1960,
1958) which, dived in
in1960, dived in the Marianas Trench
the Marianas Trench of the
of the
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean down down to 10,916 m, i.
to 10,916m, i. e. deepest depth
the deepest
e. the depth
existing on
existing on thethe earth. Since that
earth. Since time, a
that time, total of
a total abt. 60
of abt. 60
different small
different submersibles have
small submersibles have been most of
built, most
been built, of
them in
them in the USA, for
the USA, for research purposes and
research purposes and for per-
the per-
for the
formance of
formance of specific such as
tasks such
specific tasks search and
as search salvage of
and salvage of
important military
important gear. The
military gear. The large economic tasks
large economic tasks for for
manned vehicles have
underwater vehicles
manned underwater have resulted thanks to
resulted thanks dis—
to dis-
covery of oil and gas in the North Sea, Sea, in the last time
only. The
only. prospects of
The prospects of manned underwater gear
manned underwater gear cancan be be
seen in
seen this field.
in this tasks are
Their tasks
field. Their are as follows:
as follows:
-— Observation
Observation and and records,
records,
-— search and salvage,
salvage,
-— rescue,
rescue, personnel
personnel transfer,
transfer,
-— use
use asas submerging
submerging diver lockout vehicle,
-— assistance
assistance duringduring burying of pipings and cables, cables,
-— checking
checking and and inspection
inspection e. g. of underwater
underwater structures
structures
and pipelines.
and pipelines.
An increasing
An increasing fleet fleet of small submersibles
submersibles supportedsupported by
mother ships
mother ships operates
operates in the North Sea. Sea. However, only
part of
part of the above-mentioned
above—mentioned tasks may be fulfilled fulfilled by -
Fig. 1l — Design
Fig. Design of a submarine tanker for the Arctic (cargo-
them. Development
them. Development of novel, novel, and partly bigger, sub- sub— carrying capacity =:- 10,000
10,000 m3,
m“. L =
: 140
140 m,
m. B =
: 21
21
mersibles has
mersibles has been
been started
started in order to meet the great great va- va— m, D =: 99 m, diving depth =: 300 m)

15
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER I11

Characteristi cs
Characteristics
of submarines
submarines
There aresubmarines
Thereare both military
for both
submarinesfor and non-military
military and non-military In the case
In the of the
caseof submarine, the
single-hullsubmarine,
the single—hull pressurehull
the pressure hull
(commercial) uses.
(commercial) uses. the external
isis the True single-hull
shell. True
external shell. submarines are
single-hull submarines are nono
longer being
longer built. A
being built. A second, coversat
shellcovers
externalshell
second,external at least
least
the ends
the the pressure
of the
ends of This second
hull. This
pressure hull. shell usually
second shell usually
holds ballast
holds tanks and
ballast tanks free-flooding spaces,
and free—flooding and itit isis
spaces, and
also used
also fixed ballast.
for fixed
used for ballast.
Military submarines
1. Military
1. submarines InIn the of the
case of
the case submarine, the
double-hull submarine,
the double-hull the pressure
pressure
envelopesonly
hull envelopes
hull those parts
only those the boat
of the
parts of must not
that must
boat that not
They may be
They may with torpedoes,
equipped with
be equipped mines, and
torpedoes, mines, and guns
guns be subjected to
be subjected pressure. The
diving pressure.
to diving The outer hull isis not
outer hull not
for use against
for use targets, anti-aircraft
surface targets,
against surface (AA) guns,
anti-aircraft (AA) guns, pressure-resistant; itit holds
pressure—resistant; ballast tanks,
holds ballast fuel, and
diesel fuel,
tanks, diesel and
and missiles.
and The individual
missiles. The weapon systems
individualweapon includede-
systems include de- the ballast
the free-flooding spaces.
and free-flooding
ballast and spaces.
tection and fire
tection and control installations.
fire control Submarines can
installation~.Submarines can intermediate type
An intermediate
An forms the
type forms from the
transition from
the transition the
also serveas
also serve support vessels
logisticssupport
as logistics to supply
vessels to other sub-
supplyother sub- single-hull to
single-hull to the double-hull type.
the double-hull type.
marines with
marines food, and
fuel, food,
with fuel, ammunition; as
and ammunition; as transports
transports Submarines have
Submarines different tonnage
have different specifcations. The
tonnage specifications. The
for war
for material; and
war material; and as submerging radar
as submerging picket sta-
radar picket sta- displacement isis the
surface displacement
surface displacement corresponding
the displacement corresponding
tions; they can
tions; they equipped to
be equipped
can be carry seaplanes,
to carry small sub-
seaplanes,small sub- to weight of
the weight
to the submarine in
the submarine
of the ready-to-dive condi-
in ready-to-dive condi-
mersible craft,
mersible and underwater
craft, and teams. Sub-
demolition teams.
underwater demolition Sub- tion. The
tion. displacement isis the
submerged displacement
The submerged the displacement
displacement
marines have now
marines have now taken over many
taken over combat missions
many combat missions corresponding to
corresponding to the weight of
the weight of the ready-to-dive vessel
the ready-to—dive vessel
which previously could
which previously undertaken only
be undertaken
could be only byby surface
surface plus the
plus weight of
the weight contents of
the contents
of the the ballast
of the tanks. The
ballast tanks. The
ships.
ships. type displacement
type (standard displacement)
displacement(standard weight in-
displacement)isis aa weight in-
Concerning the
Concerning areas of
the areas use, aa distinction
of use, made be—
distinction isis made be- dex that
dex established at
was established
that was at the Washington Conference
the Washington Conference
ocean-goingand
tween ocean—going
tween and coastal submarines. Ocean—going
coastal submarines. Ocean-going of 1921-22. It
of 1921-22. defined as
It isis defined weight of
the weight
as the the surfaced
of the surfaced
submarines must be
submarines must able to
be able remain at
to remain sea for
at sea long pe—
for long pe- boat in
boat condition minus
ready-to-dive condition
in ready—to—dive minus the the following
following
riods time and
of time
riods of this requirement
and this necessitates greater
requirement necessitates greater weights: fuel supply,
diesel fuel
weights: diesel motive means
supply, motive supply, motor
means supply, motor
tonnage. Because they
tonnage. Because are used
they are depths and
shallow depths
in shallow
used in and are
are oil water of
and water
supply, and
oil supply, any type.
of any type displacement
The type
type. The displacement
vulnerable to mines,
vulnerable to have smaller
submarines have
coastal submarines
mines, coastal smaller is measured in
is measured in long tons (a
long tons long ton
(a long equivalent to
ton isis equivalent to
tonnages.
tonnages. 1,016 kg
1,016 [2240 lb]).
kg [2240 lb]).
Submarinesto
Submarines to be primarily in
used primarily
be used the tropics
in the must have
tropics must have The displacement isis the
form displacement
The form volume (in
the volume cubic meters)
(in cubic meters)
special housing the
for housing
facilities for
special facilities crew. Those
the crew. operatingin
Those operating in bounded by
bounded the external
by the shape of
external shape vessel. A
the vessel.
of the A distinc—
distinc-
the northern regions
the northern deicing devices
need deicing
regions need intake air
for intake
devices for air tion made between
tion isis made submerged form
between submerged form displacement
displacement
and, under certain
and, under reinforcement for
circumstances, reinforcement
certain circumstances, for (volume of
(volume total external
the total
of the form) and
external form) surfaced form
and surfaced form
operation in
operation in ice, devices, etc.
navigation devices,
special navigation
ice, special etc. displacement (that
displacement portion of
(that portion submerged form
the submerged
of the form dis-
dis-
With respect to
With respect type of
the type
to the of duty, must be
distinction must
duty, aa distinction be below the
placement below
placement the line of flotation).
line of flotation).
made submarines and
between submarines
made between submersibles. The
and submersibles. The sub-
sub-
mersible cruises
mersible primarily on
cruises primarily the surface
on the and submerges
surface and submerges
only on
only on occasion. speaking, itit isis aa sub-
Practically speaking,
occasion. Practically sub-
mersible surface
mersible vessel. On
surface vessel. hand, the
other hand,
the other
On the the sub—
sub-
marine cruises mainly
marine cruises under water
mainly under and surfaces
water and only on
surfaces only on Non-military submarines
2. Non—military
2. submarines
certain occasions.
certain Hence the
occasions. Hence features of
cruising features
the cruising the first
of the first
type are
type primarily by
conditioned primarily
are conditioned requirements of
the requirements
by the of A distinction
A may be
distinction may made according
be made according to tasks, as
their tasks,
to their as
surface whereas those
cruising whereas
surface cruising those of submarine are
the submarine
of the are e.g. transportation,
e.g. research, salvage,
transportation, research, work sub-
and work
salvage, and sub-
conditioned primarily by
conditioned primarily by the requirements of
the requirements of submerged
submerged marines.
marines.
cruising. Rapid diving
cruising. Rapid important for
diving isis important the first
for the type and
first type and present, there
At present,
At no submarines
are no
there are underwater trans—
for underwater
submarines for trans-
of importance for
secondary importance
of secondary the submarine.
for the submarine. purposes but
portation purposes
portation number of
large number
but aa large of vehicles for re—
vehicles for re-
In terms of
In terms design, there
of design, between single—
distinction between
there isis aa distinction single- search purposes
search and many
available, and
purposes isis available, boats are
work boats
many work are
hull and
hull submarines (see
double-hull submarines
and double-hull Fig. 3).
(see Fig. 3). already operative
already under development.
or under
operative or development.

16
Pressure
Pressure hullhull shape
shape andand material
material are
are largely
largely influenced
influenced rect
rect current
current coming
coming fromfrom thethe batteries
batteries into
into the
the current
current
by
by the
the diving
diving depth.
depth. As As aa rule,
rule, double—hull
double-hull submarines
submarines required.
required. Direct
Direct current
current motors
motors functioning
functioning at at diving
diving
are
are used.
used. The
The pressure
pressure hull
hull isis cylindrically
cylindrically shaped,
shaped, in in pressure
pressure areare also
also available,
available, butbut their
their capacity
capacity isis smaller.
smaller.
most
most cases,
cases, up
up to
to mean
mean diving
diving depth
depth figures;
figures; for
for deeper
deeper Hydraulic
Hydraulic propulsion
propulsion systems
systems are
are occasionally
occasionally provided
provided
diving
diving depths,
depths, the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull consists
consists of
of spherical
spherical seg-
seg- as
as well.
well. The
The hydraulic
hydraulic oil oil necessary
necessary in in this
this connection
connection isis
ments
ments fitted
fitted together
together and,
and, finally,
finally, ofof true
true spheres.
spheres. delivered
delivered by by electrically
electrically driven
driven pumps.
pumps. TheThe required
required
Non-military
Non-military submarines
submarines are are electrically
electrically driven
driven and,
and, as
as aa electric
electric energy
energy isis carried
carried inin batteries.
batteries.
rule,
rule, their
their batteries
batteries must
must bebe recharged
recharged by by mother
mother ship
ship The
The incorporation
incorporationof of anaerobic
anaerobicpropulsion
propulsion systems
systems using
using
means
means (non-self-charging
(non-self-charging submarines).
submarines). Contrary
Contrary toto mil-
mil- internal
internal combustion
combustion engines
engines isis in
in the
the development
development stage.
stage.
itary
itary submarines,
submarines, the the batteries
batteries are
are often
often arranged
arranged in in the
the The
The oxygen
oxygen necessary
necessary for for the
the combustion
combustion wouldwould then
then
external
external structure,
structure, i.e.
i.e. subjected
subjected to to diving
diving pressure
pressure soso have
have toto be
be carried
carried inin cryogenic
cryogenic form.
form.
that
that particular
particular requirements
requirements should
should be be set
set on
on them.
them. The
The The
The influence
influence ofof hydrodynamic
hydrodynamic aspects aspects on
on the
the shape
shape ofof
batteries
batteries areare of
of lead/acid,
leadhid, nickel/cadmium,
nickel/cadmium, or or silver/
silver/ such
such submarines
submarinesisis notnot so
so much
much important
important as as their
their speed
speed
zinc
zinc type.
type. The
The propulsion
propulsion motors,
motors, too,
too, are
are often
often situated
situated is,
is, in
in general,
general, very
very small;
small; however,
however, itit isis of
of great
great con—
con-
in
in the
the external
external structure
structure thus
thus being
being subjected
subjected to to the
the div-
div- sequence
sequence thatthat shapes
shapes be be applied,
applied, which
which considerably
considerably re-re-
ing
ing pressure.
pressure. IfIf three-phase
three-phase a. a. c.
c. motors
motors areare used,
used, par-
par- duce
duce the
the danger
danger of of the
the submarine
submarine being being entangled
entangled inin sub-
sub-
ticular
ticular converters
converters areare necessary
necessary in in order
order toto change
change the
the di—
di- merged
merged condition.
condition.

17
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER IV

General description
General description
of aa submarine
of submarine
Figure schematic of
Figure 22 isis aa schematic of the interior of
the interior modern sub-
of aa modern sub- ment are
ment arranged in
also arranged
are also the combat
in the information cen—
combat information cen-
marine equipped with
which isis equipped
marine which diesel-electric propulsion
with diesel-electric propulsion The pressure
tre. The
tre. hull in
pressure hull way of
in way the combat
of the information
combat information
and torpedo
and armament. Hull
torpedo armament. superstructures,and
shape, superstructures,
Hull shape, and centre
centre is is penetrated
penetrated by by such retractable devices as
such retractable.devices as the
the
arrangement of
arrangement machinery of
the machinery
of the of the vessel shown
the vessel shown in-in— periscope, whip
periscope, antenna, snorkel,
whip antenna, etc. The
snorkel, etc. two com~
The two com-
dicate that
dicate true submarine,
that itit isis aa true submarine, i. vehicle generally
e. aa vehicle
i. e. generally pensating tanks are
pensating tanks located in
are located in the section of
lower section
the lower of this
this
operating under water.
operating under water. The construction is
The construction is that of aa
that of compartment; the
compartment; midship ballast
the midship tanks which
ballast tanks are open
which are open
boat with
hull boat
single hull
single envelope at
second envelope
with aa second the ends.
at the ends. to the
to sea through
the sea holes are
flood holes
through flood are located forward of
located forward of
Most of
Most die& fuel
the diesel
of the inside the
stored inside
fuel isis stored pressure hull.
the pressure hull. them.
them.
submarine, the
double-hull submarine,
In aa double-hull
In diesel fuel
the diesel all be
would all
fuel would be section of
lower section
The lower
The space forward
the space
of the forward of the C.
of the C. I. C.
I. C.
stored outside the
stored outside pressure hull.
the pressure hull. contains the
contains the forward battery room
forward battery with aa partial
room with battery.
partial battery.
pressure hull
The pressure
The amidships and
cylindrical amidships
hull isis cylindrical and atat both
both The fresh water
The fresh tanks are
water tanks located alongside
are located alongside the battery
the battery
ends conical sections
has conical
ends has closed by
sectionsclosed by end bulkheads. A
end bulkheads. A pair
pair Quarters for
room. Quarters
room. for the captain and
the captain and the officers as
the officers well as
as well as
of ballast
of located in
tanks isis located
ballast tanks the midship
in the section of
midship section of the
the room are
radio room
the radio
the are located above the
located above the battery room. The
battery room. The
hull, but
pressure hull,
pressure functionally they
but functionally they are are not of the
part of
not part the galley with
galley and aa sanitary
space and
provisions space
with provisions room with
sanitary room with
pressure
pressure hull.
hull. shower and
shower and toilet also situated
are also
toilet are this area.
in this
situated in area.
bulkheads subdivide
Two bulkheads
Two subdivide the pressure hull.
the pressure The aft
hull. The aft The forward of
space forward
The space of the bulkhead (bow
pressure-proof bulkhead
the pressure—proof (bow
bulkhead is
bulkhead is the spatial and
the spatial and acoustic partition of
acoustic partition of the un-
the un- ends at
space) ends
space) at the forward end
the forward which is
bulkhead which
end bulkhead pen-
is pen-
manned machinery space
manned machinery forward; for
towards forward;
space towards for rescue
rescue etrated by the
etrated by torpedo tubes.
six torpedo
the six The after
tubes. The third of
after third these
of these
purposes,
purposes, the the submarine
submarine is divided into
is divided into twotwo compart-
compart- tubes extends
tubes extends into area. This
this area.
into this compartment also
This compartment con-
also con-
ments by
ments the forward
by the bulkhead which,
forward bulkhead which, for reason, is
this reason,
for this is tains space for
storage space
tains storage eight spare
for eight torpedoes. Fuel
spare torpedoes. tank,
Fuel tank,
pressure-proof construction.
of pressure—proof
of construction. two fresh
two tanks, two
water tanks,
fresh water two torpedo tanks, the
torpedo tanks, forward
the forward
The aft
The compartment (machinery
aft compartment (machinery space) contains the
space) contains the pair of
pair of trim tanks, and
trim tanks, the bow
and the plane motor
bow plane also
are also
motor are
electrical machinery for
electrical machinery propulsion, the
for propulsion, the pressure-tight
pressure-tight under the
located under
located the torpedo compartment. The
storage compartment.
torpedo storage The
duct of
duct of the propeller shaft,
the propeller shaft, the thrust block,
the thrust block, the steering
the steering area aft
area aft of torpedo tubes
the torpedo
of the tubes serves crew quarters,
as crew
serves as quarters,
gear for the steering
gear rudder and
steering rudder and stem plane, the
stem plane, the aft trim
aft trim subdivided into
subdivided spaces for
into spaces petty officers
for petty ratings.
and ratings.
officers and
tank, the generator sets,
diesel generator
the diesel sets, and
and various auxiliary ma-
various auxiliary ma- with shower
spaces with
sanitary spaces and toilet also
are also
toilet are
Two
Two sanitary shower and
chinery. The
chinery. main fuel
The main tanks and
fuel tanks lubricating oil
and aa lubricating supply
oil supply
located there.
located The double
there. The torpedo loading
double torpedo hatch is
loading hatch is
tank are
tank below the
located below
are located the diesel generator sets.
diesel generator sets. upper section
the upper
in the the aft
of the end and
aft end functions
located in
located section of and functions
The space
The forward of
space forward the engine
of the engine room bulkhead contains
room bulkhead contains
as a
as service hatch
a service boat is
the boat
when the
hatch when in port.
is in anchor
The anchor
port. The
the aft
the room with
battery room
aft battery storage battery
partial storage
with aa partial battery in the
in the
windlass motor and
Windlass motor and the station for
control station
the control the Windlass
for the windlass
part. The
lower part.
lower tanks are
water tanks
fresh water
The fresh located at
are located the sides.
at the sides.
(which is
(which located outside)
is located outside) hang under the
hang under the deckhead
deckhead ofof
The control
The control room room is is arranged
arranged above above the the floor, which
the compartment.
the compartment. A torpedo—loading device
A torpedo-loading can be
device can as-
be as-
contains the
contains switchboards as
the switchboards well as
as well all means
as all means forfor opera-
opera-
sembled for
sembled for loading torpedoes, but
loading torpedoes, the forward
but the quarters
forward quarters
tion and remote
tion and control of
rcmote control of the machinery. The
the machinery. The starboard
starboard for this
dismantled for purpose.
this purpose.
must be partly dismantled
be partly
space houses the
space houses waterman’s station
the waterman's station together
together withwith the the
main ballast and
main ballast and bilge pumps and
bilge pumps and thethe sea connections,
sea connections, The
The outer envelopes the
hull envelopes
outer hull the conical of the
sections of
conical sections pres-
the pres-
the trimming
the equipment, the
trimming equipment, compressed air
the compressed air station,
station, andand sure hull fore
sure hull aft. A
and aft.
fore and A free-flooding narrow su-
free-flooding narrow su-
the controls for
the controls for main ballast tank
main ballast venting.
tank venting. perstructure above
perstructure the pressure
above the pressure hull connects the
hull connects for-
the for-
and aft
ward and
ward sections of
aft sections the outer
of the The bridge
hull. The
outer hull. is
fin is
bridge fin
The space is
next space
The next is thethe combat information centre
combat information centre
amidships, and
located amidships,
located the keel
and the below the
arranged below
is arranged
keel is the
(C.I.C.).
(C. I. C.). Its upper section
Its upper houses the
section houses steering gear
the steering gear
operation of
for operation of the vessel, i.
the vessel, e.
i. e. pressure hull.
pressure hull.
controls
controls and instruments for
and instruments
control consoles for
control consoles for steering rudder and
steering rudder hydrOplanes and
and hydroplanes and The aft section
The aft of the
section of outer hull
the outer the aft
contains the
hull contains ballast
aft ballast
accessory instruments.
accessory Furthermore, the
instruments. Furthermore, instru-
inboard instru-
the inboard tanks, the
tanks, for the
carriers for
the carriers steering rudder
the steering and the
rudder and stern
the stem
ments of
ments of detection, navigation, and
detection, navigation, and fire equip—
control equip-
fire control and a
planes, and
planes, stabilizer fin
a stabilizer on either
fin on The stern
side. The
either side. tube
stem tube

18
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with thepropeller
withthe shaftand
propellershaft and the rods for
therods thesteering
for the steering isisprovided withaanarrow
providedwith deckwhich
bridgedeck
narrowbridge containsthe
whichcontains the
rudderand
rudder sternplanes
andstem throughthe
passthrough
planespass ballasttank.
theballast tank. supply exhaustair
andexhaust
supplyand airlines theducts
andthe
linesand theexhaust
ductsofofthe exhaust
Theforward
The sectionofofthe
forwardsection outerhull
theouter containsthe
hullcontains thefor—
for- gassystem
gas aftersection.
systemininitsitsafter Theanchor
section.The windlassisis
anchorWindlass
ward tanks.The
ballasttanks.
wardballast tubesrun
torpedotubes
Thetorpedo throughthe
runthrough the forward.The
locatedforward.
located trunksof
Thetrunks afterhatch
theafter
ofthe andofofthe
hatchand the
ballast Forwardthey
tanks.Forward
ballasttanks. theyare supportedby
aresupported thetorpedo
bythe torpedo torpedo hatch penetrate the superstructure and
torpedo hatch penetrate the superstructure and are
are
bulkheadthat
bulkhead formsthe
thatforms theforward bulkheadof
forwardbulkhead theballast
ofthe ballast sealed bypaired
sealedby hatchcovers
pairedhatch decklevel.
coversatatdeck level.
Thearea
tank.The
tank. forwardof
areaforward thetorpedo
ofthe bulkheadisisfree
torpedobulkhead free The free—flooding
The fin isis streamlined
bridge fin
free-flooding bridge and high
streamlined and high
flooding.
flooding. completelycontain
enoughtotocompletely
enough suchretractable
containsuch devicesasas
retractabledevices
containsthe
ItItcontains pressure-resistantmuzzle
thepressure—resistant muzzledoors whichare
doorswhich are the periscope,snorkel,
theperiscope, antennaewhen
andantennae
snorkel,and when ininretracted
retracted
paired with
paired correspondingshell
withcorresponding doors. The
shelldoors. carrierfor
Thecarrier for condition.The
condition. Thesuperstructure enclosesthe
superstructureencloses the pressure-re—
pressure-re-
thebow
the planeand
bowplane andthe pipesare
hawserpipes
thehawser thefree-flood—
areininthe free-flood- sistantaccess
sistant withthe
trunkwith
accesstrunk hatchwhose
thehatch partcon-
upperpart
whoseupper con-
ing belowthe
areabelow
ingarea theforward ballasttank.
forwardballast balconyfor
tank. AAbalcony for tainsthe
tains cockpit-likesurface
thecockpit-like controlstand.
surfacecontrol stand.
the hydrophonetransducers
thehydrophone situatedininthe
transducersisissituated upperpart
theupper part
of thefree—flooding
ofthe forwardend.
free-floodingforward end. Thekeel
The structurecontains
keelstructure ballastfor
containsballast andisis
stabilizationand
forstabilization
Thefree—flooding
The superstructureabove
free-floodingsuperstructure abovethe pressurehull
thepressure hull so constructedthat
rigidlyconstructed
sorigidly thesubmarine
thatthe candock
submarinecan onit.it.
dockon

20
 CHAPTER V
CHAPTER V

Diving and
Diving and stability
stability

1. Diving
1. Diving
The submarine
The submarine has has twotwo floating
floating conditions,
conditions, one one on on the
the Thus, a
Thus, a submarine
submarine that that is is ready
ready to to dive
dive must
must havehave an an
surface and the other
surface other submerged.
submerged. In either either case, Ar- underwater weight
underwater weight thatthat corresponds
corresponds to to its
its displacement.
displacement.
chimedes’ principle
chimedes' principle has has to to be be fulfilled.
fulfilled. The The transition
transition The weight
The weight has has toto bebe varied
varied only only according
according to to the
the density
density
from surface
from surface to to submerged
submerged cruising cruising is is achievedby
achieved. by flood- flood- of the
of the sea
sea water.
water.
ing the
ing the ballast
ballast tanks.
tanks. TheyThey are are empty
empty for for surface
surface cruising
cruising If the
If the submarine
submarine dives dives in in denser
denser water, water, it it should
should be be made
made
and completely
and completely flooded flooded for for submerged
submerged cruising. cruising. heavier.
heavier.
The diving
The diving process
process may may be be interpreted
interpreted in in two
two ways.ways. In In Maximum and
Maximum and minimum
minimum densities densities that that maymay be be encoun-
encoun-
the first
the first interpretation,
interpretation, the the water
water used used to to flood
flood the the bal-
bal- tered must
tered must be be established
established for for design
design purposes
purposes in in order
order toto
last tanks
last tanks may be considered considered as ballast, increasing increasing the keep a
keep a submarine
submarine submersed.submersed.
weight of
weight of the the submarine
submarine by by the the weight
weight of of the the ballast
ballast E. g.,
E. g., the
the oceans
oceans and and their
their bordering
bordering seas seas have a sea
water. At
water. At the
the same
same time,
time, the the volume
volume of of the
the submarine
submarine in- in- water density
water density of of 1.028-1.030.
1028-1030. The The Baltic
Baltic Sea Sea has a
creases. The
creases. The center
center of of buoyancy
buoyancy and, and, in in most
most ,cases,
cases, thethe density of
density of 1.012
1.012 in in the
the Western
Western area area but but drops to
center of
center of gravity
gravity shiftshift in in vertical
vertical and and longitudinal
longitudinal direc- direc- 1.005 in
1.005 in the
the Eastern
Eastern Baltic.Baltic. Large Large areas
areas nearnear estuaries
estuaries
tions. The
tions. The diving
diving process
process is is completed
completed when when the the ballast
ballast consist of
consist of almost
almost pure pure fresh
fresh water.water.
tanks are
tanks are filled
filled andand thethe vessel
vessel is is submerged.
submerged. The The vessel
vessel isis When the
When the submerged
submerged vessel vessel is is trimmed
trimmed so so that
that itit hovers
hovers
now heavier
now heavier and and displaces
displaces the the whole
whole weight.
weight. This This inter-
inter- on an
on an approximately
approximately even even keel keel without
without reserve
reserve or or nega-
nega-
pretation is
pretation is common
common in in many
many foreign
foreign countries.
countries. tive buoyancy,
tive buoyancy, the the submarine
submarine is said said to to have
have "neutral
“neutral
The second
The second interpretation
interpretation has has been
been used used in in Germany
Germany trim without
trim without reservereserve buoyancy".
buoyancy”.
since about 1938.
since about 1938. The The waterwater used used to flood the
to flood ballast
the ballast When a
When a submarine
submarine of of this
this typetype surfaces
surfaces by by fully
fully blowing
blowing
tanks during
tanks during the the dive
dive is is not
not considered
considered part part of of thethe sub-
sub- its tanks,
its tanks, i.e.,i.e., byby emptying
emptying its its ballast
ballast tanks,
tanks, it it can
can float
float
marine weight,
marine weight, and and so so thethe weight
weight of of the
the submarine
submarine is is the
the on the
on the surface
surface only only on on a a fixed
fixed trim trim determined
determined by by the
the de-
de-
same on
same on the
the surface
surface as as when
when submerged.
submerged. The The centercenter of of sign as
sign as long
long as as the
the weight
weight condition
condition corresponds
corresponds to to the
the
gravity also
gravity also remains
remains the the same
same with with respect
respect to to height
height and and submerged neutral
submerged neutral trim trim without
without buoyancy.
buoyancy. This This surface
surface
length on
length on the the surface
surface as as whenwhen submerged.
submerged. During During trim condition
trim condition depends depends on on the the shape
shape of of the
the submarine
submarine
surface cruising, the
surface cruising, the b ballast
u t tankstanks are empty, when
are empty, when the the and on
and on thethe location
location and and size size of of its
its ballast
ballast tanks.
tanks. All All the
the
boat submerges
boat submerges they they are are filled.
filled. ThusThus on on diving,
diving, the the only
only consumed items
consumed items on on board,
board, such such as stores,stores, fresh
fresh water,
water,
change is
change center of
the center
is the buoyancy with
of buoyancy respect to
with respect height,
to height, and fuel,
and fuel, must
must be be compensated
compensated for for within
within the the submarine
submarine
and usually
and usually withwith respect
respect to to length,
length, because
because the the pressure-
pressure- by changing
by changing the the counterweights.
counterweights. Thus, Thus, when when aa sub- sub-
resisting parts
resisting parts aboveabove the the line
line of of flotation
flotation are are submerged
submerged marine is
marine is on
on thethe surface
surface and and "ready“ready to to dive",
dive”, it it is im-
and the
and the displacement
displacement of of the
the contents
contents of of thethe ballast
ballast tankstanks possible to
possible to tell
tell whether
whether it it is
is completely
completely loaded loaded with with fuel
is eliminated.
is eliminated. This This interpretation
interpretation is easier to use during during and supplies
and supplies or or whether
whether some some of of these
these items
items havehave been
the design
the design phase.
phase. Unless otherwise otherwise indicated,
indicated, this is the consumed.
consumed.
interpretation that
interpretation that will
will be be used
used in what follows. follows. When a
When a submerged
submerged submarine submarine hovering hovering without en-
The pressure-resisting
The pressure-resisting displacement
displacement (VU (Vu + + Vo)V0) includes
includes gine power
gine power is is considered
considered to to be be neutrally
neutrally trimmed,
trimmed, it is
(Figure 3)
(Figure displacement of
the displacement
3) the of the pressure hull
the pressure including
hull including assumed to
assumed to bebe acting
acting in in accordance
accordance with with Archimedes'
Archimedes’
plating and
shell plating
shell additionally outside
and additionally outside the pressure hull,
the pressure hull, principle. Actually,
principle. Actually, this this is is practically
practically not entirely pos-
all structural
all structural membersmembers making making up up thethe ballast
ballast tanks, tanks, fuelfuel sible because
sible because a a state
state of of equilibrium
equilibrium can be be obtained
obtained
tanks and
tanks and free-flooding
free-flooding areas, areas, as as well
well as as the
the stern
stern tube,
tube, only approximately
only approximately when when submerged.
submerged. The sea water is
propeller, pressure-resistant
propeller, pressure—resistant piping piping (e. (e. g.g. supply
supply and and only to
only to a a small
small extent
extent compressible.
compressible.
exhaust a
exhaust air lines), compressed
ir lines), compressed a air flasks, retractable
ir flasks, retractable Young’s modulus
Young's modulus of sea sea water amounts to abt. 1 1.96
.% x
equipment (periscopes, antennas,
equipment (periscopes, antennas, etc.) etc.) and, finally, the
and, finally, the 10" bar,
lo4 bar, i.e.i.e. Young's
Young’s modulus modulus of of steel
steel exceeds
exceeds that of
fuel outside
fuel outside the the pressure
pressure hull. hull. water by
water by about
about the the hundredfold
hundredfold figure.

21
 SINGLEHULL
SINGLE HULL INTERMEDIATETYPE
INTERMEDIATE TYPE DOU BLE HUL
DOUBLE HULLL
+--, \
r-t-7

figure3,3,
In figure
In
K. ll: Vu the pressure-resisting
Vu isis the below the
displacement below
pressure-resisting displacement the
lineof
line cubicmeters,
flotation inincubic
of flotation meters,
%''?/. ”1 V0Vo isis the resisting displacement
pressure resisting
the pressure above the
displacementabove the
lineof
line cubicmeters,
flotation inincubic
of flotation meters,
' ,7; TT, isisthe
&:IJjIj.j of the
content of
the content tanks below
ballast tanks
the ballast the line
below the line
of flotation
of cubicmeters,
flotation inincubic meters,
the content
To isis the
T0 of the
content of tanks above
ballast tanks
the ballast the line
above the
\\\\\.\.\\P
:::'::::>k>:z; line
,,--
__ ofof flotation cubicmeters,
flotation inin cubic meters,
-, ,,_ , \c
\

isis the free-floodingarea,

the free-flooding
\

area,
pp isis the weight of
theweight the boat
of the Mp, and
boat inin Mp, and
yy isisthe densityof
the density water inin (Mp/m3)
seawater
of sea (Mp/m3)
Thus, the following
Thus, the relationisisvalid:
followingrelation valid:
surfacecruising:
For surface
For cruising:
V , ++TTu)
pP == Y)1 ((Vu ,)
For submergedcruising:
For submerged cruising:
p+
P+Y Y W , , + T+ , VO+T0)
( T , + T ~ ) =y(Vu+Tu
y(Tu+TO): +V~+TJ
From these:
From these:
Y ( V +, Tu
y(Vu ~ + :y(Vu
+ T+ ~Tu+ +T TO) , ++TTo)
T ~ ~ =+ YTuO+I VO means that
JThis means
~ + V ~ + T This volume of
the volume
that the ballast tanks
of ballast below the
tanks below line of
the line of
and thus:
and thus: flotation isis as
flotation as the
large as
as large displacement above
pressure-proof displacement
the pressure—proof above
Tu = vo
Tu=VO the line
the of flotation.
lineof flotation.
Fig. -
Displacementrelationships
Fig. 33— Displacement for submarines
relationshipsfor submarines

The hull isis elastic

pressure hull
The pressure -exception of
the exception
with the
and — with
elastic and of layer. can penetrate
layer. ItIt can the denser
penetrate the by taking
only by
layer only
denser layer taking
very deeply diving
very deeply submarines — isis thus
diving submarines -more com—
thus more com- on more water
on more water into compensating tanks.
the compensating
into the tanks.
pressible than the
pressiblethan ambientsea
the ambient water. If
seawater. submarinehav-
If aa submarine hav- deeply submerging
Very deeply
Very submarines, the
submerging submarines, pressure hulls
the pressure hulls
ing pressurehull
suchaa pressure
ingsuch submergesmore
hull submerges deeply,the
more deeply, the pres—
pres- of which -
of which due to the materials used are less
— due to the materials used -— are less com-
com-
sure consequently isis more
hull consequently
surehull compressed,and
more compressed, the pres—
and the pres- pressible than
pressible the ambient
than the water must
sea water
ambient sea take addi-
must take addi-
displacement isis reduced;
sure-proof displacement
sure-proof submarinesinks
the submarine
reduced; the sinks tional ballast
tional water into
ballast water when diving
interior when
their interior
into their diving
more rapidly.
more rapidly. submarinesare
Such submarines
deeper. Such
deeper. able to
are able hover in
to hover in submerged
submerged
Therefore, the
Therefore, analogous condition
the analogous achieved by
condition achieved by aa bal-
bal- without any
condition without
condition any mechanical means. In
mechanical means. 1969, Ben
In 1969, Ben
loon floating in
loon floating in the cannot be
air cannot
the air established in
be established this case.
in this case. Franklin advantage of
took advantage
Franklin took when itit hovered,
fact, when
this fact,
of this hovered,
vessel can
A vessel
A remain in
can remain in the condition at
stopped condition
the stopped at aa power off,
power in the
off, in Gulf Stream
the Gulf three weeks.
for three
Stream for weeks.
specificdepth
specific under water
depthunder onlyby
water only alternatelyflooding
by alternately flooding
and draining
and tanks. This
draining tanks. condition can
This condition can bebe reached
reached
automatically by
automatically by aa hydrostatic gauge that
hydrostatic gauge floods and
that floods and
drains compensating tanks.
the compensating
drains the tanks. The diving pressure
The diving pressure 2. Arrangement of
2. Arrangement the tanks
of the with respect
tanks with respect
serves as the
serves as transmitter.The
impulsetransmitter.
the impulse desired hovering
Thedesired hovering to the
to for submerged
requirements for
the requirements submerged
can be
depth can
depth be set this device.
on this
set on device. cruising
cruising
However, there
However, there areare certain the Strait
areas, the
certain areas, of Gib-
Strait of Gib-
raltar, for
raltar, example, where
for example, where there strata of
distinct strata
are distinct
there are of Ballast tanks
Ballast tanks
sea layer of
with aa layer
water with
sea water denser water
of denser below. A
water below. A vessel
vessel Ballast tanks
Ballast provide the
tanks provide with the
vessel with
the vessel buoyancy nec-
the buoyancy nec-
can into such
drop into
candrop and remain
strata and
such strata above the
remain above the denser
denser essary for
essary surface cruising
for surface 4). They
(Figure 4).
cruising (Figure are empty
They are empty

22
during cruising and
surface cruising
during surface completely flooded
and completely flooded duringduring furnished by
furnished by a blower or
a blower or by by the diesel engine
the diesel exhaust gas.
engine exhaust gas.
cruising. They
submerged cruising.
submerged They are communicating with
are communicating with thethe Atmospheric air
Atmospheric needed for
air needed for the low—pressure blowing
the low-pressure blowing
open sea during
open sea cruising and
submerged cruising
during submerged thus are
and thus not in-
are not in- process is
process sucked through
is sucked through the the open hatch or
open hatch or an open air
an open air
cluded in
cluded the pressure-resisting
in the diSplacement. On
pressure—resisting disp1awment. On the the feeder mast.
feeder mast. The low-pressure blowing
The low-pressure process is
blowing process com-
is com-
surface, the
surface, submarine floats
the submarine floats on on the cushions in
air cushions
the air the
in the pleted when
pleted when air, air, aror diesel
diesel exhaust
exhaust gas, gas, ascends
ascends from
from the the
ballast tanks which
ballast tanks which are under internal
are under pressure on
internal pressure on thethe flood slits.
flood slits.
surface. The
surface. pressure head
The pressure head is determined by
is determined distance
the distance
by the For submarines having
For submarines having to reckon with
to reckon very few
with very surfacing
few surfacing
between the
between line of
the line flotation and
of flotation and the the lower openings of
lower openings of manoeuvres only,
manoeuvres only, for for tactical reasons, and
tactical reasons, simple
for simple
and for
the tanks.
ballast tanks.
the ballast and small
and submarines, a
small submarines, a special installation
blowing-out installation
special blowing-out
These openings of
lower openings
These lower the ballast
of the tanks are
ballast tanks slit-shaped
are slit-shaped may not
may not be be provided.
provided. In In such
such cases,
cases, the the entire
entire ballast
ballast
located as
and located
and deep as
as deep possible. During
as possible. During the dive, air
the dive, air tank volume
tank volume can can bebe blown-out
blown—out by by compressed
compressed air. air.
escapes through vent
escapes through valves or
vent valves these are
flaps; these
or flaps; located on
are located on The volume
The volume of of the
the ballast
ballast tanks
tanks Is is approximately
approximately 10 10 to
to 40
40
top of
top and as
of and far to
as far rear of
the rear
to the the ballast
of the tanks as
ballast tanks pos-
as pos- percent of
percent surface displacement.
of surface Submersibles for
displacement. Submersibles which
for which
because the
sible because
sible the dive manoeuvre makes
dive manoeuvre makes the the ship bow-
ship bow- seaworthiness is
seaworthiness important, have
is important, have aa larger tank
ballast tank
larger ballast
heavy. The
heavy. process starts
diving process
The diving starts by opening the
by opening vents
the vents volume than
volume than do submarines that
do submarines that run primarily sub-
run primarily sub-
fast. vents are
The vents
fast. The closed again
are closed after the
again after manoeuvre is
the manoeuvre is merged. vessels can
Larger vessels
merged. Larger manage with
can manage with a comparatively
a comparatively
completed.
completed. smaller ballast tank
smaller ballast volume than
tank volume than smaller vessels.
smaller vessels.
At one ttime,
At one some of
h e , some openings of
flood openings
the flood
of the of the ballast
the ballast If a
If a submarine
submarine cruises cruises on on the the surface
surface in in heavy
heavy sea,
sea, the
the
tanks were
tanks with flood
fitted with
were fitted that were
flaps that
flood flaps always
were always ballast reflood if
tanks reflood
ballast tanks the flood
if the arranged at
holes arranged
flood holes the
at the
kept open
kept open whenwhen the vessel was
the vessel ready to
was ready to dive. They also
dive. They also lower end
lower end areare oDen.
open. For For the
the determination
determination of of the
the amount
amount
provided an
provided guarantee of
extra guarantee
an extra of submarine floatability
submarine floatability of re-flooding
of re-flooding kand, consequently, of
d , consequently, of the
the magnitude
magnitude of of
during surface
during cruising when
surface cruising when the was not
vessel was
the vessel ready
not ready the ballast
the ballast tanktank volume
volume being being actually
actually effective
effective in in heavy
heavy
to dive or
to dive while in
or while port.
in port. sea, it
sea, it is
is assumed
assumed that that the
the ballast
ballast tanktank in heavy
heavy sea
sea com-
com-
After the
After submarine has
the submarine emerged up
has emerged periscope depth
to periscope
up to depth pletely loses
pletely loses itsits positive
positive air air pressure
pressure due due to to the
the submarine
submarine
by dynamic
by dynamic means, means, i.e. i.e. by propulsive power
its propulsive
by its power and and by by sailing through
sailing through troughs troughs of of the the seasea and
and heeling.
heeling. The The
means of
means of thethe hydroplanes, preparations for
hydroplanes, preparations normal
for normal amount of
amount of re-flooding
re-flooding (whether (whether larger larger or or smaller)
smaller) de- de—
surfacing begin
surfacing begin by blowing the
by blowing flooded ballast
the flooded with
tanks with
ballast tanks pends on
pends on the
the arrangement
arrangement of of ballast
ballast tanks.
tanks. The The assumed
assumed
compressed air.
compressed air. The submarine then
The submarine then rises; after it
rises; after has
it has extent of
extent of heel
heel may may be be 45".
45°.
broken the
broken surface, the
the surface, pressure-tight conning
the pressure-tight conning tower tower The amount
The amount of of re-flooding
re—flooding is is smaller
smaller in in case
case of
of ballast
ballast
hatch in
hatch bridge fin
the bridge
in the can be
fin can opened. The
be opened. The restrest of the
of the tanks located
tanks located deep deep when when compared
compared with with ballast
ballast tanks
tanks
water is
water blown out
then blown
is then out byby low-pressure compressed air
low-pressure compressed air located above.
located above. Re-flooding
Re—flooding is is smaller
smaller in in case
case of
of ballast
ballast

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1 Ballast
1 Ballast tank 4 tank
Negative tank
4 Negative 7
7 Free-flooding area
Free-flooding area
2 Compensating
2 Compensating tank
tank 5 Fuel
5 Fuel tank 8
8 Ballast tank vent
Ballast
3 Trim
3 Trim tank 6 Torpedo tank 9
9 Flood slit for
Flood slit tank
ballast tank
for ballast

Fig. 4
Fig. -
4 — Principal
Principal arrangement
arrangement of tanks
tanks in a double-hull
double-hull submarine
submarine

23
tanks having
tanks flood holes
their flood
having their mid-breadth than
their mid-breadth
at their
holes at than tion for a
tion for difference of
weight difference
a weight percent of
2 percent
of 2 pres—
the pres-
of the
in case of such tanks with the flood holes located
in case of such tanks with the flood holes located in an in an sure-resisting displacement.
sure-resisting displacement.
external wall.
external 2. Differences in
2. Differences consumption of
in consumption such as
stores such
of stores provi—
as provi-
The time for
shortest time
The shortest ballast tank
for ballast flooding is
tank flooding approx-
is approx- sions, fresh water, fuel, lubricating oil, and other
sions, other
imately 10
imately 10 sec. usually takes
Flooding usually
sec. Flooding sub-
for sub-
longer for
takes longer consumable stores.
consumable stores.
marines than
marines on submersibles.
than on tanks located
Ballast tanks
submersibles. Ballast deep
located deep During the
During voyage, the
the voyage, weight of
the weight provisions etc.
of provisions is
etc. is
below the
below line of
the line require smaller
flotation require
of flotation openings for
smaller openings a
for a continuously reduced
continuously reduced by by the consumption of
the consumption stores,
of stores,
given flooding
given time than
flooding time tanks located
do tanks
than do up.
higher up.
located higher including that
including that of fuel. However,
of fuel. fuel is
diesel fuel
However, diesel stored
is stored
floating on
floating When 1
water. When
on water. Im3m3of oil is
diesel oil
of diesel consum—
is consum-
When leaving
When leaving aa drydock
drydock or or aa floating
floating dock,
dock, a a sub-
sub— of sea
m3 of
l m3 water, so
sea water, contents
that contents
so that
it is
ed, it
ed, replaced by
is replaced by 1
must blow
marine must
marine its ballast
blow its compressed air
with compressed
tanks with
ballast tanks air
of fuel
of tanks becomes
fuel tanks heavier.
becomes heavier.
order to
in order
in establish the
to establish previously mentioned
the previously internal
mentioned internal
Differences arising
3. Differences
3. decreases in
from decreases
arising from volume during
in volume during
pressure; draft will
otherwise draft
pressure; otherwise be greater
will be and the
greater and de-
the de-
dives. In
deep dives.
deep case of
In case having diving
submarines having
of submarines diving
signed displacement will
reserve displacement
signed reserve will not be available,
not be after
available, after
depths of
depths than W
less than
of less 200m, approximately 0.3
m , approximately percent
0.3 percent
undocking.
undocking. of the
of displacement is
pressure-resisting displacement
the pressure-resisting necessary.
is necessary.
Non~military submersibles
Non-military often are
submersibles often provided with
are provided com—
with com- This amount
This represents the
amount represents minimum filling
the minimum which
filling which
paratively large ballast
paratively large arranged in
tanks arranged
ballast tanks the outer
in the hull.
outer hull. has to
has available in
be available
to be compensating tank
the compensating
in the during
tank during
They blown out
are blown
usually are
They usually out by compressed air;
by compressed however,
air; however, cruising in
surface cruising
surface order to
in order manoeuvre the
to manoeuvre submarine
the submarine
they emptied by
are emptied
they are by a pump in
a pump some individual
in some cases.
individual cases. in even the
in even depth.
greatest depth.
the greatest

The calculations made

special calculations
The special made to determine the
to determine size of
the size the
of the
tanks
Compensating tanks
Compensating
compensating tanks
compensating take into
tanks take account the
into account border cases
the border cases of of
They serve
They serve to control the
to control weight of
the weight boat to
the boat
of the corre— the
to corre- loading. The
the loading. following loading
The following conditions may
loading conditions occur
may occur
spond to
spond the submerged
to the displacement. as
pressure—resisting displacement.
submerged pressure-resisting border cases
as border cases forfor a a particular submarine type:
particular submarine type:
These compensating tanks
These compensating tanks are amidships and
arranged amidships
are arranged and as Case 11 - the
as Case condition at
the condition end of
the end
at the of aa very long, slow
very long, slow
close as
close possible to
as possible longitudinal center
the longitudinal
to the center of gravity of
of gravity of cruise
cruise in sea water
in sea maximum density.
with maximum
water with density. For example,
For example,
the submerged pressure-resisting
the submerged diSplacement. They
pressure-resisting displacement. They are are at end of
the end
at the of a long, slow
very long,
a very during which
cruise during
slow cruise which food,food,
within the
within pressure-resisting displacement
the pressure-resisting displacement and and cancan be be fresh water, and
fresh water, supplies have
and supplies have beenbeen usedused up up but rela-
but aa rela-
flooded from
flooded from the the seasea or emptied into
or emptied into the sea by
the sea choice.
by choice. tively large
tively amount of
large amount of diesel fuel is
diesel fuel is still left, the
still left, vessel is
the vessel is
tanks can
The tanks
The can be emptied by
be emptied by a compressed air
pump; compressed
a pump; air cancan cruising
cruising in in sea water with
sea water with the maximum required
the maximum density.
required density.
also be
also because of
used because
be used and in
noise and
less noise
of less order to
in order to be inde- In
be inde- case, the
this case,
In this compensating tanks
the compensating should be
tanks should filled to
be filled to
pendent of
pendent of the electric power
the electric power supplysupply in in a case of
a case of the maximum.
the maximum.
emergency. For
emergency. For this latter case,
this latter compensating tanks
the compensating
case, the tanks
Case 2
Case 2 -— the condition at
the condition end of
the end
at the of a a very short, fast
very short, fast
must be
must be so pressure—resistant that
so pressure-resistant withstand an
can withstand
they can
that they an
cruising in
cruising in sea water with
sea water minimum density.
with minimum density. For For ex- ex—
pressure that
internal pressure
internal that is greater than
is greater the diving
than the pressure.
diving pressure.
ample, at
ample, at thethe endend of of a short, fast
very short,
a very during
cruise during
fast cruise
compensating tanks
The compensating
The tanks are provided with
are provided with ventvent lineslines food, fresh
which food, water, and
fresh water, supplies have
and supplies have been been onlyonly
which
which lead
which into the
lead into submarine.
inner submarine.
the inner
partially used
partially used up but the
up but the diesel fuel is
diesel fuel completely gone,
is completely gone.
There are
There two br
are two sometimes four
0r sometimes compensating tanks.
four compensating tanks. vessel is
the vessel
the cruising in
is cruising water with
sea water
in sea with the minimum re-
the minimum re-
With four
With tanks, the
four tanks, operation may
the operation may be be as follows.
as follows. density. In
quired density.
quired In this case, the
this case, compensating tanks
the compensating tanks
compensa'ting tanks
Two compensa'ting
Two operate as
tanks operate “flood com-
as "flood com- contain a
should contain
should minimum of
a minimum water, only
of water, enough to
only enough to
pensating tanks"
pensating tanks” with with open vents. The
open vents. other two
The other two are are compensate the
compensate weight for
the weight reduction in
the reduction
for the volume dur-
in volume dur-
employed to
employed empty the
to empty silently by
tanks silently
the tanks by wayway of com-
of com- ing deep
ing deep diving.
diving.
pressed air.
pressed Their vents
air. Their vcnts are closed. One
are closed. One is operated by
is operated by
When the
When the fully submarine begins
equipped submarine
fully equipped begins its cruise, the
its cruise, the
compressed air
aa compressed cushion at
air cushion at medium pressure; it
medium pressure; serves
it serves
filling of
actual filling
actual compensating tanks
the compensating
of the tanks usuallyusually lies lies
as a
as “shallow depth
a "shallow compensating tank"
depth compensating tank” when when the the
somewhere between
somewhere between these these two border cases.
two border cases. The The com-com-
ship is
ship running at
is running periscope depth.
at periscope depth. The The otherother hashas a a
pensating tanks
pensating usually have
tanks usually have a volume of
a volume 2.5 to
of 2.5 per-
3.0 per-
to 3.0
compressed air
compressed cushion at
air cushion at high pressure; it
high pressure; serves as a
it serves a
cent of
cent of the displacement.
pressure-resisting displacement.
the pressure-resisting
“deep depth
"deep compensating tank"
depth compensating tank” and and is always
is always
available for emptying tanks
for emptying tanks whenwhen thethe vessel dives to
vessel dives to As a rule, non-military submersibles empty
non-military submersibles empty their com—
their com-
available
maximum depth. depth. pensating
pensating tanks
tanks by
by means
means of
of a
a pump,
pump, requiring
requiring particu~
particu-
maximum
resources if
technical resources
lar technical diving depth
their diving
if their depth is large.
is large.
following weight
The following differences must
weight differences must be compensated
be compensated
compensating arrangement
The compensating arrangement of Piccard's Piccard’s Trieste Trieste
for by
for by the compensating tanks:
the compensating tanks:
should be
should mentioned as
be mentioned particularity. In
as particularity. order to
In order cause
to cause
Differences in
1. Differences
1. the specific
in the weight of
specific weight the sea
of the water. If
sea water. If the submarine to
the submarine to fall gasoline was
down, gasoline
fall down, discharged
was discharged
submarine dives
the submarine where sea
dives where water density
sea water ranges
density ranges out of
out the external
of the structure and
external structure replaced by
and replaced water
sea water
by sea
between 1.008 1.008 and must be
there must
1.028, there
and 1.028, compensa—
be compensa- so that the
so that the vessel Emerging was
heavier. Emerging
became heavier.
vessel became was ef- ef-

24
 fected
fected by
by iron
iron ballast
ballast which
which was
was dropped
dropped byby de—en—
de-en-
ergizing
ergizing of
of electric
electric holding
holding magnets.
magnets. So
So this
this was
was an
an ir—
ir-
reversible
reversible cycle.
cycle.

Trim
Trim tanks
tanks OIL
OIL f OIL
OIL
They
They are
are part
part ofof the
the trim
trim equipment
equipment which which serves
serves to to
bring
bring the
the center
center ofof gravity
gravity vertically
vertically beneath
beneath the
the sub—
sub-
merged
merged centre
centre ofof buoyancy
buoyancy so so that
that thethe vessel
vessel can
can be be
manoeuvred
manoeuvred into into aa neutral
neutral trimtrim condition.
condition. TheThe trim
trim
tanks,
tanks, which
which are
are equal
equal in
in size,
size, are
are located
located inside
inside the
the pres—
pres- \— MERCURY ——/
sure-resisting
sure-resisting displacement
displacement and and asas far
far forward
forward and
and aft
aft as
as
possible.
possible. The
The trim
trim tanks
tanks are
are interconnected
interconnected by by the
the trim
trim
lines.
lines. Trim
Trim water
water isis moved
moved back back and and forth
forth with
with lowlow Fig.
Fig.55 — Trimming
- Trimming equipment
equipment in
in external
external structure
structure of
of deeply
deeply
noise,
noise, either
either by
by aa particular
particular pump
pump or or byby low-pressure
low-pressure air air diving submersibles
diving submersibles
which
which isis reciprocally
reciprocally admitted
admitted to to tanks.
tanks. Tank
Tank strength
strength
depends
depends on on the
the pressure
pressure head
head ofof the
the compressed
compressed air.air. be
be shifted
shifted for
for trim
trim purposes.
purposes. If
If the
the length
length available
available in
in the
the
pressure
pressure hull
hull isis not
not sufficient.
sufficient, the
the trim
trim equipment
equipment should
should
There
There are
are usually
usually two two pairs
pairs ofof trim
trim tanks
ranks (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 99)
99)
be
be provided
provided in
in thethe non-pressure—proof
non-pressure-proof external
external structure.
structure.
if
if compressed
campressed air air only
only isis used
used toto trim
trim the
the submarine.
submarine.
These
These are
are connected
connected by by aa starboard
starboard and and aa port
port line.
line. In
In such
such aa case,
case, the
the trim
trim system
system may
may consist
consist of
of two
two non—
non-
Compressed
Compressed air air isis supplied
supplied e.g.e. g. to
to thethe forward
forward portport pressure—proof
pressure-proof spheres
spheres arranged
arranged at
at the
the vessel’s
vessel's ends,
ends,
tank
tank and
and the
the starboard
starboard after
after tank;
tank; thethe stem
stern isis trimmed
trimmed which
which are
are connected
connected to to each
each other
other by
by aa lower
lower and
and an
an
with
with the
the port
port pair
pair and
and the
the bow
bow with
with thethe starboard
starboard pair.pair. upper
upper pipeline.
pipeline. TheThe system
system isis entirely
entirely filled
filled with
with
When
When one
one ofof the
the pressurized
pressurized tanks
tanks hashas become
become empty,empty, liquid,
liquid, half
half of
of which
which isis mercury
mercury and
and the
the other
other half
half isis
the
the sides
sidescan
can bebe changed,
changed, i.i. e.,e., air
air pressure
pressure isis fedfed to
to the
the oil.
oil. The
The oil
oil may
may bebe pumped
pumped to to and
and fro
fro causing
causing the
the
port
port aft
aft tank
tank and
and the forward starboard
theforward starboard tank tank while
while the
the mercury
mercury to to be
be moved
moved into
into the
the other
other direction.
direction, soso that
that
other
other two
two tanks
tanks are are vented.
vented. The The boatboat can
can nownow be be trimming
trimming isis effected
effected (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 5).
5).
trimmed
trimmed bow-heavy
bow-heavy at at port
port side
side andand stern—heavy
stern-heavy at at
starboard side.
starboard side.
Negative
Negative tanks
tanks
The
The quantity
quantity ofof water
water toto be
be trimmed
trimmed isis one-half
one-half that
that of
of
the
the entire
entire trim
trim tank
tank capacity.
capacity. Trim
Trim tank
tank dimensions
dimensions areare Negative
Negative tanks
tanks are
are used
used on
on submersibles
submersiblesasas an
an auxiliary
auxiliary
based
based onon calculations
calculations thatthat determine
determine the the extreme
extreme load
load means
means for
far diving
diving in
in waves.
waves. When
When diving
diving in
in waves,
waves, aa ves—
ves-
conditions
conditions by by aa method
method similar
similar toto that
that for
for the
the com—
com- sel
sel takes
takes on
on added
added buoyancy
buoyancy which
which hinders
hinders the
the getting
getting
pensating
pensating tanks.
tanks. Weight
Weight shifts
shifts that
that result
result when
when tor-
tor- deeper.
deeper. As
As waves
waves roll
roll across
acrossthe
the submarine,
submarine,their
their troughs
troughs
pedoes
pedoes are
are fired
fired are
are also
also taken
taken into
into account.
account.TheThe volume
volume prevent
prevent the
the free-flooding
free-floodingparts
parts of
of the
the upper
upper deck
deck and
and the
the
of
of trimming
trimming water
water isis approximately
approximately 0.5 0.5 percent
percent of
of the
the superstructure
superstructurefrom
from being
being filled
filled completely,
completely, and
and so
so the
the
pressure—resisting
pressure-resisting volume.
volume. vessel
vessel ready
ready to
to dive
divemay
may remain
remain “floating”
"floating" on
on these
these free-
free-
flooding parts.
flooding parts.
Furthermore,
Furthermore,itit isispossible
possible to to combine
combinethe the functions
functionsof of
compensating
compensating and and trim
trim tanks
tanks by by arranging
arranging flooding
flooding A
A diving
diving manoeuvre
manoeuvre in
in waves
waves isis easiest
easiest in
in broadside
broadside
and
and emptying
emptyingequipment
equipment for for the
the trim
trim tanks
tanks at
at the
the ends
ends waves,
waves, more
more difficult
difficult in
in aft
aft waves,
waves, and
and most
most difficult
difficult
of
of the
the submarine.
submarine. lf If trimming
trimming isis required,
required, then -
then — for
for in head-on waves.
in head-on waves.
example
example— the- the forward
forwardtank tank isis flooded
flooded and and the
the aft
aft one
one
Flooded
Flooded negative
negative tanks
tanks provide
provide the the vessel
vessel with
with addi—
addi-
isis emptied.
emptied. If If the
the submarine
submarine isis to to change
change herher weight,
weight,
tional
tional negative
negative buoyancy
buoyancy during
during surface
surface cruising.
cruising. They
They
then
then e.e.g.g. both
both the
the forward
forward and and aft aft tanks
tanks are
are emptied.
emptied.
Such are
are located
located forward
forward of of the
the longitudinal
longitudinal center
center ofof gravity
gravity
Suchsystems
systemsoffer
offer advantages
advantageswith with regard
regard to
to space
spaceal—
al-
location of
of the
the vessel
vessel toto provide
provide additional
additional bowbow weight
weight when
when div-
div-
location in in the
the overall
overall submarine
submarine design. design. However,
However,
they ing.
ing. They
They can
can be be emptied
emptied quickly
quickly with
with compressed
compressed air air
they are
are more
moreexpensive
expensivewith with regard
regard to to mechanical
mechanical ar— ar-
rangement after
after the
the diving
divingmanoeuvre.
manoeuvre. OnlyOnlythen
then can
canthe
thesubmarine
submarine
rangement and and control
control andand more
more unfavourable
unfavourable with with
regard be
be trimmed
trimmed underunder water.
water. TheThe negative
negative tanks
tanks will
will be
be
regard to to energy
energyexpenditure.
expenditure.
flooded
floodedimmediately
immediatelyafter after surfacing.
surfacing.They
They have
have the
thesame
same
Non-military
Non-military submersibles
submersibles also
also require
require trimming
trimming equip—
equip- strength
strengthas as the
the compensating
compensating tanks,
tanks, and
and their
their volume
volume isis
ment.
ment. IfIf sufficient
sufficientlength
lengthisisavailable
availableinin the
the pressure
pressurehull,
hull, approximately
approximately0.7 0.7 percent
percent ofof the
the displacement.
displacement.
itit isis possible
possible to
to shift
shiftaa weight
weight inin fore—and-aft
fore-and-aftdirection
direction in
in In
In some
somecases,
cases, foreign
foreign vessels
vessels are
are provided
provided with
with particu-
particu-
aa channel
channelby by mechanical
mechanical means.
means. In In aa certain
certaincase,
case, the
the ar-
ar- lar
lar negative
negative tanks,
tanks, byby means
means of of which
which the
the vessel
vessel slowly
slowly
rangement
rangement was was such
such that
that the
the propulsion
propulsion batteries
batteries could
could cruising
cruising below
below thethe surface
surface isis caused
caused to
to fall
fall down
down more
more

25
rapidly. These
rapidly. These negative
negative tanks
tanks are
are situated
situated far
far forward
forward in in . WATER SURFACE
WATER SURFACE
the vessel,
the vessel, and and during
during normal
normal submerged
submerged operation
operation they they
empty. Adequate
are empty.
are buoyancy and
negative buoyancy
Adequate negative trim by
and trim the
by the
head is
head effected by
is effected flooding. The
by flooding. are fully
tanks are
The tanks blown
fully blown
out by
out by compressed
compressed air air after
after the
the vessel
vessel having
having arrived
arrived at at IN
SURFACES IN
FREE SURFACES
FREE
the deeper
the deeper depthdepth desired.
desired. If [f safety
safety aspects
aspects are
are taken
taken into
into BALLAST
BALLAST BALLAST
TANKS
BALLAST TANKS
BALLAST
TANK P TANK STB
TANK STB
account, objections
account, objections should
should be be made
made toto the
the use
use ofof nega-
nega- v W T T‘
DURING HEEL
A DURING HEEL

tanks for
tive tanks
tive for such purpose, as
such purpose, the vessel
as the below
cruising below
vessel cruising SURFACES IN
FREE SURFACES
FREE IN
the surface
the surface withwith her
her negative
negative tanks
tanks being
being flooded
flooded does does nono BALLAST IN
TANKS IN
BALLAST TANKS
POSITION
UPFIIGHT POSITIOM
longer fulfill
longer fulfill the
the principle
principle ofof Archimedes.
Archimedes. Any Any troubles
troubles UPRIGHT

operations at
blowing-out operations
during blowing-out
during at large depths may
large depths pos—
may pos-
sibly danger due
cause danger
sibly cause due to excess in
to excess depth, in
in depth, particular, if
in particular, if FLOOD HOLE g; b i .LwAFLOOD HOLE
e. g.
g. due
due to to an
an underwater
underwater explosion
explosion shock,
shock, the
the propul-
propul-
9-4

e.
sion plant
sion plant fails
fails at
at the
the same
same time.
time. Fig. 6
Fig. 6-— Re-flooding
Re-flooding and
and re-emptying
re—emplying ofof ballast
ballast tanks
tanks arranged
arranged
off amidships,
off amidships, during
during heeling
heeling

Stability
3. Stability
3.
The longitudinal
The longitudinal metacenter
metacenter is is usually
usually notnot calculated
calculated be- be-
The stability of
surface stability
The surface of a submarine is
a submarine different in
is different the
in the cause the
cause standard trim
the standard trim moment calculated from
moment calculated from it is
it is
longitudinal and
longitudinal and transverse directions just
transverse directions in the
as in
just as case
the case generally not
generally not accurate
accurate enough
enough for for the
the surface
surface trim trim cal-
cal-
of surface
of ships.
surface ships. culation, if, as usually is the case, the form of frames
culation, frames de- de-
The transverse
The metacentric height
transverse metacentric height is calculated as
is calculated for a
as for a viates much
viates much fromfrom the
the vertical
vertical inin way
way ofof the
the line
line ofof flota-
flota-
surface ship by
surface ship by taking surfaces into
free surfaces
the free
taking the considera—
into considera- tion.
tion.
The free
tion. The
tion. surfaces should
free surfaces particularly the
include particularly
should include the
When cruising
When cruising on on thethe surface,
surface, submarines
submarines usually usually
surfaces of
surfaces of the water in
residual water
the residual main ballast
the main
in the tanks in
ballast tanks in
have little
have little reserve
reserve displacement
displacement compared
compared with with surface
surface
addition to
addition to those within the
existing within
those existing the pressure hull.
pressure hull.
and so
ships and
ships tend to
so tend to roll This is
heavily. This
roll heavily. particularly
is particularly
case of
In case
In submarines having
of submarines having main ballast tanks
main ballast being
tanks being
flood
open flood apparent when
apparent when the waves are
the waves coming from
are coming from aft. aft. In this
In this
arranged off
arranged amidships and
off amidships provided with
and provided with open
the seas
case, the
case, over the
wash over
can wash
seas can section of
center section
the center the
of the
metacentric height
holes, the metacentric height in surface cruise
in surface still is
cruise still re-
is re-
line of
line of flotation
flotation for
for some
some time.
time. As As aa result,
result, the the compo-
compo-
duced by
duced by the that the
fact that
the fact immerging ballast
the immerging tank is
ballast tank re-
is re-
nent of
nent the widest
of the section of
widest section of the flotation is
of flotation
line of
the line lost
is lost
flooded due
flooded due to whereas the
heeling, whereas
to heeling, the emerging ballast
emerging ballast
for transverse
for transverse stability,
stability, and
and thisthis results
results inin surprisingly
surprisingly
tank is
tank is emptied
emptied (see (see Fig.
Fig. 6).
6).
heavy heels.
heavy heels.
For small
For small angles,
angles, the the reduction
reduction in in stability
stability due
due to to re-re—
flooding and
flooding and re-emptying
re—emptying is: is: There is
There is no
no line
line of
of flotation
flotation submerged
submerged (Fig.
(Fig. 7),
7), and
and so
so
AGMzz'bnf'V the metacenter
the metacenter M M coincides
coincides with
with the
the center
center of
of buoyancy
buoyancy
2.b2.f.V
AGM = F, provided
F, provided that
that no
no tanks
tanks are
are inside
inside the
the submarines
submarines with
with
P - ((ff a- h+V)
P h+ V) free surfaces.
free surfaces.
where
bb = eccentricity of
= eccentricity free surfaces
of free (m)
surfaces (m) -
f =2 area of free (ml)
surface (m2)
free surface SURFACED
SURFACED
SUBMERGED
SUBMERGED
i.—

port or
(for port
(for sides)
starboard sides)
or starboard
VV = volume of
= volume tank
ballast tank
of ballast
port or
(for port
(for sides)
starboard sides)
or starboard
surfaces below
h = t (depth of free surfaces line of
below line (m)
flotation (m)
of flotation
+ 10m
+ 10m
m

G= of Gravity
— Center of
weight (metric
ship’s weight
= ship's tons)
(metric tons)
I

P= of Buoyancy
F = Center of
I

.11

Map
ll

The reduction
reduction ofof initial
initial stability
stability becomes
becomes the the larger,
larger, the
the M=2 Metacenter
The
larger the
larger the eccentricity
eccentricity of of ballast
ballast tank
tank isis (b
(b squared
squared is
is en-
en—
tered into
tered into the
the equation);
equation); it it is
is also
also large
large if
if the
the flood
flood holes
holes
of ballast
of ballast tank
tank are
are arranged
arranged high high up
up (h(h as small
small value).
value).
The extent
The extent of
of the
the stability
stability during
during surface
surface cruising
cruising isis
usually so
usually so great
great that
that itit is
is not
not necessary
necessary to to calculate
calculate the
the Position of G,
Position of and M
F and
G, F interpretation 2:
for interpretation
M for by
Diving by
2: Diving
static stability.
lever arms of the static stability. However, the extent extent of Shifting Displacement
Shifting Displacement
the stability
the stability has
has to
to be
be taken
taken intointo account
account when
when dealing
dealing
with basically
with basically new
new types
types of of boats.
boats. Fig. 77
Fig. -— Stability
Stability relationships submarines
for submarines
relationships for

26
The submarine
The submarine is is suspended
suspended like like a a pendulum,
pendulum, with with itsits Submarines that
Submarines that are
are inin diving
diving trim
trim areare able
able toto ground
ground by by
weight at
weight at the
the center
center of of gravity
gravity GG and
and its its buoyancy
buoyancy at at the
the means of
means of negative
negative buoyancy.
buoyancy. This This causes
causes a a reduction
reduction in in
center F.
center F. TheThe submerged
submerged stability
stability in in both
both the
the longi-
longi— stability analogous
stability analogous to to the
the stranding
stranding of of a a surface
surface vessel.
vessel.
tudinal and
tudinal and transverse
transverse directions
directions is is the
the same
same because
because The bottom
The bottom area
area ofof the
the keel
keel must
must be be wide
wide enough
enough to to keep
keep
there is
there is no
no line
line ofof flotation.
flotation. the submarine
the submarine upright
upright despite
despite thethe decrease
decrease in in stability.
stability.
The free
The free surfaces
surfaces inside
inside thethe boat
boat reduce
reduce this this stability
stability byby Damaged submarines
Damaged submarines that that fall
fall on
on the
the seabed
seabed by by inrush
inrush of of
an amount
an amount generally
generally small small and
and different
different in in the
the longi-
longi- water often
water often lose
lose their
their stability
stability and
and list
list heavily.
heavily.
transverse directions.
tudinal and transverse directions. overall arrangement,
Due to their overall arrangement, single single hullhull submarines
submarines
The value
The value of of FGF0 isis different
different depending
depending on on whether
whether the the always have
always have aa stability
stability smaller
smaller onon the
the surface
surface thanthan in in sub-
sub-
dive is
dive is considered
considered to to be
be created
created byby added
added weight
weight (Inter-
(Inter- merged condition.
merged condition. If If only
only circular
circular frame
frame sections
sections are are si-
si—
pretation 1)
pretation l) oror by
by aa change
change in in the
the form
form of of displacement
displacement tuated above
tuated above thethe line
line of of flotation,
flotation, the the contribution
contribution of of
(Interpretation 2).
(Interpretation 2). The
The corresponding
corresponding moments moments of of stabil-
stabil— transverse moment
transverse moment of of inertia
inertia to
to the
the stability
stability is is deleted
deleted (A (A
ity are
ity are naturally
naturally the the same
same forfor both
both interpretations.
interpretations. The The homogeneous cylinder
homogeneous cylinder swimming
swimming in in water
water is is of
of neutral
neutral
heeling moments
heeling moments are are small
small when
when thethe submarine
submarine is is sub-
sub— equilibrium no
equilibrium no matter
matter how how deeply
deeply it it immerges).
immerges).
merged. However,
merged. However, the the trim
trim moments
moments can can bebe con-
con- If there
If there are
are circular
circular frame
frame sections
sections above above the the line
line ofof
siderable. A
siderable. A submerged
submerged submarine
submarine is is very
very sensitive
sensitive toto flotation and
flotation and onon the
the assumption
assumption of of same
same height
height af of cen-
cen—
weight shifting
weight shifting alongalong the the longitudinal
longitudinal direction
direction because
because tres of
tres of gravity
gravity above
above base base line
line for
for main
main ballast
ballast tanks
tanks andand
of limited
of stability.
longitudinal stability.
limited longitudinal pressure hull,
pressure hull, the
the submerged
submerged stability
stability is is larger
larger thanthan thethe
surface stability
surface by the
stability by of
value of
the value
A man
A man walking
walking from
from fore
fore to
to aft
aft can
can cause
cause aa noticeable
noticeable
change of
change of trim
trim during
during submerged
submerged cruising.
cruising. Thus
Thus itit is
is a-a
necessary for crew to
the crew
for the remain at
to remain points
specific points
at specific [m]
necessary
(“diving stations").
("diving stations”).
Since the
Since center of
the center gravity is
of gravity below the
is below center of
the center of where
buoyancy when
buoyancy when the submarine is
the submarine submerged, it
is submerged, will
it will
in a
heel in
heel a turning toward the
circle toward
turning circle inside.
the inside. Va =
Va : volume
volume ofof pressure
pressure proof
proof parts
parts situated
situated outside
outside
In most
In most cases,
cases, such
such a a heel
heel still
still is
is importantly
importantly increased
increased the pressure
the pressure hull
hull above
above line
line of
of flotation
flotation (mj)
(m‘)
by hydrodynamic
by hydrodynamic influences.
influences. distance of
a = distance of centre
centre of
of gravity
gravity of of these
these parts
parts from
from
(m)
pressure hull axis (m)
There is
There is a
a transition
transition from
from surface
surface toto submerged
submerged stability
stability pressure-proof displacement
displacement of of the
the vessel
vessel ready
ready to
to
V = pressure-proof
during diving
during diving and
and surfacing.
surfacing. This
This transitional
transitional condition
condition dive
dive
is described
is described by by special
special stability
stability calculations.
calculations. For For some
some : surface
surface displacement
displacement (m3)(m-‘)
=
types, particularly
types, particularly double-hull
double—hull submarines,
submarines, a a very
very small,
small,
sometimes even
sometimes even negative,
negative, static
static stability
stability can
can be
be obtained
obtained
for certain
for certain intermediate
intermediate conditions
conditions during
during the
the surfacing
surfacing In case of
In case of single-hull submarines, the
single—hull submarines, necessary
the necessary
and submerging
and submerging operations.
operations. However
However since
since this
this loss
loss in
in minimum stability must
surface stability
minimum surface must be determinant for
be determinant the
for the
stability occurs
stability occurs only
only for
for a
a short
short period
period ofof time,
time, the
the asso-
asso- stability often; as
very often;
stability very consequence, the
as aa consequence, submerged
the submerged
ciated heels
ciated heels are
are small.
small. Single-hull
Single-hull vessels
vessels are
are often
often static-
static- stability may
stability may become
become unnecessarily
unnecessarily large.large.
ally stable
ally stable during
during the
the entire
entire diving
diving procedure.
procedure. case of
In case
In double hull
of double submarines, it
hull submarines, it is possible to
is possible to
achieve, by the arrangement of ballast tanks, a wider line line
Heavy heeling
Heavy heeling maymay occur
occur if if aa submarine
submarine at at aa great
great of flotation
of flotation supplying
supplying an an additional
additional contribution
contribution to to
depth attempts
depth attempts to to surface
surface quickly
quickly by by heavily
heavily blowing
blowing stability by
stability by the transverse moment
the transverse moment of of inertia during
inertia during
its ballast
its ballast tanks,
tanks, which
which are are located
located deeply
deeply in in the
the sub-
sub- surface Therefore, the surface stability
surface cruise. Therefore, stability of double
marine. This
marine. This isis because
because the the center
center ofof buoyancy
buoyancy slopes slopes hull submarines may
hull submarines may be adapted to
be adapted requirements ac-
the requirements
to the ac-
down and
down and already
already approaches
approaches its its lower
lower surface
surface posi-posi— cording to
cording to the stability.
submerged stability.
the submerged
tion while
tion while there
there is
is still
still no
no line
line of
of flotation
flotation which
which could
could The moments
The moments of of stability
stability are are determined
determined by by surface
surface andand
contribute to
contribute to the
the transverse
transverse stability
stability byby its
its transverse
transverse underwater heel
underwater which allow
tests which
heel tests calculation of
allow calculation of the posi-
the posi-
moment of
moment of inertia.
inertia. AsAs the
the submarine
submarine risesrises inin aa state
state of
of tion of
tion of the center of
the center gravity above
of gravity base line.
above base heel
These heel
line. These
reduced stability,
reduced stability, the
the superstructure
superstructure is is subjected
subjected to to a
a tests are
tests those for
to those
similar to
are similar for surface vessels. If
surface vessels. there are
If there are
flow from
flow from above
above which
which can can generate
generate a a considerable
considerable differences between
differences between the the surfaced
surfaced and and submerged
submerged heights heights
amount of
amount of heel.
heel. This
This is is the
the reason
reason why why the the ballast
ballast of center of
the center
of the gravity, it
of gravity, is simply
it is simply the result of
the result inac—
of inac-
tanks are
tanks blown only
usually blown
are usually only as as a submarine ap-
a submarine ap— curacies in
curacies performing the
in performing the tests (Interpretation 2
tests (Interpretation for div-
2 for div-
proaches the
proaches the surface.
surface. ing). The
ing). The surface
surface heel
heel test
test isis much
much moremore inaccurate
inaccurate than than
The free-flooding
The free—flooding superstructures
superstructures cause cause additional
additional submerged heel
the submerged
the heel test for the
test for case of
the case submarine
of aa submarine
heel if
heel if the
the water
water remaining
remaining in in them
them doesdoes not drain drain whose ballast
whose ballast tanks
tanks have
have flood
flood slits
slits open,
open, so so that
that the
the re-
re-
rapidly enough
rapidly enough when the submarine
submarine breaks the surface surface sidual water in the ballast tanks is communicating
sidual communicating with with
quickly.
quickly. the surrounding water. This
surrounding water. explains why
This explains why the submerged
the submerged

27
heel preferred; the
result isis preferred;
test result
heel test of the
height of
the height center of
the center of yield the same
yield the height for
same height the submerged
for the cruising center
submerged cruising center
gravity taken from
gravity isis taken submerged heel
the submerged
from the heel tests, even for
tests, even for gravity because
of gravity
of equality of
above-mentioned equality
the above—mentioned
of the
because of of
the surface
the position, and
surfaceposition, used to
and isis used calculatethe
to calculate the surface
surface longitudinal and
longitudinal transverse stability.
and transverse stability.
metacentricheight.
metacentric submerged trim
Evenaa submerged
height. Even trimtest, in which
test, in which However, more difficult
However, itit isis more obtain the
to obtain
difficult to sameaccuracy
the same accuracy
the angles of
the angles of trim (about the
trim (about the transverse and the
axis) and
transverse axis) the for the
for submerged trim
the submerged test as
trim test for the
as for submerged heel
the submerged heel
correspondingtrim
corresponding moments are
trim moments measured, will
are measured, have to
will have to test.
test.
 VI
CHAPTER YI
CHAPTER

Dynamics
Dynamics
1. located below the
the stern because they require a
1. Shape
Shape of
of the
the submarine versus
submarine versus located below
gree
stern because they require a certain de—
certain de-
the gree of immersion (Fig.
(Fig. 10).
10).
the submersible
submersible The
of immersion
The lateral
lateral plane
plane aft is reduced
aft is reduced as
as much
much asas possible in
possible in
order
order to
to obtain
obtain aa smaller
smaller turning
turning circle. An arrangement
circle. An arrangement
The true
The true submarine
submarine and and thethe submersible
submersible have have basically
basically of large or
of large or dual
dual steering ruders results
steering ruders results in
in small turning
small turning
different lines.
different lines. circles
circles (equal
(equal to
to 33 to
to 3'/:
3'/2 ship lengths) which
ship lengths) which are required
are required
The
The submersible
submersible(Fig. (Fig. 8) is expected
8) is expected to to bebe able
able to to develop
develop for
for tactical
tactical surface
surface action.
action.
aa fast
fast surface speed with
surface speed with thethe available propulsive power
available propulsive power
The lines adopted
The lines adopted are
are derived from the
derived from the optimum
optimum config-
config-
by maintaining
by maintaining good good seakeeping
seakeeping qualities.
qualities. Conversely,
Conversely, urations determined
urations determined byby surface
surface towing
towing tank
tank tests
tests as
as far
far
the true
the true submarine
submarine (Fig. (Fig. 9)9) is is expected
expected to to bebe able
able to to de-
de- as design
as design permits
permits (Fig.
(Fig. 8).
8).
velop
velop high high submerged
submerged speed speed and and to to have
have longlong cruising
cruising
ranges at The appendages are
The appendages are faired
faired and reduced to
and reduced to a minimum.
a minimum.
ranges at any
any speed
speed steps.
steps.
Since the submersible is specifically Because of
Because of resistance,
resistance, it it is
is particularly
particularly desirable
desirable to to be
be
Since the submersible is specifically affected
affected by by wave
wave re- re-
sistance, maximum hull length is is aa favourable
favourable factor factor able
able to retract, turn
to retract, turn in,in, or back the
fold back
or fold the bow planes dur-
bow planes dur-
sistance, maximum hull length
with ing surface
ing surface cruising
cruising (see (see Fig.
Fig. 8787 and 88).
and 88).
with respect
respect to to cruising
cruising performance.
performance. Torpedo Torpedo boat boat lines
lines
were is easier
It is
It easier to develop a
to develop configuration for
surface configuration
good surface
a good for a a
were used used as as the
the example
example for for thethe shape
shape of of thethe sub-
sub-
mersible. The
mersible. midship section
The midship section is is made
made as full as
as full as possible,
possible, double—hull than
double-hull than a single-hull vessel
a single-hull because the
vessel because outer
the outer
and
and thethe ends
ends areare fine.
fine. Flaring
Flaring frames frames in in way
way of of the
the fore—
fore- hull is
hull easily shaped.
more easily
is more shaped. The submarine is
single-hull submarine
The single-hull is
body
body improve
improve seakeeping
seakeeping qualities.
qualities. The The size
size of of thethe bal—
bal- strongly
strongly dependent
dependent on on thethe cylindrical
cylindrical and and truncated
truncated conecone
last
last tanks
tanks (reserve
(reserve displacement)
displacement) has has aa decisive
decisive effecteffect on on shapes of
shapes the pressure
of the pressure hull hull because considerable section
because aa considerable section
the seakeeping
the qualities. The
seakeeping qualities. The ends ends of the superstructure
of the superstructure of its shell
of its identical with
shell isis identical with thethe pressure hull. The
pressure hull. inter—
The inter-
above
above the the line
line of
of flotation
flotation can can be be designed
designed in in the
the form
form of of mediate
mediate type type falls between the
falls between the double—hull
double-hull and and single—
single-
aa “watertight
"watertight forecastle”
forecastle" and and “watertight
"watertight stern” stem" in in hull boats with
hull boats with respect
respect to to its
its surface
surface shape.
shape. The The shape
shape of of
order the submersible
the submersible in in submerged
submerged condition condition is by no
is by means
no means
order to to improve
improve seagoing
seagoing qualities.
qualities.
bad since
bad since it is almost
it is almost free free of flow separation.
of flow However,
separation. However,
These
These spaces
spaces havehave vents
vents at at the
the top
top and
and areare free flood-
free flood-
ing
superstructure and
the superstructure
the and appendages
appendages requiredrequired for for surface
surface
ing below.
blow. The The vents
vents areare opened
opened priorprior to to diving
diving and and much drag the overall
that the
unlike
cruising usually
cruising generate so
usually generate so much drag that overall
unlike the the buoyancy
buoyancy ventsvents of of the
the ballast
ballast tanks,
tanks, they they re—
re- submerged resistance becomes
submerged resistance becomes large.large. This
This factor and the
factor and the
main
main openopen whenwhen submerged.
submerged. When When the the ship
ship surfaces,
surfaces, low propulsion power
low propulsion available for
power available submerged cruising
for submerged cruising
the
the spaces
spaces drain
drain and
and then
then the vents are
the vents are again
again closed.
closed. result
result in in slow
slow submerged
submerged speeds. speeds.
The size and configuration of the
The size and configuration of the displacement above displacement above the the The
The submersible
submersible is is usually
usually built built with
with twin
twin screws
screws mainly
mainly
line
line ofof flotation
flotation and and properly
properly balanced
balanced stability
stability relation-
relation- surface power
because surface
because power can can only
only be be obtained
obtained by by two pro-
two pro-
ships
ships all d l have
have aa decisive
decisiveeffect
effect on on whether
whether aa cockpit
cockpit in in the
the pellers due
pellers due to to the
the restricted diameter. At
propeller diameter.
restricted propeller the
At the
bridge
bridge fin fin remains
remains drydry inin heavy
heavy sea sea state.
state. TheThe design
design of of same time,
same time, two propellers provide
two propellers better manoeuvrabil-
provide better manoeuvrabil-
the
the bridge
bridge fin fin itself
itself plays
plays aa subordinate
subordinate role role in in this
this re-
re- ity and
ity redundance in
and redundance one systems
event one
the event
in the fails.
systems fails.
spect.
spect. In caw of
the case
In the the submarine,
of the submarine, the entire configuration
the entire configuration
When
When an an upper
upper deck
deck with
with aa largelarge number
number of of venting
venting must be
must designed for
be designed cruising. The
submerged cruising.
for submerged shapes of
The shapes of
slits
slits covers
covers larger
larger free-flooding
free-flooding spaces spaces below,
below, then then fish torpedoes are
and torpedoes
fish and examples for
are examples good configura-
for aa good configura-
these
these slits
slits will
will have
have aa certain leveling effect
certain leveling effect on on break-
break- tion. A
tion. A submarine
submarine is is not exposed to
not exposed wave drag
to wave drag when
when
ers
ers and
and wave
wave crests
crests rolling
rolling alongalong thethe upper
upper deck.
deck. running deep
running deep submerged.
submerged.
Since
Since the the vessel
vessel cruises
cruises on on thethe surface
surface at at constant
constant draft, draft, At
At aa depth
depth equal
equal toto 4.5
4.5 times
times the
the diameter
diameter of the
the boat
boat
the
the design
design can can be
be in
in the
the form
form of of aa raised
raised stern
stern (horizontal
(horizontal (measured
(measured from
from the
the center
center of
of the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull to
to the
the
fairing
fairing in in the
the line
line ofof flotation)
flotation) to to yield
yield aa greater
greater hy— hy- water
water surface),
surface), the
the wave
wave drag
drag will
will not
not yet
yet have
have disap~
disap-
drodynamically
drodynamically effective effective length.
length. The The propellers
propellers are are peared
peared completely
completely inin the
the higher
higher speed
speed ranges.
ranges.

29
 Ni? Wt] WU WI 5
??

,. —. 3.x» “x ‘15
_,-—-'"
_-— 15"?
4 - . 1—b— ————v—:-* *’ :74. {pp-*1
m; m; wu' "‘:*~v ‘z:,— 7, 4,, : 7__‘»— 7 , ,7 -«' 7* ‘ 'Wl'l' wt) an

Figure 8 - Lines of a submersible

/----I

msH-
A 7 fiftia, , wrs ,1 mm
+,,_ M]
at , ¢-_
' ‘ A ‘~:**5'f*17,

Figure 9 — Lines of a submarine

-
A - Raised
A with center
stern with
Raised stern planes aft
rudder, planes
center rudder, of propeller;
aft of propeller;
submersible.
submersible.
-
B - Raised
B with twin
stern with
Raised stem planes aft
rudders, planes
twin rudders, of propeller;
aft of propeller;
submersible.
submersible.
-
C - Pointed
C with center
stern with
Pointed stem planes aft
rudder, planes
center rudder, of propeller,
aft of propeller,
stabilizer encloses the
stabilizer encloses propeller shaft
the propeller exit; configuration
shaft exit; configuration
Fig. 10
Fig. - stern configurations
Twin-screw stern
10 — Twin-screw configurations suited for
suited combination of
for combination submarine and
of submarine and submersible.
submersible.

3O
30
 Consequently, a
Consequently, a vessel
vessel of of 5 5mm in
in diameter
diameter must must dive
dive toto The lines
The lines of
of aa true
true submarine
submarine are are not
not very
very well
well suited
suited for
for
25 m
25 m (measured
(measured from from keel keel toto the
the water
water surface)
surface) before before surface cruising.
surface cruising. The
The attainable
attainable surface
surface speed
speed is is gener-
gener—
it can
it can escape
escape the the adverse
adverse effecteffect of
of wave
wave drag drag on on itsits ally considerably
ally considerably below
below thethe maximum
maximum submerged
submerged speed.speed.
cruising performance
cruising performance in in the
the higher
higher speed
speed ranges.
ranges. At At Today the
Today the submarine
submarine is is usually
usually built
built with
with aa single
single screw
screw
the slower
the slower speeds,
speeds, however,
however, wave wave drag
drag is is insignifi-
insignifi- because a
because a single-screw
single-screw propulsion
propulsion system
system offers
offers thethe most
most
cant, even
cant, even at
at periscope
periscope depth.depth. favourable propulsive
favourable propulsive efficiency
efficiency (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 9).
9).
The bottom
The bottom of of the
the sea
sea induces
induces an an additional
additional resistance
resistance When the
When the submersible
submersible is is cruising
cruising atat periscope
periscope depth,
depth,
during submerged
during submerged cruise cruise in in its
its vicinity.
vicinity. The
The friction
friction drag
drag surface, it will be more exposed to
i. e., near the water surface,
of water
of water on on the
the surface
surface of of the
the submarine
submarine is is the
the predomi-
predomi— wave action
wave action because
because ofof its
its large
large superstructure
superstructure and and flat
flat
nant resistance
nant resistance factor;
factor; thusthus a a minimum
minimum of of surface
surface area area is is deck than
deck than will
will be
be the
the submarine
submarine whosewhose members
members are are
advantageous in
advantageous in order
order to to minimize
minimize this this drag.
drag. This This isis ac-
ac— smaller. Submersibles
smaller. Submersibles therefore
therefore require
require larger
larger andand more
more
complished at
complished at aa given
given displacement
displacement by by selecting
selecting a a max-
max— effecitve diving
effecitve diving planes
planes than
than dodo submarines.
submarines.
imum hull
imum hull diameter
diameter and and a a minimum
minimum length.
length. The The fineness
fineness
When the
When the vessel
vessel is is running
running at at periscope
periscope depth,
depth, wave
wave
of the
of the runrun towards
towards aft aft must
must be be selected
selected forfor minimum
minimum
energy will
energy will interfere
interfere withwith depth
depth control.
control. The
The magni-
magni-
flow separation.
flow separation.
The forebody
forebody and and a all foremost edges edges of
of the
the superstruc-
superstruc- tude of
tude of the
the interference
interference will will vary
vary with
with sea
sea force.
force. AA sea-
sea—
The ll foremost
ture and
and appendages
appendages can can be be rounded,
rounded, butbut thethe stern
stern andand way causes
way causes a a lift
lift which
which will
will affect
affect the
the boat
boat most
most when
when
ture
heading into
heading into the
the sea
sea and
and least
least in
in following
following seas.
seas. Depth
Depth
rear edges
rear edges of of the
the superstructure
superstructure and and appendages
appendages should should
control in
control in aa heavy
heavy sea sea is
is easiest
easiest when
when proceeding
proceeding onon aa
be sharp.
be sharp. The The lateral
lateral plane
plane of of the
the stern
stern is
is curtailed
curtailed as as
course with
course with thethe sea
sea abeam.
abeam. A A submarine
submarine in in the
the open
open
much as
much as possible
possible in in order
order to to achieve
achieve small
small turning
turning circles
circles
ocean at
ocean at aa depth
depth of of 80.m
80 m can
can still
still roll
roll as
as much
much asas 8
8 deg
deg
in combination
in combination with with an an effective
effective steering
steering rudder
rudder (Fig.(Fig.
when hurricane
when hurricane force force waves
waves areare acting
acting on
on the
the surface.
surface.
11).
11).
The submerged
The submerged turning turning circle
circle becomes
becomes the the smaller,
smaller, the the The submarine
The submarine requires
requires hydrodynamic
hydrodynamic stability
stability because
because
more it
more it is
is possible
possible to to shift
shift thethe superstructure
superstructure to to forward.
forward. of its
of its high
high maximum
maximum submerged
submerged speed,
speed, which
which may
may be be
As a
As a rule,
rule, the
the turning
turning circles
circles are are smaller
smaller duringduring sub- sub— obtained by
obtained by horizontal
horizontal stern
stern fins,
fins, by
by stern
stern planes
planes in
in neu-
neu—
merged cruising
merged cruising than
than during
during surface
surface cruising
cruising and and smaller
smaller tral position,
tral position, or
or by
by combined
combined action
action of
of horizontal
horizontal fins
fins
at s6w
at slow than
than athigh
at high speeds:
speeds. and stern
and stern planes.
planes.

--
B — Spade
B
cross forward
A — Rudder cross of
forward o submarine.
propeller; submarine.
f propeller;
configuration aft
crossed configuration
Spade rudder in crossed of
aft of the pro-
D -
D — Rudder aft o
of propeller, stern plane combined with
f the propeller,
stabilizer fin below the propeller,
stabilizer propeller, suitable
suitable for true sub-
sub-
submarine.
peller; submarine.
peller; submersible.
marine and submersible.
C - Rudder cross
C — Rudder aft o
cross aft submarine.
propeller; submarine.
the propeller;
off the E - rudder/plane arrangement
X-shaped rudderlplane
E - Xshaped of
forward o
arrangement forward propeller;
f propeller;
submarine.
submarine.
Fig. 11
Fig. -
11 — Single
Single screw
screw stem
stern configurations
configurations

31
W15 ITwn—N-rw—
- i -3”; F - ,_._F—~+.- —* WI 5
W" ‘ ~ a" ~ , 1 WI 4

\MWAUI
WI 3
WI 2 /‘
W! 2
W/ I'

-
12 — Lines
Fig. 12
Fig. the German
of the
Lines of (1944)
26 (1944)
type 26
German type

If the
If aft rudder/plane
the aft arrangement is
rudder/plane arrangement of "X"
is of config-
“X” config- Bollards, retractable to
cleats, and lamps are retractable
Bollards, cleats, to avoid addi—
avoid addi-
uration (see
uration Fig. 1
(see Fig. l I), projection is
horizontal projection
their horizontal
1), their is of sta—
of sta- tional drag.
tional supports that
Rail supports
drag. Rail cannot be
that cannot be removed are
removed are
effect.
bilizing effect.
bilizing faired for low
faired for (see Fig.
drag (see
low drag 13).
Fig. 13).
submarines are
Some submarines
Some intended to
are intended operate as
to operate sub—
as sub- The sum
The all drag
of all
sum of components is
drag components overall drag
the overall
is the when
drag when
mersibles as
mersibles well as
as well as as submarines. A
as submarines. compromise must
A compromise must the boat
the operates in
boat operates deep submerged
in deep condition.
submerged condition.
be made to
be made allow for
to allow for the requirements of
the requirements both the
of both the components refer
drag components
above drag
The above refer to condition of
the condition
to the of
The
surface and
surface the submerged
and the cruising (Fig.
submerged cruising 12). The
(Fig. 12). length
The length when all
boat when
the boat extensible equipment
all extensible (periscope,
equipment (periscope,
the
such a
of such
of boat is
a boat governed by
is governed wave formation
the wave
by the during
formation during antennas, etc.)
snorkel, antennas, are retracted.
etc.) are con-
have con-
These have
retracted. These
snorkel,
cruising and
surface cruising
surface and is is greater that of
than that
greater than of aa true sub-
true sub- siderable additional
siderable drag when
additional drag extended. For
when extended. instance,
For instance,
marine with
marine with the displacement. The
same displacement.
the same forebody is
The forebody is periscope on
extended periscope
an extended on a submarine of
a submarine dis—
500 m3 dis-
of 500m3
an
sharp in
sharp way of
in way of the line of
the line of flotation the faired
and the
flotation and stem
faired stem placement of the total
of the form and
total form lines will
good lines
and good cause
will cause
placement
is elongated as
is elongated much as
as much possible.
as possible. an additional
an drag of
additional drag percent at
30 percent
of 30 knots; the
4 knots;
at 4 drag
the drag
The upper
The deck is
upper deck kept as
is kept as narrow and flush
narrow and as possible
flush aspossible decreases to
decreases percent at
8.5 percent
to 8.5 knots.
10 knots.
at 10
because of
because of the submerged speed.
the submerged speed. The shape of
The shape of the su-
the su-
perstructure is
perstructure designed for
is designed minimum drag.
for minimum The boat
drag. The has
boat has The submerged
The drag increases
submerged drag approximately with
increases approximately the
with the
propulsion system
single-screw propulsion
aa single-screw because this
system because provides
this provides square of
square speed.
the speed.
of the
submerged propulsion
optimum submerged
optimum conditions.
propulsion conditions.

Propulsion
3. Propulsion
3.
2. Submerged
2. Submerged drag
drag
A submersible will
A submersible have different
will have resistance to
different resistance overcome
to overcome
The submerged drag
The submerged drag ofof the hull is
the hull composed of
is composed frictional
of frictional speeds at at the propeller
same propeller
the same
surface and
for surface
for submerged speeds
and submerged
and form drag.
and form drag. The frictional drag
The frictional drag on on a a given surface
given surface rpm, andand hencehence the loads on
the loads on the differ.
will differ.
prOpeller will
the propeller
rpm,
will be
will reduced to
be reduced minimum if
to aa minimum if the are faired,
lines are
the lines the
faired, the impossible to
is impossible
it is design an
to design an optimum propeller for
optimum propeller for
Thus it
Thus
paint is in
paint is condition, and
good condition,
in good there is
and there no fouling.
is no Form
fouling. Form submersible for both cruising
for both conditions, and
cruising conditions, com—
and aa com-
aa submersible
drag of
drag submarines can
of submarines can be very small
be very when the
small when the lines are
lines are promise is necessary. The
is necessary. diameter of
propeller diameter
The propeller sub-
of aa sub-
promise
well However, the
faired. However,
well faired. considerable drag
the considerable created by
drag created by mersible is subject to
usually subject
is usually constraints. The
to constraints. propeller
The propeller
slits for
the slits
the the main
for the tanks and
ballast tanks
main ballast free-flooding
and free-flooding tips must
blade tips
blade remain some
must remain distance from
some distance from the surface
the surface
must be
spaces must
spaces added to
be added these drag
to these components.
drag components. because of
because of the danger of
the danger aeration in
of aeration in heavy state.
sea state.
heavy sea
One slit
One has a
slit has a drag four to
drag four to five times the
five times the frictional drag
frictional drag Moreover, the
Moreover, must be
tips must
the tips enough above
high enough
be high keel
the keel
above the
plate of
of a plate same size.
the same
of the Moreover, these
size. Moreover, can
slits can
these slits baseline to permit the
to permit boat to
the boat to be grounded. The
be grounded. The
cause resistance when
additional resistance
cause additional longitudinal flow
when longitudinal and
flow and achievable propulsion efficiencies of
propulsion efficiencies cruis—
submersible cruis-
of aa submersible
vortices form
vortices within the
form within free-flooding spaces.
the free-flooding spaces. The en-
The en- ing on
ing surface is
the surface
on the the same
of the
is of order of
same order magnitude as
of magnitude as
ergy for
ergy phenomena has
flow phenomena
these flow
for these has toto be produced by
be produced by for surface ships
for surface with a
ships with propeller load.
comparable propeller
a comparable Cav-
load. Cav-
the propulsion
the system. One
propulsion system. One way way to to reduce inter-
these inter-
reduce these itation phenomena during
itation phenomena surface cruising
during surface must be
cruising must taken
be taken
nal flow
nal phenomena is
flow phenomena use of
the use
is the of adequate transverse
adequate transverse into consideration. The
into consideration. The propulsion efficiency of
propulsion efficiency sub—
of aa sub-
subdivision bulkheads and
partition bulkheads
subdivision by partition and web frames
web frames mersible is
mersible is usually lower during
usually lower cruising.
submerged cruising.
during submerged
within the
within the free-flooding
free-flooding spaces.spaces. More favourable
More favourable conditions
conditions for for aa submersible
submersible could
Additional drag
Additional drag is is caused
caused by by the
the superstructure
superstructure and and ap-
ap- be achieved
be achieved by by using
using variable pitch propellers
propellers because
pendages such
pendages such as rudders and
as rudders stabilizer fins.
and stabilizer fins. the pitch
the pitch could
could bebe adapted
adapted to to the
the variable
variable loads
loads during
during

32
Fig.
Fig. 13
13 — Upper
Upper deck
- deck and
and superstructure
superstructureof
of aa 1,000—ton
1,000-ton submarine,
submarine, 1975
1975

surface
surfaceand
and submerged
submerged cruising
cruising and
and result
result in
in improve— 4.
improve- 4. Depth
Depth control
ment
ment in
in both
both cases.
cases.
In
In the
the case
caseofof aa submerged
submerged submarine,
submarine, the the propeller
propeller loadload The
The following
following principal
principal requirements
requirements must
must be
be satisfied
satisfied to
to
will
will be
be constant
constant atat all
all speeds
speeds because
because of of the
the squared
squared de— de- obtain
obtain aa manoeuvrable
manoeuvrable boat:
boat:
pendency
pendency of of aa drag
drag on on speed.
speed. This
This means
means that that the
the pro-
pro-
peller 1.1.The
The submarine
submarine must must be be able
able to
to generate
generate buoyancy
buoyancy as as
peller will
will have
have thethe same
same efficiency
efficiency at at all
all speeds
speeds during
during
submerged
submerged cruising.
cruising. well
wellas as negative
negative liftlift forces
forces with
with its
its planes.
planes. These
These forces
forces
Diving
Diving pressure
pressure makes
makes cavitation
cavitation rather
rather insignificant.
insignificant. ItIt are
are required
required (a)
(a) to to compensate
compensate for for weight
weight differences
differences
isisoften
often possible
possible toto select
selectthe
the optimum
optimum diameter
diameter resulting
resulting in
in aa vessel
vessel that
that isis not
not completely
completely trimmed;
trimmed; (b)
(b) toto take
take
from
from thethe rpm
rpm andand load.
load. There
There will
will be
be aa significant
significant fric-
fric- up
up the
thedesired
desired constant
constantdepth depth and
and toto balance
balance itit against
against
tion
tion wake
wake inin the
the propeller
propeller plane
plane ofof aa submarine
submarine because because external
external forces
forces causedcaused by by wave
wave action,
action, fired
fired tor-tor-
ofof the
the major
major drag
drag component
component resulting
resulting from from skin
skin fric-
fric- pedoes,
pedoes, etc.;
etc.; and
and (c) (c) to
to effect
effect depth
depth changes.
changes.
tion.
tion. Much
Much of of the
the propulsion
propulsion energy
energy cancan be be recovered
recovered ifif
the
the propeller
propeller isis placed
placed inin the
the concentric
concentric wake. wake. This
This en-en-
ergy
ergy recovery
recovery of of aa single-screw
single-screw submarine
submarine isis one one of of the
the
principal
principal advantages
advantages of of the
the single-screw
single-screw over over aa twin—
twin-
screw
screwdrive.
drive.
During
During submerged
submerged cruise,cruise, aa low-noise
low-noise run run atat the
the slow
slow
speed
speed range
range (silent
(silent run)
run) isis of
of great
great consequence.
consequence. The The
speed
speed atat which
which prOpellers
propellers begin
begin toto radiate
radiate noises
noises should
should
bebe asas high
high as as possible.
possible. The The requirements
requirements of of hy-hy-
drodynamics
drodynamics and and hydroacoustics
hydroacoustics should should be be adapted
adapted to to
each
eachother.
other. AAcompromise
compromisewould would be beifif aa three—blade
three-blade pro— pro-
peller
pellerhaving
having most
most favourable
favourable efficiency
efficiencyisisdeleted
deleted andand aa
five-blade
five-blade or or aa seven-blade
seven-blade propeller
propeller with
with specific
specific form
form
and
and aa somewhat
somewhat reduced
reduced efficiency
efficiencyisisadopted.
adopted.
In
Insummary,
summary,single—screw
single-screwsubmarines
submarineshave
haveaavery
veryhigh
high
propulsion efficiency
propulsion they combine
efficiency ifif they rpm, low
low rpm,
combine low low
propeller
propeller load,
load, unrestricted
unrestricted propeller
propeller diameter,
diameter, and
and
propulsion
propulsion power
power recovery
recovery from
from the
the wake.
wake. This
This effi-
effi-
ciency
ciency will
will bebe greater
greater than
than for
for any
any other
other propeller-
propeller-
drivenship.
driven ship.
The
Thepropeller
propeller efficiency
efficiencyofof aa submarine
submarine cruising
cruising on
on the
the
surface
surfaceisisdeemed
deemedsatisfactory
satisfactorywhen
whenititisisthat
thatsupplied
suppliedby by Seven-blade “skew-back”
Fig. 1414—- Seven-blade
Fig. "skew-back' propeller
rl~peller(German
(uriinan class
ciaas
aapropeller
propeller designed
designedfor
forsubmerged
submergedcruising.
cruising. 209submarine)
209 submarine)

33
 .9 l f1 L up *7
stern plane

down + down ' _

Xj
Fig. 15
Fig. -
15 — Plane
Plane positions
positions

2. The
2. The submarine
submarine must must be be able
able to
to generate
generate moments
moments At slow—speed rates,
At slow-speed rates, thethe bow bow planeplane is primarily to
used primarily
is used to
about its
about its transverse
transverse axisaxis by
by plane
plane action.
action. These
These mo-
mo- generate positive or
generate positive negative lift
or negative and the
lift and stern plane
the stern plane is is
ments are
ments are required
required to to compensate
compensate for for free
free moments
moments in in employed to
employed generate trim
to generate trim or or to maintain a
to maintain given trim
a given trim
aa submarine
submarine that that is
is not
not completely
completely trimmed,
trimmed, to to permit
permit angle.
angle.
trimming at
trimming at desired
desired constant
constant depth,
depth, toto balance
balance out
out any
any There is
There is aa so-called
so—called critical
critical speed speed in in the
the low-speed
low-speed range range
moments attributable
moments attributable to to waves,
waves, fired
fired torpedoes,
torpedoes, etc.,
etc., at which the
at which the stern plane alone
stern plane alone cannot provide the
cannot provide boat
the boat
and, finally,
and, finally, toto change
change trim
trim angle.
angle. with either
with either positive
positive or or negative
negative buoyancybuoyancy . At .At thisthis speed,
speed,
3. A
3. A submarine
submarine proceeding
proceeding at at high
high submerged
submerged speedspeed for instance,
for instance, an an upward-directed
upward-directed plane plane results
results in in aa very
very
must be
must be stabilized
stabilized by by horizontal
horizontal fins
fins atat the
the stern
stem to
to the
the small stern-heavy
small stern-heavy trim trim angleangle becausebecause of of the the existing
existing
degree where
degree where accurate
accurate andand dependable
dependable depth depth control
control weight stability.
weight stability. The The buoyancy
buoyancy of of the
the boat
boat in in this
this trim
trim
by plane
by plane action
action is is possible.
possible. This
This stabilizing
stabilizing action
action is is position is
position large as
as large
is as as the negative lift
the negative the stern
of the
lift of plane.
stern plane.
caused by
caused by weight
weight stability
stability in
in aa submarine
submarine proceeding
proceeding Consequently, the effective
Consequently, effective force force will be zero, and the
at slow
at slow submerged
submerged speed speed soso that
that the
the fins
fins can
can be
be disre-
disre— plane action
plane action willwill be
be ineffective
ineffective to to satisfy
satisfy Requirement
Requirement 1. 1.
garded.
garded. The plane is
stem plane
The stern excellent for
is excellent maintaining depth
for maintaining depth at high
at high
speed steps;
speed steps; the the buoyancy
buoyancy and and the the negative
negative lift lift will
will be be
One pair
One pair of planes fore
of planes and aft
fore and required when
are required
aft are when large at at small
small trim
trim angles.
angles. The The influence
influence of of weight
weight stabil-
stabil-
large
running at
running slow speed
at slow speed rates (Fig. 15).
rates (Fig. 15). ity will
will be be small
small compared
compared to to the
the trimming
trimming moments
moments gen- gen-
ity
An upward
An upward tilted tilted bowbow plane
plane primarily
primarily causes
causes a a lift
lift (the
(the erated by
erated forces of
the forces
by the plane. The
the plane.
of the gener-
plane gener-
stern plane
The stern
leading edge
leading edge is is tilted
tilted upward).
upward). When When a a vessel
vessel isis turning
turning provides more
ally provides
ally sensitive depth
more sensitive control in
depth control in the high-
the high-
about one—third the
about one-third distance from
the distance from the bow at
the bow at the higher
the higher speed ranges
speed ranges because
because of of itsits indirect
indirect effect
effect than
than does does the the
speed steps, a
speed steps, secondary effect
a secondary occurs by
effect occurs tilted bow
the tilted
by the bow bow plane
bow plane which,
which, by by itsits force,
force, has has aa direct
direct effecteffect on on
plane in
plane in the
the form
form of of a
a trim
trim angle
angle aft aft so
so that
that the
the hull
hull will
will depth.
depth.
generate additional
generate additional buoyancy.
buoyancy. When proceeding
When proceeding at at high
high submerged
submerged speeds, speeds, submarines
submarines
In case
In case of of submarines
submarines with with the
the forward
forward hydroplane
hydroplane ar- ar- require a
require a stern
stern finfin for
for dynamic
dynamic stabilization.
stabilization. Because Because of of
ranged at
ranged abt. '/s
at abt. ship’s length
'/3 ship's reckoned from
length reckoned forward
from forward its destabilizing
its destabilizing effect,effect, the the bowbow planeplane often
often is is designed
designed so so
(i. e.
(i. e. somewhat
somewhat more more towards
towards aft),aft), this
this additional
additional trimm-trimm— that it
that must be
it must turned in,
be turned folded back,
in, folded back, or retracted when
or retracted when
ing action
ing action is is deleted.
deleted. During
During tilting
tilting of of the
the bow
bow plane,
plane, predetermined speed
some predetermined
some speed has has been reached (see
been reached Fig. 87
(see Fig. 87
they are
they moving up
are moving up and similarly to
down similarly
and down to a passenger lift
a passenger lift and 88).
and 88). If If another
another design
design is is chosen
chosen and and the the plane
plane re- re-
without any
without alterations of
any alterations therefore, their
trim; therefore,
of trim; their bow bow mains extended
mains extended and and idleidle in in thethe mean
mean positon
positon at at high
high
planes should
planes should be be somewhat
somewhat larger.
larger. speed, the
speed, the stern
stern fin
fin must
must be be designed
designed proportionately
proportionately lar- lar-
The plane has
stem plane
The stern has the opposite effect.
the opposite When its
effect. When trailing
its trailing ger. Configurations
ger. Configurations with with turning-in,
turning-in, folding,folding, or or re- re—
edge is
edge is tilted upward, the
tilted upward, downward-directed rudder
the downward-directed rudder tractable bow
tractable bow planes
planes have have a a dual
dual advantage
advantage in in terms
terms of of
force causes
force causes a a stern-down
stern-down trim trim angleangle and
and thethe hull
hull gen-
gen- drag reduction:
drag reduction: they they eleminate
eleminate bow bow plane
plane drag drag and and re- re—
erates lift.
erates lift. TheThe magnitude
magnitude of of this
this angle
angle depends
depends pri- pri— quire a
quire a smaller fin.
stern fin.
smaller stern
marily on
marily on thethe distance between the
distance between plane und
the plane und the turning
the turning At the
At the lower
lower end end ofof the
the leanlean bow bow of of submersibles,
submersibles, bow bow
center of
center of the boat as
the boat as well on its
as on
well as counteracting weight
its counteracting weight planes of
planes of non-retractable
non—retractable or or non-folding
non-folding type type were were ar- ar-
stability, and
stability, finally on
and finally magnitude of
the magnitude
on the of the vessel’s hy-
the vessel's hy- ranged, which
ranged, which havehave beenbeen of of effective
effective helphelp during
during aa quick-
quick—
drodynamic stability
drodynamic stability being
being created
created by by the
the hull
hull shape
shape it- it- diving manoeuvre
diving manoeuvre (see (see Table
Table 1). 1). Similar
Similar forward
forward planes planes
self and
self and by by the the aftaft stabilizing
stabilizing fins.fins. The
The difference
difference be- be- are also provided at the sail, sail, i. e.above the deck, of many
tween the
tween the greater buoyancy of
greater buoyancy the hull
of the and the
hull and smaller
the smaller nuclear—powered submarine
nuclear-powered submarine ships ships (and(and ofof aa number
number of of
negative lift
negative lift of of thethe planes
planes is is available
available as as effective
effective electrically driven
electrically driven submarines).
submarines). The The sailsail of
of these
these vessels
vessels
buoyancy.
buoyancy. is arranged much
is arranged forward of
much forward amidships so
of amidships that such
so that for-
such for-

34
 ward
ward planes
planes only
only act
act on
on the
the depth
depth keeping
keeping without
without gen-
gen-
erating
erating anyany trim.
trim. During
During surface
surface cruise,
cruise, they
they are
are situated
situated
above
above the the line
line of
of flotation
flotation soso that
that they
they areare of
of no
no help
help for
for
diving
diving manoeuvres,
manoeuvres, but but this
this isis tolerated
tolerated as as these
these vessels
vessels
perform
perform such such manoeuvres
manoeuvres seldom seldom only,only, for for tactical
tactical
reasons.
reasons. During
During cruise
cruise at
at periscope
periscope depth,
depth, the the action
action of
G-
TD) Plane
the
the sea
sea disturbs
disturbs thethe effect
effect ofof such
such planes
planes whichwhich are
of
are ar-
ar-
+B ranged
ranged at at comparatively
comparatively high high level.
V
v K + M}
Plane level.
The
The direction
direction of of hull
hull drag,
drag, including
including superstructure
superstructureand and
appendages,
appendages, the the direction
direction of of propeller
propeller thrust,
thrust, and
and the
the ar—
ar-
rangement
rangement of of the
the stabilizing
stabilizing finsfins must
must be be inin harmony
harmony if if
the
the submarine
submarineisis to to proceed
proceed on on aa nearly
nearly eveneven keel
keel and
and be
be
free
free ofof lifts
lifts and
and moments
moments at at any
any speed.
speed.
In
In this
this connection,
connection, the the stern
stern plane
plane shall
shall swing
swing about
about its
its
mid—position
mid-position provided
provided that that the
the bow
bow plane
plane isis either
either re-
re-
tracted
tracted or or idle
idle inin mean
mean position.
position.
To
To summarize,
summarize, depth depth control
control isis attainable
attainable at at low
low speed
speed
5° 70° 75° steps
steps byby using
using bowbow planes
planes only,
only, butbut ifif in
in addition
addition some
\k “.3

some
trim
trim angle
angle isis required,
required, aa stern
stem plane
plane must
must also
also be
be used.
used.
The
The stem
sternplane
plane andand the
the stabilization
stabilization fin fin are
are necessary
necessary forfor
depth
depthcontrol
controlat at high
high speeds
speedsbecause
because of of the
the adverse
adverseeffect
effect
\\

of
of aa bow
bow plane
plane at at high
high speed
speed (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 16).
16).
If
If moved
moved aa large large distance
distance fromfrom their
their center
center position,
position,
rudders
rudders willwill make
makethe the boat
boat stern-heavy
stern-heavyand andcause
causethe
the ves—
ves-
sel
sel to
to ascend.
ascend. ThisThis must
must be be compensated
compensated for for by
by moving
moving
the
the stern
sternplanes
planes downward.
downward.
/////

Such
Such an an effect
effect only
only occurs
occurs on on submarines
submarines with with the
the su-
su-
perstructure
perstructure arranged
arranged at at about
about mid-length
mid-length and and isis ex-
ex-
plained
plained as as follows:
follows:
/

In
In the
the turning
turning circle,
circle, the
the submarine
submarine isis slantwise
slantwise at- at-
tacked
tacked by by the
the flow
flow soso that
that aa negative
negative pressure
pressure isis
K
created
created atat the
the top
top and
and bottom
/

10° - 5° 5° \70° bottom sides.

sides. This
This negative
negative
)4
1

pressure
pressurecannot
cannotbe be formed
formed ininway
way of of superstructure
superstructureso so
that
that aa resultant
resultant force
force directed
directed towards
towards below
below arises
arises

1 \\X which
which causes
causes the
the submarine
submarineto to trim
trim by
by the
the stern
sternifif the
the
superstructure
superstructure isis situated
situated atat mid—length.
mid-length. If If the
the su-
su-
perstructure
perstructure isis arranged
arranged farfar forward,
forward, the the submarine
submarine
will
will trim
trim by
by the
the head
head duedueto
to such
suchaa resultant
resultantforce.
force.
Trimming moment M l\
I
The
#—

The planes
planes assist
assist inin the
the diving
diving manoeuvre
manoeuvre (see (see Fig.
Fig. 17).
17).

’o"’\\ s
fl P After
Afterthe
themain
mainballast
ballasttank
tank vents
ventsareareOpened,
opened,bothbothsetssetsof of
l planes
planes are
are moved
moved into into the
the downward
downward position.
position. ThisThis ac-ac-
3?

tion
tion and
and the
the slower
slower flooding
flooding of of the
the after
after main
main ballast
ballast

/
tank
tank cause
causethe
the submarine
submarineto to dive
divebowbow first.
first. Leveling
Levelingoff off
takes
takesplace
placeby
bymoving
movingboth bothsets
setsof
ofplanes
planesupward.
upward.This Thisisis

v1...5°Nzo°
followed
followedby by aasternheavy
sternheavytrim trimof of about
about 55deg
degforfor aa short
short
time.
time. (The
(Thesubmarine
submarineisismade madeto to “pitch”
"pitch" inin order
order to to re—
re-
—75° —70° — ° \ move
movethethelast
lastair
airbubbles
bubblesfromfromthe themain
mainballast
ballasttanks
tanksand and
Position of the
the free-flooding
free-floodingpartsparts ofof the
the superstructure.)
superstructure.)The The sub-sub-
cruise
cruisetree
freefrom
from
lift and moments
\
marine
marinethen
then proceeds
proceedsinin the thehorizontal
horizontalattitude,
attitude, andand thethe
i main
main ballast
ballast tank
tank vents
ventsareareclosed.
closed. TheThesubmarine
submarinetakes takes
1 i
up
up desired
desireddepth
depththenthen byby flooding
floodingor or emptying
emptyingthe thecom—
com-
F" Cruise
Cruisefree
freefrom
fromlift
lift pensating
pensatingtanks
tanksand andby by shifting
shiftingtrimtrimwater
water until
until atat slow
slow
and moments
and moments speed
speed the
the planes
planes can can keep
keep itit atat the
the desired
desired depth
depth by by
lllll operating
operatbg with
with small
small movements
movements about about the
the mean
mean posi-posi-
Fig.
Fig. 1616— Cruise
- Cruisefree
freefrom
fromlift
liftand
andmoments
moments tion.
tion. During
During surfacing,
surfacing,the the planes
planesare areused
used toto cause
causeris-ris-

35
 A ,1

17 -
Fig. 17
Fig. positions during
Plane positions
— Plane dive
a dive
during a
5% 0:3? {Lb

ing of
ing submarine. The
the submarine.
of the tilted to
planes tilted
The planes to the upward
the upward These experiments are
towing experiments
These towing extended by
efficiently extended
are efficiently the
by the
position serve,
position after the
serve, after submarine having
the submarine broken the
having broken the so—called Planar
so-called Motion tests
Planar Motion which are
tests which are performed with
performed with
as a
surface, as
surface, dynamic protection
a dynamic unintentional
against unintentional
protection against fixed model.
aa fixed Such tests
model. Such make it
tests make possible to
it possible determine
to determine
flooding of
momentary flooding
momentary of the deck as
the deck long as
as long blowing—out
as blowing-out the coefficients for
hydrodynamic coefficients
the hydrodynamic equations of
the equations
for the mo-
of mo-
of main
of tanks has
ballast tanks
main ballast not yet
has not been completed.
yet been After
completed. After tion to ascertain
and to
tion and dynamic quantities
the dynamic
ascertain the solving
after solving
quantities after
blowing—out procedure,
blowing-out they are
procedure, they tilted into
again tilted
are again their
into their of equations of
the equations
of the motion. The
of motion. term "planar
The term motion”
“planar motion"
mid-position during surface
mid—position during cruise.
surface cruise. originated at
originated the David
at the Taylor Model
David Taylor (nowadays
Basin (nowadays
Model Basin
Electronic or
Electronic or mechanical depth control
mechanical depth have
systems have
control systems "Naval Research and
Shipbuilding Research
“Naval Shipbuilding Development Cen-
and Development Cen—
developed for
been developed
been for automatic control of
automatic control of a selected
a selected ter9')'in the USA
ter”)'in the after the
USA after which was
method which
the method developed
was developed
depth. These
depth. operate the
systems operate
These systems planes by
the planes by using diving
using diving there and
there designated the
and designated “DTMB Planar
the "DTMB Motion
Planar Motion
pressure and trim
pressure and position as
trim position transmitters.
impulse transmitters.
as impulse Mechanism System".
Mechanism investigations lead
These investigations
System”. These lead to pre—
to pre-
dictions of
dictions of the hydrodynamic stability
the hydrodynamic and of
stability and all
of all
quantities for
dynamic quantities
dynamic the normal
for the operating range
normal operating and
range and
emergency situations
for emergency
for (levelling off
situations (levelling etc.). For
off etc.). simula-
For simula-
5. Model
5. Model basin
basin experiments
experiments tion, the following
tion, the manoeuvres may
following manoeuvres may be calculated:
be calculated:
and trials
submerged trials
and submerged
For the
For the vertical
vertical plane:
plane:
Resistance and
Resistance and propulsion
propulsion tests
tests for
for surface
surface cruise
cruise are
are manoeuvre to
Meander manoeuvre
1. Meander
1. to demonstrate stability
dynamic stability
demonstrate dynamic
performed in
performed in aa towing
towing tank
tank under
under the
the same
same conditions
conditions as
as quantitatively.
quantitatively.
for surface
for surface ships.
ships. The
The submerged
submerged model
model is
is towed
towed inin the
the manoeuvre to
Overshoot manoeuvre
2. Overshoot
2. to demonstrate effective—
the effective-
demonstrate the
tank by
tank by a
a vertical
vertical faired
faired strut
strut to
to determine
determine the
the drag
drag of
of ness of
ness of the
the aft
aft hydroplanes.
hydroplanes.
the hull
the hull and
and the
the form
form resistance
resistance of hull, of
of superstruc-
superstruc- Determination of
3. Determination of critical speed in
critical speed opera-
slow-speed opera-
in slow-speed
3.
tures and
tures and appendages.
appendages. tion.
tion.
The friction
The drag of
friction drag the full-scale
of the cannot be
boat cannot
full—scale boat de-
be de- 4. Emergency
4. Emergency manoeuvres.
manoeuvres.
termined by
termined model tests.
by model drag is
This drag
tests. This computed for
is computed the
for the
full-scale hull and
full—scale hull added to
and added to its resistances.
form resistances.
its form For the
For the horizontal
horizontal plane:
plane:

wake field
The wake
The occurring at
field occurring model in
the model
at the submerged run
in submerged run 5. Overshoot
5. manoeuvre to
Overshoot manoeuvre demonstrate rudder
to demonstrate effec-
rudder effec-
measured. Afterwards,
is measured. investigations at the
cavitation investigations
Afterwards, cavitation tiveness.
tiveness.
propeller may
submerged propeller
deeply submerged
deeply follow, which
may follow, which runsruns inin a a 6. Spiral
6. manoeuvre to
Spiral manoeuvre demonstrate course
to demonstrate stability.
course stability.
wake regulated in
field regulated
wake field compliance with
in compliance trials.
previous trials.
with previous 7. Turning
7. Turning circles.
circles.
experiments (model
Self-propelled experiments
Self-propelled (model with moving pro-
with moving pro— 8. Stopping and
8. Stopping effects.
acceleration effects.
and acceleration
by which
peller) by
peller) efficiency dates
which efficiency should be
dates should gained are
be gained are
performed for
now performed
now submerged cruise.
for submerged cruise. The The lift and mo-
lift and mo- Trial runs are
Trial runs conducted with
are conducted the completed
with the submarine.
completed submarine.
coefficients of
ment coefficients
ment of the model are
the model are now determined for
now determined for The surface and
The surface submerged trial
and submerged on the
runs on
trial runs measured
the measured
model with
the model
the pitch (trim)
dissimilar pitch
with dissimilar conditions and
(trim) conditions and mile correspond to
mile correspond the drag
to the and propulsion
drag and experiments.
propulsion experiments.
with varying
with stern plane
varying stern Fig. 16).
(see Fig.
angles (see
plane angles It is
16). It to be
is to be
determined from
determined from this, which are
this, which the fin
are the angles and
fin angles and The acting on
forces acting
The forces on the submarine and
the submarine attributable to
and attributable to
proper stern
proper angle at
plane angle
stern plane which the
at which the cruise free of
cruise free lift
of lift the planes
the determined for
be determined
can be
planes can different plane
for different angles
plane angles
moments is
and moments
and possible. The
is possible. angle is
fin angle
The fin modified at
is modified the
at the as follows. First,
as follows. submarine is
the submarine
First, the trimmed to
is trimmed to an even
an even
model until
model plane is
stern plane
the stern
until the alignment with
in alignment
is in with thethe finfin keel at a
keel at speed with
certain speed
a certain planes at
both planes
with both angle.
zero angle.
at zero
lift and
without lift
cruise without
during cruise moments. These
and moments. character-
These character- Then one plane is
one plane tilted by
is tilted by aa specified angle. The
specified angle. com—
The com-
clues of
offer clues
istics offer behaviour of
the behaviour
of the submerged ves-
the submerged
of the ves— pensating is then
tank is
pensating tank flooded or
then flooded emptied and
or emptied and trim water
trim water
maximum speed.
sel at maximum
sel speed. The buoyant forces
The buoyant forces of of the bow
the bow shifted submarine is
the submarine
until the
shifted until once again
is once an even
on an
again on keel
even keel
measured during
are measured
planes are
planes trials.
separate trials.
during separate with the tilted
with the planes at
tilted planes at the same depth.
the same The water
depth. The ad-
water ad-
above trials
The above
The may be
trials may completed by
be completed experiments
model experiments
by model mitted to
mitted drained out
or drained
to or out of compensating tank
the compensating
of the cor—
tank cor-
with a
with a free-running, submersible, and
free-running, submersible, self-propelled
and self-propelled responds to
responds to the applied to
force applied
the force boat by
the boat
to the by the planes.
the planes.
which may
model which
model may be controlled by
be controlled radio or
by radio acoustic
or acoustic The quantity of
The quantity of trim water shifted
trim water yield the
will yield
shifted will trimming
the trimming
means.
means. moment generated
moment generated by by the
the planes.
planes.

36
The Admiralty
The Admiralty Constant
Constant provides
provides an
an approximate
approximate submerged cruising
submerged cruising condition
COHditiOH and,
and, consequently,
consequently,
evaluation of
evaluation the submerged
of the propulsion performance
submerged propulsion of
performance of the dependence of
cubic dependence
the cubic power on
0f power speed. Moreover,
on speed. Moreover,
different types;
submarine types:
different submarine the formula allows
the formula for the
allows for fact that
the fact propulsion
the propulsion
that the
efficiency remains constant
efficiency remains over the
constant over speed
entire speed
the entire
Finally, it
range. Finally, includes the
it includes proportional de-
the proportional de-
C=D2/3XV3
range.
pendence of
pendence drag on
of drag on DD“; in similar
~';in similar vessels, area
this area
vessels, this
NW
proportional to
is proportional
is the hull
to the exposed to
surface exposed
hull surface fric-
to fric-
Consequently, the
tion. Consequently,
tion. coefficient C
the coefficient C includes the
includes the
where D
where D is
is the
the submerged
submerged displacement
displacement ofof the
the total
total drag coefficient
drag the hull
for the
coefficient for and the
hull and effi—
propulsion effi-
the propulsion
cubic meters,
form in cubic meters, ciency.
ciency.
vv is
is the
the speed
speed in
in knots,
knots, and
and
with large
Submersibles with
Submersibles broad-beamed
superstructures, broad-beamed
large superstructures,
NW is
Nw is the
the delivered
delivered power
power at
at propeller
pr0peller in
in horse-
horse—
decks, guns,
decks, etc. may
guns, etc. have C
may have C values low as
as low
values as during
60 during
as 60
power.
power.
submerged cruising, but
submerged cruising, modern submarines
but modem have C
can have
submarines can C
This formula
This useful comparative
yields useful
formula yields sub-
for sub-
data for
comparative data values of
values and higher.
280 and
of 280 As a
higher. As of better
result of
a result overall
better overall
merged boats
merged but may
boats but applied to
be applied
may be to surface ships
surface ships form, smaller
form, appendages, and
smaller appendages, higher propulsion
and higher effi—
propulsion effi-
only with great
only with and therefore
reservations and
great reservations rarely
is rarely
therefore is submarines can make the same speed
ciency, modern submarines
ciency,
used today.
used This formula
today. This takes into
formula takes consideration
into consideration with one—fourth to
with one-fourth one-fifth of
to one-fifth the submerged
of the engine
submerged engine
the law of
the law square of
the square
of the the drag
of the applicable in
drag applicable the
in the power.
power.

37
 VII
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER

Hull
Hull structure
structure
1.
1. Loading
Loading due
due to
to diving
diving pressure
pressure pressure. dynamic approach
During dynamic
pressure. During approach of of the diving
service diving
the service
depth (because
depth (because of of overshoot)
overshoot) or in case
or in of a
case of a depth con—
depth con-
Diving
Diving depth
depth is is an
an important
important design
design criterion.
criterion. The
The pres—
pres- trol error, it
trol error, is allowed
it is allowed for short period
for aa short period to arrive at
to arrive the
at the
sure
sure hull
hull is the primary
is the primary element
element of of aa submarine
submarine and must
and must maximum diving
maximum diving depth to the
depth to utmost. The
the utmost. The test pressure
test pressure
withstand
withstand diving
diving pressure.
pressure. It It is
is designed
designed forfor aa certain
certain is applied to
is applied the vessel
to the its acceptance
during its
vessel during acceptance in pressure
in aa pressure
collapse
collapse depth,
depth, at at which
which the
the failure
failure must be expected
must be expected dock without any
dock without any crew
crew members onboard ship
members onboard ship for proof
for proof
within
within aa narrowly
narrowly limited range of
limited range of tolerance.
tolerance. The
The pres-
pres- of tightness and
of tightness strength (see
and strength Fig. 29),
(see Fig. during aa deep
or during
29), or deep
sure
sure corresponding
corresponding to this collapse
to this collapse depth
depth is taken as
is taken as aa submerging test
submerging with crew
test with well (see
as well
crew as item 5.
(see item 5. of Chapter
of Chapter
basis in the
basis in the pressure
pressure hull
hull calculations
calculations as as the
the calculation
calculation XVI). These tests
XVI). These will be
tests will repeated at
be repeated certain larger
at certain inter-
larger inter-
pressure.
pressure. The
The other
other pressure—proof
pressure-proof members
members exposed
exposed toto vals.
vals.
diving
diving pressure,
pressure, such
such as
as hatches,
hatches, valves,
valves, torpedo
torpedo tubes,
tubes,
and pressure-resistant lines
and pressure-resistant lines inin the
the outer hull, have
outer hull, have aa
higher
higher collapse
collapse pressure.
pressure.
2.Shockloads
2. Shock loads
A
A submarine
submarine mustmust never
never approach
approach the the collapse
collapse depth.
depth. ItIt
In addition
In addition to diving pressure,
the diving
to the submarine has
the submarine
pressure, the to
has to
must
must gogo no
no deeper
deeper than
than the
the service
service diving
diving depth, which in
depth, which in
withstand generated by
loads generated
withstand loads nearby underwater
by nearby underwater detona—
detona-
computation
computation is is coupled
coupled toto the
the collapse
collapse depth by aa safety
depth by safety
factor.
factor. tions. An
tions. generates an
detonation generates
underwater detonation
An underwater an immediate
immediate
pressure wave
pressure followed by
wave followed by aa gas
gas bubble vibration. The
bubble vibration. The
This
This safety
safety factor
factor amounted
amounted to to 2.5
2.5 in
in the
the former
former Ger-
Ger- wave strikes
pressure wave
pressure and as
first, and
strikes first, its impact
as its impact isis diminish-
diminish-
man
man Navy
Navy and
and to
to 1.5
1.5 in
in the
the US
US Navy.
Navy. Today,
Today, these
these ing, there
ing, is aa superimposed
there is vibration caused
enforced vibration
superimposed enforced caused
navies
navies and
and other
other ones,
ones, too,
too, use
use safety
safety factors
factors between
between the gas
by the
by gas bubble arrives slightly
that arrives
bubble that Moreover,
later. Moreover,
slightly later.
these
these values.
values. the superimposed
the acting on
vibrations acting
superimposed vibrations pressure hull
the pressure
on the hull
When
When high
high safety
safety factors
factors such
such asas 2.5
2.5 are
are used,
used, aa sub-
sub- can also cause
can also suction effects.
cause suction effects.
marine
marine can
can exceed
exceed the
the service
service diving
diving depth
depth (which
(which isis the
the
The effect
The of an
effect of underwater detonation
an underwater is greatest
detonation is greatest
maximum
maximum admissible
admissible diving
diving exercise
exercise depth)
depth) by
by aa greater
greater
amount
when itit occurs
when under the
occurs under submarine. In
the submarine. In the order of
the order of
amount inin the
the emergency
emergency case
case than
than can
can aa submarine
submarinewith
with
importance, decreasing
importance, effects are
decreasing effects detonations at
from detonations
are from at
aa smaller
smaller safety
safety factor.
factor.
either side,
either above, and
from above,
side, from from ahead
finally from
and finally or be—
ahead or be-
Germany’s
Germany's World
World War
War 11
I1 submarines
submarines were,
were, by
by,means
means hind.
hind. Direct underwater hits
Direct underwater always destroy
will always
hits will the
destroy the
of
of the
the methods
methods of
of calculation
calculation known
known at
at that
that time,
time, de-
de- submarine.
submarine.
signed
signed for
for aa collapse
collapse depth
depth of
of 250m;
250m; thisthis corre—
corre- Detonations
Detonations at
at the
the water
water surface,
surface, e.
e. g., detonating
detonating shells,
shells,
sponded,
sponded, atat aa safety
safety factor
factor of
of 2.5,
2.5, to
to aa service
service diving
diving have
have practically
practically no
no effect
effect on
on submerged
submerged submarines.
submarines.
depth
depth ofof 100m.
100m. However,
However, when
when under
under enemy
enemy attack,
attack,
they
they frequently
frequently went
went to
to between
between 150
150 and
and 180m
180m with—
with-
out
out incurring
incurring damage.
damage. In In compliance
compliance with with today’s
today's 3.
3. Other
Other loads
loads
knowledge
knowledge andand calculation
calculation methods,
methods, these
these vessels
vessels had
had
aa collapse
collapse depth
depth ofof abt.
abt. 280m.
280m. This
This is
is an
an explanation
explanation Like
Like any
any other
other ship,
ship, aa submarine
submarine on on the
the surface
surface isis sub-
sub-
of
of the
the fact
fact that
that some
some vessels
vessels occasionally
occasionally submerged
submerged ject
ject to
to longitudinal
longitudinal and
and transverse
transverse loads
loads as
as well
well as
as to
to tor—
tor-
down
down toto these
these depths,
depths, however,
however, partly
partly sustained
sustained shell
shell sion
sion caused
caused byby waves.
waves. InIn addtion,
addtion, there are local
there are loads
local loads
bucklings.
bucklings. It
It will
will never
never be
be known
known whether
whether any any vessels
vessels caused
caused by by wave
wave impacts
impacts andand individual
individual loads,
loads, such
such as as
were
were lost
lost by
by diving
diving to
to such
such unacceptably
unacceptably large
large depths.
depths. those
those originated
originated by
by the
the engines.
engines. The
The thrust
thrust of
of the
the thrust
thrust
The
The maximum
maximum diving
diving depth
depth and
and the
the test
test pressure
pressure range
range bearing
bearing must
must also
also be
be absorbed.
absorbed. Transverse
Transverse loads
loads develop
develop
between
between the
the service
service diving
diving depth
depth and
and the
the calculation
calculation in drydock.
in drydock.

38
4. Strength
4. Strength of
of the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull
As a
As rule, the
a rule, section of
middle section
the middle pressure hulls
of pressure cylind-
are cylind-
hulls are
rical and
rical and end
end inin conical
conical sections
sections fore
fore and
and aft.
aft. These
These are
are
off by
sealed off
sealed bulkheads. The
end bulkheads.
the end
by the sections of
cross sections
The cross of
pressure hulls
such pressure
such circular.
are circular.
hulls are
pressure hull
The pressure
The stressed by
is stressed
hull is diving pressure,
the diving
by the and
pressure, and
effect is
the effect
the opposite to
is opposite that of
to that of a boiler under
a boiler internal
under internal
The pressure
pressure. The
pressure. hull is
pressure hull subjected to
is subjected compressive
to compressive
than to
rather than
stress rather
stress the tensile
to the of a
stress of
tensile stress boiler.
a boiler.
The longitudinal
The longitudinal stress
stress atat the
the boiler
boiler is
is one-half
one—half the
the
magnitude of
magnitude of the
the circumferential
circumferential stress.
stress.

This circumferential
This stress is
circumferential stress

xR
a = p ,_
s
Fig. 18
Fig. - of shell
Yielding of
18 - Yielding frames
between frames
shell between

where o
where a is the stress
is the (N/mmz)
stress (N/mma)
pp is the
is pressure (bar
the pressure = 1Q'
(bar = N/mmz)
10'l NJmm2)
RR is the radius
is the (mm)
radius (mm)
ss is the plate
is the (mm).
thickness (mm).
plate thickness

It is
It function of
the function
is the the pressure
of the hull shell
pressure hull form a
to form
shell to pres-
a pres-
sure—resistant space
sure-resistant space and and to absorb the
to absorb the forces resulting
forces resulting
from the
from the external pressure.
external pressure.
shell can
The shell
The forces in
absorb forces
can absorb the longitudinal
in the direction
longitudinal direction
without the
without need for
the need stiffeners.
additional stiffeners.
for additional
However, the
However, the transverse frames are
transverse frames required to
are required absorb
to absorb
circumferential forces
circumferential because of
forces because buckling loads.
of buckling The
loads. The
frames are
frames welded to
are welded the shell,
to the which act
shell, which act asas one unit.
one unit.
stiffness (the
Frame stiffness
Frame moment of
(the moment inertia) is
of inertia) increased by
is increased by
members of
effective members
the effective
the the shell,
of the load of
the load
and the
shell, and the
of the
shell is
shell reduced by
is reduced by the cross-sectional area
effective cross-sectional
the effective of
area of
the frame.
the frame.

A with transverse
cylinder with
A cylinder exposed to
stiffeners exposed
transverse stiffeners external
to external Fig. 19 - Shell buckling between frames
pressure. can be
pressurecan destroyed in
be destroyed any one
in any one of three ways
of three (see
ways (see
Fig. 18,
Fig. 18, 19
19 and
and 20).
20).
The first
The first type
type ofof failure
failure is is encountered
encountered when when the shell is
loaded beyond
loaded beyond thethe yield
yield point
point above
above the the frames
frames or in the
middle between
middle between the the frames.
frames. Here Here the the shell
shell will
will yield over
its entire
its entire circumference
circumference between between the the frames.
frames. The prereq-
uisite for
uisite for this
this type
type of of failure
failure is is cclo
1o ssee 11 y spaced frames
frames
that can withstand
that withstand the the load
load (symmetrical
(symmetrical buckling).
buckling).
In the
In the second
second type
type of of failure,
failure, thethe shell
shell buckles
buckles in in a
a check-
check- '

erboard pattern
erboard pattern between
between frames.
frames. One One buckle
buckle will be di-
rected inward
rected inward and and the the other
other one one outward.
outward. The The water
water
pressure suppresses
pressure suppresses the the outward
outward bucklesbuckles as as deformation
deformation
1
continues. The
continues. The prerequisite
prerequisite for for this
this type
type ofof failure
failure is
widely
w spaced frames
i d e 1y spaced frames that that can can withstand
withstand the the load
(asymmetrical buckling).
(asymmetrical
In the
In the third
third type of failure,
failure, the entire
entire pressure hull (that
is the
is the shell
shell and
and frames)
frames) bucklebuckle over the entire entire length. If
transverse bulkheads
transverse bulkheads or or heavy
heavy web web frames
frames are installed,
the buckling
the buckling process
process takestakes place between
between them. The The pre-
requisite for
requisite for this
this type of failure failure is frames
frames with an in- in— 20 -
Fig. 20 Complete collapse
— Complete pressure hull
collapse of a pressure

39
adequate load-bearing
adequate load-bearing capacity capacity (general
(general instability
instability be- be— A 5-m-diameter
A hull at
pressure hull
S-m—diameter pressure a depth
at a 200m
of 200
depth of will
m will
tween transverse
tween transverse bulkheads
bulkheads or or web
web frames).
frames). be exposed to
be exposed load of
a load
to a 10,000 kN
of 10,000 meter of
per meter
kN per hull
of hull
Optimum utilization
Optimum utilization of of the
the material,
material, that that is,
is, the
the lightest
lightest length.
length.
pressure hull
pressure hull for for a a given pressure, could
collapse pressure,
given collapse could be be pressure hull
The pressure meets the
hull meets requirements only
the requirements only if, during
if, during
The
achieved if
achieved all three
if all types of
three types started at
failure started
of failure same
the same
at the stresses do
the stresses do not exceed the
not exceed admissible limits.
the admissible limits.
load, the
the load,
the
pressure. However,
pressure. However, Types Types 2 2 and
and 3 3 cannot
cannot be be calculated
calculated distribution in
stress distribution
The stress in a a circular cylindrical shell
circular cylindrical shell
The
with the
with the same
same accuracy
accuracy as as Type
Type 1; 1; moreover,
moreover, an an increase
increase stiffened by equi—distant frames
by equi-distant frames and subject
and subject
transversely stiffened
transversely
in the
in the collapse
collapse pressure
pressure for for Types
Types 2 2 and
and 3 3 will
will require
require by
to uniform
to external hydrostatic
uniform external pressure is
hydrostatic pressure calculated by
is calculated
much less
much less additional
additional hull hull weight
weight than
than the the same
same objective
objective
solution of
the solution
the of thethe differential equation of
differential equation radial dis-
of radial dis-
under Type
under Type 1. 1. The
The magnitude
magnitude of of thethe collapse
collapse pressure,
pressure, simplified differential
The simplified (without
equation (without
differential equation
placement. The
placement.
therefore, is
therefore, is staggered
staggered by by a a small
small amount
amount in in 1, l, 2,
2, 33 order term)term) was established by
was established by von Sanden
von Sanden
second order
the second
the
order. A
order. A pressure
pressure hull hull constructed
constructed on on this
this principle
principle be- be-
Gi‘mther for
and Giinther
and for the first time
the first Bibliography). In
(see Bibliography).
time (see In thethe
gins to
gins to fail
fail with
with a a yielding
yielding of of the
the shell
shell between
between frames. frames.
Salerno and
USA, Salerno
USA, introduced the
Pulos introduced
and Pulos complete equa-
the complete equa—
Bucklings will
Bucklings will then
then form
form between
between the the frames,
frames, followed
followed solution
graphical solution
a graphical
Krenzke and
tion; Krenzke
tion; produced a
Short produced
and Short
by complete
by complete collapse,
collapse, generally
generally between
between the the bulkheads.
bulkheads. calculation. The The recent results do
recent results do notnot de- de—
for the
for stress calculation.
the stress
In addition
In addition to to thethe above-mentioned
above-mentioned modes modes of of failure,
failure,
viate by
viate more than
by more than 6% from the
6% from former ones.
the former ones. The The con-con—
there are
there other ones
are other ones as follows:
as follows:
ical part of
ical part of the pressure hull
the pressure hull as well as
as well transitions be-
as transitions be—
-— general instability of
general instability of shell, frames, and
shell, frames, and web web framesframes thicker and
tween thicker
tween thinner plating
and thinner specific cal-
require specific
plating require cal-
between bulkheads or
between bulkheads bulkheads with
end bulkheads
or end partially ef-
with partially ef— culations. Major
culations. interferences in
Major interferences in radially symmetrical
radially symmetrical
fective web frames;
fective frames; distribution due
stress distribution
stress due to to welded-in flanges,
stiffening flanges,
welded-in stiffening
-— snap-through
snap—through buckling buckling of bulkhead with
end bulkhead
of end stiffened
with stiffened changes in
local changes
local thickness, and
material thickness,
in material and fittings welded
fittings welded
or non-stiffened shell;
or non-stiffened shell; on to
on to the pressure hull
the pressure calculated by
are calculated
hull are by the matrix—dis-
the matrix-dis-
- low-cycle
low-cycle fatigue cracks at
fatigue cracks at stress concentrations.
stress concentrations. placement method
placement method (method(method of elements).
finite elements).
of finite
Fig. 21
Fig. 21 shows
shows the the typical
typical mod=
modes of of failure
failure ofof thethe pressure
pressure Choice of
Choice distribution should
material distribution
of material should be such that
be such that
hull.
hull. stability is
stability guaranteed for
is guaranteed occurring at
stresses occurring
for stresses the cal-
at the cal-
Since the
Since the forces
forces thatthat actact on
on a a pressure
pressure hull hull at at maximum
maximum culation depth. In
culation depth. case of
In case of a pressure hull
a pressure hull of material
high material
of high
diving depth
diving depth are are extremely
extremely large,large, it it is
is not
not surprising
surprising that that utilisation, the
utilisation, calculation of
the calculation of thethe buckling pressure
buckling pressure
the problems
the problems associated
associated with with longitudinal
longitudinal and and transverse
transverse should be
should based on
be based on the assumption that
the assumption buckling will
that buckling will be be
strength in
strength waves, docking
in waves, strength, and
docking strength, absorption of
and absorption of effected in
effected in the partially plastic
the partially region. The
plastic region. tangential
The tangential
individual loads
individual (such as
loads (such arrangement of
as arrangement of thethe mainmain en- en- and moduli and
secant moduli
and secant Poisson’s ratio
and Poisson's ratio in in the partially
the partially
gines) play
gines) play no no part
part when
when the the dimensions
dimensions are are being
being se- se— plastic region are
plastic region determined by
are determined means of
by means of the stress—
the stress-
lected.
lected. diagram of
strain diagram
strain material. As
the material.
of the stresses in
As stresses in the plane of
the plane of

BUCKLING
ASYMMETRICAL BUCKLING
ASYMMETRICAL
OF SHELL
OF CONICAL
AT CONICAL
SHELL AT SYMMETRICAL BUCKLING
SYMMETRICAL BUCKLING ASYIVIMETRICAL BUCKLING
ASYMMETRICAL BUCKLING
SYMMETRICAL BUCKLING
BUCKLING SYMMETRICAL
TRANSITION PART
TRANSITION PART BLAST
BLAST OF SHELL
OFSHELL OVERALL INSTABILITY
OVERALL INSTABILITY OF
OF SHELL
SHELL OF SHELL
OF SHELL

/ SNAP-THROUGH BUCKLING
SNAP-THROUGH
OF DOME
OF
BUCKLING
DOME BULKHEAD
BULKHEAD

.........................................................

.5} run-nu. ‘ _' ¢ -, .; ‘1 _ _, , ' , _:H;,,."j_‘,_3_‘; 311:,

- £3“ . monm....~.............. a“... ..... ' ' H

STRESS FEAKS
STRESS AT‘
PEAKS AT: CONNECTION BETWEEN
CONNECTION BETWEEN CRACKS
CRACKS BULKHEGS FRAME
AND FRAME
BULKHEADS AND
RIGID
RIGID CONE AND
CONE CYLINDER
AND CYLINDER BULKHEADS
BULKHEADS
INSTALLATIONS
INSTALLATIONS

Fig. 21 -
Fig. 21 — Typical forms
forms of failure
failure of pressure hulls

4O
frames
frames and
and at at mid-bay
mid-bay differ
differ from
from each
each other,
other, we
we have
have supports
supports are
are welded
welded to
to them.
them. Plane
Plane end
end bulkheads
bulkheads with
with
consequently
consequently to to do
do with
with differently
differently reduced
reduced moduli
moduli ofof horizontal
horizontal and
and vertical
vertical stiffeners
stiffeners are
are used
used instead
instead of the
the
elasticity
elasticity inin the
the partially
partially plastic
plastic region,
region, which
which should
should bebe domed
domed end
end bulkheads
bulkheads (Fig.
(Fig. 23).
23).
entered
entered into
into the
the calculation.
calculation. Furthermore,
Furthermore, allowance
allowance
should
should bebe made
made for
for the
the fact
fact that
that construction
constructionofof pressure
pressure
hull
hull cannot
cannot be be effected
effected mathematically
mathematically round
round but
but that
that
SECTION
SECTION AaB
building
building inaccuracies
inaccuracies should
should bebe reckoned
reckoned with,
with, the
the fixed
fixed A-B
maximum
maximum of
shipyard.
shipyard. The
of which
which must
must not
The unavoidable
not be
be exceeded
unavoidable welding
exceeded by
by the
welding stresses
the building
building
stresses should
should also
also
m
be
be taken
taken into
into consideration.
consideration.
Modern
Modern pressure
pressure hulls
hulls areare often
often provided
provided with
with web
web
frames
frames arranged
arranged at at longitudinal
longitudinal distances
distances which
which nearly
nearly
correspond
correspond to to the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull diameter.
diameter. If
If bulkheads
bulkheads
are
are envisaged,
envisaged, the
the web
web frames
frames may
may be
be deleted
deleted in
in these
these
places.
places. The
The web
web frames
frames force
forcethe
the normal
normal frames
framesbetween
between
them
them into
into aa mode
mode of of failure
failureofof aa high
high lobe
lobe number,
number, e.e. g.
g. 44
or
or 55 lobes,
lobes, whereas
whereas they they would
would buckle
buckle inin 22 lobes
lobes without
without
the
the presence
presence of of webweb frames.
frames. Due
Due to to the
the arrangement
arrangement of of
web
web frames
frames itit isis possible
possible toto provide
provide normal
normal frames
frames ofof re-
re-
duced
duced weight
weight and
and depth
depth ofof web
web resulting
resulting in
in advantages
advantagesin in
weight
weight andand space.
space.
From
From the the viewpoint
viewpoint of of the
the buckling
buckling of of pressure
pressure hull
hull TORPEDO TUBE OPENING
frames,
frames, itit makes
makes no no difference
difference whether
whether internal
internal oror ex-
ex- LINKAGE AND PIPE
ternal
ternal frames
frames are are used.
used. More
More favourable
favourable space
space condi-
condi- OPENINGS
tions
tions inside
inside the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull result
result when
when thethe use
use of
of ex-
ex-
ternal
ternal frames
frames isis possible
possible when
when anan outer
outer hull
hull isis available
available
(double-hull
(double-hull vessel).
vessel). External
External frames
frames can
can withstand
withstand
about
about 55 percent
percent more
more load
load than
than internal
internal frames
frames ofof the
the
same
same size
size because
because external
external frames
frames are are drawn
drawn intointo the
the
plane
plane ofof the
the frame
frameduedue toto the
the tilting
tilting ofof the
the profiles
profiles that
that isis
connected
connected withwith buckling
buclding whereas
whereas the the internal
internal frames
frames de-
de- Fig.
Fig. 22 -
22 — Pressure
Pressure hull
hull end
end bulkhead
bulkhead of
of cast
cast steel
steel
flect
flect off
off this
this plane.
plane. There
There isis nono difficulty
difficulty in in welding
welding the
the
external
external frames
frames toto the
the shell
shell solidly
solidly enough
enough to to eliminate
eliminate
the
the danger
danger of of premature
premature separation.
separation.
Stress
Stress concentrations
concentrations develop
develop at at the
the transition
transition points
points
SECTION
SECTIONAA-B
#B
between
between the the cylindrical
cylindricaland and conical
conicalpartsparts of of the
the pressure
pressure
hull.
hull. These
These cancan be
be reduced
reduced by by welding
welding reinforcing
reinforcing ringsrings
to
to the
the hull.
hull. Furthermore,
Furthermore, rigid rigid transverse
transverse bulkheads
bulkheads at at
the
thejunction
junction points
points can
can cause
causegreater
greater stresses
stressd in in the
the pres-
pres-
sure
sure hull
hull shell.
shell. One
One way
way toto counter
counter this this isis to
to reduce
reduce the
the
frame
framespacing
spacingnextnext to
to the
the transverse
transversebulkheads.
bulkheads. Usually,
Usually,
frames
frames areare manufactured
manufactured from from rolled
rolled or or T-sections,
T-sections, forfor
which
which plates
plates are
are welded
welded together.
together. Sometimes,
Sometimes, flat flat bulb
bulb
sections
sections are
are also
also used.
used.
-7
D
areas in
All areas
All pressure hull
the pressure
in the that are
hull that weakened by
are weakened by
such as
openings such
openings as hatches, exits, exhaust
shaft exits,
hatches, shaft gas ducts,
exhaust gas ducts,
outboard valves,
outboard etc., are
valves, etc., compensated for
carefully compensated
are carefully for byby
reinforcements. Shell
reinforcements. reinforcementsare
Shellreinforcements in the
designed in
are designed the
form of
form of reinforced plating or
reinforced plating or forgings to the
welded to
forgings welded the TORPEDO
TORPEDOTUBE
TUBEOPENING
OPE
Interruptedframes
shell. Interrupted
shell. replaced by
arereplaced
framesare additional,sub-
by additional, sub- LINKAGE AND PIPE
SECTION C-D
sidiary frames.
sidiary frames. OPENING

The
Thepressure
pressurehull
hull isisbounded
bounded atat the
the forward
forwardand and aft
aft ends
ends
by
by end
end bulkheads,
bulkheads, which,
which, in
in the
the past,
past, were
were mademade ofof cast
cast
steel
steel in
in aa domed,
domed, compound—curve
compound-curve form form (see (see Fig.
Fig. 22)
22)
with
with supports
supportsfor
for the
the torpedo
torpedo tubes
tubes cast
cast to
to them,
them, inin gen-
gen-
eral.
eral. Nowadays,
Nowadays, flanged
flanged end
end bulkheads
bulkheads are are used,
used, the
the Fig.
Fig. 23-
23 — Pressure
Pressure hull
hull end
end bulkhead
bulkhead of
of flat
flat welded
welded design
design

41
41
Hatch covers are
Hatch covers made of
are made cast steel
of cast or flanged
steel or sheeting.
flanged sheeting. 6. Strength of
6. Strength pressure-proof
of pressure-proof
and so
outward and
open outward
They open are sealed
so are by the
sealed by the water pres-
water pres-
They conning tower
conning tower
sure (see
sure (see Fig.
Fig. 95).
95).
The heavier
The heavier construction
construction of of the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull enables
enables it
it to
to submarines have
Some submarines have a pressure-resistant conning
a pressure-resistant conning
Some
individual loads
withstand individual
withstand more easily
loads more could the
than could
easily than the
tower amidships
tower amidships on on top top of of the
the pressure
pressure hull, hull, which
which ac- ac—
hulls of
hulls of other
other combatant
combatant ships.
ships. commodates an
commodates an observation
observation post post for for thethe periscopes.
periscopes. The The
A presssure
A presssure hull
hull built
built for
for great
great depths
depths is
is more
more resistant
resistant to
to conning tower tower hatchhatch is is located
located in in the
the top
conning top of
of the
the conning
conning
shock than one
loads than
shock loads built for
one built shallow depths.
for shallow Con-
depths. Con- tower. The control room
The control room hatch hatch is is located between the
located between the
tower.
centrations of
centrations material are
of material disadvantage when
a disadvantage
are a exposed
when exposed pressure hull hull and and the conning tower.
the conning tower. As As a rule, the
a rule, width
the width
pressure
to shock
to therefore care
loads; therefore
shock loads; should be
care should taken to
be taken dis-
to dis- of the
the conning
conning tower tower must must be be considerably
considerably less
of less thanthan its its
tribute the
tribute material as
the material evenly as
as evenly possible.
as possible. length because
because of of the
the water
water drag drag caused
caused by by the
the conning
conning
length
tower structure.
tower structure.
Because an
Because an elliptical
elliptical conningconning tower tower (Fig. (Fig. 24)24) deviates
deviates
5. Materials
5. considerably from
considerably from a a circular
circular configuration,
configuration, large large bend-bend-
ing moments
ing moments will will develop
develop in in its
its vertical
vertical wall;
wall; thus thus very very
In order to
In order requirements of
meet requirements
to meet resistance to
of resistance under—
to under- thick materials are
thick materials required for
are required for the wall as
the wall well as
as well for the
as for the
water explosion shocks,
water explosion shocks, steelssteels of elongation and
great elongation
of great and top and
top and deckdeck of of conning
conning tower. tower. FormerFormer GermanGerman sub- sub-
notch impact
notch strength are
impact strength preferred.
are preferred. marines used
marines used armour
armour steel steel for for these
these conning
conning towers towers in in
Up to
Up the end
to the end of World War
of World War 11, Germany used
11, Germany carbon
used carbon order to
order to provide
provide some some protection
protection against against gunfire
gunfire shells shells
steel (St 52)
steel (St with good
52) with good welding characteristics, a
welding characteristics, yield during
a yield during surface
surface actions.
actions. The The wall wall thickness
thickness was was much much
point of
point of 360 N/mmz, and
360 N/mm2, and a strength of
a strength of 520 N/mmz.
520 N/mmz. greater than
greater than that that of of thethe pressure
pressure hull hull shell.
shell. AtAt thethe same
same
Especially for
Especially construction, the
submarine construction,
for submarine the USAUSA de- de— time
time this
this provided
provided the the strength
strength required
required to to withstand
withstand the the
veloped the
veloped tempering steel
high-strength tempering
the high-strength HY 80
steel HY having a
80 having a diving
diving pressure.
pressure.
point of
yield point
yield of atat least N/rnm2 and
550 N/mm2
least 550 and a strength of
a strength abt.
of abt. Conning towers
Conning towers built built of of two cylindrical shells
two cylindrical shells (Fig.(Fig. 25) 25)
800 N/mmz. Inspite
800 N/mm2. Inspite of its high
of its point, it
yield point,
high yield has ad-
still has
it still ad- are lighter than
are lighter elliptical towers
than elliptical towers because because the static
the static
equate elongation and
equate elongation also good
and also notch—impact toughness
good notch-impact toughness strength relationships are
strength relationships simpler. These
are simpler. conning towers
These conning towers
at low
at temperatures.
low temperatures. suitable for
are suitable
are for small submarines.
small submarines.
The new
The submarines of
new submarines of the German Federal
the German Federal NavyNavy have have
Conning towers
Conning towers designed
designed as as horizontal
horizontal cylinders
cylinders (Fig. (Fig.
characteristics so
non-magnetic characteristics
non-magnetic so that they are
that they protected
are protected
26) are
26) are used
used for for large
large submarines.
submarines. They They are are built
built as as inde-
inde-
magnetic mines
against magnetic
against mines and magnetic detection.
and magnetic There—
detection. There-
pendent pressure
pendent pressure tank tank and and are are connected
connected to to the
the pressure
pressure
pressure hulls have been built of non-mag-
fore, the pressure
fore, hull by
hull by trunks.
trunks. Adequate
Adequate connections connections must must be be installed
installed
high-strength steel
netizable, high-strength
netizable, with a
steel with high yield
a high point.
yield point.
between conning
between conning tower tower and pressure hull
and pressure hull to withstand
to withstand
non-magnetizable, austenitic
high—strength, non-magnetizable,
This high-strength,
This austenitic steel steel
shock loads.
shock loads.
does have a high yield point, but a smaller elastic mod—
elastic mod-
1f the
If the observation
observation post post for for thethe periscopes
periscopes is is situated
situated
ulus of
ulus abt. 1.85
of abt. 1.85 x x 10' N/mm2 (for
105 N/mm2 comparison: normal
(for comparison: normal
within the
within the pressure
pressure hull hull (this
(this isis practically
practically alwaysalways the the case
case
has an
steel has
steel an elastic of abt. 2.1 x 105
modulus of abt. 2.1 x lo5N/mm2) and
elastic modulus N/mmz) and
today), then
today), then the the pressure
pressure proof proof conning
conning tower tower is is deleted
deleted
greater partially
aa greater region. The
plastic region.
partially plastic proportional limit,
The proportional limit,
and replaced
and replaced by by a a pressure-proof
pressure-proof access access trunktrunk (see (see
identified by
as identified
as the 0.01%
by the elongation limit,
0.01% elongation limit, is approx-
is approx-
which has
27) which
Fig. 27)
Fig. has outer stiffenings in
outer stiffenings in many cases.
many cases.
imately 60% of the yield point,
imately 60% of the yield point, whereas this value for whereas this value for
HY 80
HY 80 is This greater
80°70. This
is 80%. elasticity in
greater elasticity in the non-magnetic
the non-magnetic
and the
steel, and
steel, proportional limit
lower proportional
the lower made it
have made
limit have pos-
it pos-
sible to
sible further the
develop further
to develop the instability calculations in
instability calculations the 7.
in the Strength of
7. Strength other structural
of other structural members members
partially plastic
partially region of
plastic region the material.
of the Comprehensive
material. Comprehensive
material tests
material together with
tests together with instability calculations and
instability calculations outer hull,
The outer
and The which is
hull, which exposed to
not exposed
is not to diving pressure,
diving pressure,
pressure tests
model pressure
model have also
tests have made clear
also made effect of
the effect
clear the of as well as
as well as the structural members
the structural members inside inside the pressure hull
the pressure hull
time-dependent strength
time-dependent behaviour (creep)
strength behaviour (creep) on on the pres- are designed
the pres- designed for minimum weight.
for minimum weight. The hull and
outer hull
The outer and the the
sure hull
sure strength. After
hull strength. passing the
After passing the yield point. the
yield point steel
the steel free-flooding superstructure must
free-flooding superstructure must be able to
be able withstand
to withstand
has a
still has
still large plastic
a large reserve. The
plastic reserve. breaking point
The breaking point is al— wave impacts
is al- impacts and additionally, the
and additionally, tanks must
ballast tanks
the ballast must
twice as
most twice
most high and
as high and the strain up
the strain up to rupture is
to rupture almost withstand
is almost withstand the the static pressure. The
internal pressure.
static internal internal tanks
The internal tanks
50%. These
50%. together with
properties together
These properties with highhigh notch impact must be
notch impact able to
be able to reliably withstand the
reliably withstand predetermined
the predetermined
strength even
strength even at at low temperatures give
low temperatures the steel
give the good operating
steel good Underwater detonations
pressure. Underwater
operating pressure. detonations will will havehave
Especially at
strength. Especially
dynamic strength.
dynamic at extreme conditions, aa less
extreme conditions, effects on
less effects on the flooded outer
the flooded outer hull hull andand so affect its
so affect its
capacity is
plastic capacity
high plastic
high available to
is available prevent the
to prevent the oc- oc— construction
construction to a smaller smaller extent extent only. However, the
only. However, the
currence of
currence of a break or
a break crack in
or crack the material.
in the Initial dif-
material. Initial dif- internal members must be
internal members able to
be able withstand shock
to withstand shock loads loads
consisting in
ficulties consisting
ficulties crack due
in crack due to corrosion in
stress corrosion
to stress case transferred
in case transferred to them them by by the enclosing pressure
the enclosing pressure hull, hull, and and
have been
steel, have
of this steel, surmounted.
been surmounted. they should be so dimensioned that
so dimensioned that they collapse later
they collapse later

42
 OPENING
OPEN~NGFOR
FOR STANDARD
PERISCOPE
PERISCOPE
STANDARD / CONNING TOWER
CONNING
HATCH
HATCH
TOWER

OPENING
OPENING FOR
FOR NIGHT
NIGHT
AND
AND AERIAL
AERIAL PERISCOF’E
PERISCOPE

CONTROL
CONTROL
ROOM
ROOM
HATCH

I?‘TWQ
Fig. 24 - Elliptical conning tower (German boats, 1935-45)

I .I/
\‘\‘ // ‘
X. ._/z
4;;n
PERISCOPE CONNING
OPENING TOWER HATCH

CONTROL ROOM
HATCH

,V \

Fig. 25 -
Fig. - Conning tower of two cylindrical
Conning tower shells
cylindrical shells

43
 -v- 13153—e T

J ,
CONNWG
OPENWKEFORSTA
OPENING
PEWSCOPE
PERISCOPE
NDARD
FOR STANDARD
I
OPENHMSFORPMGHT
OPENING FOR NIGHT
CONNING
TOWER
TOWER
HATCH
HATCH
NWDAEWALPERBCOPE
AND AERIAL PERISCOPE

CONTROLROOM
CONTROL ROOM
HATCH
HATCH
E: ,

flag: “
l J;

1? 1

-
26 -
Fig. 26
Fig. tower constructed
Conning tower
— Conning a horizontal
as a
constructed as cylinder
horizontal cylinder

than the
than pressure hull
the pressure members may
Lightweight members
itself. Lightweight
hull itself. may are adequate for
are adequate vessels of
for vessels of rather shallow diving
rather shallow depths,
diving depths,
be designed in
be designed several different
in several narrow-spaced
ways: narrow-spaced
different ways: whereas specifically
whereas pressure hulls
lighter pressure
specifically lighter hulls are necessary
are necessary
stiffeners that
stiffeners result in
that result frequent support
plates; frequent
thin plates;
in thin of
support of for deeper
for depths. Potential
diving depths.
deeper diving materials in
Potential materials in this con-
this con-
pressure stiffeners that
hull stiffeners
pressure hull in light
result in
that result and
stiffeners; and
light stiffeners; nection are: aluminium, titanium, G. G. R. P., and finally,
use
use of
of high-strength
high-strength steels,
steels, sea—water-resistant
sea-water-resistant special which is
glass which
special glass used for
is used construction of
the construction
for the the
of the
alloys, and
aluminium alloys,
aluminium plastics.
and plastics. comparatively lightest
comparatively pressure hulls.
lightest pressure hulls.
If pressure hulls of metal are used, tested materials are
applied as
applied as for submarines, too.
military submarines,
for military too. Then material
Then material
8. Pressure
8. for
hulls for
Pressure hulls bars are
test bars
test available of
are available of each individual plate
each individual plate andand
commercial submersibles
commercial submersibles profile, which may
profile, which may be tested by
be tested authori-
acceptance authori-
the acceptance
by the
ties in the prescribed manner. However, the materials of
Just aas-is
Just s i s the case for
the case vessels, the
non—commercial vessels,
for non-commercial com—
the com- pressure out of
hulls out
pressure hulls of G. R. P.
G. R. P. or glass are
special glass
or special finally
are finally
mercial submersibles
mercial submersibles are are loaded
loaded byby the
the diving
diving pressure,
pressure, manufactured at
manufactured building itself
the building
at the Testing of
only. Testing
itself only. ma—
of ma-
whereas shock
whereas shock loads
loads dodo not
not arise.
arise. Many
Many types
types of
of vessels
vessels terial by
terial bars and,
test bars
using test
by using consequently, proof
and, consequently, proof of of
are lowered
are lowered intointo the
the water
water only
only for
for the
the comparatively
comparatively elongation, yield
strength, elongation,
strength, yield point in the
etc. in
point etc. manner
usual manner
the usual
short diving periods, so that, sometimes, the corrosion is not
is possible. This
not possible. This andand thethe factfact that calcula-
strength calcula-
that strength
resistance requirements
resistance requirements areare smaller.
smaller. Because
Because ofof the
the small
small for G.
tions for
tions G. R.R. P glass are
and glass
P and are not perfect as
as perfect
not as metal
for metal
as for
masses of
masses of the
the small
small vessels,
vessels, very
very expensive
expensive materials
materials may
may yet, is
yet, reason for
is aa reason for whywhy the introduction of
the introduction such ma-
of such ma—
possibly be
possibly be used,
used, so
so that
that more
more independent
independent choice
choice of
of ma-
ma— terials into
terials pressure hull
into pressure construction makes
hull construction makes slow slow
terial possible for
is possible
terial is reasons. High-strength
such reasons.
for such steels
High-strength steels progress only,
progress only, in spite of
in spite their principally
of their favourable
principally favourable
properties.
properties.
pressure hull
The pressure
The displacement of
hull displacement of deeply submerging
deeply submerging
vessels often
vessels often is is not
not sufficient
sufficient to to carry
carry the
the overall
overall ship's
ship’s
weight, so that additional lift is required. In some
cases, this
specific cases,
specific generated by
was generated
this was gasoline (see
by gasoline item
(see item
“Compensating Tanks"
"Compensating Tanks” of Chapter V).
of Chapter V). A more fa-
A more fa-
vourable method
vourable method is is the
the filling
filling of of parts
parts ofof the
the outer
outer hull
hull
pressure—proof plastic
with pressure-proof
with plastic foam manufactured with
foam manufactured with aa
density of
density of 0.3 with the
0.7, with
to 0.7,
0.3 to inclusion of
the inclusion pressure-proof
of pressure-proof
balls in
glass balls
glass in the favourable case.
most favourable
the most case.

9. Model
9. experiments
Model experiments
The pressure-proof
The elements of
building elements
pressure—proof building of practically all
practically all
submarines are
modern submarines
modern subject to
are subject considerable weight
to considerable lim—
weight lim-

Fig.
L-------d
27 -
Fig. 27 — Access
Access trunk
trunk ity
therefore, materials
itations, therefore,
itations,
are used,
often are
ity often
high load-bearing
of high
materials of
dimensioned in
are dimensioned
which are
used, which
capac—
load—bearing capac-
compliance
in compliance

44
 with
with most
most modern
modern calculation
calculation methods.
methods. SoSo one
one easily
easily isis
more on
more on the side with
safe side
the safe to the
regard to
with regard of the
judgment of
the judgment the
entire building
entire the critical
if the
building if are checked
areas are
critical areas by model
checked by model
experiments in
experiments pressure tank.
the pressure
in the tank.
If submarines
If not too
of not
submarines of size are
great size
too great concerned, their
are concerned, their
pressure
pressure hull sections may
hull sections may be be tested
tested to the scale
to the of 11 :: 11
scale of
(see 28). The
Fig. 28).
(see Fig. The pressure
pressure is is gradually
gradually increased until
increased until
takes place;
collapse takes
collapse place; and stress and
and stress strain measurements
and strain measurements
are performed in
are performed connection. Any
this connection.
in this creep phenomena
Any creep phenomena
(dependent on
(dependent on the time of
the time of load)
load) alsoalso become obvious.
become obvious.
Collapses according
Collapses according to modes of
to modes failure 11 and
of failure and 2 may be
2 may be
observed.
observed. It It isis not possible to
not possible to determine complete col—
determine complete col-
lapses according
lapses according to mode 33 with
to mode with aa full-scaled model as
full-scaled model as
the length of
the length of the pressure tank
the pressure tank is is too Such experi-
small. Such
too small. experi-
ments are
ments performed with
are performed with reduced-scale
reduced-scale models.models. The The
full-scale models are
full-scale models are manufactured
manufactured by bending and
by bending and weld-
weld-
ing
ing in same way
the same
in the way as will be
as itit will be during
during the the construction
construction
of
of the vessel itself,
actual vessel
the actual itself, later on, so
later on, so that manufacturing
that manufacturing
experiences
experiences may may already
already be gained then
be gained then (first of all,
(first of all,
concerning
concerning building tolerances); the
building tolerances); smaller models
the smaller models
which are
which are less expensive are
less expensive are manufactured
manufactured by by machine
machine
work. Consequently,
lathe work.
lathe Consequently, they they do do not have any
not have building
any building
tolerances at
tolerances at thethe beginning.
beginning. For For the
the individual series of
individual series of
experiments,
experiments, these tolerances are
building tolerances
these building applied to
are applied the
to the
models in
models in aa defined manner, so
defined manner, that their
so that influences on
their influences on
the pressure may
collapse pressure
the collapse reliably be
may reliably be observed.
observed.
Of course,
Of course, it it is
is not possible to
not possible test the
to test finished submarine
the finished submarine
at aa pressure
at pressure in vicinity of
the vicinity
in the of the calculation pressure,
the calculation pressure,
28 -- Pressure
Fig. 28
Fig. tank at
Pressure tank at Kiel with submersible
Kiel with submersible hanging above
hanging above but it
but is subjected
it is subjected to to a a test pressure which
test pressure which ranges above
ranges above

. van-.- .. .u-u-
.-u-... l-vv " "

29 -
Fig. 29
Fig. Pressure dock
— Pressure Kiel
at Kiel
dock at

45
 normal diving
the normal
the depth by
diving depth by a amount. The
certain amount.
a certain The ma- the open
ma- the open sea sea byby certain
certain explosive
explosive charges
charges until
until collapse
collapse
terial load at the test pressure still
terial load at the test pressure still remains within theremains within the takes
takes place
place (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 31).
31). Many
Many internals
internals for
for submarines
submarines
elastic limit.
elastic limit. are tested for
are tested for their resistance on
shock resistance
their shock on drop ma-
testing ma-
drop testing
trials are
Such trials
Such intended, above
are intended, above all, prove the
to prove
all, to chines. If
tightness chines.
the tightness lf very
very large
large elements
elements are are concerned,
concerned, it it is
is nec-
nec-
penetrations, any
of penetrations,
of conclusions with
any conclusions regard to
with regard to the essary to
level essary
the level to be content with
be content with the mathematical proof
the mathematical proof of of
collapse depth
of collapse
of cannot be
depth cannot drawn. In
be drawn. general, these
In general, shock resistance.
these shock resistance. If If an
an arrangement
arrangement according
according to to Fig.
Fig. 31
31
trials are
trials are performed
performed duringduring a a deep-submerging
deep-submerging test test atat sea used, it
is used,
sea is also is
it also possible to
is possible foundations of
the foundations
test the
to test of
during which
during which the submarine gradually
the submarine approaches the
gradually approaches equipment and
in- equipment
the in- and the interaction of
the interaction pressure hull,
of pressure founda-
hull, founda-
tended test
tended test diving depth. In
diving depth. Germany, it
Western Germany,
In Western is pos-
it is equipment, provided
and equipment,
tions, and
pos- tions, that a
provided that pressure hull
a pressure of
hull of
sible to
sible to perform tests in
these tests
perform these in a pressure dock
a pressure somewhat more
specifically somewhat
dock specifically more strength
strength thanthan that
that ofof the
the actual
actual vessel
vessel is
is
built for
built for thisthis purpose
purpose (see(see Fig.
Fig. 29).
29). InIn certain
certain cases,
cases, e. e. g.
g. used. In
used. In this
this case,
case, the
the underwater
underwater explosion
explosion shockshock to to be
be
if a
if a penetration
penetration in in the
the pressurized
pressurized submarine
submarine turns turns out out toto performed
performed is rated to
is rated such an
to such extent as
an extent as just would de-
just would de—
be not
be not sufficiently
sufficiently tight,
tight, thethe pressure
pressure in in the
the dock
dock may may stroy
stroy the
the actual
actual pressure
pressure hull,
hull, and
and the
the inboard
inboard elements
elements
quickly be
quickly released. Commercial
be released. submersibles of
Commercial submersibles smaller are
of smaller are loaded
loaded withwith thethe shock
shock atat which
which they
they should
should just
just be
be
size also
size also are are tested
tested atat their
their test
test pressure
pressure in in aa pressure
pressure tank able to
tank able withstand. If
to withstand. If reduced-scale models are
reduced-scale models are used for
used for
(Fig. 28
(Fig. shows the
28 shows introduction of
vertical introduction
the vertical of a submersible shock
a submersible tests, it
shock tests, is comparatively
it is difficult to
comparatively difficult to draw adequate
draw adequate
into a
into a tank).
tank). conclusions for
conclusions for the
the design.
design.
In a
In specific case,
a specific case, the pressure dock
the pressure dock was order to
in order
used in
was used to In some
In submarines out
cases, submarines
individual cases,
some individual out of commission
of commission
verify the
verify the collapse
collapse depth
depth of of a a submarine
submarine pressure
pressure hullhull re-re- together will
together their internals
all their
will all subjected to
were subjected
internals were shock
to shock
moved from
moved from service fig. 30).
(see fig.
service (see purpose, the
this purpose,
For this
30). For the up to
loads up
loads collapse, by
to collapse, knowledge for
which knowledge
by which design
the design
for the
submarine was
submarine was almost completely (except
almost completely (except for for a defined
a defined subsequent series
of subsequent
of series of submarines could
of submarines could be gained. Any
be gained. Any
remainder) filled
remainder) water so
with water
filled with so that the intended
that the implo-
intended implo- explosion shock
explosion tests behg
shock tests performed with
being performed submarines
with submarines
sion could not
sion could endanger the
not endanger dock.
the dock. commission and
in commission
in and with crew on
their crew
with their board, do
on board, gener-
do gener-
For observation of
the observation
For the of shock resistance of
shock resistance hulls,
pressure hulls,
of pressure ally not
ally offer any
not offer knowledge because
important knowledge
any important because of the
of the
l/ l scaled
1/1 scaled pressure
pressure hullhull models
models may may be be shock-loaded
shock-loaded in in smaller admissible loads.
smaller admissible loads.

é.2' ‘ 12—.

—H———<—1 ——- n4 ..-—.

11 PRESSUREHULL
PRESSURE HULL
2 BALLASTTANK
2 BALLASTTANK

, "d l
x vyogmi—‘Li—fi’TUCW 7,,

W» ”— __.. ____ -_, _. _,—_‘h_,‘_____ ______,__ _,_

aha/6%: ~~ 3 2 ”f”
aF + ’
1 MEASURING
1 MEASURING VESSEL
VESSEL
2 SHOCK
2 SHOCK TEST
TEST VVEHICLE
HELE
3 EXPLOSIVE
3 EXPLOSIVE CHARGE
CHARGE

30 -
Fig. 30
Fig. Pressure hull
— Pressure “U3” in
of "U3"
hull of dock after
pressure dock
in pressure collapse
after collapse
experiment
experiment Fig. 31 -
Fig. 31 — Submersible
Submersible shock
shock test
test vehicle
vehicle

46
 VIII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER

Armament
Armament
Most submarines
Most submarines are are used
used as as weapon
weapon carriers.
carriers. The
The em-
em— Profiled rubber
Profiled rubber gasketsgaskets are used as
are used seals. The
as seals. The door door is ac—
is ac-
phasis here
phasis here isis on
on undersea
undersea weapons
weapons whenwhen missile
missile arma-
arma- tuated from
tuated from inside inside the submarine by
the submarine spindles and
by spindles and
ment to
ment to be
be fired
fired against
against surface
surface targets
targets on
on land
land (e.g.
(e.g. linkages that
linkages that are operated manually
are operated manually or hydraulically. A
or hydraulically. A
“Polaris” or
"Polaris" or "Poseidon"
“Poseidon” equipment
equipment of of US
US ships)
ships) which
which faired lightweight shkll
faired lightweight door is
shell door located in
is located in the free-flood-
the free-flood-
is not discussed
is not here, is
discussed here, is disregarded. Submarines are
disregarded. Submarines are ing part
ing part of of the the hull because the
hull because muzzle door
the muzzle door is is notnot
escpecially well
escpecially well suited
suited as
as carriers
carriers for
for weapons
weapons such
such as
as adapted to
adapted to the shape of
the shape hull. This
of hull. shell door
This shell door is linked to
is linked to
torpedoes and
torpedoes and mines
mines that
that damage
damage enemy
enemy ships
ships below
below the
the the muzzle door.
the muzzle door. The results in
fairing results
The fairing smooth shell
in aa smooth shell in in
waterline. Guns
waterline. Guns to to engage
engage surface
surface and
and air
air targets
targets have
have al-
al- the area
the area of of the the torpedo
torpedo runway. runway.
ways been
ways been secondary
secondary weapons
weapons and and are
are missing
missing today.
today. breech door
The breech
The door is operated; it
manually operated;
is manually opens into
it opens into the the
Their place
Their place is
is now
now being
being taken
taken by
by missile
missile armament
armament to to be
be interior of
interior of the submarine, is
the submarine, provided with
is provided catch-ring
with aa catch-ring
fired at
fired at waterborne
waterborne and and airborne
airborne targets.
targets. closing device
closing device and and is sealed by
is sealed by a profiled rubber
a profiled rubber gasket. gasket.
breech door
The breech
The door and muzzle door
and muzzle door are interlocked so
are interlocked that
so that
only one
only one of of the doors can
the doors can be opened at
be opened any one
at any one time. time.
1. Torpedo
1. Torpedo armament
armament With few
With exceptions, the
few exceptions, torpedo is
the torpedo breech-loaded and
is breech-loaded and
stored dry
stored dry in in the Prior to
tube. Prior
the tube. firing, the
to firing, tube is
the tube flooded
is flooded
The conventional
The conventional armament
armament is is an
an anti-surface
anti—surface torpedo
torpedo from the
from torpedo tank
the torpedo inside the
tank inside submarine; the
the submarine; torpedo
the torpedo
with a
with a length
length of
of about
about 7
7m, diameter of
m, a diameter of 53
53cm, and a
cm, and a is surrounded with
is surrounded with that water so
that water that the
so that weight of
the weight of thethe
maximum weight of about 1.9
maximum 1.9 metric tons, which is submarine will remain unchanged. However, there will
submarine
based on
based on aa static
static negative
negative buoyancy
buoyancy ofof up
up to
to 0.5
0.5 metric
metric be a
be change in
a change in trim unless the
trim unless center of
the center gravity of
of gravity of thethe tor-tor—
ton (This
ton (This means
means that
that the
the displacement
displacement ofof the
the torpedo
torpedo isis pedo tank is
pedo tank located below
is located below the center of
the center gravity of
of gravity of thethe en-en-
0.5 metric
0.5 metric ton
ton less
less than
than its
its weight).
weight). velOping water
veloping water in in the torpedo tube.
the torpedo tube. WhenWhen the pressure
the pressure
There are
There are torpedoes
torpedoes of
of smaller
smaller dimensions
dimensions that
that are
are de-
de- between tube
between tube and and sea water has
sea water equalized, the
has equalized, the muzzlemuzzle
veloped as
veloped as submarine
submarine chasers
Chasers enabled
enabled for
for three-dimen-
three-dimen- door is
door opened along
is opened along with with thethe she11 door. The
shell door. torpedo is
The torpedo is
sional travel.
sional travel. now ready for
now ready firing. After
for firing. After the firing, the
the firing, submarine is
the submarine is
affected by
longer affected
no longer
no the negative
by the buoyancy of
negative buoyancy of thethe tor-tor—
because sea
pedo because
pedo replaces the
water replaces
sea water torpedo in
the torpedo in the tube.
the tube.
Torpedo tubes
Torpedo tubes The lacklack of of negative buoyancy must
negative buoyancy must be compensated for
be compensated for
The
Torpedoes are
Torpedoes are carried
carried in
in torpedo
torpedo tubes
tubes and
and spare
spare tor-
tor— immediately because
immediately because of control; this
depth control;
of depth this is is ac- ac—
pedoes are
pedoes are usually
usually carried
carried as
as reloads.
reloads. complished by
complished flooding into
by flooding into the torpedo tank.
the torpedo tank. When When the the
tube shallshall be reloaded after a firing, the muzzle door
The discussion
The discussion will
will consider
consider torpedo
torpedo tubes
tubes whose
whose aft
aft
must be
must closed and
be closed and the the tube drained into
tube drained into the torpedo
the torpedo
part is
part is enclosed
enclosed by
by the
the pressure
pressure hull.
hull. In
In some
some particu-
particu-
tank. The
tank. breech door
The breech door is is then opened and
then opened and aa spare spare tor- tor—
cases, torpedo tubes are sometimes
lar cases, sometimes fixed and some-
some-
pedo inserted.
pedo inserted.
times swivel-mounted
times swivel-mounted on on the
the free-flooding
free-flooding upper
upper deck
deck
Torpedo tubes
Torpedo tubes have have the the necessary equipment for
necessary equipment setting
for setting
outside of
outside the pressure
of the hull.
pressure hull.
torpedo running
the torpedo
the running depth, depth, angle angle on on thethe bow,bow, etc. etc. priorprior
The torpedo
The torpedo tube
tube is is a
a pressure-resistant
pressure—resistant structure
structure that to a
to firing. Instead
a firing. Instead of mechanical setting,
of mechanical setting, most most of of to-to—
has a
has a muzzle
muzzle door
door forward
forward andand aa breech
breech door
door aft
aft (Fig.
(Fig. 32
32 day's torpedoes are
day’s torpedoes provided with
are provided with electric remote setting.
electric remote setting.
and 33).
and 33). About
About two-thirds
two—thirds of of the
the tube
tube is
is located
located outside
outside In cases, they
such cases,
In such they are connected with
are connected with the weapon con-
the weapon con-
the pressure
the pressure hull
hull and
and one-third
one-third inside.
inside. The
The part
part outside
outside trol equipment of
trol equipment of the submarine by
the submarine connection wire
by a connection wire
the pressure
the pressure hull
hull isis exposed
exposed toto external
external pressure
pressure andand is
is until firing. The
until firing. The cable connection is
cable connection interrupted at
is interrupted the
at the
provided with
provided with external
external frames
frames to absorb the buckling moment of
moment firing. Modern
of firing. Modern torpedotorpedo tube requires
design requires
tube design
loads. The
loads. The part
part inside
inside the
the boat
boat is
is loaded
loaded by the diving
diving torpedo to
the torpedo
the fired at
be fired
to be any depth
at. any admissible to
depth admissible to the tor—
the tor-
pressure from
pressure from inside
inside when
when the
the muzzle
muzzle doordoor isis open.
open. The generating d
without generating
pedo without
pedo bubbles that
airr bubbles could betray
that could betray
muzzle door
muzzle door opens
opens outward
outward against
against thethe water
water pressure.
pressure. the submarine.
the submarine.

47
 -
Fig. 32 T ~t u b ,QOW&view 7 -
33 — Torpedo
Fig. 33
V Ft$. View
inside view
tubes, hide
Torpedo tubas,
3‘.- W1.

48
 Furthermore, the
Furthermore, the use
use of
of wire-guided
wire—guided torpedoes
torpedoes to be After the
After torpedo is
the torpedo fired, the
is fired, piston is
the piston pressed back
is pressed back by by
fired at
fired at targets
targets from
from greater
greater distances
distances should
should be
be possible.
possible. external sea
external water. The
sea water. compressed air
The compressed behind the
air behind piston
the piston
They are
They are directed
directed byby corrective
corrective control
control signals
signals sent
sent over
over a
a vents into
vents into the submarine. This
the submarine. design will
This design will not generate
not generate
wire if
wire if the
the target
target has
has changed
changed to to another
another position
position than
than an bubble. There
air bubble.
an air There are limitations (depth
firing limitations
depth firing
are depth (depth
that calculated,
that calculated, during
during the
the torpedo
torpedo travel
travel period.
period. firing was
firing was notnot yet possible in
yet possible World War
in World War I1 II for other
for other
reasons as
reasons well). The
as well). The tubes must be
tubes must manufactured with
be manufactured with
This provides for
principle provides
This principle one guide
for one to be
wire to
guide wire un-
be un- accuracy to
great accuracy
great guide the
to guide piston; they
the piston; they are heavy and
are heavy rel-
and rel-
coiled the torpedo
from the
coiled from tail end
torpedo tail and from
end and torpedo
the torpedo
from the atively expensive.
atively expensive.
tube simultaneously. It
tube simultaneously. It is by this
secured by
is sewed arrangement
this arrangement pistonless air
A pistonless
A air ejection system that
ejection system that does generate an
not generate
does not an
that wire is
the wire
that the pulled through
not pulled
is not water by
the water
through the the
by the bubble was
air bubble
air developed abroad
was developed abroad and installed in
and installed several
in several
movement of
movement of either torpedo or
the torpedo
either the submarine in
the submarine
or the in types of
types submarines including
of submarines including the German Type
the German Type 21. The
21. The
any direction.
any direction. torpedo rests
torpedo rests in guide rails
in guide in a
rails in tube of
a tube diameter.
greater diameter.
of greater
The tube
The tube andand its caliber are
torpedo caliber
its torpedo watertight only
are watertight only at at
impulse launching
Torpedo impulse principle
launching principle muzzle. The
the muzzle.
the ejection air
The ejection air is adjusted so
is adjusted that its
so that pres-
its pres-
Torpedo
sure is
sure is slightly than the
less than
slightly less pressure at
water pressure
external water
the external the
at the
The torpedo is
The torpedo impluse-launched at
is impluse-launched at a speed of
a speed about
of about moment the
moment torpedo leaves
the torpedo leaves thethe caliber near the
caliber near muzzle.
the muzzle.
10 m/sec.
10 Outside the
m/sec. Outside submarine, the
the submarine, torpedo is
the torpedo accel-
is accel- At the
At same time,
the same there is
time, there opening of
automatic opening
is automatic of aa ventvent
erated to
erated to its velocity by
terminal velocity
its terminal its own
by its engine.
own engine. located at
flap located
flap at the end of
aft end
the aft of the tube and
the tube leading into
and leading into
Up to the
Up to end of
the end World War
of World War I, torpedoes were
1, torpedoes directly
were directly the boat. As
inner boat.
the inner soon as
As soon as the torpedo has
the torpedo left the
has left tube,
the tube,
ejected by
ejected compressed air,
by compressed and an
air, and air swell
an air rose to
swell rose the
to the sea water fills
sea water tube and
the tube
fills the pushes the
and pushes ejection air
the ejection into
air into
surface and
surface betray the
could betray
and could location of
the location of the sub-
firing sub-
the firing the interior of
the interior submarine through
the submarine
of the through the flap. The
vent flap.
the vent The
marine.
marine. flap again when
closes again
flap closes when the needed to
water needed
the water compensate
to compensate
A torpedo tube
piston«type torpedo
A piston-type tube (Fig. 34) in
(Fig. 34) which the
in which tor-
the tor- for the
for buoyancy of
negative buoyancy
the negative torpedo has
the torpedo
of the entered.
has entered.
pedo separated from
was separated
pedo was from the compressed air
ejecting compressed
the ejecting by
air by discharge method is almost free of air swells, but
This discharge
piston was
aa piston equipment for
standard equipment
was standard German sub-
for German sub— firing limitations are
depth limitations
firing depth imposed. The
are imposed. tube is
The tube rela—
is rela-
marines in
marines World War
in World War 11.11. tively light in
tively light weight and
in weight cheap to
and cheap manufacture.
to manufacture.

2 5 7 r9 9 I0 77 I2 75
/ / /

FLOODING AND DRAIN

FLOODING AND
.,\\
‘ DRAIN LINE
TORPEDO TANK VALVE
( / d
-t- FLOODING AND
FLOODING AND EMPTYING
EMPTYING CONNECTIONS
CONNECTIONS
\ \
PRESSURE HULL
. AIR TANK / _H AND BULKHEAD SUPPORTING BULKHEAD
Z . [I * — '* “% I EJECTION LINE
n x- L
AIR EJECTION
~ , 37;; Ia© m 15
T

,. I ((5 *4 M— l ‘

0;” {l I I

A I / /
6 20 79 Na 72 B M \.

TUBE
TORPEDO TUBE
1 TORPEDO 7
7 RELEASE SPRING
RELEASE SPRING 12
12 STOP
LINKAGE STOP
LINKAGE 18 DEPTH CONTROL
18 DEPTH MECHANISM
CONTROL MECHANISM
OEOWAOJMA

2 BREECH DOOR
BREECH DOOR 8
8 READY BOLT
READY BOLT 13
13 RUBBER BUFFER
RUBBER BUFFER I9 DOG FOR
19 DOG LOCKING
ENGAGING LOCKING
FOR ENGAGING
PISTON
EJECTING PISTON
3 WECTING 9
9 ELECTROMAGNETIC RELEASE
ELECTROMAGNETIC RELEASE 14
14 RUNNING CONTROL
RUNNING CONTROL BAR
BAR
TORPEDO SUPPORT
4 TORPEDO SUPPORT MECHANISM
MECHANISM MECHANISM FOR
MECHANISM STRAIGHT
FOR STRAIGHT 20 MUZZLE
20 OPERATING
DOOR OPERATING
MUZZLE DOOR
5 HAND LEVER
FIRING LEVER
HAND FIRING 10 RELEASE ROD
1O RELEASE ROD RUN
AHEAD RUN
AHEAD MECHANISM
MECHANISM
TENSION LEVER
6 TENSION LEVER 1111 RELEASE VALVE
RELEASE VALVE 15
15 CONNECTING ROD
CONNECTING ROD 21
21 MUZZLE DOOR
MUZZLE DOOR
I11a ENGAGING DOG
la ENGAGING FOR RELEASE
DOG FOR 16
RELEASE 16 TORPEDO AND
RETAINING AND
TORPEDO RETAINING 22 SHELL
22 DOOR
SHELL DOOR
VALVE
VALVE OPENING BOLT
OPENING BOLT
17
17 CHANGE—OVER DEVICE
CHANGE-OVER DEVICE FROM
FROM
Fig. 34 -
Piston-type torpedo tube
34 — Piston-type TORPEDOES TO
TORPEDOES TO MINES
MINES

49
 Some impulse
Some launching tubes
impulse launching torpedoes by
discharge torpedoes
tubes discharge by shifts of
shifts of water
water and and spare
spare torpedo
torpedo transport,
transport, are are result-
result-
means of
means water that
of water is pressurized
that is pressurized in chambers by
special chambers
in special by ing. These
ing. These trimming
trimming moments
moments must must be be compensated
compensated for for
compressed air.
compressed These tubes
air. These produce no
tubes produce air swells,
no air and
swells, and by the
by system of
trim system
the trim of the submarine.
the submarine.
ejection is
ejection possible at
is possible at any system is
This system
depth. This
any depth. heavier
is heavier Water is
Water is shifted
shifted from
from the the torpedo
torpedo tank
tank to to the
the tubes
tubes andand
than the
than compressed air
the compressed system.
air system. back by
back means of
by means low-pressure air.
of low-pressure building ele-
The building
air. The ele-
types of
Other types
Other of tubes eject torpedoes
can eject
tubes can mechanically,
torpedoes mechanically, ments of
ments of the
the torpedo
torpedo tank tank are
are dimensioned
dimensioned to to corre-
corre-
e. g.
e. hydraulic oil
by hydraulic
g. by pistons, or
telescopic pistons,
actuated telescopic
oil actuated with
or with spond to
spond to the pressure. The
applied pressure.
the applied water pipes
The water between
pipes between
cables. These
cables. larger in
are larger
tubes are
These tubes diameter than
in diameter tor-
their tor-
than their each tube
each tube and
and thethe torpedo
torpedo tank tank are
are provided
provided with with stop
stop
pedo calibers
pedo fire at
can fire
and can
calibers and great depths
at great caus-
without caus-
depths without valves or
valves or flaps.
flaps. These
These are are interlocked
interlocked with with their
their asso-
asso—
ing air
ing air swells.
swells. However,
However, it it is
is not
not possible
possible to
to simply
simply use
use ciated muzzle
ciated muzzle doors
doors so so that
that the
the torpedo
torpedo tankstanks cannot
cannot be be
aall
ll of the abovementioned
of the arrangements for
abovementioned arrangements wire—guided
for wire-guided from the
flooded from
flooded tubes when
the tubes muzzle doors
the muzzle
when the doors are open.
are open.
torpedoes, too.
torpedoes, too. The tanks are
torpedo tanks
The torpedo connected to
are connected to the submarine bilge
the submarine bilge
system; they
ballast system;
and ballast
and have special
they have lines to
flood lines
special flood admit
to admit
water to
water to compensate
compensate for for the
the negative
negative buoyancy
buoyancy during
during
swim-out launching
Torpedo swim-out
Torpedo principle
launching principle
firing unless
firing unless this
this is
is done
done through
through thethe torpedo
torpedo tubes.
tubes.
Swim-out type
Swim-out launching tubes
type launching tubes are used besides
are used impulse
besides impulse
Here the
tubes. Here
launching tubes.
launching torpedo is
the torpedo accelerated in
is accelerated the
in the
Torpedo loading
Torpedo loading system
system and
and torpedo
torpedo storage
storage
leaves the
and leaves
tube and
tube under its
tube under
the tube power. The
own power.
its own The tor-tor-
pedo is
pedo guided by
is guided installed in
rails installed
by rails wide tube.
the wide
in the Swim—
tube. Swim- Torpedoes are
Torpedoes generally loaded
are generally loaded into into the submarine
the submarine
out type
out launching tubes
type launching tubes do do not generate air
not generate swells;
air swells; through a
through torpedo hatch
a torpedo that is
hatch that located above
is located above the tor-
the tor-
firing is
depth firing
depth possible. They
is possible. They are light in
are light weight and
in weight and areare pedo compartment and
pedo compartment penetrates the
and penetrates pressure hull
the pressure hull at an
at an
cheap and
cheap simple to
and simple manufacture. One
to manufacture. disadvantage is
One disadvantage is angle (Fig.
angle torpedo hatch
The torpedo
35). The
(Fig. 35). resembles that
design resembles
hatch design that
quantity of
greater quantity
greater enveloping water
of enveloping required by
water required by the lar-
the lar- of an
of hatch (see
access hatch
an access 124).
Fig. 124).
(see Fig.
ger diameter and
tube diameter
ger tube thus the
and thus larger torpedo
the larger tanks.
torpedo tanks. Following the
Following the principle
principle of of double
double pressure
pressure hull hull shutoffs,
shutoffs,
For submarines of
midget submarines
For midget of very design, the
simple design,
very simple swim-
the swim- an internal
an internal torpedo
torpedo hatch hatch is is arranged
arranged additionally,
additionally, as as aa
out launching tubes
out launching can be
tubes can replaced by
be replaced launching racks
by launching racks rule. Inclined
rule. Inclined troughs
troughs with with wooden
wooden or or plastic
plastic liners
liners are
are
from which the
from which torpedoes are
the torpedoes alongside the
suspended alongside
are suspended the installed on on thethe upper
upper deckdeck andand inin thethe torpedo
torpedo loading
loading
installed
boat. The
boat. method is
launching method
The launching same as
the same
is the used for
that used
as that for compartment before
compartment before the torpedoes are
the torpedoes loaded. The
are loaded. tor—
The tor-
swim-out type
swim-out launching tubes,
type launching namely, by
tubes, namely, starting the
by starting the pedo is
pedo is loaded
loaded from from the the pier
pier onto
onto the the trough
trough on on the
the
torpedo engines. The
torpedo engines. disadvantages of
The disadvantages simple and
this simple
of this and upper deck
upper deck andand thenthen lowered
lowered awayaway by by a a wire
wire andand winch
winch
cheap design are
cheap design that (1)
are that submarine drag
(I) submarine drag is increased
is increased or capstan
or capstan arrangement.
arrangement. Once Once inside
inside the the submarine,
submarine, the the
quite considerably by
quite considerably the exposed
by the torpedo, (2)
exposed torpedo, (2) the tor—
the tor- torpedo is
torpedo grasped by
is grasped by a device and
hoisting device
a hoisting positoned hor-
and positoned hor-
pedo cannot be
pedo cannot underway, and
while underway,
serviced while
be serviced (3) it
and (3) ex—
is ex-
it is izontally. It
izontally. It isis then
then positioned
positioned to to the
the rear
rear of of the
the tube
tube by
by
posed to
posed pressure and
diving pressure
to diving and the corrosive effect
the corrosive effect of sea
of sea vertical and
vertical and transverse
transverse shifting,
shifting, and
and is is finally
finally moved
moved into into
water. the tube
the tube by by toothed
toothed rack rack andand pinion
pinion devices
devices or or tackles.
tackles.
Torpedoes launched under
Torpedoes launched their own
under their power leave
own power leave the the torpedoes are
Spare torpedoes
Spare stored in
are stored troughs and
in troughs and are secured in
are secured in
submarine at
submarine at a slower speed
a slower impulse—launched tor-
than impulse-launched
speed than tor— shock—proof manner
aa shock-proof manner in in the compartment aft
the compartment aft of the
of the
pedoes.
pedoes. tubes. In
tubes. In large
large submarines,
submarines, one one setset of of spare
spare torpedoes
torpedoes
can be
can be placed
placed in in a a rapid
rapid reloading
reloading position
position immediately
immediately
(WRT)
tanks WRT)
Torpedo tanks
Torpedo aft of
aft of the
the tubes.
tubes.

The size
The the torpedo
of the
size of required for
tank required
torpedo tank torpedo
each torpedo
for each The German
The German NavyNavy submersibles
submersibles carried
carried a
a part
part of
of spare
spare
firing system
firing depends on
system depends number of
the number
on the torpedo tubes
of torpedo to
tubes to torpedoes in
torpedoes in pressure-proof
pressure—proof containers
containers below
below the
the free-
free-
flooded, the
be flooded,
be number of
the number spare torpedoes
of spare and
carried, and
torpedoes carried, flooding upper
flooding upper deck
deck (Two
(Two and
and ten
ten spare
spare torpedoes
torpedoes in in
volume of
the volume
the the enveloping
of the required for
water required
enve10ping water tor—
each tor-
for each containers were carried
containers were on Type
carried on and on
7vessels and
Type 7vessels Type 9
on Type9
pedo tube.
pedo tube. vessels respectively).
vessels respectively). In surface
surface cruise
cruise and at calm sea,
The volume
The volume required
required for
for a
a torpedo
torpedo tank
tank is
is determined
determined byby it was
it was possible
possible toto reload
reload these
these spare
spare torpedoes
torpedoes into
into the
the
vessel’s interior.
vessel's interior.
V=a+rxG
submarines may
Small submarines
Small have adequate
not have
may not for a
space for
adequate space tor—
a tor-
where n is number of
the number
is the of torpedo to be
tubes to
torpedo tubes flooded
be flooded pedo hatch
pedo hatch and
and a a torpedo
torpedo loading
loading compartment
compartment aft aft of
of
simultaneously,
simultaneously, the tubes.
the tubes. InIn such
such cases,
cases, the
the torpedoes
torpedoes are
are loaded
loaded from
from
enveloping water
H is the enveloping tube,
per tube,
water per the outside
the outside (muzzle-loading
(muzzle—loading principle).
principle). It
It must
must be
be pos-
pos-
number of
the number
is the
rr is spare torpedoes,
of spare and
torpedoes, and to trim
sible to
sible boat by
the boat
trim the stern so
the stern
by the that the
so that muzzles are
the muzzles are
G is the
G is weight of
the weight one spare
of one torpedo.
spare torpedo. above the
above the waterline.
waterline. Troughs
Troughs areare suspended
suspended forward
forward of of
The torpedo
The are arranged
tanks are
torpedo tanks a
such a
in such
longitudinally in
arranged longitudinally the tubes
the tubes and
and the
the torpedoes
torpedoes areare set
set in
in them
them forfor loading
loading
way that
way that the
the smallest
smallest possible
possible changes
changes ofof trim
trim caused
caused byby (see Fig.
(see Fig. 36).
36).

50
 1 Torpedo in upper deck trough

C!)\JC33(J'I-l‘-‘-(JON)-L
Torpedo in
2 Torpedo in the
the torpedo
torpedo compartment
compartment in in oblique
oblique position
position
in loading position at inner tube end
3 Torpedo in
4 Capstan used as torpedo winch
Stopper on the torpedo hatch
5 Stopper
Stopper in
6 Stopper in the
the torpedo
torpedo compartment
compartment
Torpedo trough
Hoisting gear to lower torpedoes

Fig. 35 — Torpedo loading system

Lp\‘

ta
fix
l
I

.-

9x. _,...-—
\ .
tr‘t’

)—
l

Fig. 36 -
Fig. 36 — Torpedo
Torpedo muzzle
muzzle loading
loading (German
(German class 201)
201)

Arrangement of
Arrangement of torpedo
torpedo armament
armament for bow and
the bow
for the tubes, they
stern tubes,
and stern they are located in
are located way of
in way of
the tube ends.
inner tube
the inner torpedo tube
Side torpedo
ends. Side units had
tube units been
had been
A distinction
A distinction is is made
made between bow, stern,
stern, side,
side, and
planned for
planned for the German World
the German World War War I1 Type 26
II Type sub—
26 sub-
upper deck
upper deck torpedo
torpedo tubes.
tubes. Bow tubes are flanged
flanged or
marine type was
(this type
marine (this completed and
not completed
was not and was dismantled
was dismantled
welded to
welded to the
the forward
forward end bulkhead as a unit. Their for-
on the
on berth after
building berth
the building war); (see
the war);
after the Fig. 12).
(see Fig. This
12). This
ward ends
ward ends are
are supported
supported by
by the
the torpedo
torpedo tube supporting
supporting
configuration provided for
configuration provided for a a common loading
torpedo loading
common torpedo
bulkhead (Fig.
bulkhead (Fig. 32 32 and
and 34).
34). The
The space
space between this
room the bow
for the
room for side units
and side
bow and (see Table
units (see 3).
Table 3).
bulkhead and
bulkhead and the
the pressure hull is often used as a ballast
Upper deck torpedo
Upper deck tubes are
torpedo tubes no longer
are no used for
longer used modern
for modern
tank. The
tank. The bow
bow unit can consist of two to eight torpedo
submarines because of
submarines because their very
of their free-flooding su-
small free-flooding
very small su-
tubes. perstructures. They been used
have been
They have used on submersibles in
on submersibles in
perstructures.
similar configuration
A similar configuration is used at the stern.
stern. Here the the form
the form ofof fixed,
fixed, single
single tubes
tubes at at the
the stern
stern and
and ofof pivot-
pivot—
tubes are
tubes are placed above
above the propellers, rudders, and hy-
hy— ing multiple
ing multiple mounts
mounts in the the amidships
amidships area.
area. Torpedoes
Torpedoes
droplanes. One
droplanes. One to
to four
four tubes
tubes can
can be
be accommodated
accommodated in located in
located upper deck
in upper tubes cannot
deck tubes under-
serviced under-
cannot be serviced
the stern.
the stern. If
If storage
storage areas
areas are
are used
used for
for spare
spare torpedoes way.
way.

51
2. Mine armament
2. Mine armament torpedoes. One
can torpedoes.
itit can mine load
such mine
One such load weighs than aa
more than
weighs more
load. To
torpedo load.
torpedo compensate for
To compensate for this weight difference,
this weight difference,
Submarines can
Submarines can be employed as
be employed offensive minelayers.
as offensive minelayers. quantity of
smaller quantity
aa smaller carried in
water isis carried
of water in the torpedo tank
the torpedo tank
They
They are
are not
not so
so easily
easily observed
observed asas aa surface
surface ship
ship or
or mine-
mine- necessary to
not necessary
because itit isis not
because flood as
to flood as many tube simulta-
many tube simulta-
carrying aircraft
carrying while approaching
aircraft while minelaying area,
approaching aa minelaying area, neously during
neously operation as
mining operation
during aa mining during aa torpedo
as during torpedo
while laying
while while departing
and while
mines, and
laying mines, the area.
from the
departing from area. attack. Mines
attack. are usually
Mines are ejected by
usually ejected compressed air.
by compressed air. Of
Of
Torpedo—type submarines can
Torpedo-type submarines load ground
can load mines or
ground mines or an-
an- swim-out type
course, swim-out
course, launching tubes
type launching tubes are less suitable
are less suitable
chored in place
mines in
chored mines of torpedoes;
place of bottom mines
three bottom
torpedoes; three mines for mines.
for mines. For For this reason, mine-laying
this reason, equipment (see
mine-laying equipment (see
or two
or mines can
anchored mines
two anchored carried in
be carried
can be one torpedo
in one torpedo Fig. 37)
Fig. 37) had
had been developed for
been developed submarines provided
for submarines provided
tube. submarine can
Consequently, aa submarine
tube. Consequently, can load times as
three times
load three as swim-out type
with swim-out
with type tubes. Such equipment
tubes. Such consists of
equipment consists of
many ground
many mines or
ground mines or twice as many
twice as mines as
anchored mines
many anchored as two chambers
two chambers fittedfitted to sides of
the sides
to the the submarines,
of the submarines,
accommodate the
which accommodate
which mines in
the mines trunks stored
in trunks one after
stored one after
the other.
the Dropping of
other. Dropping of mines
mines is is effected
effected by gravity and
by gravity is
and is
controlled
controlled by by hydraulic/electronic
hydraulic/electronic means. means. As the mine
As the mine
chambers are
chambers are of free-flooding type,
of free—flooding type, the mines are
the mines perma-
are perma-
nently subjected
nently subjected to the diving
to the pressure as
diving pressure well. The
as well. for-
The for-
ward and
ward and aft parts of
aft parts chambers are
mine chambers
the mine
of the are arranged
arranged
with
with buoyant bodies dimensioned
buoyant bodies dimensioned in such aa way
in such that the
way that the
empty chamber
empty small negative
provides small
chamber provides buoyancy only.
negative buoyancy only.
If required,
If required, the chambers may
the chambers may be dropped as
be dropped as aa whole.
whole.
equipment offers
The equipment
The offers the advantage of
the advantage of the carriage of
the carriage of
mines in
mines addition to
in addition full torpedo
the full
to the armament.
torpedo armament.
When submarines are
When submarines specifically as
built specifically
are built as minelayers,
minelayers,
mines accommodated in
are accommodated
mines are in vertical trunks. Each
vertical trunks. trunk
Each trunk
hold several
can hold
can several mines, top of
on top
one on
mines, one of the other. The
the other. The
b'
Fig.
Fig. 37-
37 - Mine—laying
Mine-laying equipment
equipment

Fig.
P 38 -
ig. 38 — HARPOON
HARPOON missile
missile breaking the
the water surface
surface

52
52
trunks are
trunks are either installed at the side
either installed side in the outer hull
hull 3. Gunnery
3.
where they
where they areare not
not pressure
pressure resistant or they pass
through the
through the pressure
pressure hull
hull in
in a
a pressure
pressure proof manner. In Until World
Until World War
War 11, 11, most
most submersibles
submersibles carried
carried guns
guns on
on
either case, because
either case, because the
the mines
mines in the trunks are exposed
exposed deck for
deck for surface engagements. These
surface engagements. These guns
guns were
were long-
long-
to the
to the diving
diving pressure
pressure and
and cannot be be serviced, special
serviced, a special barreled with
barreled with calibers
calibers up up to
to 112cm. Several boats
2 m . Several boats with
with
mine design
mine design is needed. During
is needed. During the minelaying
minelaying operation,
operation, heavier gunnery
heavier gunnery have
have also been built.
also been built. The
The guns
guns were
were ei-
ei—
the mines
the mines areare released
released from
from the trunk in sequence
sequence and ther exposed
ther exposed onon deck
deck or or their
their shields
shields were
were part
part of
of the
the en-
en—
sink as
sink as a
a result
result of
of their negative buoyancy.
their negative buoyancy. Special
Special mine velope of
velope of the
the conning
conning tower.
tower. They
They were
were supplied
supplied with
with
compensation
compensation tankstanks are
are required.
required. ammunition from
ammunition from inside
inside the
the submarine through the
submarine through the
conning tower
conning tower hatch.
hatch. Ready
Ready ammunition
ammunition was was stored
stored inin
pressure-resistant lockers
pressure-resistant lockers near
near the
the guns.
guns. In
In addition,
addition, AA AA
guns up
guns up to
to 3.7
3.7 cm caliber were
cm caliber were installed
installed on
on the
the bridge.
All guns
All guns were
were exposed
exposed to to sea
sea water
water during
during submerged
submerged
cruising. Special
cruising. Special fire-control
fire—control systems
systems forfor gunnery
gunnery were
generally nonexistant.
generally nonexistant. Guns Guns were
were nono longer
longer installed
installed
after transition
after transition to
to the
the true
true submarine.
submarine.

STARTER

Missile armament
4. Missile
Anti-surface missile
Anti-surface missile armament
armament may may be be carried
carried in in the tor-
the tor-
pedo tubes
pedo tubes as as an
an alternative
alternative to to the
the torpedo
torpedo armament.
armament.
Such an
Such an armament
armament may may playplay anan increasing
increasing role role inin many
many
navies in
navies in future.
future. The missiles are
The missiles are ejected
ejected out out ofof the
the tor-
tor-
MAST pedo tubes
pedo tubes together
together with with their
their containers
containers when when the the sub-
sub-
marine has
marine has beenbeen submerged
submerged to to periscope
periscope depth depth or or
deeper. The
deeper. The container
container breaksbreaks the the water
water surface;
surface; the mis-
the mis-
sile leaves
sile leaves the the container
container and and ignites
ignites itsits solid fuel power
solid fuel power
(see Fig. 38). The
unit (see The missile begins a programmed programmed path
closely above
closely above the the water
water surface,
surface, whichwhich is is changed
changed to
homing path
homing path after
after detection
detection of of the
the target
target by by the
the special
special
radar or
radar or infrared
infrared equipment
equipment within within thethe missile.
missile. The addi-
The addi-
tional structural
tional structural equipment necessary for
equipment necessary for such missile
such missile
armament mainly
armament mainly consists
consists in in the
the facilities
facilities for
for ejecting
ejecting thethe
containers out
containers out of of thethe tube
tube unless
unless these
these aIready
already are are
provided for
provided for the
the torpedoes
torpedoes anyhow.
anyhow.
After World
After World War War 11,11, the
the navies
navies of of the
the USA
USA and and USSR
USSR
deveIOped large
developed large long-range
long-range missiles
missiles with
with air-breathing
air—breathing jet
propulsion for
propulsion for submarines,
submarines, which which travelled
travelled closely
closely above
above
the water
the water at at subsonic
subsonic speed.speed. They
They had had toto bebe started
started by
the submarine
the submarine cruisingcruising on on thethe surface
surface and and areare now
now
outdated by
outdated by thethe above-mentioned
above-mentioned solid solid fuel
fuel powered
powered
missiles.
<2

-— PRESSURE missiles.
PROOF Diesel/electrically driven
Diesel/electrically driven submarines
submarines are particularly en- en-
\ CONTAI NE R
dangered by helicopters
dangered helicopters during during snorkling.
snorkling. As a heli- heli-
v________/

copter defence
copter defence system,
system, the SLAM SLAM (Submarine-Launched
(Submarine-Launched
/ /’

Air Missile)
Air Mssile) was was developed
developed in in Great
Great Britain (see (see Fig. 39).
39).
[M

The submarine
The submarine in in semi-submerged
semi-submerged condition hoists a
mast with
mast with sixsix missiles
missiles stowed
stowed in in a pressure-proof con- con—
tainer. The
tainer. The missiles
missiles can be be started
started individually
individually and are
guided towards
guided towards the the target
target by by means
means of of a radio transmit-
transmit-
ting system
ting system when missile path is observed through through a tele-
vision camera.
vision camera. The The above-mentioned
above-mentioned hoisting hoisting mast mast isis
supported in
supported in the
the bridge
bridge fin,fin, and
and its hydraulic
hydraulic part is re-
Fig. 39 -
Fig. — SLAM
SLAM weapon system
system tracted into
tracted into the
the C.
C. I.I. C.
C.

53
5. Weapon
5. Weapon control
control systems
systems -— calculation
calculation of
of the
the point
point ofof impact,
impact,
-- calculation
calculation of
of torpedo
torpedo guidance
guidance data,
data,
Torpedo and
Torpedo and missile
missile armament
armament require
require weapon
weapon control
control -— torpedo
torpedo selection
selection and
and data
data setting,
setting,
systems which
systems which are
are combined
combined inin the
the C.
C. I.
I. C.
C. Torpedo
Torpedo fire
fire -— calculation
calculation of
of torpedo
torpedo position
position after
after launch,
launch,
control systems should
control systems include the
should include facilities:
following facilities:
the following - torpedo
torpedo guidance
guidance ifif wire-guided
wire—guided torpedoes
torpedoes are
are carried.
carried.
The facilities
The facilities for
for non-wire-guided,
non-wire-guided, homing
homing torpedoes
torpedoes are
are
processing of
-— processing target data
of target from the
data from sensors (such
the sensors as
(such as simpler than
simpler than those
those for
for wire-guided
wirc—guided torpedoes
torpedoes with
with the
the
periscope, sonar,
periscope, radar),
or radar),
sonar, or need to
need to transmit
transmit data
data to
to it
it safely
safely along
along aa thin
thin wire
wire many
many
-— processing submarine data
own submarine
of own
processing of (such as
data (such heading
as heading kilometres long
kilometres long and,
and, possibly,
possibly, to
to process
process feedback
feedback sig-
sig—
and speed),
and speed), nals from
nals from the
the torpedo.
torpedo. Missile
Missile armament
armament requires
requires sim-
sim—
-— visual
visual presentation the tactical
of the
presentation of picture,
tactical picture, ilar fire
ilar fire control
control systems.
systems. For
For mine
mine laying,
laying, precise
precise naviga-
naviga—
- tracking
tracking of or more
one or
of one targets,
more targets, tion equipment
tion equipment is is necessary.
necessary.

54
CHAPTER IX
CHAPTER IX

Methods
Methods for
for detection,
detection,
warning,
warning, and
and deception
deception
1.
1. Detection
Detection systems
systems to observe
1.. to shipping,
observe shipping,

#WNH
to observe
2.. to aircraft,
observe aircraft,
These
These are
are defined
defined asas any
any systems
systems used
used to
to detect
detect and
and to estimate
3.. to distances for
estimate distances an attack,
for an attack,
obtain target
to obtain
4.. to and estimated
bearing and range input for
input for
identify
identify the
the enemy.
enemy. Some
Some ofof the
the information
information acquired
acquired by
by target bearing estimated range
these
these systems
systems isis fed
fed directly
directly to
to the
the weapon
weapon control
control system
system fire-control system,
the fire-control
the system,
5. for
5. terrestrial navigation when submerged,
navigation when and
for
for processing.
processing. for terrestrial submerged, and
6. possibly for celestial navigation when submerged.
6. possibly for celestial navigation when submerged.
Periscopes
Periscopes Periscopes be retracted
must be
Periscopes must into the
retracted into superstructuredur-
the superstructure dur-
Submarines fully suitable
became fully
Submarines became for service
suitable for only with
service only with ing deep
ing and when
dives and
deep dives when the submarineis
the submarine is running at high
running at high
development of
the development
the of periscopes permitted shallow
which permitted
periscopes which shallow speed. When
speed. they should
extended, they
When extended, should be free of
be free vibration
of vibration
diving vessels to
diving vessels see above
to see the water.
above the water. up to
up highest possible
to aa highest speed step.
possible speed step. Periscopes must be
Periscopes must be
Periscopes are used
Periscopes are for many
used for e. g.,
purposes, e.
many purposes, g., sufficiently extendable to
sufficiently extendable leave the
to leave hull submerged
the hull submerged
deeply enough so
deeply enough so that steering is
depth steering
that depth not too
is not too much in—
much in-
ounook
fluenced by
fluenced by seaways operation at
during Operation
seaways during at periscope
periscope
I“.

_____ tipping
tipping mirror
mirror
movable
movable lens
lens
depth.
depth.
_|J-_.——o—-n

Periscopes of aa cylindrical
consist of
Periscopes consist cylindrical tube, to 200
180 to
tube, 180 mm in
200 mm in
with aa polished outside surface;
polished outside sec-
conical sec-
surface; aa conical
-
- reticule
reticule
diameter, with
tion that
tion
mounted on
is shaped
that is like a
shaped like
top of
a bottle
tube (Fig.
the tube
carries the
and carries
bottle and head is
the head
distance
The distance
40). The
(Fig. 40).
is
.-

colored filters
\___. colored filters mounted on top of the
__

optical length)
(named optical
(named between the
length) between objective and
top objective
the top the
and the
eyepiece
eyepiece can be as
can be much as
as much as 7 m on
to 99 m
7 to medium—size sub-
on medium-size sub-
pressure-resistant. The
is pressure-resistant. The
kit—~—

marines. The
marines. perisc0pe tube
The periscope tube is
field of
field of view can be
view can be pivoted about the
pivoted about the optical and
axis, and
optical axis,
several (usually 1.5
magnifications (usually
several magnifications and 6)
1.5 and can be
6) can se—
be se-
¥___‘ upper
upper inversion
inversion system lected.
\ system lected.
i
#— lower
lower inversion
inversion system
system Objects seen
Objects through the
seen through periscope at
the periscope magnification
a magnification
at a
I; ‘___._________,_____

of 1.5 are
of 1.5 of about same size
the same when seen
as when
size as with the
seen with
optical

are of about the the

length

naked eye.
naked eye.

Colored can be
filters can
Colored filters be inserted required. A
where required.
inserted where re-
A re-
ticule (cross—hairs) with
ticule (cross-hairs) vertical and
with vertical and horizontal grada—
horizontal grada-
tions permits angles
tions permits angles to be estimated
to be during observations.
estimated during observations.
Target distance can
Target distance be estimated
can be estimated from the angle
from the at
angle at
which the
which the length the mast
(or the
length (or of the
height) of
mast height) is
target is
the target
seen
seen in the periscope
in the the (estimated)
from the
and from
periscope and length
(estimated) length
(or mast height).
(or mast cannot be
periscope cannot
The periscope
height). The used for
be used di-
for di-
rect
rect distance finding. For
distance finding. exact determination
For exact determination of dis-
of dis-
tance, the
tance, may be
perisc0pe may
the periscope be provided
provided with additional
with additional
I ,-- rfield
i l elens
ns
laser equipment.
laser equipment.
at
L cover
cover glass
glass The reticule is also
reticule is to mark
intended to
also intended the aim
mark the shot at
and shot
aim and
A

il

The
|

_l___.,:LY
_.__r

plane
image plane
eyepiece image
x\\

eyeplece torpedo firing.

torpedo firing.
mechanism may
hoisting mechanism
The hoisting
The may consist two hoisting
of two
consist of ca-
hoisting ca-
f

Fig. 40
Fig. -
40 — Attack
Attack periscope
periscope bles and
bles and one
one lowering
lowering cable
cable that
that are
are operated
operated byby a
a corn-
com—

55
 >>
b A SOLID
A SOLID ARROW
ARROW INDICATES
INDlCATES TWO
TWO HOISTING
HOISTING CABLES
CABLES
I7
P AN OPEN ARROW
AN OPEN ONE LOWERING
INDICATES ONE
ARROW INDICATES CABLE
LOWERING CABLE

PERISCOPE WINCH
PERISCOPE WINCH WlTH
WITH CABLES
CABLES
FOR HOISTING
FOR HOISTING AND
AND LOWERING
LOWERING

Ll .Lj
INVERTED. HYDRAULICALLY
INVERTED, HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED
OPERATED HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED
HYDRAULICALLY FOR
PISTON FOR
OPERATED PISTON
BLOCK-ANDETACKLE SYSTEM
BLOCK-AND-TACKLE SYSTEM WlTH
WITH HOISTING AND
HOISTING LOWERING
AND LOWERING
CABLES FOR
CABLES FOR HOISTING
HOISTING AND LOWERING
LOWERING

Fig. 41
Fig. 41 -
— Periscope
Periscope hoisting
hoisting systems
systems PERISCOPE SHAFT
PERISCOPE SHAFT

E
i.
mon winch
mon winch (Fig.
(Fig. 41).
41). The
The winchwinch drive
drive may
may be be electric
electric oror
hydraulic. I
hydraulic.
Another way
Another way to to activate
activate the the cables
cables is is by
by use use of of anan in-
in—
I ,: PRESSURE HULL
kw—‘f—

verted tackle
tackle system
system (multiplier)
(multiplier) with GUIDE
verted with a a hydraulic
hydraulic piston. piston.
BEARINGS
A third
A third possibility
possibility is is direct
direct hoisting,
hoisting, by by using
using parallel
parallel
pistons hoisted
pistons hoisted and and lowered
lowered hydraulically,
hydraulically, thus thus eliminat-
eliminat—
ing the
ing the cables.
cables. GREASE

A special
A special gland
gland is is installed
installed wherewhere the the periscope
periscope passes passes PACKING

through the
through the pressure
pressure hull hull (Fig.
(Fig. 42).
42). The
The periscope
periscope is is
guided by
guided by two
two or or three
three bearings
bearings located
located above
above this this gland.
gland. r ‘ / LIP SEAL
In case of
the case
In the the attack
of the (Application accord-
periscope (Application
attack periscope accord-
ing to 1
ing to 1 and possibly 2,
and possibly and 55 as
3, 4, and
2, 3,4, well), it
as well), impor—
is impor-
it is
tant that
tant height of
the height
that the periscope head
the periscope
of the above the
head above water
the water
be controlled and
be controlled maintained at
and maintained at aa level determined by
level determined the
by the
observer (Fig. 43).
observer (Fig. compensates for
This compensates
43). This inaccuracies in
for inaccuracies in
depth Otherwise the
control. Otherwise
depth control. the periscope emerge too
could emerge
periscope could too
far at
far at upward
upward deviation
deviation in in depth
depth and and thus
thus betray
betray thethe Fig. 42
Fig. -
42 - Pressure
Pressure hull
hull penetration
penetration for
for periscope
periscope
boat. A
boat. downward deviation
A downward deviation in depth could
in depth submerge
could submerge
the head
the head and interrupt the
and interrupt observation. In
the observation. In the case of
the case the
of the In the
In the case
case ofof the
the elevator
elevator periscope,
periscope, which
which isis less
less cus-
cus—
simple periscope,
simple periscope, the observer at
the observer the eyepiece
at the follows the
eyepiece follows the tomary today, the
tomary today, the observer rises and
observer rises with the
descends with
and descends the
up—and—down motion
up-and-down motion of the periscope
of the (called a
periscope (called “knee-
a "knee- periscope.
periscope.
bend periscope”). The
bend periscope"). limit of
The limit of the vertical lift
the vertical lift for ob—
for ob- AA characteristic
characteristic feature
feature of
of the
the standard
standard periscope
periscope (Fig.
(Fig.
servations is
servations is thus about 1
thus about 1m.
m. The observer rotates
The observer rotates thethe 44) is
44) is that
that the
the eyepiece
eyepiece end
end is is independent
independent of of the
the ex-
ex—
periscope with two
periscope with handles, unless
two handles, there is
unless there is a servo-drive.
a servo-drive. tended height
tended height of of the
the periscope
periscope (this
(this is
is accomplished
accomplished by a
The attack
The periscope is
attack periscope provided with
is provided especially thin
with especially thin double-prism inversion
double-prism inversion at the bottom of the trunk tube).
upper (bottle) so
part (bottle)
upper part that the
so that submarine is
the submarine in a
is in position
a position The vertical
The vertical lift
lift available
available for
for observation
observation is is equal
equal toto total
total
to approach the
to approach enemy as
the enemy closely as
as closely possible without
as possible without periscope lift.
periscope lift. Because
Because ofof its
its considerable
considerable mass,
mass, the
the stand-
stand-
being noticed.
being noticed. ard periscope
ard periscope usually
usually has
has a a hydraulic
hydraulic rotating
rotating system.

56
56
 Sliding lens
Sliding lens submarines offer
Modern submarines
Modern favourable depth
more favourable
offer more con-
depth con-

boom-A
Reticule
Reticule properties at
trol properties
trol low speed
at low than the
steps than
speed steps sub-
former sub-
the former
Extendable part
Extendable part mersibles, and and for reasons they
tactical reasons
for tactical need not
they need ap—
not ap-
Upper inversion
Upper inversion proach the enemy as
the enemy closely as
as closely earlier, so
as earlier, that a
so that “knee-
a "knee-
proach
lens
lens periscope now
type” periscope
bend type"
bend now is sufficient in
is sufficient in many cases.
many cases.
Pitch circle
Pitch circle

AOCOCDNCDU‘I
search perkcope
The search
The according to
(Applications according
periscope (Applications to 2.5 and
2, 5 and
Grid glass
Grid glass
possibly 6)
possibly has a
6) has high-powered optics
more high-powered
a more than does
optics than the
does the
Support ring
Support ring
indicator
Scale indicator periscope, and
attack periscope,
attack thus it
and thus useful at
especially useful
is especially
it is twi—
at twi-
Scale
filters
Colored filters
Colored light and in
light and dark. The
the dark.
in the The optical tilting angle
optical tilting extends to
angle extends to
Eyepiece
Eyepiece the zenith. The
the zenith. The bottle-shaped section and
bottle-shaped section and the head are
the head are
Eyepiece
Eyepiece considerably than comparable
thicker than
considerably thicker elements of
comparable elements of the at-
the at-
image plane
image plane periscope. Only
tack periscope. simple periscopes
Only simple (“knee-bend”
periscopes ("knee-bend"
tack
Lower inversion
Lower inversion periscope) are used.
are used.
lens
periscope)
lens
Inversion
Inversion For several
For several decades
decades after
after the
the end
end of of World
World War War 11,11,
prism special sextants
special sextants had
had been
been attached
attached to to the
the search
search peri-
peri—
scope to
scope to enable
enable measurements
measurements of of celestial
celestial heights
heights
while the
while the submarine
submarine proceeded
proceeded at at periscope
periscope depth.depth.
However, they were deleted
However, deleted after the introduction
introduction of
the electronic
the electronic satellite
satellite navigation.
navigation.
There are
There are electronic amplifying the
systems amplifying
electronic systems intensity of
the intensity of
the incident
the incident light. light. Such
Such systems
systems may, may, inin addition,
addition, be be in-
in-
stalled at
stalled at the periscope.
search periscope.
the search
equipment enables
Infrared equipment
Infrared identification of
enables identification of the incom—
the incom-
ing thermal
ing thermal radiation,
radiation, andand infrared
infrared sensors
sensors extend
extend the the
possibilities of
possibilities observation in
of observation in the daylight and
the daylight and in the
in the
dark. The
dark. The thermal images made
thermal images visible on
made visible on any display
any display
equipment within
equipment within the submarine are
the submarine equal to
quality equal
of aa quality
are of to
the modern
the modern light light intensity
intensity amplifiers.
amplifiers. TheseThese non-optical
non-optical
devices may
devices may be be combined
combined at at a a single
single separate
separate hoisting
hoisting
mast, i.
mast, i. e. Optronic mast
so—called optronic
the so-called
e. the replaces the
which replaces
mast which the
periscope in
search periscope
search in a certain way.
a certain masts can
Optronic masts
way. Optronic can bebe
Fig. 43 -
Fig. 43 External Fig.
— External 44 -
Fig. 44 — Standard
Standard provided as
provided units which
bridge—type units
as bridge-type which do penetrate
not penetrate
do not
view attack
view of an attack periscope
periscope
periscope through the
through pressure hull
the pressure from the
hull from bridge.
the bridge.
permope
Periscopes in
Periscopes in hoisted condition during
hoisted condition during the operation of
the operation of
submarines are
the submarines
the by lateral
excited by
are excited vortices. Due
lateral vortices. Due to the
to the
sections of the tubes, Karman vortex streets
cross sections
round cross streets
,. Periscope are formed
are inducing the
formed inducing periscope to
the periscope vibrate as
to vibrate cer—
from cer-
as from
Periscope bearing.
rotating
tain speeds. In
tain speeds. In general, observation through
general, observation through the peri-
the peri-
(free from
scope (free
scope vibrations) is
from vibrations) is not possible at
not possible speeds of
at speeds of
»— Profiled fairing more than
more than 6 6 toto 7 knots.
knots. Observations
Observations at at higher
higher speeds
speeds areare
rendered possible
rendered possible by by hoisting
hoisting separate
separate profiled
profiled fairings
fairings
connecting such
by connecting
or by
or fairings with
such fairings periscope and
the periscope
with the and
Bridge lm
top
7 Periscope Dealing hoisting them
hoisting them in in common
common (see (see Fig.
Fig. 45).
45).
rolating

if ' Guttle part

Gutde trunk systems

Radar systems
HOlSllllg tube

Horslinq Cylinder
Submarines can
Submarines can use
use radar
radar systems
systems when
when surfaced
surfaced and at
perisc0pe depth.
periscope depth. When
When submarine
submarine isis using
using radar,
radar, the
the an-
an—
tenna must
must be be above
above thethe water
water surface
surface because
because radar
radar
P H penetration

Moulded edqe
tenna
waves will
will not
not propagate
propagate in in water.
water. Ships,
Ships, shore
shore eleva-
Plslon rod
Oi
pressu'e waves
hull
detected by this radar system
tions, and aircraft can be detected system
within the
within the limits
limits of
of horizon.
horizon. There
There are
are navigation
navigation radar
radar
and attack
and attack radar
radar systems.
systems. The
The navigation
navigation radar
radar com-
com—
prises a
prises a separate
separate hoisting
hoisting mast
mast and
and a a pressure-proof
pressure—proof
Fig. 45 — Periscope mast rotating antenna
rotating antenna (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 46).
46). Hoisting
Hoisting andand lowering
lowering is

57
 hydraulically by
effected hydraulically
effected pistons or
by pistons mechanically by
or mechanically ca-
by ca-
winches. The
and winches.
bles and
bles device of
rotating device
The rotating antenna can
of antenna can be be
hydraulically or
operated hydraulically
operated electrically. The
or electrically. retracted an-
The retracted an—
tenna is
tenna within the
housed within
is housed the free-flooding superstructure.
free—flooding superstructure.
antenna of
The antenna
The radar is
attack radar
the attack
of the arranged at
is arranged search
the search
at the
below the
periscope below
periscope head so
the head so that rotation and
that rotation hoisting of
and hoisting of
antenna is
the antenna
the done by
is done by the periscope. The
the periscope. distance of
The distance an
of an
detected may
already detected
enemy already
enemy directly be
may directly measured by
be measured the
by the
radar, and
attack radar,
attack measured may
data measured
the data
and the may bebe fed the
into the
fed into
system. The
control system.
weapon control
weapon The radar operating devices
radar operating are
devices are
mounted in
mounted C. I.
the C.
in the Since the
C. Since
l. C. radar is
the radar is an source
active source
an active
radiation, there
of radiation,
of there is danger that
is danger submarine will
the submarine
that the be—
will be-
tray its
tray position to
its position enemy before
the enemy
to the before it can receive
it can in-
the in-
receive the
formation it
formation it needs. Similar tasks
needs. Similar also be
may also
tasks may performed
be performed
by a
by a laser fitted to
device fitted
laser device to the periscope.
the periscope.

systems
Active sonar systems
Underwater detection
Underwater detection equipment
equipment can can be be used used to to
acoustically detect
acoustically detect ships ships as as well
well as as submerged
submerged and and
surfaced submarines.
surfaced submarines. Active Active sonar
sonar operates
operates on on aa prin-
prin-
ciple similar
ciple similar to to that
that of of radar;
radar; its its ranges
ranges areare shorter
shorter and and
greatly dependent
greatly dependent on on thethe "acoustical
“acoustical weather"
weather” of of the
the
water. This
water. This weather
weather is is affected
affected considerably
considerably by by salinity,
salinity,
water temperature,
water temperature, depth, depth, water
water layers,
layers, waves,
waves, and and
many other
many other factors.
factors. SonarSonar range
range is is shorter
shorter inin thethe Baltic
Baltic
than in
than in the
the Atlantic,
Atlantic, shorter
shorter in in the
the daytime
daytime than
than in in night,
night,
and shorter
and shorter in in the
the summer
summer than than in in the
the winter.
winter.
A rotating
A rotating sonarsonar transducer
transducer array array is is located
located outside
outside the the
hull to
hull to emit
emit sound
sound and and toto receive
receive returning
returning echoes
echoes over over aa
maximum sweep
maximum sweep angle
angle (Fig.
(Fig. 47).
47). Preferred
Preferred locations
locations are are
the upper
the upper deck,
deck, the the bow
bow areaarea inin way
way ofof keel,
keel, oror thethe for-
for—
ward end
ward end ofof bridge
bridge fin, fin, because
because the the sonar
sonar should
should be be as
as
far removed
far removed as as possible
possible from from noise
noise sources
sources ofof the
the boat
boat it-
it-
self (primarily
self (primarily the the propellers
propellers and and secondarily
secondarily the the propul-
propul—
sion plant).
sion plant). TheThe frequencies
frequencies used used areare between
between 1 1 Khz and
100 Khz,
100 Khz, achieving
achieving the the greatest
greatest target
target ranges
ranges atat thethe lower
lower
frequencies (however,
frequencies (however, with with reduced
reduced bearing
bearing accuracy).
accuracy).

Hoisting mast
Hoisting mast 6 Wave-guide
Wave-guide
OLOCDKJO')
WAGON—1

Guide trunk
Guide 7 Guide bushing
Guide
Transmitter/Receiver
TransrnitterIReceiver 8 Gasket group
Gasket group
Hoisting cylinder 9 Mechanical locking
Mechanical
device
Antenna rotating device 1
10 cable
Trailing cable

Fig. 46 -— Radar antenna condition)

(hoisted condition)
antenna (hoisted Fig. 47 -
Fig. 47 — Transducer
Transducer array
array of a sonar
sonar system
system

5588
 array must
The array
The must be pressure—resistant and
be pressure-resistant and can have an
can have an
area 1
area by 1
1 by 1m.
m. The rotational drive
The rotational drive is inside the
from inside
is from the
pressure hull
pressure hull or from a
or from pressure-resistant casing.
special pressure-resistant
a spedal casing.
The array must
The array must be surrounded by
be surrounded by a dome to
a dome eliminate the
to eliminate the
interference caused
interference caused by flow water
by flow noise. The
water noise. The hy- hy—
drodynamic configuration of
drodynamic configuration dome is
this dome
of this selected with
is selected with
special (Fig. 48).
care (Fig.
special care Its supporting
48). Its structure may
supporting structure may con-con-
sist of
sist round steel
of round bars i
steel bars in
n diagonal patterns that
diagonal patterns will not
that will not
shadows. The
generate shadows.
generate placed on
fairing placed
The fairing top of
on top of this frame-
this frame-
work is
work made of
is made stainless sheet
thin stainless
of thin permeable to
steel permeable
sheet steel to
Fairing may
waves. Fairing
sound waves.
sound may also consist of
also consist special non-
of special non—
material. The
plastic material.
porous plastic
porous The sonar operating device
sonar operating device is is
mounted in
mounted the C.
in the l. 6.
C. I. Results of
C. Results of sound measurement
sound measurement
can be
can displayed on
be displayed on a cathode-ray tube
a cathode-ray (direction and
tube (direction and
distance). The
distance). north-related bearing
The north-related bearing angleangle can can be trans-
be trans-
mitted to
mitted the weapon
to the system.
control system.
weapon control
radiation can
Sound radiation
Sound betray a
can betray submarine before
a submarine before it is able
it is able
acquire the
to awuire
to information it
the information Therefore, active
needs. Therefore,
it needs. active Fig. 48 - Supporting structure for a sonar dome
employed for
sonar is employed
sonar-is intervals only.
short intervals
for short only. Its primary
Its primary
use is
use is the
the acquisition
acquisition of of fire-control
fire-control data data justjust before
before a a
torpedo is
torpedo is fired.
fired.
case of
In case
In submersibles, the
commercial submersibles,
of commercial sonar is
active sonar
the active of
is of
importance for
great importance
great for a variety of
a variety tasks to
of tasks to be performed
be performed
near the
near the seabed,
seabed, because
because the the optical
optical range
range under
under water
water is is
comparatively small
comparatively small eveneven withwith most favourable illu-
most favourable illu-
mination by
mination by rlteans
means of of searchlights.
searchlights. The The "side“side scan"
scan”
sonar provides
sonar provides panoramic
panoramic presentation
presentation of of the
the bottom
bottom
ahead and
surface ahead
surface sideways. Ahead
and sideways. directed sonar
Ahead directed sonar de- de-
are used,
vices are
vices addition, by
used, in addition, objects may
near-by objects
which near-by
by which may
detected; and,
be detected;
be there are
finally, €here
and, finally, devices which
sonar devices
are sonar which
T T T
able to
are able
are into the
pierce into
to pierce seabed, so
the seabed, so that knowledge of
that knowledge of
! I I
the nature
the nature af of the
the ground
ground may may be be gained.
gained.

RECESS FOR
RECESS FOR TRANSDUCER
TRANSDUCER SOUND WINDOW
SOUND WINDOW
Passive sonar
Passive sonar

The underwater
The underwater listening
listening equipment
equipment is
is the
the most
most impor-
impor-
tant detection
detection system
system in in any
any submarine.
submarine. ItsIts range
range de-
de- BALLAST TANK
BALLASTTANK
tant
on the
pends on
pends strength of
the strength of the source to
noise source
the noise detected
be detected
to be
as in
and, as
and, case of
the case
in the sonar, on
active sonar,
of active “acoustical
the "acoustical
on the
weather”.
weather".
Cluster—type listening
Cluster-type combine many
devices combine
listening devices hydro-
many hydro-
phones in one
phones in a lean
with a
Submarines with
array. Submarines
one array. lean bow be
may be
bow may 49 -
Fig. 49
Fig. Balcony configuration
— Balcony receivers
of receivers
configuration of

7 I>
LOU DSPEAKER
LOUDSPEAKER

A
DISPLAY UNIT
DISPLAY UNIT
U
COMPENSATOR
COMPENSATOR / \
PRE-AMPLIFIER
PRE-AMPUFIER XII ARRAY
HORSESHOE ARRAY
HORSESHOE \
PAIRED ACOUSTIC
ACOUSTIC WINDOW
WINDOW
50 -
FAIRED
Fig.
Fig.50 — Horseshoe
Horseshoe array
array

59
 provided with
provided with hydrophone
hydrophone arrays arrays arranged
arranged on on a a balcony
balcony is towed
is towed by
by aa long
long cable
cable keeping
keeping it
it off
off the
the area
area of
of ship's
ship’s
(see Fig.
(see 49).
Fig. 49). own noise
own noise sources.
sources. AA separate
separate winch
winch inin the
the bow
bow is
is re-
re—
A full-shaped
A full—shaped bow bow may may be be equipped
equipped with with aa horseshoe
horseshoe ar- ar- quired coiling up
for coiling
quired for towing cable
the towing
up the hauling in
thus hauling
and thus
cable and in
ray offering
ray offering more more favourable
favourable omnidirectional
omnidirectional character-
character— the whole
the whole antenna.
antenna. Winch
Winch drive
drive is
is arranged
arranged within
within the
the
istics Fig. 50).
(see Fig.
istics (see 50). submarine.
submarine.
If hydrophones are
If hydrophones arranged in
are arranged in a circular array,
a circular omni-
array, omni-
directional characteristics
directional characteristics are most favourable; favourable; however,
WINDOW
ACOUSTIC WINDOW
FAIRED ACOUSTIC
aa dome
dome should
should be be fitted,
fitted, e. e. g.
g. on
on thethe bow
bow (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 51
51 and
and FAIRED

52).
52).
Particularly for
Particularly for smaller
smaller submarines,
submarines, the the influence
influence of of this
this
dome on
dome on the
the depth
depth control
control properties
properties and and on
on the
the overall
overall
resistance of
resistance of the the submarine
submarine is is a a disadvantage.
disadvantage. An An ad-ad—
vantage is
vantage is that
that the the hydrophones
hydrophones are are situated
situated above
above the the
water during
water during surface
surface cruisecruise so so that
that maintenance
maintenance condi-condi-
tions are
tions are favourable.
favourable. In In case
case of of double-hull
double-hull submarines,
submarines,
the hydrophones
the hydrophones may may be be subdivided
subdivided into into lateral
lateral and
and bow
bow
arrays (see
arrays (see Fig.
Fig. 53). 53).
51 -
Fig. 51
Fig. — Circular array
Circular array
A sensitivity on
high sensitivity
A high on the beam is
the beam achieved by
is achieved lateral
the lateral
by the
However, the
arrays. However,
arrays. deviation from
the deviation from even omnidirec—
even omnidirec-
characteristics desired
tional characteristics
tional desired is considerable. The
is considerable. sen-
The sen-
sitivity and
sitivity and accuracy
accuracy of of the
the information
information obtained
obtained on on
bearing depends,
target bearing
target depends, among among other factors, on
other factors, the
on the
number and
number sensitivity of
and sensitivity the individual
of the hydrophones
individual hydrophones
and on
and on the dimensions of
the dimensions of the array. The
the array. The ceramic hydro—
ceramic hydro-
phones are
phones are installed
installed a a short
short distance
distance behind behind a a thin
thin steel
steel
which is
plate which
plate with the
flush with
is flush plating. This
shell plating.
the shell eliminates
This eliminates
hydraulic noise
local hydraulic
local noise in in a manner similar
a manner similar to to that used
that used
with the
with the active
active sonar sonar dome.
dome. Systems
Systems have have been
been built
built that
that
include 100
include 100 hydrophones
hydrophones and and even
even more.
more. TheThe operating
operating
device is
device installed in
is installed in thethe C. C.I.C.
I. C. Signals received are
Signals received are
evaluated on
often evaluated
often on a cathode-ray tube
a cathode-ray display. The
tube display. The re-re—
may be
sults may
sults be fed into the
fed into weapon control
the weapon system. When
control system. When
underway, the
underway, submarine listens
the submarine continuously. The
listens continuously. pas-
The pas-
sonar is
sive sonar
sive detection device
specific detection
the specific
is the device of of a submarine.
a submarine.

In addition
In addition to
to the
the hydrophone
hydrophone arrays,
arrays, the
the active
active sonar
sonar
array may
array may also
also be
be used
used for
for passive
passive listening.
listening.

The listening
The listening range
range on
on the
the high
high seas
seas can
can be
be very
very great.
great.
Ship concentrations
Ship concentrations have
have been
been located
located at
at ranges
ranges ofof
50 nm. Unlike
Unlike active
active sonar, listening
listening with the hydro- Fig. 52 -
Fig. 52 — Circular
Circular array
array (photograph)
(photograph)
50nm. hydro—
phone system
phone system does
does not
not permit
permit easy
easy direct
direct distance
distance
measurement.
measurement.
In order
In order toto obtain
obtain target
target distance,
distance, asas well
well as
as bearing,
bearing, byby
means, a
passive means,
purely passive
purely method was
a method developed using
was developed the
using the
fire control
fire control computer,
computer, by by which
which distance
distance can
can bebe cal-
cal—
from a series
culated from
culated measured under certain
series of bearings, measured
and enemy
own and
own conditions.
operational conditions.
enemy operational
Noise sources
Noise sources of of low
low frequency
frequency have have considerably
considerably
greater ranges
greater ranges than
than noises
noises of
of higher
higher frequencies.
frequencies. For
For the
the
acquisition of
acquisition low-frequency noises,
of low-frequency hydrophones with
noises, hydrophones with aa
long array
long array are
are necessary.
necessary. The
The lateral
lateral arrays
arrays for
for low-fre-
low—fre—
detection recently
quency detection
quency installed are
recently installed over a
extending over
are extending a
considerable part
considerable part of of ship's
ship’s length.
length. Even
Even more
more effective
effective LATERAL ARRAY
LATERAL BOW ARRAY
BOW ARRAY
towed acoustical
are towed
are antenna arrays
acoustical antenna offering a
arrays offering length of
a length of
array greater than
array greater the length
than the of ship.
length of The antenna
ship. The itself
antenna itself Fig. 53 -
Fig. 53 — Lateral
Lateral array
array

60
 fi VENT LINE
VENT LINE

CATCH RING LOCK

OF THE BREECH DOOR

\
\
DRAIN EJECTOR PLUNGER
DRAIN EJECTOR PLUNGER
I
I
I
PRESSURE HULL
/

BREECH DOOR
BREECHDOOR -.

"\

MUZZLE DOOR
MUZZLE DOOR DRIVE BETWEENBREECH
INTERLOCK BETWEEN
DOOR AND MUZZLE DOOR
BREECH

Fig.
Fig.5454— Ejection
- Ejectiongun
gunfor
for“Bold”
"Bold"

61
2. Warning
2. Warning systems
systems tion. Nevertheless, enemy
tion. Nevertheless, and passive
active and
enemy active com-
sonar com-
passive sonar
concealment of
plicate concealment
plicate submarine.
the submarine.
of the
The objective
The objective of
of these
these systems
systems is
is to
to detect
detect the
the operation
operation A low silhouette
A low with the
silhouette with possible directly
smallest possible
the smallest re-
directly re-
of enemy
of enemy detection
detection systems
systems early
early enough
enough for
for the
the sub-
sub— flecting areas is
flecting areas an essential
is an of protecting the
means of-protecting
essential means boat
the boat
marine to
marine to take
take countermeasures.
countermeasures. against sonar
against detection. Higher
sonar detection. sonar reflection
Higher sonar caused
is caused
reflection is
greater length
by greater
by rather than
length rather greater diameter.
than greater There-
diameter. There-
short and
fore, short
fore, submarines are
thick submarines
and thick are more favourable
more favourable
Radar system
warning system
Radar warning than thin and
than thin ones. In
long ones.
and long general, small
In general, submarines
small submarines
A submarine
submarine can can be
be detected
detected byby enemy
enemy radarradar while
while cruis-
cruis— have advantage. A
the advantage.
have the low noise
A low will protect
level will
noise level against
protect against
A
ing on
on the
the surface
surface oror even
even when
when running
running on on snorkel.
snorkel. their detected by
being detected
their being by acoustic means.
acoustic mearis.
ing
Warning radar
radar isis provided
provided to to detect
detect oncoming
oncoming radar
radar Diving to
Diving to greatest depths can
greatest depths provide protection
can provide against
protection against
Warning
radiation asas early
early as
as possible.
possible. The
The pressure-resistant
pressure-resistant an- an- detection by
detection active and
by active passive sonar,
and passive and so
sonar, and deep-diving
so deep-diving
radiation
tenna of
tenna this device
of this is installed
device is on an
installed on extensible mast
an extensible mast oror submarines have
submarines have an advantage.
an advantage.
on top
top of
of the
the snorkel
snorkel mast
mast soso that
that it
it can
can be
be extended
extended rubber or
special rubber
A special
A plastic coating
or plastic applied to
be applied
can be
coating can the
to the
on
above water
water line
line when
when thethe submarine
submarine is is running
running atat peri-
peri- shell plating to
shell plating to prevent the reflection
prevent the of sonar
reflection of waves.
sonar waves.
above
scope depth.
scope depth. The
The associated
associated operating
operating device
device is
is usually
usually During World
World WarWar 11,11, Germany
Germany developed
developed a a sheet
sheet
During
installed in
installed in the
the C.
C. I.
I. C.
C. rubber foil
foil ("Alberich")
(“Alberich”) that that was
was perforated
perforated at at prede-
prede—
rubber
termined intervals.
termined intervals. The
The idea
idea was
was toto paste
paste this
this foil
foil onto
onto
Sonar intercept
Sonar system
intercept system the whole
the whole submarine
submarine to to absorb
absorb incident
incident sonar
sonar waves.
waves.
Its effectiveness varied
Its effectiveness temperature and
with temperature
varied with diving
and diving
When a
When submarine is
a submarine is running submerged, its
running submerged, intercept
its intercept depth. Because
depth. Because ofof the
the technological
technological difficulties
difficulties asso-
asso-
sonar is to
device is
sonar device detect oncoming
to detect waves in
sonar waves
enemy sonar
oncoming enemy in ciated with the
ciated with development of
the development a suitable
of a adhesive at
suitable adhesive at
good time. Intercept
good time. operates on
sonar operates
Intercept sonar on aa principle sim—
principle sim- that time,
that only a
time, only a f6w submarines were
few submarines equipped with
were equipped with
ilar to that
ilar to of hydrophone
that of equipment. The
hydrophone equipment. receivers are
The receivers are the "Alberich"
the system.
“Alberich” system.
placed to
placed pick up
to pick sonar pulses
up sonar from any
arriving from
pulses arriving direc—
any direc-
A submerged
A submerged submarine
submarine was was able
able to
to take
take evasive
evasive action
action
tion.
tion.
by ejecting
by ejecting decoys
decoys into into the
the water
water (German
(German code code word
word
preferred place,
A preferred
A therefore, is
place, therefore, is the of bridge
t0p of
the top fin.
bridge fin.
“Bold”) which
"Bold") which remained
remained hovering
hovering and and generated
generated gas gas
Modern hydrophone
Modern equipment includes
hydrOphone equipment intercept
sonar intercept
includes sonar
can
device can bubbles to
bubbles deceive the
to deceive the enemy. sonar reflections
Their sonar
enemy. Their sim-
reflections sim-
capabilities so
capabilities that a
so that separate sonar
a separate intercept device
sonar intercept
ulated a
ulated a target
target for
for the
the enemy.
enemy. AsAs the
the bubbles
bubbles inin the
the water
water
be deleted.
be deleted.
were stationary,
were stationary, theythey did
did not
not show
show anyany doppler
doppler effect
effect in
in
enemy sonar, which, of course, occurs occurs with a moving
3. Deception
3. methods
Deception methods submarine, and
submarine, could be
they could
and they identified as
be identified camouflage
as camouflage
means due
means due toto this
this difference.
difference. The
The gasgas bubbles
bubbles also
also inter-
inter—
These are
These are defined
defined as as any
any measure
measure taken
taken by,
by, oror equipment
equipment fered with
fered with enemy
enemy listening
listening gear.
gear. "Bold"
“Bold” was was ejected
ejected
installed in,
installed in, the
the submarine
submarine that
that will
will make
make it it difficult
difficult for
for from an
from an abt.
abt. 100rnm-diameter
100 mm-diameter gun gun which
which hadhad a a muzzle
muzzle
the enemy to
the enemy detect the
to detect submarine and
the submarine and to employ his
to employ his door and
door and a a breech
breech doordoor similar
similar toto those
those on
on a a torpedo
torpedo
weapons with
weapons with precision.
precision. tube (see
tube (see Fig.
Fig. 54).
54). "Bold"
“Bold” could
could bebe ejected
ejected mechanically
mechanically
There was
There was a a time
time when
when a a submerged
submerged submarine
submarine was was or by
or by using
using either
either compressed
compressed air air or
or pressurized
pressurized water.
water. In In
considered to
considered to be
be completely
completely concealed
concealed from from the the enemy
enemy addition, signal
addition, signal devices
devices could
could be
be ejected
ejected from
from thethe gun
gun toto
unless the
unless betrayed its
periscope betrayed
the periscope location. Later,
its location. aircraft
Later, aircraft rise to
rise to the
the surface.
surface.
placed a
placed limit on
a limit submerged submarine
on submerged concealment.
submarine concealment. The wake
wake of
of submerged
submerged submarines
submarines that
that continuously
continuously
The
Aircraft can
Aircraft can detect
detect submerged
submerged submarines
submarines at at con-
con— discharged C02 (e.g.
discharged CO, submarines with
(e.g. submarines Walter
the Walter
with the
siderable depth in
siderable depth in clear water, when
clear water, conditions
lighting conditions
when lighting propulsion system)
propulsion system) provided
provided excellent
excellent concealment
concealment
are favourable, and
are favourable, when the
and when angle is
sighting angle
the sighting steep.
is steep. and deception.
and deception.
Concealment against
Concealment against this
this type
type of of detection
detection is is ac-
ac-
complished by
complished painting the
by painting topside of
the topside the boat
of the grey
dark grey
boat dark The trail
The trail in
in the
the wake
wake of of a
a submerged
submerged submarine
submarine had an
to black.
to black. effect similar
effect similar toto that
that generated
generated by "Bold".
“Bold”.
Today, submarines can
submerged submarines
Today, submerged can be hunted and
be hunted and de-de~ Moreover, there
Moreover, there are
are ejectable,
ejectable, self-propelled
self—propelled camouflage
camouflage
tected by
tected detecting equipment
the detecting
by the employed by
equipment employed by ships and
ships and objects transmitting
objects transmitting own noises and thus imitating a
aircraft. In
aircraft. submerged detecting
general, submerged
In general, equipment does
detecting equipment does moving submarine.
moving submarine. They may primarily be used to mis- mis—
not have
not have the
the range
range attainable
attainable byby the
the optical equipment -
optical equipment — lead approaching
lead approaching torpedoes
torpedoes searching
searching by acoustic
acoustic
or even by
or even by the equipment -
radar equipment
the radar used for
— used detec-
surface detec-
for surface means.
means.

62
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER X

Propulsion plants
Propulsion plants
1. Propulsion plants
1. Propulsion use lead
that use
plants that. lead board engine isis shut
diesel engine
board diesel down. The
shut down. port propeller
The port propeller
revolutions are higher than those at
revolutions are higher than those at starboard. starboard.
batteries, drive motors,
electric drive
batteries, electric motors, 3. Surfacecruising
3. Surface batteries are
while batteries
cruisingwhile charged from
are charged from both
both
diesel engines
and diesel
and engines electric motors. For
electric motors. configuration as
same configuration
the same
For the as de—
de-
scribed under
scribed above, both
Item 1,1, above,
under Item both electric motors are
electric motors are
submarinesin
Many submarines
Many servicetoday
in service fitted with
are fitted
today are what isis
with what excited as
excited generators (this
as generators possible at
not possible
(this isis not full rpm
at full rpm
considered to
considered be the
to be type of
conventional type
the conventional of propulsion
propulsion because the
because diesel engines
the diesel must use
engines must excess power
their excess
use their power
plant, namely, lead
plant, namely, acid storage
lead acid electric drive
batteries, electric
storage batteries, drive to the generators).
drive the
to drive generators).
motors, and
motors, diesel engines
and diesel use snorkels.
that use
engines that The bat-
snorkels. The bat- 4. Surfaced
4. cruising on
Surfaced cruising on one diesel engine
one diesel (port, for
engine (port, for ex-
ex-
supply the
teries supply
teries the electric—drive motors when
electric-drive motors when thethe sub-
sub- ample) coupled to the propeller, and charging with the
ample) coupled to the propeller, and charging with the
marine isis cruising
marine submerged. When
cruising submerged. snorkeling, (a
When itit isis snorkeling, (a other diesel
other engine. The
diesel engine. port shaft
The port engaged as
shaft isis engaged as de—
de-
condition With
condition with limited readiness at
diving readiness
limited diving at periscope
periscope scribedunder
scribed Item 1.1. The
under Item starboard main
The starboard clutch isis dis—
main clutch dis-
depth), the
depth), diesel engines
the diesel generators,charge
via generators,
enginesvia charge batteries
batteries engaged, and
engaged, the starboard
and the clutch isis engaged.
diesel clutch
starboard diesel engaged.
the boat
while the
while driven by
boat isis driven its electric
by its motors. Diesel-
electric motors. Diesel- The starboard
The drives the
diesel drives
starboard diesel starboard electric
the starboard electric
propulsion isis used
electric propulsion
electric on the
used on surface while
the surface the bat—
while the bat- operating as
motor Operating
motor generator to
as aa generator charge the
to charge the battery.
battery.
used as
are used
teries are
teries as buffer batteries or
buffer batteries or the batteries are
the batteries are 5. Surface
5. charging when
Surfacecharging when in Connections for
port. Connections
in port. for both
both
charged by
charged by the dieselswhile
the diesels proceeds at
boat proceeds
the boat
while the at reduced
reduced are as
sides are
sides described under
as described under Item the starboard
for the
Item 44 for starboard
speed.
speed. side. Both
side. diesels are
Both diesels running, and
are running, and bothboth electric
electric
submersibles whose
The submersibles
The whose surface performance was
surface performance was motors operate as generators to charge the batteries.
motors operate as generators to charge the batteries.
greater than
greater their submerged
than their performance were
submerged performance were 6. The standard
6. The connection for
standard connection cruising isis that
snorkel cruising
for snorkel that
equipped with
equipped propulsion systems
with propulsion which used
systems which used thethe ele—
ele- described under
described Item 44 which
under Item provides for
which provides for maximum
maximum
above but
indicated above
ments indicated
ments but had diesel engines
had diesel that could
engines that could battery charging
battery capacity. Items
charging capacity. Items 11 or also be
can also
or 22 can be
be coupled
be directly to
coupled directly the propellers
to the (Fig. 55).
propellers (Fig. This was
55). This was used snorkel cruising.
for snorkel
used for cruising.
surface and
for surface
done for
done sometimes even
and sometimes even for snorkel cruis-
for snorkel cruis- 7. Submerged
7. cruising on
Submerged cruising on electric—drive motors. Both
electric-drive motors. Both
Each shaft
ing. Each
ing. consisted of
system consisted
shaft system of aa diesel engine, aa
diesel engine, clutches are
main clutches
main are engaged, diesel engine
engaged, diesel clutches are
engine clutches are
diesel engine
diesel (disengaged when
clutch (disengaged
edgine clutch submerged), aa
when submerged), disengaged, the
disengaged, the battery—fed electric motors
battery-fed electric operate as
motors operate as
electricdrive
main electric
main motor that
drive motor alternatesas
that alternates generator, aa
as aa generator, motors on
drive motors
drive on the propellers, and
the prOpellers, and the diesel engines
the diesel engines
mainclutch (disengaged only
main, clutch (disengaged only when batteries are
when batteries are re—
re- shut down.
are shut
are down.
charged), thrust bearing,
chiuged), aa thrust and aa propeller.
bearing, and There were
propeller. There were
two partial
two batteries (this
partial batteries was the
(this was standard arrangement
the standard arrangement 56 shows
Fig. 56
Fig. the propulsion
shows the plant for
propulsion plant single-shaftsub—
for aa single-shaft sub-
at the
at outbreak of
the outbreak World War
of World War II).
11). marine in
marine which the
in which diesel engine
the diesel coupled to
be coupled
can be
engine can to the
the
propeller. A
propeller. A main electric motor
main electric with reduction
motor with gear isis
reduction gear
Several
Severalcruising
cruising methods
methods were
were available:
available: used for
used propulsion. A
full-power propulsion.
submerged full-power
for submerged A special
special
1. Surfaced
1. running on
full-power running
Surfaced full-power on both shafts. All
both shafts. All motor with
motor cone belt
with cone reduction isis used
belt reduction for low—noise,
used for low-noise,
clutches engaged, both
are engaged,
clutches are both diesel are operat-
engines are
diesel engines operat- low-speed submerged cruising.
low-speed submerged The low—noise
cruising. The motor isis
low-noise motor
ing, and
ing, the electric
and the motors are
drive motors
electric drive running without
are running without used for
also used
also propulsion during
for propulsion snorkel cruising
during snorkel when itit
cruising when
load.
load. is to charge
desired to
is desired batteries at
the batteries
charge the power and
maximum power
at maximum and
2. Surfaced
2. at slow
cruising at
Surfaced cruising speed on
slow speed on one diesel engine
one diesel engine rpm by
rpm the diesel
using the
by using and the
engine and
diesel engine main electrical
the main electrical
(port, for
(port, example). The
for example). clutches are
port clutches
The port are engaged,
engaged, which isis excited
motor which
motor as aa generator.
excited as There are
generator. There also two
are also two
and the
and port diesel
the port The port
running. The
diesel isis running. electric motor
port electric motor partial storage
partial batteries. (This
storage batteries. arrangement was
(This arrangement used for
was used for
Operates as aa generator,
operates as feeding the
generator, feeding starboard electric
the starboard electric the German Type
small German
the small 23, 1944.)
Type 23, 1944.)
motor while the
motor while connected as
battery isis connected
the battery as aa buffer
buffer The
The twin—shaft
twin-shaft system
system shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. 57
57 isis aa similar
similar config—
config-
battery. starboard main
The starboard
battery. The main clutch engaged, the
clutch isis engaged, the uration
uration except
except that
that the
the diesel
diesel engines
engines and
and electric
electric motors
motors
starboard diesel clutch
starboard diesel disengaged, and
clutch isis disengaged, the star-
and the star- have
have separate
separate reduction
reduction gears
gears because
because of of their
their different
different

63
 NT
r
[3 74

1, 2 Starboard
2 Starboard and
and Port
Port Diesel
Diesel Engines
Engines 9, 10
9, 10 Starboard
Starboard and
and Port
Port Thrust
Thrust Bearings
Bearings

.0193.“
3, 4 Starboard
4 Starboard and
and Port
Port Diesel
Diesel Clutches
Clutches 11, 12
11, 12 Starboard
Starboard and
and Port
Port Propellers
Propellers
5, 6 Starboard
6 Starboard and
and Port
Port Twin
Twin Motor
Motor Generators
Generators 13, 14
13, 14 Partial
Partial Batteries
Batteries
7,
7, 8 Starboard
8 Starboard and
and Port
Port Main
Main Clutches
Clutches
Fig. 55
Fig. 55 -
— A
A twin-shaft
twin—shaft installation
installation with
with direct
direct diesel
diesel propulsion
propulsion

Diesel Engine
Diesel Engine
CDVOUW‘P-OJM-L

Diesel Clutch
Diesel Clutch 6
Motor-Generator
Motor-Generator
Geared Transmission
Geared Transmission
Motor
Drive Motor
Low-Noise Drive
Low-Noise /
Cone Belt
Cone Belt Transmission
Transmission 622%
Main Clutch
Main Clutch 70 \
Low-Noise Clutch
Low-Noise Clutch
Bearing
Thrust Bearing
Thrust \
(.0

Partial Batteries
11,12 Partial Batteries \
Fig. 56
Fig. 56 - A -
A single-shaft
single-shaft system
system with
with direct
direct diesel
diesel drive
drive and
and separate
separate low-noise
low-noise electric
electric drive

l
22 24 26

25
1
fl
4‘
1, 2 Starboard and
Starboard and Port
Port Diesel
Diesel Engines
Engines 13,
13, 14
14 Starboard and Port
Starboard and Gear
Belt Gear
Cone Belt
Port Cone
(DAN

Starboard and
Starboard and Port
Port Diesel
Diesel Clutches
Clutches 15, 16 and Port
Starboard and Clutches
Low—Noise Clutches
Port Low-Noise
”9l

3, 4 15, 16 Starboard
5, 6 Starboard and
Starboard and Port
Port Transmissions
Transmissions 17,
17, 18
18 Starboard and
Starboard Port Thrust
and Port Bearings
Thrust Bearings

l<
7,,88 Starboard and
Starboard and Port
Port Main
Main Clutches
Clutches 19
19, 2O
20 Starboard and Port
Starboard and Propellers
Port Propellers
9,10
9, 10 Starboard and
Starboard and Port
Port Dual
Dual Motors
Motors and
and Generators
Generators 23,
21, 23,
21, 25
25 Half Battery
Half consisting of
1, consisting
Battery 1, batteries
partial batteries
three partial
of three
11,12
11, 12 Starboard and
Starboard and Port
Port Low-Noise
Low—Noise Drive
Drive Motors
Motors 22, 24,
22, 24, 26
26 Half Battery
Half 2, consisting
Battery 2, batteries
partial batteries
three partial
of three
consisting of

Fig. 57 -
Fig. 57 — A
A twin-shaft
twin-shaft system
system with
with direct
direct diesel
diesel drive,
drive, main
main electric
electric drives with
with separate reduction
reduction gears,
and separate
and separate low-noise
low-noise propulsion
propulsion system
system

/ t
4W

\i
N)
L_JL_J

r'fir'fi

coax

Q
N
(I)

LO

I
l—
\ 4)A
1, 2
1, 2 Starboard
Starboard and
and Port
Port Diesel
Diesel Engines
Engines 7 Propeller
7 Propeller
Fig. 58 -
Fig. 58 — A
A single-shaft
single-shaft system
system with direct
direct electric
electric drive
drive 3,, 4
3 and Port
Starboard and
4 Starboard Generators
Port Generators 8-10 Partial
8-10 Batteries
Partial Batteries
and separate
and separate diesel
diesel generators
generators 5 Dual Drive Motor
Dual Drive

64
64
 maximum rpm.
maximum rpm. Additional
Additional clutches
clutches areare therefore
therefore re- re— Acid Indicator
Level Indicator
Acid Level
quired.
quired. Plug
Operating Plug
Operating
The two
The two P. P. and
and S. batteries are
S. batteries are each
each separated
separated into into three
three Terminal Post
partial batteries
partial batteries (this
(this arrangement
arrangement was was used
used inin the
the large
large Cooling Connections
Water Connections
Cooling Water
German Type Type 21,
21, 1944).
1944). Slotted
Slotted Disc
Disc
German
Paraffin Coated
Paraffin Surface
Coated Surface
The arrangement
The arrangement of of separate
separate propulsion
propulsion motorsmotors and and
R. P.
G. R.
G. Container
Cell Container
P. Cell
generators
generators shownshown in in Fig.
Fig. 58 is well-suited
58 is well—suited for for sub-
sub- Cover
Rubber Cover
Rubber
marines.
marines. The The generators
generators areare coupled
coupled to to the
the diesel
diesel engines
engines Rubber Bag
Rubber Bag
and
and cannot
cannot be be switched
switched off.
off. Cruising
Cruising is is always
always by by diesel
diesel Connecting Strap
Connecting Strap
electric drive as
electric drive long as
as long the diesels
as the running. This
are running.
diesels are This Acid Circulating Equipment
Circulating Equipment
system
system is is very
very flexible
flexible in that the
in that the subdivision
subdivision of the diesel
of the diesel G. R.
G. P. Cell
R. P. Container
Cell Container
engine
engine power
power into
into loading
loading and propulsion power
and propulsion power allows
allows Grid out o Lead/Copper
off LeadlCopper
wide Composition
wide variation.
variation. Twin-shaft
Twin-shaft systems
systems can
can bebe designed
designed simi-
simi- Composition
larly. In addition, Separator
Separator
larly. In addition, the the drive
drive motors
motors cancan bebe subdivided
subdivided Tubular
Tubular Plate
Plate
into main drives and low-noise
into main drives and low-noise motors. motors.
Shock
Shock Absorbing
Absorbing Rubber
Rubber
Vessels
Vessels having submerged speed
high submerged
having aa high need an
speed need extensive
an extensive Ribs
Ribs
speed range for
variation range
speed variation for their propulsion machinery.
their propulsion machinery. It It
is required, whenever
is required, possible, to
whenever possible, to vary the submerged
vary the submerged
speed knots, i.e.
between 22 knots,
speed between i.e. lowest speed at
lowest speed periscope
at periscope
depth, and
depth, maximum speed
and maximum speed which
which might exceed 20
might exceed 20
knots, without
knots, blocked zones.
without blocked For the
zones. For fulfilment of
the fulfilment these
of these
requirements, twin-machinery system
requirements, aa twin-machinery system in in connection
connection Fig. 59 - Structure of a tubular cell type battery
three or
with three
with or four batteries would
partial batteries
four partial would be be aa favourable
favourable
arrangement.
arrangement. 7 i
I500

MEAN DISCHARGE VOLTAGE PER CELL. VOLTS

..l
l
/
Lead battery
Lead battery [300
//"""AMPERE HOURS

._._,
"’

/-/ CAPACITY

\
1000
used to
is used store the
to store the electric re—
energy re-
lead battery
The lead ./7/ /
The battery is electric energy VOLTAGE Friar

. X /

54
.7»

quired the drive

for the motors and and for the board
for the network
DISCHARGE CURRENT. AMPERES

quired for drive motors board network iooo / //«//J; T 2500

CAPACITY PER AMPERE HOURS

use needed in
when needed
use when submerged condition.
the submerged
in the condition. LeadLead bat-
bat-
HOURS

teries formerly built

were formerly
teries were on the
built on the grid—plate principle, but
grid-plate principle, but L 2WD
\\
E__v7,.

today, mostly are

they mostly
today, they design (see
tubular design
of aa tubular
are of Fig. 59).
(see Fig. 59).
Voltage
Voltage conditions
conditions are are approximately
approximately the the same
same for for all
ENERGY. KILOWATT

all / CURRENT
,/ , ,,
Q
Q

lead
lead cells
cells whereas
U‘

the capacity
\

capacity (stated
(stated in in ampere—hours)
,

whereas'the ampere-hours)
K;

.44
L

and
and the
the electrical
electrical energy
energy (stated
(stated in in kilowatt—hours)
kilowatt-hours) de- \
\\

/’ J

c;
de-
pend
pend on on the
the size
size and,
and, to to aa lesser
lesser extent,
extent, on on the
the internal
-—~——Eov4 _

internal
_/
structure
structure of of the
the cell
cell inin question
question (see (see Fig.
Fig. 60).
60). Lead
Lead cells

r.-4..__
cells
have
have their
their greatest
greatest capacity
capacity when when the the discharge
discharge raterate is
is L~+~-~~v~+—‘—H + . :jim
22 55 F010
I

20 so

Q
'3
I W :00 h
h -
slow.
slow. Their
Their useful
useful capacity
20
capacity will will be DISCHARGE
DISCHARGETIME
TIME —...
100
be greatly
greatly reduced
reduced when
“

when --,
the
the discharge
discharge raterate isis fast,
fast, e.
e. g.,
g., 0.5
0.5 toto 1.5
1.5 hourly
hourly current.
current.
If
If aa discharge
discharge starts
starts with
with high
high current
current intensity,
intensity, then
then aa Fig. 60 —- Capacity
Fig. 60 Capacity characteristics
characteristicsof aa lead-acid
lead-acid cell
cell battery
further
further capacity
capacity isis available
available laterlater for
for lower
lower intensity
intensity dis—
dis-
charge.
charge. TheThe total
total kilowatt
kilowatt hourshours consumed
consumed will will be
be ap-
ap-
proximately
proximately the the same,
same, in in any
any case.case. The
The voltage
voltage available
available
during
during discharge
discharge depends
depends on on thethe amount
amount of of the
the discharge
discharge
current
current andand hence
hence on on discharge
discharge time time (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 63).
63). The
The
acid
acid density
density decreases
decreases during
during the the discharge.
discharge.
For the
For the capacity
capacity at at high-current
high-current discharge
discharge corresponding
corresponding UPPER PLATE L 7 POWER
POWER EXTRACTION
EXTRACTION
to
to aa short-time
short-time discharge,
discharge, the the amount
amount of of internal
internal re-re- STRUCTURE

sistance
sistance in in the
the battery
battery cellcell isis an
an essential
essential factor.
factor. In In order
order
to
to reduce
reduce this
this resistance,
resistance, aa new new development
development has has recently
recently
been
been introduced,
introduced, i.i. e.
e. the
the so-called
so-called “double
"double decker”
decker" LOWER PLATE __,
plate
plate structure
structure in
in the
the cell
cell which
which provides
provides for
for parallel
parallel ex-
ex- STRUCTURE
traction
traction of
of power
power onon top
top ofof the
the cells
cells as
as well
well as
as at
at their
their
midheight
midheight in in aa special
special lead-coated
lead-coated bus-bar
bus-bar made
made of
copper
copper (see
(see Fig.
Fig.61).
61). Similar
Similar results
results are
are obtained
obtained from
from Fig. 61 — “Double
Fig. 61 decker" cell
"Double decker” cell -
65
 into lead
into crystalsthat
lead crystals insoluble. The
almost insoluble.
are almost
that are The latter
latter
are very
are difficultto
very difficult regenerateand
to regenerate and this causes prema-
this causes prema-
ture battery
ture aging. The
battery aging. charging can
complete charging
The complete can bebe ac-
ac-
complishedin
complished ways: (1)
two ways:
in two can be
battery can
the battery
(1)the be charged
charged
at aa constant
at (3 to
rate (3
constant rate percent of
to 55 percent of the 5-hr discharge
the 5—hr discharge
flowafter
currentflow
current the second
after the step)and
chargingstep)
secondcharging untilaa
and until
cellvoltage
cell 2.75 VV has
of 2.75
voltage of obtained or
been obtained
has been the sec—
(2) the
or (2) sec-
ond chargingstep
ond charging can be
stepcan extendedby
be extended by 25 35hr
to 35
25to at 2.4
hr at 2.4
and very
VV and low current.
very low current.
Specialacid
Special circulation systems
acidcirculation used to
are used
systemsare distributethe
to distribute the
COF'PER STRIPS
COPPER STRIPS
density and
acid density
acid temperatureevenly
the temperature
and the the cells.
within the
evenly within cells.
Fig. Copper strip
Fig. 6212— Copper -
strip cell
cell
Individual cells are
Individual cells combined into
are combined batteries of
partial batteries
into partial of
voltage by
higher voltage
higher by connecting their terminals
connecting their with bus
terminals with bus
2,10
\
bars. The
bars. The necessary number of
necessary number of cells determined by
cells isis determined by the
the
—->

2,00 WOURLY DISCHARGE total voltage required.

total voltage required.
VOLTAGE PER

partial batteries
The partial
The may be
batteries may connected in
be connected in series and in
series and
CELL VOLTS

r, 90 in
I, so parallel. highest voltage
Thehighest
parallel. The occurringon
voltage occurring the ship
on the results
shipresults
I. 70
h
5n h in case of
in case connection. A
series connection.
of series figure of
A figure 1,000 VV gener—
of 1,000 gener-
15h} ally not exceeded.
ally isis not

-
760%
I I i
1 Y + exceeded.
1000
x; i m ' z d 2000
oo 3000
rXM 3560 Ah
rn Ah Unless the
Unless dimensions of
the dimensions of the individual cells
the individual are very
cells are very
DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE
AMPERE
AMPERE HOURS
HOURS + large, two
large, to four
two to cells are
four cells combined in
are combined one box
in one in order
box in order
63- Voltage
Fig. 63
Fig. - of aa lead
curves of
Voltage curves battery for
lead battery different dis-
for different dis-
to larger units
obtain larger
to obtain the battery
for the
units for arrangement.These
battery arrangement. These
chargetimes
charge times boxes are
boxes made of
are made of glass-reinforced polyester (hard
glass-reinforced polyester (hard
rubber had
rubber been used
had been earlier) or
used earlier) or pressed wood. Soft
pressed wood. Soft
rubber bags
rubber inserted in
are inserted
bags are boxes to
the boxes
in the the acid
prevent the
to prevent acid
CHARGING CURRENT.

boxes can
CHARGING VOLTAGE

reaching the
from reaching
from the box walls. The
box walls. individual boxes
The individual can
CURRENT j
PER CELL. VOLTS

weigh up
weigh up to metric ton.
1.0 metric
to 1.0 ton.
‘// l\ l
AMPERES _ I,

boxes of
The boxes
The battery are
partial battery
of aa partial wedged in
are wedged in place in the
place in
t: s

l the
VOLTAGE
l battery room by
battery room by long wedges in
wooden wedges
long wooden the athwartship
in the athwartship
J

J and They are

directions. They
longitudinal directions.
and longitudinal attached to
so attached
are so to the
the
N

3 4 5 6h
bulkheads that
bulkheads will safely
they will
that they remain as
safely remain as aa unit even at
unit even
')

CHARGING TIME. HOURS 7-

at
Fig. 64
Fig. Chargingcharacteristics
64 — Charging lead battery
of aa lead
characteristicsof
- battery maximum trim
maximum trim and heel angles
and heel Fig. 65
(see Fig.
angles (see and 66).
65 and 66).
Thebattery
The rooms are
battery rooms sealedoff
are sealed fromthe
off from remaining com—
the remaining com-
partments of
partments submarine; they
the submarine;
of the they are accessible through
are accessible through
another new
another new development providing for
development providing copper strips
for copper strips single room hatches
battery room
single battery or, in
hatches or, cases and
rare cases
in rare on small
and on small
laid into the
laid into grid plates
negative grid
the negative (see Fig.
plates (see The long-
62). The
Fig. 62). long- submarines only,
submarines great many
through aa great
only, through accesses with
many accesses with
time characteristics of
dischargecharacteristics
time discharge these two
of these two novel types of
novel types of covers distributed over
covers distributed the battery
over the room deckhead.
battery room deckhead.
cells do
cells essentially differ
not essentially
do not from each
differ from each other, nor from
other, nor from
those of
those the tubular
of the type either.
cell type
tubular cell either. The are passed
boxes are
The boxes into the
passed into battery rooms
the battery through the
rooms through the
The voltage
The used to
voltage used charge aa cell
to charge cell isis higher than the
higher than the dis-
dis- battery hatches or
room hatches
battery room through the
or through smaller openings
the smaller openings
charge voltage
charge Fig. 64).
(see Fig.
voltage (see Charging takes
64). Charging place in
takes place in two
two mounting. They
during mounting.
during are loaded
They are the interior
into the
loaded into of the
interior of the
steps: (1) the
steps: (1) charged at
battery isis charged
the battery at constant current and
constant current and submarine through pressure-resistant
submarine through battery hatches
pressure-resistant battery hatches
increasing voltage
increasing reading of
until aa reading
voltage until 2.4 VV isis obtained;
of 2.4 obtained; located at
located the upper
at the side of
upper side the pressure
of the hull. These
pressure hull. These
and (2)
and the battery
(2) the charged at
battery isis charged at decreasing current and
decreasing current and hatches are opened only for loading or unloading the
hatches are opened only for loading or unloading the
constant voltage
constant minimum current
until aa minimum
voltage until current has has been
been battery boxes.
battery boxes.
reached. The
reached. recharged are
ampere-hours recharged
The ampere-hours are approximately
approximately A battery service
A battery that can
trolley that
servicetrolley be moved
can be fore and
moved fore aft isis
and aft
equal to
equal the ampere—hours
to the discharged before.
ampere-hours discharged before. TheThe kilo—
kilo- installed, if
installed, if aa sufficient height isis available,
sufficient height above the
available, above the
watt-hour efficency
watt—hour e., the
(i. e.,
efficency (i. ratio of
the ratio dischargeto
of discharge to charge
charge boxes in
boxes the battery
in the room for
battery room maintenance of
for maintenance of battery.
battery.
kilowatt-hours) of
in kilowatt-hours)
in one cell
of one ranges from
cell ranges from 78 percent in
78 percent in Instead of
Instead foreign navies
trolley, foreign
of aa trolley, mount, on
navies mount, on top of the
top of the
case of
the case
the discharge to
rapid discharge
of rapid percent for
86 percent
to 86 slow dis-
for slow dis- boxes, plastic floor plates on which service cars can
boxes, plastic floor plates on which service cars can
charge. The
charge. The acid density increases
acid density during charging.
increases during charging. travel. Servicing isis from
travel. Servicing the compartment
from the located above
compartment located above
the battery
the when the
room when
battery room battery room
the battery deckhead has
room deckhead has
During complete charging
the complete
During the required from
that isis required
charging that from small single covers.
small single covers.
time to time,
time to all the
almost all
time, almost sulfate isis converted
lead sulfate
the lead converted The closed
The rooms are
battery rooms
closed battery ventilated by
are ventilated exhaust blow—
by exhaust blow-
into and lead
lead and
into lead prevents lead
This prevents
oxide. This
lead oxide. lead plate
plate The blower
ers. The
ers. capacity must
blower capacity for dilution
provide for
must provide of the
dilution of the
sulfation, that is,
sulfation, that conversion of
the conversion
is, the of the lead sulfate
the lead sulfate maximum amount
maximum amount of the explosive
of the oxyhydrogen gas
explosive oxyhydrogen gas

66
 TO EXHAUST
* TO I FROM
FROM SUBMARINE
! EXHAUST
VENTILATOR
VENTILATOR DECK
DECK 1 SUBMARINE
COMPARTM ENTS
COMPARTMENTS
BATTERY ROOM HATCH
SERVICE TROLLEY
SERVICE TROLLEY

_.—-—.—

f><1 '><, X x x X /

LONGITUDINALSECTION
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
TRANSVERSE SECTION
lllIlll..
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I TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW

65 — Battery
Fig. 65
Fig. -Battery installation
installation Fig. -Battery arrangement
66 — Battery
Fig.66 arrangement

evolved
evolved fromfrom thethe battery
battery by
by aa factor
factor ofof at
at least
least 20
20 inin H2
H1 with
with 02
OZinto
into H20
H 2 0even
even in
in case
case of
of small
small H3
H2concentra-
concentra-
order
order toto avoid
avoid anyany danger
danger ofof explosion.
explosion. tions.
tions.
the case
In the
In of aa central
case of exhaustair
centralexhaust airsystem, supply air
the supply
system, the air It
It isis operationally
operationally important
important to to know
know thethe capacity
capacity re— re-
entersthrough
enters ductsat
through ducts at one endof
oneend of the room from
battery room
the battery from maining
maining in in aa partly
partly discharged
discharged battery.
battery. This
This residual
residual ca-
ca-
the
the compartment
compartment above above and
and isis drawn
drawn from
from the
the other
other end
end pacity
pacity cancan be
be calculated
calculated determining
determining as as carefully
carefully as
as pos-
pos-
by
by the
the exhaust,
exhaust airair system.
system. sible
sible the
the total
total ampere-hours
ampere-hours consumed
consumed since
since the
the last
last full
full
charge.
charge. These
These ampere-hours
ampere-hours are are then
then deducted
deducted from
from thethe
practice in
Earlier practice
Earlier Germany was
in Germany remove the
to remove
was to the gas
gas capacity
capacitythatthat corresponds
corresponds toto the
the mean
mean discharge
dischargecurrent.
current.
from each box
from each through separate
box through lines (individual
separate lines (individual One
One dependable
dependable wayway toto determine
determine residual
residual capacity
capacity isis to
to
exhaust air
exhaust system). This
airsystem). supposed to
was supposed
This was provide for
to provide for measure
measure the the acid
acid density,
density, the
the temperature,
temperature, and
and the
the no-
no-
better cooling.
better The water
cooling. The caused by
losses caused
water losses this system
by this system load
load voltage
voltage atat selected
selected cells
cells of
of the
the battery.
battery. The
The residual
residual
are greater
are than those
greater than from aa central
those from exhaust air
central exhaust air capacity
capacity cancan then
then be
be read
read from
from graphs.
graphs.
system.
system.
Measurement
Measurement of of current
current consumed
consumed may
may also
also be
be ef—
ef-
The
The “mechanical”
"mechanical" exhaust
exhaust ventilation
ventilation only
only isis in
in Opera-
opera- fected
fected by
by ampere—hour
ampere-hour meters.
meters.
tion
tion in
in case
case of
of charging
charging oror heavy
heavy discharge
discharge of of battery.
battery.
However,
However, ifif the the battery
battery isis slowly
slowly discharged
discharged or or inin no-
no- Some
Some ofof the
the heat
heat loss
loss of
of aa battery
battery isis transferred
transferred to to the
the
load
load condition,
condition, aa connection
connection isis established
established which
which guar-guar- surrounding
surroundingwater,
water, andand some
some isis removed
removed by by the
the battery
battery
antees
antees natural
natural exhaust
exhaust ventilation
ventilation outout of
of the
the battery
battery ventilation
ventilation system.
system. Batteries
Batteries built
built for
for very
very short
short dis-
dis-
room
room into
intothe
theother
othership’s
ship's spaces
spaces(blowers
(blowersoutout ofof action).
action). charge
charge periods
periods (0.5-hr
(0.5-hr rate)
rate) require
require special
special cooling
cooling
In
Incase
caseofof slow
slowdischarge,
discharge,batteries
batteriesproduce
producesmall
smallquanti—
quanti- systems,
systems, e.e. g.,
g., the
the circulation
circulation of
of fresh
fresh water
water through
through the the
ties
ties of
of H2Hz which,
which, inin the
the course
course ofof extended
extended periods
periods of of terminals.
terminals.
time,
time, result
result inin dangerous
dangerous concentrations
concentrations in in the
the closed
closed Besides
Besides lead—acid
lead-acid batteries,
batteries, there
there are
are nickel-cadmium
nickel-cadmium
submarine.
submarine. Therefore,
Therefore, thethe necessary
necessary number
number of of H2H2ele—
ele- batteries
batteries and
and silver—zinc
silver-zincbatteries
batteries inin which
which greater
greater energy
energy
minators
minatorsare are distributed
distributedover
over the
the vessel,
vessel, which
which combine
combine may
may be
be stored.
stored. However,
However, their
their application
application in in military
military

67
 :5
.g
ham?
3 animal .-
\
\-
.l; ”mu, V...

Fig. 67
Fig. -
67 «- Submarine
Submarine eletdc
electric motor, open Fig. 68
Fig- -
68 — Submarine
Submarine electric
electric metor
motor with
with ventilators
ventilators attached
attached

submarines is
subnrzrrine~ excluded
is a W d because recharge can
their recharge
because their ef—
be ef-
can be are arranged,
are and these
arranged, and also be
can also
these can connected in
be connected in mles or
series or
fected vcry
feotcd very slowly
slowly anly.
only. in parallel. The
in parallel. following speed
The following steps are
speed steps therefore pos-
are therefore pos—
with two
sible with
sible batteries:
partial batteries:
two partlid
The US
The US berim
American submarine
submarine A Aibacore was
E b ~ ~was equipped
r e equipped
with asilver—zinc
with batteries
i i v e 0 - d ~h enabling hm
~ttwh enabling her to
to dwelop
develop thethe Slowest Motors in
speed: Motors
Slowest speed: in series batteries in
and batteries
series and parallel,
in mallel,
greatest pasiblo
possible s1bmaged
submerged performance
performance for for short
short resulting in
resulting voltage moss
minimum voltage
in minimum the
across the
grtrWesS
periods. Thc
pd&. The two US US hAmerican
. k y i c amrescue submersibles of
~ m e submeersibles of armatures.
armatures.
type D.
type D. 8.S. a.
R. V.
V. (see
(see item
item 2 2 of
of Cbpter
Chapter XW)
XIV) and
and some
some Mean Motors in
speed: Motors
Mean speed: batteries in
and batteries
parallel and
in parallel paral-
in pard-
other US
other US Ameri~~ltl
American rasearch
research submersibles
submersibles have
have been
been lel, resulting
lel, in mean
resulting in voltage moss
mean voltage the
across the
provided with
provided with silver-zinc
silver—zinc batteries
batteries ofof more
more recent
recent armatures. Or
armatures. motors in
Or motors series and
in series bat—
and bat-
design as
design as well.
well. teries in
teries resulting in
series, resulting
in series, in mmean voltage
a n voltage
across the
across armatures @eater
the armatures than man
(greater than mean
batteries may
Such batteries
Such may be be arranged far for specific commercial
specific commercial
when the
speed when
speed boat has
the boat three partial
has thee bat-
partial bat-
submersibles, if
sutullersibles, if mmaximum power is
specific power
a h u m specific be at-
to be
is to at-
teries).
teries).
ttained
ained byby smatl vessels and
small vessels and the are ex-
batteries are
the batteries ex-
Max.
M speed:
ax.speed: Motors in
Motors batteries in
and batteries
parallel and
in parallel series,
in series,
changeable. In
changmbk. In such cases, the
such cases, submersibles are
the submmsibles fitted
are fitted
resulting in
resulting maximum voltage
in maximum the
across the
voltage across
new, charged
with new,
with replacement batteries
charged replament board of
on board
batteries on of
armatures.
armatures.
their supply
their vessels after
supply vewels missions.
their missions.
after th&
Intermediate speeds
Intermediate speeds areare obtained
obtained by by weakening
weakening the the fidd.
field.
Electric machinery The main electric motor
The main electric motor can be can be designed
designed as as a a simple
simple
motor when
motor when there
there is
is a sp&k
specific low-noise mstw motor for for the
the
The ektric
The electric machinery
machinery is is used used forfor populsion
propulsion and and for
for the
the slowest speeds.
speeds. In such
such a case, the main electric
slowest electric -tor
motor
generation of
generation of electrical
electrical power power for for the
the battery
battery andand forfor can be
be provided
provided withwith aa reduction
reduction gear.
gear. Revolutiom
Revolutions of of
can
ship’s senvice
ship's service use
use (see (see F Fig.i g .6767 and
and 68).
68). Today,
Today, separate
separate main drive
the main motors can
drive motors increased to
can be increased 1500 rpm.
to 15Mlrpm.
the
propulsion mtors
prqulrrion motors and and generators generators are generally
are generally Any higher rpm generally
higher rpm will not
generally will additional sav-
yield additional
not yield sav-
Any
provided.
jwovidd. ing in
in weight
weight because
because thethe motors
motors mustmust be be built
built as
as
ing
Before, the
Eefore, electric machinery
the electric machinery were designed to
were designed alternate
to alternate turbo-type and,
turbo-type and, in in addition,
addition, commutator
commutator problemsproblems
for propubion
for propulsion and and battery battery charging. charging. TheThe objective
objective is is to
to rill arise.
will arise.
efficiency with
high efficiency
obtain high
obtain with minimum weight. The
minimum weight. fol—
The fol-
If or four
three or
If three batteries are
partial batteries
four partial because a
provided, because
are provided, a
lowing additonad
lowing additonal requirements requirements are are imposed
imposed on on thethe
particularly great speed
particularly great should be
range should
speed range covered, then
be eovered, then
electric m
electric machinery:
8c m :good good djustability, resistance to
adjustability, resistance to
the upper mean
the upper speed step
mean speed results from
step results series—connected
from series-eonaected
conditions, water-tightmss
tropical conditions,
tropical water—tightness up to mid-shaft, low low
and series-comected
batteries and whereas the
motors, whereas
series-connected motors, lower
the lower
level, shock
noise level,
noise resistance, and
shock resistance, operation at
safe operation
and safe great
at great
step results
speed step
mean speed batteries and
from batteris
results from motors both
and motors both
trim d
trim and tree1
heel angles.
angles. Geod Good adjustability adjustability is nacessary
necessary be-be—
connected Connection of
parallel. Connecti~n
connected in parallel. of the highest slnd
the highat low-
and low-
voltage supply
the voltage
cause the supply from from the battery is
the battery variable.
is variable.
est speed
est steps is the
speed steps same as
the same as that described for
that described for two par-
two par-
system is
tandem system
A randew
A always requW
is alway$ when one
required when propulsion
one propulsion
motor must pro* provide ralS all sped speed steps
steps from minimum to
tial batteries.
maximum. A
maximum. A tandem
tandem system system consistsconsists of of two
two electric
electric arrive at g
In order to arrive good d efficiency even at
efficiency even at low speed
low sgmd
motors mounted on one shaft and in
motors mounted in one with
casing, with
one casing, steps (that
steps because of
important beaure
is important
(that is long-time d-
the ltmg-time
of the cruis-
one commutator lmated
one located forward and and the aft.
other aft.
the other ing ranges of
ing ranges vessels), the
of vaseb), following c
the foQ~whg connections
- d were
were
These
T motors c
hese motors can
m be mngectbd connected in series series or in parallel.
parallel. AtAt introduced on German Class
the C3mngn
on the Class 201 Excitation of
201::lbcitation the
of the
least two,
I& two, andand esometimes three os
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ek three or four
four partial
partial batterls
batteries two propulsion motors was effected
two propulsion effected via via a particular
a partidm

68
Fig. 69
Fig. 69 -
— Main
Main switchboard
switchboard 70 -
Fig. 70 Control console
— Control

converter. This converter

converter. This could also
converter could used to
be used
also be feed
to feed Low—noise motors
Low-noise have a
often have
motors often drive with
belt drive
a belt reduc—
a reduc-
with a
the within a
armatures within
two armatures
the two very low
a very range
speed range
low speed tion gear
tion and are
gear and coupled to
are coupled shaft by
the shaft
to the clutches.
by clutches.
(Ward-Leonard control). In
(Ward—Leonard control). such a
In such case, a
a case, excitation
a excitation Cone belts are used to reduce noise.
effected by
was effected
was an additional
by an Moreover, an
generator. Moreover,
additional generator. an
armature series resistance
armature series for a
resistance for fixed low
a fixed was
speed was
low speed At one
At time, switchboards
one time, had exposed
switchboards had blade-type
exposed blade-type
also installed.
also installed. The circuit—breakers were
The circuit-breakers servo-
were servo- switches. Today,
switches. automatic circuit-breakers
Today, automatic used.
are used.
circuit-breakers are
actuated by
actuated by compressed air.
compressed air. Every switchboard
Every the following
includes the
switchboard includes (see
elements (see
following elements
Fig. 69):
Fig. 69):
peculiarity of
One peculiarity
One motors is
submarine motors
of submarine is that armature
that armature
yokes must pivot
yokes must access to
when access
pivot when machine is
the machine
to the pos-
not pos-
is not Battery main
Battery designed as
switch designed
main switch an automatic
as an over-
automatic over-
sible from below.
sible from The heat
below. The evolved is
heat evolved removed by
is removed sea—
by sea- load circuit switch;
breaker; battery parallel-series switch;
circuit breaker;
water coolers
water that are
coolers that resistant to
are resistant diving pressure.
to diving The
pressure. The motor parallel-series switch;
motor parallel-series main motor
switch; main switch to
motor switch to
system is
cooling system
air cooling
air closed or
is closed open (Fig.
or open Larger
68). Larger
(Fig. 68). shift ahead to
from ahead
shift from to astern, or vice
astern, or versa (or
vice versa else a
(or else field
a field
motors have separate
motors have However,
systems. However,
ventilation systems.
separate ventilation changeover switch);
changeover field rheostats
switch); field intermediate
for intermediate
rheostats for
water-cooled motors
water-cooled exist.
also exist.
motors also speed and starting
steps; and
speed steps; switches.
contactor switches.
starting contactor
bearings are
Friction bearings
Friction preference to
given preference
are given ball bearings
to ball to
bearings to
achieve operation.
low—noise operation.
achieve low-noise More recent systems
More recent provide for
systems provide remote control
for remote these
of these
control of
Recent designs also
Recent designs include brushless
also include synchronous
brushless synchronous switches including programme
switches including control. In
programme control. case,
such aa case,
In such
motors with attached static rectifiers, instead of d.
attached static d.c.
c. the speed
the is set
speed is moving a
by moving
set by handwheel at
a handwheel at the control
the control
generators.
generators. (see Fig. 70).
console (see

\ 7/
Legend:
Legend:
+

Generator Set
Diesel Generator 9
CDNCDO‘I-DCDM—t

Support
Double Resilient Support
Suction Filter
Cooler/Silencer
Gas CoolerISilencer
Exhaust Gas
Exhaust l
big) .:_. _i
E8
Gas Line
Exhaust Gas I —— lO
Inner/Outer Exhaust
Innertouter Exhaust Gas Flap
Head Valve
Contact
Water Contact
Air Mast
Air
(D

1O Inner/Outer Air
InnerlOuter Air Flap .
11 Control Board
Control
12 Collecting Tank
Water Collecting
13 Space
Machinery Space F
14 Shell Plating
Shell Plating
15 Bulkhead .

71 -
Fig. 71 — Installation
Installation of a diesel
diesel generator set
set in a submarine
submarine

69
Recent developments provide for
develOpments provide d. c.
for d. excited by
motors excited
c. motors by Other noise-damping measures
Other noise-damping include insulation
measures include against
insulation against
control of
magnets; control
permanent magnets; of armature current is
armature current ef-
is ef- airborne noise
airborne radiation on
noise radiation on the inner wall
the inner of the
wall of engine—
the engine-
fected by
fected electronic means
by electronic (instead of
means (instead commutator).
the commutator).
of the room, use of
room, use sections to
noise—absorbing sections
of noise-absorbing to dampen cooling
dampen cooling
These are
These the so-called
are the magnet motors.
permanent magnet
so—called permanent They
motors. They water sounds, and
water sounds, absorption of
and absorption exhaust gas
of exhaust noises by
gas noises si—
by si-
are considerably
are reduced in
considerably reduced (by about
weight (by
in weight third)
one third)
about one lencers attached to
directly attached
lencers directly to diesel may be
which may
engines, which
diesel engines, be
building length.
and in the building Furthermore, an
length. Furthermore, electronic
an electronic exhaust gas
used as exhaust coolers at
gas coolers at the same time
the same (see Fig.
time (see 71).
Fig. 71).
control takes
rectifier control
rectifier place of
the place
takes the of the comparatively
the comparatively It is
It is essential
essential that
that aall engines intended
ll engines intended primarily
primarily for
switchboard. The
large switchboard.
large efficiency is
The efficiency improved to
is improved to a high
a high snorkel operation
snorkel operation havehave a a minimum
minimum of excess air.
of excess air. This
This
degree particularly at
degree particularly at the small power
the small necessary for
power necessary long
for long permits a
permits a minimal cross—sectional area
minimal cross-sectional for the
area for snorkel
the snorkel
compared with
cruises, when compared with the motors;
conventional motors;
the conventional system at
system at the
the air intake and exhaust
exhaust gas gas ends.
ends. Four-
and the batteries, if dimensioned for
if dimensioned the cruising
for the ranges
cruising ranges stroke engines
stroke engines are therefore better
are therefore better suited
suited for
for snorkel
snorkel
required at
required deeply submerged
at deeply speed, may
submerged speed, also be
may also consid»
be consid- Operation than
operation than two-stroke engines.
engines. The The engines
engines must be
smaller then.
erably smaller introduction of
The introduction
then. The of such motors
such motors insensitive to
insensitive to back
back pressure
pressure onon the
the exhaust side -
gas side
exhaust gas — aa
would influence the
largely influence
would largely design of
overall design
the overall of the sub—
the sub- particularly important
particularly important measure
measure if if the
the exhaust
exhaust gases
gases are
are
marines, and
marines, and a reduction of
considerable reduction
a considerable of the ton—
total ton-
the total discharged deeply
discharged deeply below the waterline.
waterline.
nage could be
nage could be reckoned with.
reckoned with.
In order
In order to
to make
make engines
engines suitable
suitable for
for higher
higher exhaust
exhaust
gas back
gas back pressures,
pressures, the
the camshaft
camshaft should
should be
be adapted
adapted to
to
engines
Diesel engines
Diesel other opening and
other opening periods of
closing periods
and closing valves.
of valves.
High-speed diesel engines
High-speed diesel to 1,500rpm)
(1,000 to
engines (1,000 used
are used
1,500 rpm) are Mechanically supercharged
Mechanically supercharged engines
engines are also
also suitable
suitable
for reasons
for of weight
reasons of and space.
weight and The engines
space. The are
engines are for snorkel operation
for snorkel with back
operation with however,
pressure, however,
back pressure,
mounted on
mounted supports (in
resilient supports
on resilient cases of
most cases
(in most single
of single the greater
the greater quantity
quantity of excess
excess air such engines
air of such engines
type sometimes of
and sometimes
type and of double in order
type) in
double type) reduce
to reduce
order to should be
should tolerated.
be tolerated.
transmission of structureborne
transmission of to the
noises to
structureborne noises foundations
the foundations Recently, diesel
Recently, engines with
diesel engines with exhaust gas turbo-charg-
exhaust gas turbo-charg-
and to
and provide some
to provide protection against
some protection effects.
shock effects.
against shock ing suitable
ing for snorkel
suitable for snorkel operation
operation have been in- in—

NEW“! St.
”MEWUUH

Diesel Air lntake

Diesel 1 Valve
Head Valve
Intake Head
mwmm-PCDN—b

Air lntake
Diesel Air Mast
Intake Mast

i:
Diesel 2
Diesel Air lntake
Diesel 3 Valve
Foot Valve
Intake Foot
Drain Connection
Drain Connection
4
Diesel Air lntake
Diesel Air
5 Head Valve
Intake Head Drive
Valve Drive
Diesel 6 intake Foot
Diesel Air lntake Drive
Valve Drive
Foot Valve
Diesel Air
Diesel 7 Trunk
Air Trunk
Compartment Air
Compartment
8 Intake.
Air Intake,
Only
Starboard Only
Starboard
9 Diesel Line
Air Line
Diesel Air
----
(O

wfiwwflna_10 Line
Air Line
Snorkel Air
10 Snorkel
72 -
Fig. 72 — Diesel engine air intake
engine air system
intake system ..
7O
70
 troduced.
troduced. This
This has
has been
been possible
possible after
after the
the develop-
develop- Air
Air intake
intake and
and exhaust
exhaust gas
gas systems
systems for
for the
the diesel
diesel engines
engines
ment of
ment turbochargers suitable
of turbochargers surface operation
for surface
suitable for operation on submersibles(see
on submersibles Fig. 72
(see Fig. and 73)
72 and 73)
and
and also
also for
for snorkel
snorkel operation
operation with
with back
back pressure.
pressure.
Such engines
Such have aa smaller
engines have power-to-weight ratio
smaller power-to-weight ratio During surface
During cruise, diesel
surface cruise, engines take
diesel engines their combus-
take their combus-
and, in
and, comparison with
in comparison non-supercharged and
with non—supercharged and tion air
tion from the
air from engineroom. This
the engineroom. air enters
This air the engine-
enters the engine-
mechanically supercharged
mechanically more fa—
engines, aa more
supercharged engines, fa- room through
room pressure-resistant air
through aa pressure-resistant line installed
intake line
air intake installed
vourable specific fuel
vourable specific consumption as
fuel consumption as well.
well. as high as
as high as possible within the
possible within free-flooding superstruc-
the free-flooding superstruc-
ture. Double
ture. valves having
Double valves seats closed
rubber seats
having rubber closed by water
by water
The water cooling
sea water
The sea must be
system must
cooling system to withstand
able to
be able withstand pressure are used to seal these lines during
pressure are used to seal these lines during submerged submerged
the maximum pressure
the maximum snorkel depth.
at snorkel
encountered at
pressure encountered depth. cruising.
cruising.

1 Diesel Exhaust Gas

Engine Exhaust
Diesel Engine Gas Gas Outlet
Exhaust Gas
55 Exhaust for Surface
Outlet for Surface
ham-‘-

2 Inboard
Inboard Exhaust
Exhaust Gas
Gas Flap
Flap Cruising
Cruising
3 Outboard Gas Flap
Exhaust Gas
Outboard Exhaust Flap Snorkel Exhaust
66 Snorkel Gas Valve
Exhaust Gas Valve
4 Silencer
Silencer 77 Snorkel Gas Line
Exhaust Gas
Snorkel Exhaust Line

k$Zi
Fig. 73 - Diesel engine exhaust gas system

Fig. -
Inboard exhaust
74 - Inboard
Fig. 74
I

gas flap
exhaust gas flap
w
7]
The exhaust
The exhaust gas gas is is passed
passed overboard
overboard through through water- water— into the
into submarines through
the submarines through special lines with
special lines stop
with stop
cooled pipelines
cooled pipelines which
which areare sealed
sealed by by special
special pressure-re-
pressure-re- valves. The
valves. lines are
vent lines
The vent connected to
are connected to the of the
top of
the top fuel
the fuel
sistant shut-off
sistant shut—off devices
devices during
during submerged
submerged cruising. cruising. tanks; if
tanks; if the tanks are
the tanks are long, vent lines
long, vent are required
lines are fore
required fore
Exhaust gas
Exhaust flaps or
gas flaps exhaust gas
or exhaust valves can
gas valves can be used for
be used for aft. Vent
and aft.
and valves are
Vent valves installed in
sometimes installed
are sometimes in the fuel
the fuel
this purpose.
this purpose. feed lines to
feed lines eliminate the
to eliminate the need for special
need for lines.
vent lines.
special vent
Because of of the
the soot
soot deposits
deposits thatthat form,
form, valve
valve or or flap
flap The pressure in
The pressure in the fuel tanks
the fuel outside the
located outside
tanks located pres-
the pres-
Because
seats must
must be be ground
ground in.in. Valve
Valve disks
disks pivot
pivot inin the
the center
center sure hull is
sure hull through the
equalized through
always equalized
is always pressure in
the pressure the
in the
seats
(Fig. 74)
74) and
and cancan be
be rotated
rotated slowly
slowly by by means
means of of worm
worm water line. Therefore
water line. tanks are
these tanks
Therefore these exposed to
not exposed
are not div—
to div-
(Fig.
drives. To
drives. To regrind
regrind the the valve
valve or or flap
flap seat,
seat, the
the flap
flap or or ing pressures. The
ing pressures. The pressurized water for
pressurized water for tanks the
inside the
tanks inside
valve is
is closed
closed until
until the
the disk
disk rests
rests loosely
loosely on on itsits seat.
seat. InIn pressure hull
pressure activated only
is activated
hull is cruising or
surface cruising
during surface
only during or
valve
the German
German WorldWorld War War I1 II submarines,
submarines, the the engine
engine had had snorkeling. These
snorkeling. These tanks withstand the
must withstand
tanks must pressure re-
the pressure re—
the
to be stopped
to be every 4
stopped every to 6
4 to 6 hours cruise to
during cruise
hours during re—
to re- quired to
quired fuel when
feed fuel
to feed snorkeling.
when snorkeling.
grind exhaust gas
the exhaust
grind the and thus
flaps and
gas flaps ensure their
thus ensure tight-
their tight-
ness after
ness after closing
closing in in the
the event
event of of a a crash
crash dive.
dive.
Snorkel systems
Snorkel systems
Some exhaust
Some exhaust gas gas flaps
flaps have
have rubber
rubber seats,
seats, the
the gaskets
gaskets
of which
of which areare surrounded
surrounded by by cooling
cooling waterwater in in open
Open purpose of
The purpose
The the snorkel
of the system is
snorkel system ensure an
to ensure
is to ad—
an ad-
condition preventing
condition preventing them them from from being being burnt
burnt out, out, equate supply
equate air and
of air
supply of to dispose
and to exhaust gas
the exhaust
of the
dispose of gas
whereas, at
whereas, at the
the same
same time,
time, thethe seats
seats are are sprayed
sprayed with with from diesel engines
the diesel
from the the boat
when the
engines when cruising at
is cruising
boat is peri—
at peri-
cooling water
cooling water preventing
preventing them them from
from beingbeing sooted.
sooted. scope depth.
scope means that
This means
depth. This battery can
the battery
that the can be re—
be re-
during slow-speed
charged during
charged without the
cruising without
slow-Speed cruising need to
the need to
Moreover, extended
surface. Moreover,
surface. cruising is
extended cruising possible with
is possible the
with the
Diesel fuel
Diesel fuel and
and pressurized
pressurized water
water system
system (Fig.
(Fig. 75)
75) snorkeL
snorkel.
The fuel
The system in
fuel system submarines differs
in submarines differs fromfrom thatthat in other
in other In the
In past, many
the past, designers studied
submarine designers
many submarine this
studied this
ships in
shivs that the
in that fuel is
the fuel carried on
is carried on toptop ofof sea water in
sea water the
in the problem.
problem.
ttanks.
a n k The The fuel feed lines
fuel feed start on
lines start on toptop of of the tanks and
the tanks and
For example,
For example, inin 1894,
1894, Simon
Simon Lake,
Lake, an an American,
American, built
built
simultaneously as
serve simultaneously
serve refueling lines.
as refueling lines. TheyThey lead lead to to aa
the Argonaut
the Argonaul which
which was
was equipped
equipped withwith an
an air
air intake
intake
manifold inside
manifold inside the submarine. As
the submarine. As in case of
the case
in the surface
of surface
mast for
mast for operating
operating a a gasoline
gasoline engine.
engine.
ships, the
ships, the diesel engines are
diesel engines are fedfed by alternately from
fuel alternately
by fuel from
AA Japanese
Japanese submarine
submarine was was lost
lost in
in 191
19111 while
while operating
operating
gravity fuel
two gravity
two tanks, one
fuel tanks, one of which is
of which in use
is in while the
use while the
aa snorkel
snorkel system.
system.
serves as
other serves
other as a settling tank
a settling tank to separate any
to separate any waterwater
1940, Dutch submarines
Prior to 1940, submarines were fitted with a
which may
which may have have been along.
carried along.
been carried
snorkel system
snorkel system asas proposed
proposed byby J.J. J.
J. Wichers,
Wichers, but
but the
the
The fuel is
The fuel delivered by
is delivered pressure. The
water pressure.
by water pressurized
The pressurized mast could
could be
mast be extended
extended only
only a a short
short distance.
distance. Sub-
Sub—
connect to
lines connect
water lines
water the lowest
to the points in
lowest points in the tanks.
fuel tanks.
the fuel
marines with
marines with this
this system
system came
came toto England
England during
during WWWW
They branch off
They branch from the
off from cooling water
the cooling outlet on
water outlet on thethe II, and
and others
others were
11, were captured
captured by
by Germany.
Germany. BothBoth navies
navies
engines. The
diesel engines.
diesel cooling water
The cooling outlet is
water outlet is raised inside
raised inside removed thethe system
system because
because there
there seemed
seemed toto be
removed be no
no
the superstructure in
free—flooding superstructure
the free-flooding order to
in order have ad-
to have ad- need for
for snorkel
need snorkel atat the
the time.
time.
pressure head
equate pressure
equate head when cruising. During
surface cruising.
when surface During
refueling, the
refueling, water flows
the water flows from from the fuel tanks
the fuel through
tanks through The German
The German design, design, which
which was was later later adopted
adopted
lines to
these lines
these to the indicating lines
Special indicating
outside. Special
the outside. lines are in—
are in- everywhere, is
everywhere, distinguished from
particularly distinguished
is particularly from earlier de-
earlier de-
stalled to
stalled provide timely
to provide timely tank warning during
level warning
tank level during fuel fuel signs the fact
by the
signs by the submarine
that the
fact that interior is
submarine interior used as
is used an
as an
refueling. They
tank refueling.
tank terminate in
They terminate fuel tank
the fuel
in the above
just above
tank just air (see Fig.
buffer (see
air buffer and so
76) and
Fig. 76) operation is
snorkel operation
so snorkel pos-
is pos-
pressurized water
the pressurized
the water lines lines to prevent any
to prevent fuel from
any fuel from en- en— sible seaways. This
in seaways.
sible in provides for
configuration provides
This configuration for an air
an air
tering the
tering pressurized water
the pressurized water line during the
line during refueling
the refueling supply into the
supply into interior of
the interior of the submarine from
the submarine from the the
operation.
operation. snorkel air
snorkel intake mast
air intake while the
mast while the diesel engines are
diesel engines suck—
are suck-
There may may be be provided
provided a ing from the
air from
ing air the interior of the
interior of submarine as
the submarine as in standard
in standard
There a connection,
connection, by by which
which the the
fuel tanks
tanks are are connected
connected in in series
series during surface cruising. As
surface cruising. As a a result, when errors
result, when errors in depth
in depth
fuel during normal normal
control are
control made or
are made when the
or when boat is
the boat seaway, the
in aa seaway,
is in the
service so
service so that
that thethe diesel
diesel engines
engines alwaysalways are are supplied
supplied
snorkel head
snorkel valve may
head valve close for
may close for 1 or 2
l or 2 min without the
min without the
from one
from one andand thethe same
same fuel fuel tank.
tank. If If aa water
water separator
separator
need to
need the diesel
stop the
to stop engines. This
diesel engines. causes the
This causes the air pres—
air pres-
is arranged
is arranged in in this
this fuel
fuel tank,
tank, the the above-mentioned
above-mentioned fuel fuel
sure in
sure in the
the submarine
submarine to to drop
drop but but it
it will
will gradually
gradually rise rise
gravity tanks
gravity tanks may may be be deleted.
deleted.
again when the
again when valve is
head valve
the head opened.
is opened.
Sounding devices
Sounding devices are
are generally
generally no no longer
longer used
used for
for the
the Snorkels can
Snorkels can be designed as
be designed folding or
as folding telescoping masts.
or telescoping masts.
fuel tanks,
fuel tanks, and
and consumption
consumption is is indicated
indicated byby dial
dial gauges
gauges A head
A valve is
head valve installed at
is installed the highest
at the point of
highest point of the in-
air in-
the air
built into
built into the
the fuel
fuel lines.
lines. take mast,
take which closes
mast, which before it
just before
closes just it is flooded. The
is flooded. The
Completely vented
Completely vented fuel
fuel tanks
tanks constitute
constitute one
one of
of the
the pre-
pre— head valve
head need not
valve need pressure-resistant. At
completely pressure-resistant.
be completely
not be At
requisites for
requisites for readiness
readiness toto dive.
dive. Tanks
Tanks are
are always
always vented actuated by a float (see
one time it was actuated Fig. 76), but now
(see Fig.

72
 \ /

EXTERNAL FUEL TANK

’7’

[l
V, ELL T'@ H L DIESEL ENGINE

—O

x LI
wish
/

: INTERNAL
H FUELTANK AF

*
I /
EXTERNAL FUEL
EXTERNAL TANK
FUEL TANK
\\

COOLlNG WATER
COOLING WATER
GRAVITY TANK m REFUELING AND FUEL
\
FEED LINE

L _
———l

COOLING
SEA WATER "
I * ‘ VINTHE
IN THE
SUPERSTRUCTURE
-
- Fuel Line
PressurizedWater Line
Indication Line
+ + + + + + Vent Line
4T}?

Valve Manifold
H‘s—fl
___V

TOWARD SEA
GRAVITY } BELOW 63 stop Valve
FUEL TANK
&
~

4‘e v' ++¢¢¢v

"1r"?

Quick Stop Valve

«L

."-
T

f& Threeway Cock

+++1fl+e+++l+

@@ Fourway Cock
..

45)“:t—
'

(Kr Meter
is
L

t
l.

0 Filter

Sight Glass
”T'—

44'

L
+4
*

Funnel
I

Hose Coupling
1 Fuel Level Indicator

I from Fuel Tank

II to Diesel Engine

Fig. 75 - Fuel and pressurized water system

 Snorkel
Snorkel AirAir Intake
Intake Mast
Mast

#CONA
Snorkel
Snorkel Exhaust
Exhaust Gas
Gas Mast
Mast
Air
Air Inlet
lnlet
Float-Actuated
Float-ActuatedSnorkel
Snorkel Head
Head
Valve
Valve
Exhaust
Exhaust Gas Gas Outlet
Outlet
Waterline
Waterline when
when Snorkeling
Snorkeling

(002')m
Radar
Radar Warning
Warning Device
Device
Drive
Drive for
for Lifting
Lifting Mechanism
Mechanism
Pressure-Resistant
Pressure-ResistantEnvelope
Envelope
Pipe
Pipe for
for the
the Snorkel
Snorkel Air
Air lntake
Intake
Mast
Mast
Pressure—Resistant
Pressure-Resistant Fixed-Base
Fixed-Base
Pipe
Pipe for
for the
the Snorkel
Snorkel Exhaust
Exhaust
Gas
Gas Mast
Mast
Air
Air Exit
Exit (Generally
(Generally to to Main
Main Air
Air
Induction
Induction Line)
Line)
Exhaust
Exhaust Gas Gas lnlet
lnlet from
from Exhaust
Exhaust
Gas
Gas Line
Line

l I
1 Air Inlet
Air lnlet
boom—L

l
2 Valve Disk
Valve Disk with Rubber Seat
with Rubber Seat

bwa
3 Fixed Piston
Fixed with Labyrinth
Piston with Seal
Labyrinth Seal
4 Cylinder Capacity
Cylinder the Compressed
of the
Capacity of Piston to
Air Piston
Compressed Air Open
to Open
i l the Valve
SIDE VIEVV
OE VII AIR
AIR INTAKE MAST
INTAKE MAST SEEN
SEEN the Valve
(MAST EXTENDED)
'EXTE FROM AFT
FROM AFT 5 Closing Spring
Closing Spring
(MAST RETRACTED)
(MAST RETRACTED) Compressed Air
6 Compressed Supply
Air Supply

77 -
Fig. 77
Fig. — Arrangement for actuating
Arrangement for head valve
snorkel head
actuating snorkel by
valve by
76 -
Fig. 76
Fig. — Snorkel (design used
system (design
Snorkel system German type
used iinn German 1944)
21, 1944)
type 21, compressed air
compressed air

74
 VALVE
HEAD VALVE
SNORKEL HEAD
SNORKEL
-3 INTAKE
AIR INTAKE
AIR

CONTACT
WATER CONTACT
WATER --c
Rag ‘“ EXHAUST OUTLET
GAS OUTLET
EXHAUST GAS

EXHAUST GAS
EXHAUST GAS OUTLET
OUTLET FROM
FROM SILENCER
SILENCER
WHEN SURFACE
SURFACE CRUISING
CRUISING

:Ee A _-
WHEN
AIR
SNORKEL A MAST
INDUCTION MAST
,/
SNORKEL IR INDUCTION
SNORKEL EXHAUST
SNORKEL EXHAUST GAS
GAS MAST
MAST

SEALED BOX IN
CONTROL ROOM
*' -...._....: —————— fl FOR THE ELECTRIC
___7 l CONTROL SYSTEM OF
@ I THE HEAD VALVE
/

\ DIESEL
ENGINE
/.

En“...

. I23}
’— COMPRESSED AIR
1 wr/T‘ 1”,”) COMPRESSED
__\o- l

L L_
J MANIFOLD

“1' I
AIR INDUCTION ' ‘

--

Exhaustgas
Exhaust flap
gas flap -++ Shutoffvalve
—N— Shutoff valve ®
8 8' ll' ht
igna light
Signal :9
. Electromagnetic operated
operated air
air
0
D Filter
Filter Electromagnetic
pressure valve
pressure valve with three con- :. I: Transformer
with three Transformer
3C
0 gauge
Pressure gauge nections and
nections posntions
two positions
and two

-@
@T
Pressure

Stop cock with

Stop cock T—piece
with T-piece 4
Relay
Relay
0

- Air line Airline

bI" \Hh Air intake
Air flap
intake flap
-0
D-- Fuzes
Fuzes 6 k6 switch
Main switch --
-— - -
— Electrical line
Electrical line

IE] Pressure-reducingdevi
Pressure-reducing ce
device
H
bd
' '
Main
- Exhaust gas
Exhaust line
gas line

Fig. -
78 - Connections
Fig. 78 of electrically
Connections of controlled and
electrically controlled compressed air
and compressed actuated snorkel
air actuated valve
head valve
snorkel head

is usually
it is
it actuated by
and actuated
controlled and
electrically controlled
usually electrically com-
by com- quick-shutting flap
aa quick-shutting flap at bottom. This
the bottom.
at the mast was
This mast ex-
was ex-
pressed air
pressed air (see Fig. 77
(see Fig. 77 and pressure-resistant
The pressure-resistant
78). The
and 78). tended and
tended retracted by
and retracted by the periSCOpe hoist.
the periscope The
hoist. The
seal at
seal air inlet
the air
at the to the
inlet to boat is
the boat formed by
is formed main
two main
by two exhaust gases
exhaust gases were eliminated by
were eliminated by a a telescope tube
telescope tube
shutoff devices
shutoff which are
devices which arranged in
are arranged tandem; at
in tandem; least
at least which was
which coupled to
was coupled the air
to the intake mast
air intake without any
mast without any
one designed as
be designed
must be
one must as a quick-shutting flap.
a quick-shutting The air
flap. The in-
air in- shutoff device.
additional shutoff
additional When it
device. When found that
was found
it was this
that this
take masts flooded when
are flooded
masts are folded or
when folded retracted.
or retracted. system operated
system satisfactorily, a
operated satisfactorily, program was
a program imme-
was irnme-
Removal of
Removal exhaust gas
Of exhaust gas is easier. A
is easier. A special exhaust gas
special exhaust gas diately initiated to
diately initiated Type 7
existing Type
equip existing
to equip and 9
7 and sub—
9 sub-
mast may be
mast may be extended addition to
extended in addition the air
to the mast,
intake mast,
air intake mersibles with
mersibles with snorkels. Collapsing snorkels
snorkels. Collapsing that
snorkels that
or a
or submerged outlet
a submerged may be
outlet may provided at
be provided the top
at the the
of the
top of forward into
folded forward the upper
into the deck were
upper deck were installed be-
installed be-
bridge fin,
bridge fin, so as the
far as
so far back pressure
the back insensitivity of
pressure insensitivity the
of the cause of
cause of space limitations. The
space limitations. The new Types 21
new Types and 23
2] and 23
engines permit.
engines were equipped with
were equipped snorkels.
extending snorkels.
with extending
Up to that time, all
that time, head valves
all head had been
valves had actuated by
been actuated by
The first
The experimental plant
German experimental
first German installed on
was installed
plant was a
on a floats. were not
They were
floats. They completely free
not completely from trouble
free from be-
trouble be-
Type 2 submarine
Type2 tons) in 1943
(250 tons)
submarine (250 (see Table
1943 (see The
l). The
Table 1). cause factors as
such factors
cause of such dependence on
as dependence the boat
on the course
boat course
night/aerial periscope was
night/aerial periscope replaced by
was replaced an a
by an air intake
ir intake in relation to
in relation to wave directions and
wave directions and the lack of
the lack deicing
of deicing
mast with a
mast with double-seat head
float-actuated, double-seat
a float-actuated, and
valve and
head valve facilities.
facilities.

75
 Some Type
Some Type 22 submarines
submarines were
were fitted
fitted with
with extending
extending every man
every man must
must therefore
therefore be be determined
determined by by medical
medical
snorkels in
snorkels in the
the winter
winter of
of 1944-45.
1944—45. These
These had
had electri-
electri— examination.
examination.
cally controlled
cally controlled and
and compressed
compressed airair actuated
actuated head
head Modern snorkel
Modern snorkel systems
systems (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 79)
79) may
may bebe arranged
arranged inin
valves which
valves which were
were troublefree
troublefree and
and quick
quick acting.
acting. such a
such a way
way that
that submarines
submarines are are enabled
enabled toto use
use the
the system
system
even at
even at heavy
heavy seas,
seas, so
so that
that a
a surfacing
surfacing for
for the
the purpose
purpose ofof
During snorkel
During snorkel cruising,
cruising, the
the submarine
submarine is is semisub-
semisub— battery recharging
recharging is
is never
never necessary
necessary (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 80).
80).
battery
merged and
merged and diving
diving readiness
readiness is
is limited.
limited. In
In this
this condition,
condition,
the submarine
the submarine is is exposed
exposed to
to greater
greater danger
danger in in operation
operation
than is in
it is
than it or submerged
surface or
in surface cruising. The
submerged cruising. following
The following
types of
types of disturbance
disturbance are
are possible:
possible:
1. Inrush
1. lnrush of of water
water attributable
attributable to to failure
failure ofof the
the snorkel
snorkel
head valve
head valve when
when anan error
error in
in downward
downward depth depth control
control
is made or
is made when wave
or when flow over
crests flow
wave crests the head
over the valve.
head valve.

HOISTING LENGTH
2. Excess
2. Excess negative
negative pressure
pressure inin the
the boat
boat attributable
attributable to to ex-
ex-
tended undercutting
tended (crew in
undercutting (crew danger).
in danger).
3. Excess
3. gas back
exhaust gas
Excess exhaust pressure as
back pressure as a result of
a result under—
of under-
cutting deep. (The
too deep.
cutting too engines can
diesel engines
(The diesel and in-
choke and
can choke in—
rush of
rush of water
water can
can occur
occur through
through the the exhaust
exhaust gasgas lines;
lines;
exhaust gas
exhaust gas can
can escape
escape backward
backward from from thethe air
air intake
intake
trunks of
trunks of the
the diesel
diesel engines,
engines, andand the
the resulting
resulting gas
gas that
that
fills the boat
fills the endanger the
will endanger
boat will crew.)
the crew.)
Any one
Any one ofof these
these three
three disturbances
disturbances willwill require
require shut
shut
down of
down the diesel
of the engines with
diesel engines simultaneous cut-off
with simultaneous of
cut—off of
battery closing of
charging, closing
battery charging, the quick-acting
of the flaps of
quick-acting flaps the
of the
snorkel and
snorkel and ofof the
the exhaust
exhaust gas gas flaps
flaps or
or valves.
valves. Some
Some
snorkel systems
snorkel systems do do this
this automatically
automatically by by means
means of of a a
safety circuit that
safety circuit receives impulses
that receives from the
impulses from trouble
the trouble
sources. When this
sources. When safety circuit
this safety energized, the
is energized,
circuit is the
automatic quick-acting
automatic quick-acting flapsflaps are
are closed,
closed, the
the diesel
diesel supply
supply V! v fivvr—‘fv—l l _ 11
control levers
levers are
are adjusted
adjusted to
Heat} valve
to zero,
zero, and
and the
the charging
charging cir-
cir- Head wilw‘
control ‘ 29 Hofstlng
Hrnstiriq mael 'rmsl

cuits are disconnected.

are disconnected.
i'iyl'llfillill. cyllndsr
”limiter

L...)
3 Hydraultc
cuits ' fig Gmde
44 Guide
LOCI-t Hit} d t'PVHfJ"
5E) Lmkmg
provide for
systems provide
Some systems for a automatic re-start
fully automatic
a fully for
re—start for
woe
Some 1..._'r— :3 l Emergenq-
56 1 Emergency dove
8 Al' duet
Air
mm: for
tot lmklng
[itinltiliwq
CiIJlZ'i wuplmg
lot kmq dav~ca
orwt‘s‘

the continuation
the continuation of of the
the snorkel
snorkel operation.
operation. .5.
:7.
7
8
7
H
Trailing cable
TlMlmg
Aw mtab
Aa
t riliJlP
rrurmiypa-a. Hv- Mimi)
ltvw (nan.prsosu~nght)
iritgtlnt- lhne
Snorkel cruising
Snorkel cruising imposes
imposes special
special physical
physical requirements
requirements #4
9I.)
10it)
Outer mm H’kb—‘l llap
Little" snorkel
lvmm snorkel
loner wmrlwl flap
.lfl‘
Hag.»

on the crew because of the sudden, pressure

large pressure
sudden, large
fluctuations (up
fluctuations (up toto 200mbar).
200 mbar). The The "snorkel
“snorkel fitness"
fitness” ofof Fig. 79 - Modern snorkel system

-
Fig. 80 Submarine when snorkeling

76
76
Cruising range calculations
Cruising range calculations is the
is the mechanical
mechanical efficiency
efficiency of of the
the shaft
shaft lineline
'7?Imech
(gland,
(gland, thrust bearing,
thrust bearing, and and possibly
possibly transmis-
transmis-
Surface cruising ranges at
Surface cruising ranges at different speeds for different speeds for sub- sub-
sion),
sion),
marines with
marines with diesel-electric
diesel-electric propulsion propulsion systemssystems (see (see Fig.
Fig.
is the
is the electric
electric efficiency
efficiency of of thethe propulsion
propulsion
58) can
58) can bebe found
found by using this
by using this formulaformula "M
"A4 motor, and
motor, and
S vV x v--v
P - -- - -- Ne
Ne is the consumption
is the consumption in in kilowatts
kilowatts for for ship
ship service
service
/ KW/ + NU ) l use.
use.
.cfii ,, . _ - )l
I Uml‘l'l} V' U.” I ”tin-n ”HI-H Submersibles have
Submersibles have relatively
relatively short
short cruising
cruising ranges
ranges in in the
the
where submerged condition.
submerged condition. The German Type
The German Type 7 7 (see
(see Table
Table 1) 1)
had aa range
had range of of 65
65 nm
nm atat 4
4 knots.
knots. These
These ranges
ranges are are consid-
consid—
S
S is the
is the cruising
cruising range range in in nautical
nautical miles,
miles,
erably longer
erably longer in in the
the case
case ofof submarines;
submarines; the the Type
Type 2] 21 sub-
sub-
V
V is the
is the fuel
fuel stock
stock which
which can can bebe lifted
lifted in in kg,
kg,
marine (see
marine (see Table
Table 2) 2) obtained
obtained 320 320nm nm at at 44 knots.
knots.
vv is the surface speed in
is the surface speed in knots under trial runknots under trial run
Cruising ranges
Cruising ranges for for combinations
combinations of of snorkel
snorkel and and fully
fully
conditions,
conditions,
submerged cruising
submerged cruising are are composed
composed of of the
the distances
distances cov- cov-
/‘ KW
P K W is the power
is the delivered at
power delivered propeller in
at propeller in KW KW on on
ered when
ered when snorkeling
snorkeling and charging
and charging and and the the distances
distances
surface at the corresponding
surface at the corresponding speed speed in in question,
question,
covered when
covered when fully
fully submerged
submerged and and cruising
cruising withwith electric
electric
is the
is the mechanical
mechanical efficiency efficiency between
between propeller
propeller
'Imech propulsion. Detailed
propulsion. Detailed calculations
calculations are are made to
made to determine
determine
and propulsion motor
and propulsion motor (stuffing (stuffing box, box, thrustthrust
these ranges
these ranges whenwhen speeds
speeds are are varied
varied independently
independently for for
bearing, and
bearing, transmission),
and transmission),
snorkel cruising
snorkel cruising and and fully
fully submerged
submerged cruising.
cruising. Battery
Battery
is the
is the electric efficiency of
electric efficiency of the
the electric
electric drive drive
"M efficiencies and
efficiencies and thethe difference
difference in in drag
drag forfor the
the two
two above
above
motor,
motor, cruising conditions
cruising conditions must must be be taken
taken intointo consideration.
consideration.
is the efficiency of
electric efficiency
the electric the generator,
of the
en
Ne
Ne
is
is the
is the mean
mean electric
electric power power requirement
generator,
requirement for for ship
ship Slower mean
Slower mean speeds
speeds areare obtained
obtained duringduring combined
combined
service use
service use in kilowatts, and
in kilowatts, and snorkel
snorkel and
and deep
deep submerged
submerged cruising
cruising than
than during
during
be is
is the
the fuel
fuel consumption
consumption by
by diesel
diesel engines
engines in
in ki-
ki- economical standard
economical standard cruise
cruise on
on surface.
surface.
be
logram per
logram per K KW per hour.
W per hour. These slower
These slower average
average speeds
speeds attained
attained are are thethe reason
reason for for
Adequate deductions
Adequate deductions from from the the calculated cruising ranges
calculated cruising ranges the fact that
the fact that submarines
submarines get get along
along withwith a a fuel
fuel supply
supply per per
must be
must be made
made according
according to to sea sea area,
area, seasons
seasons of of year,
year, and and ton displacement
ton displacement being being considerably
considerably smaller
smaller than than that
that ofof
marine growth
marine growth on on thethe hulI.
hull. submersibles. Due
submersibles. Due toto their
their mode
mode of of cruise,
cruise, submarines
submarines
The formula
The formula for for the
the cruising
cruising range range of of boats
boats withwith direct
direct consume a quantity
consume quantity of fuel fuel being specifically
specifically smaller than
diesel drive and
diesel drive generating plant
electric generating
and electric plant forfor the board
the board that of
that of submersibles
submersibles duringduring thethe period
period of one mission.
of one mission.
network by
network by aa coupled generator (see
coupled generator (see Fig.
Fig. 55 through 57)
55 through 57)
15
is vV X vv Propulsion devices
2. Propulsion
2. devices based based on on
S = -_ _,
C
"
kw],
-
iv} other principles
other principles

( +( ) x b,.
kW,,
Ullll'i'll
'1,1,1~,'11
Ne
’lth-n
'1(11'11
bl,
One disadvantage of all
One disadvantage all propulsion based on
systems based
propulsion systems on
Seagoing submersibles can have surface cruising
Seagoing submersibles can have surface cruising battery-supplied motors is
electric motors
battery-supplied electric high speed
that high
is that steps
speed steps
ranges of
ranges 10,000 nm and
of 10,000nm and more more atat a
a speed
speed of 10
10 knots. for cruising can
submerged cruising
for submerged can be only for
used only
be used relatively
for relatively
The formula
The formula for
for submerged
submerged cruising
cruising with electric
electric propul-
propul- short periods of
short periods of time. Even slow
time. Even speeds re-
submerged speeds
slow submerged re—
sion at
sion at different
different speeds, 80-percent battery
speeds, based on 80-percent battery dis-
dis- quire battery
quire within a
recharging within
battery recharging days at
few days
a few at the latest,
the latest,
charge is
charge is 1‘: r... 0,8 V necessitating the
necessitating the use of the
use of snorkel or
the snorkel cruising
surface cruising
or surface
E X 0.8 X v several hours.
for several
for Sustained, fully
hours. Sustained, cruising
submerged cruising
fully submerged
S
/ kW throughout a
throughout a mission
mission is is impossible.
impossible.
+ Ne
’tmm-h ' W X period necessary
snorkel period
The snorkel depends on
necessary depends on the output of
the output of
where
where installed and on the previous
generators instded
generators previous battery dis—
battery dis-
S
S is the
is range in
cruising range
submerged cruising
the submerged nautical
in nautical charge during deeply
charge during submerged cruise.
deeply submerged ratio of
The ratio
cruise. The of
miles,
miles, the necessary for
period necessary
snorkel period
the snorkel recharge of
the recharge
for the bat—
of bat-
E is the
is the electric
electric energy
energy inin kilowatt-hours
kilowatt—hours con-con— teries to the previous
teries period of
discharge period
previous discharge batteries is
of batteries is
tained in
tained in the
the battery
battery during
during the discharge period
discharge period “indiscretion rate".
named "indiscretion
named submarine, this
rate”. For each submarine, this
that applies
that applies to
to the
the speed
speed inin question
question (see
(see Fig. figure is
figure smaller at
is smaller at lower submerged speed
lower submerged speed rather than
rather than
60),
601, at higher
at higher one. one. During
During their
their snorkel
snorkel periods,
periods, sub-sub-
vv is the
is submerged speed
the submerged in knots
speed in under trial
knots under run
trial run marines endangered by increased noise
marines are more endangered radia-
noise radia-
conditions,
conditions, tion of diesel engines at
diesel engines at full load and
full load and by semi—sub-
the semi-sub-
by the
/ KW
J KW is the submerged
is the delivered at
power delivered
submerged power in
propeller in
at propeller merged (periscope) depth to
(periscope) depth to be adhered to,
be adhered to, than dur-
than dur-
KW
K W at the speed
at the question,
in question,
speed in ing a
ing a true
true deep-submerged
deep-submerged electricelectric operation.
operation.

77
Consequently, it
Consequently, been a
has been
it has desire to
long-time desire
a long-time sub—
find sub-
to find ture leaving the
ture leaving chamber. The
combustion chamber.
the combustion steam of
The steam the
of the
marine propulsion
marine systems that
propulsion systems independent of
are independent
that are at-
of at- mixture is
mixture condensed in
is condensed the heat
in the and the
exchanger and
heat exchanger con-
the con-
air.
mospheric air.
mospheric densate is
densate is delivered together with
overboard together
delivered overboard C0,».
the C02.
with the
technique has
indirect technique
The indirect
The has a much lower
a much consumption
lower consumption
However, this
rate. However,
rate. system is
this system heavier and
somewhat heavier
is somewhat re-
and re-
The Walter
The principle
Waller principle
quires more
quires space.
more space.
H. Walter
H. Walter developed
developed his his technique
technique between between 1936 1936 and and The first
The system, a
Walter system,
first Walter a so-called system,
“cold” system,
so—called "cold"
1945 (see
1945 (see Fig.
Fig. 81).81). About
About 80 80 percent
percent concentrated
concentrated liquid liquid built for
was built
was purposes only
test purposes
for test and developed
only and even
developed even
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen peroxide (H201) (H202) is is used
used as as thethe oxidant.
oxidant. De- De- before the
before employment of
the employment procedure. It
direct procedure.
the direct
of the was
It was
composition in
composition in a a decomposer
decomposer generates generates water water vapor
vapor 'and
'and installed in
installed test boat
in test an 80-ton
V-80, an
boat V-80, sub—
experimental sub-
80—ton experimental
free oxygen (2
free oxygen 1-1202 —r 2
(2 HzOl + 2H H20 2 0+ 02). The
+ 02). latter is
The latter used in
is used in marine, in
marine, (see Fig.
1939 (see
in 1939 82). The
Fig. 82). peroxide was
The peroxide only
was only
combustion chamber
aa combustion chamber to burn a
to burn hydrocarbon (fuel)
a hydrocarbon (fuel) toto
produce carbon
produce carbon dioxide dioxide (CO*) (C02) and water vapor
and water (H20).
vapor (H20). - .w PEROXIDE
PEROXIDE Hz 02

mixture is
This mixture
This used as
is used medium to
the medium
as the drive a
to drive propulsion
a propulsion 02 l
-egg—pi.
4 STEAM AND
STEAM A N 0 Op a
turbine.
turbine. PEROXIDE TANK
STEAM AND C02
AND CO?
The liquid
The liquid hydrogen
hydrogen peroxide peroxide is is stored
stored in in plastic
plastic bags
bags in in
' t STEAM

the free-flooding
the free-flooding outer outer hull.hull. As As the the liquid
liquid hydrogen
hydrogen per- per— C 0 2 AAND
C02 WATER
N D WATER 2
oxide (specific
oxide (specific gravitygravity of of about
about 1.33) 1.33) is is consumed,
consumed, the the
bags collapse
bags collapse and and thethe volume
volume is is replaced
replaced by by sea
sea water.
- FUEL (LIGHT OIL) FUEL (LlGHT OIL)

Fuel is
Fuel is required
required for for this
this process
process as as well.
well. A A synthetic
synthetic lightlight - CONDENSATE
CONDENSATE
oil is employed.
oil is employed. It It is
is stored
stored in in the
the outer
outer hull hull tanks
tanks on top 9 8
of water
of water as as usual
usual on on submarines.
submarines. The The submarine
submarine gets gets
considerably lighter
considerably lighter as as the the liquid
liquid H102 [-1202 is is consumed.
consumed. MIG
Consumption of
Consumption of the
the lightlight fuel fuel makesmakes the the submarine
submarine
heavier. The
heavier. weight reduction,
The weight reduction, however, however, is is much
much greater
greater
and must
and must be be compensated
compensated for for in in the
the compensating
compensating tanks, tanks,
which are
which are therefore
therefore much much larger larger in in thethe Walter
Walter sub- sub-
marines. The
marines. peroxide is
The peroxide pumped into
is pumped into the decomposer
the decomposer
where it
where it is
is decomposed
decomposed by by a a catalyzer
catalyzer into into water
water vapor
vapor
and O1.
and Oz. TheThe temperature
temperature of of this
this mixture
mixture is is about
about 450 450 OC.OC.
The pressure
The pressure as as a a sliding
sliding pressure
pressure corresponds
corresponds to to the
the
TO OUTBOARD
OU TBOARD
turbine inlet
turbine inlet pressure.
pressure. This This mixture
mixture of of steam
steam and oxygen oxygen TO
then enters
enters the the series-connected
series—connected combustion combustion chamber. chamber,
then 1 H202 Feed Pump
HpOn Feed Pump w
cooowcntnrsoam-e

light fuel and water are injected at the same

and light same time. Decomposer
2 Decomposer 10
Propeller
10
Continuous combustion
Continuous combustion generates generates a a mixture
mixture of of water
water 3 Combustion Chamber
Combustion Chamber 11
Condenser
Condenser
11
vapor and
vapor and C CO3 which flows
0 2which flows through
through a a dust
dust filter
filter into the 4 Fuel Feed Line 12
Condensate
12 Pump
Condensate Pump
turbine. An
turbine. An injection
injection condenser
condenser is is used
used to to condense
condense the 5 injection Water
Injection Water 13
Feeding Pump
13
water vapor.
water vapor. Part Part of of thethe condensate
condensate is is delivered
delivered over- over— 6 Turbine
~"rbine 14
Cooler circulation
cooler
14 Water
Circulation Water
board, but
board, but the
the remainder
remainder is is cooled
cooled in in a a recooler
recooler device
device 7 Transmission
Transmission Circulating Water
15
Circulating
15
8 Clutch 002 Cooler
16
Con
16
injected into the combustion
and injected combustion chamber. chamber. The CO2 is
The CO,
9 Electric MotorIGenerator
Electric 17 Con
Motor/Generator 17 C02 Compressor
delivered to
delivered outboard where
to outboard where it dissolves in
it dissolves in sea water
sea water
after rising
after rising a a short
short distance.
distance. The considerable considerable electric electric Fig. 81
Fig. -— The Walter
81 -The submarine propulsion
Walter submarine system
propulsion system
power required
power required for for the
the pumps,
pumps, etc., etc., isis satisfied
satisfied by using a
coupled generator. Since
coupled generator. Since the exhaust COz
the exhaust CO2 must over-
must over-
come the
come the diving
diving pressure, the turbine turbine also also operates
Operates
against the
against the diving
diving pressure, resulting resulting in a high consump- consump-
tion of
tion peroxide and light
of peroxide light fuel.
fuel.
The installation
The installation of a special special compressor
compressor for the C CO;02
exhaust increases
exhaust increases the Dressure pressure head difference difference between
inlet and
inlet and outlet
outlet pressuie
pressure in the turbine, makes makes the systemsystem
much less
much less dependent
dependent on on diving
diving pressure, and lowers lowers the
consumption rates.
consumption rates.
In addition
In addition to this direct direct procedure, an indirect indirect method
was developed
was developed which includes includes a closed-loopclosed—loop steam steam circuit
circuit
with a
with a condenser
condenser for for the
the turbine. The The steam
steam is generated
generated
in a
in a heat
heat exchanger
exchanger heated by the steam steam and C CO; mix—
0 2 mix- 82 -
Fig. 82
Fig. ~— The Walter boat
experimental Walter
The experimental during cruising
boat during (1939)
cruising (1939)

78
 Diesel Engine

-*
Hydraulic Clutch
DJ
03Motor and Generator
C02+ H20-Steam
Turbine Transmission
¥>

Clutch
01

Turbine
O)

Turbine Clutch
7 Turbine
‘4

Shaft Transmission
CD

Clutch
9 Main Clutch
GD

10 Thrust Bearing
10 Bearing
11 Propeller
11 Propeller 13 V-Belt
13 Transmission
V-BeltTransmission
12 Low-Noise
12 Low-Noise Propulsion Motor 14 Low-Noise
14 Low-Noise Motor Clutch
Clutch

83 -
Fig. 83 — Propulsion system
system used in the German
German type 26
26

decomposed, so
decomposed, so that the turbine
that the operated on
turbine operated on a mixture
a mixture drops to
drops about 1.85
to about kg/KWhr if
1.85 kg/KWhr if an compres-
additional compres-
an additional
of and oxygen.
steam and
of steam The free
oxygen. The escaped to
oxygen escaped
free oxygen out-
to out- sor is
sor The indirect
installed. The
is installed. technique can
indirect technique can provide fig—
provide aa fig-
board left a
and left
board and bubble path.
a bubble The specific
path. The peroxide
specific peroxide ure of 1.32 kg/KWhr. At the time,
ure of 1.32 kg/KWhr. At the time, these consumption these consumption
consumption was
consumption was high. The submarine
high. The able to
was able
submarine was de-
to de- made it
rates made
rates impossible to
it impossible carry sufficient
to carry peroxide to
sufficient peroxide to
velop 2000
velop 2000 shaft
shaft horsepower,
horsepower, giving
giving it
it a
a submerged
submerged cruise on
cruise the Walter
on the exclusively for
system exclusively
Walter system for anan entire mis-
entire mis-
speed of
speed of 28
28 knots.
knots. sion. In
sion. In addition, therefore, a
addition, therefore, diesel-electric system
a diesel-electric with
system with
The Walter
The principle permits
Walter principle provision of
the provision
permits the of a high
very high
a very snorkel was
snorkel installed for
was installed for standard cruising.
standard cruising.
power at
specific power
specific low weight
at low requirements. In
space requirements.
and space
weight and In The (Fig. 83)
plant (Fig.
The plant had been
83) had planned for
been planned for the German
the German
the case of
the case the direct
of the compressor, the
without compressor,
procedure, without
direct procedure, the Type 26. 26. This submarine was
This submarine was to carry 97
to carry (metric)
tons (metric)
97 tons
Type
peroxide consumption is
peroxide consumption is about kg/KWhr. The
2.35 kg/KWhr.
about 2.35 rate
The rate H202 and
of H102
of and 65 (metric) of
tons (metric)
65 tons fuel. The
of fuel. Walter
The Walter
system was
system was to Operate by
to operate procedure with
direct procedure
the direct
by the with
compressor. The The following ranges had
cruising ranges
following cruising been
had been

-
compressor.
FUEL planned:
planned:
,- AIR
-. -
AIR
EXHAUST GAS
-— Submerged range 144
cruising range
Submerged cruising nm at
144 nrn at 24 (max—
knots (max-
24 knots
EXHAUSTGAS
AND OXYGEN
AND OXYGEN (02)
(Og) speed on
imum speed
imum the Walter
on the System).
Walter System).
-—— Submerged range lOOnm
cruising range
Submerged cruising 100 nm at at 4 knots on
4 knots on

-
-
2 . 2 4 - r OXYGEN (02)
OXYGEN (Oz)

EXHAUST GAS
EXHAUSTGAS

DIOXIDE
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON
drive (low-noise
electric drive
electric
merged speed
merged
-— Surface
on electric
speed on
cruising range
Surface cruising
motor) (the
(low-noise motor)
drive was
electric drive
7500 nm at
range 7500nm
was 10
at 10
maximum sub-
(the maximum
knots).
10 knots).
knots on
10 knots
sub-

direct
on direct
AND WATER
AND WATER diesel drive.
diesel drive.
investigated on a test stand, but it never
system was investigated
The system
/ was installed on
was installed Type 26
the Type
on the because of
26 because the end
of the the
of the
end of
M
war.
war.
\i/

70 9 t9
.4
principle
Closed—cycle principle
Closed-cycle
7 5 the diesel
Here the
Here Operate during
engines operate
diesel engines submerged cruis-
during submerged cruis—
1 Oxygen Tank
Oxygen Tank ing pure oxygen
on pure
ing on aboard in
carried aboard
oxygen carried in liquid gaseous
or gaseous
liquid or
LDCDNIO’JUWACQN-J

Valve
Pressure-Reducrng Valve
2 Pressure-Reduclng
form (see Fig.
form (see 84). The
Fig. 84). operate on
engines operate
diesel engines
The diesel at—
on at-
Oxygen Metermg
3 Oxygen Controller
Metering Controller
Nozzle
Mixing Nozzle
4 M~xlng mospheric air during surface and snorkel
mospheric air during surface and snorkel cruising, but cruising, but
5 Alr Inlet for
Air Inlet CrUIsing
Surface Crulelng
for Surface
can be
can shifted to
be shifted operation” for
“closed-cycle operation"
to "closed-cycle sub-
for sub-
Engine
Diesel Engine
6 Dlesel
Transmission
7 Transmlsslon merged Then the
cruising. Then
merged cruising. component in
nitrogen component
the nitrogen at-
the at-
in the
Clutch
8 Clutch mospheric air
mospheric replaced by
is replaced
air is C02 in
the COl
by the in the gas,
exhaust gas,
the exhaust
MotOr
Drive Motor
Electric Drlve
9 Electr~c
Propeller
1O Propeller
10 atmospheric oxygen
and atmospheric oxygen is replaced by
is replaced by oxygen from the
oxygen from the
11 Gas
Exhaust Gas Cock
11 Exhaust Cock supply. An
on-board supply.
on-board An electric system and
drive system
electric drive battery
and battery
Gas Cooler
12 Gadcooler
12
Control
would be
would required for
be required underwater low-noise
for underwater propulsion
low—noise propulsion
13 Bypass
13 Temperature Control
Bypass for Temperature
14 Cooler
14 Cooler yet.
Controller for C~rculatlon
Pressure Controller
15 Pressure Pressure
Circulation PreSSUre
15
Exhaust Gas
16 Exhaust Compressor
Gas Compressor
The advantage
The advantage of of these
these closed-cycle
closed-cycle systems
systems over the
16
17 Separator
17 Separator Walter system is
Walter system is that surface and
that surface cruising do
snorkel cruising
and snorkel not
do not
18 Fuel
18 Fuel reduce the
reduce the on-board
on—board oxygen
oxygen supply.
supply. Liquid
Liquid oxygen
oxygen could
could
Exhaust Gas
19 Exhaust
19 Gas Outlet tor Surface
Outlet for Cruising
Surtace Cru~slng
Exhaust Gas
20 Exhaust
20 Outlet for
Gas Outlet Operation
Closed-Cycle Operatlon
tor Closed-Cycle be stored
be stored in in cylindrical
cylindrical tanks.
tanks. TheThe volume
volume of of the
the com-
com-
21 Exhaust
21 Gas Llne
Exhaust Gas Operation
Closed-Cycle Operatlon
for Closed-Cycle
Line for pensating must be
tanks must
pensating tanks be large enough so
large enough so that total
the total
that the
Fig. 84 -
Fig. 84 — Closed-cycle
Closed-cycle system
system for submarines
submarines weight of
weight of the
the oxygen
oxygen may may be be compensated
compensated for for by by

79
seawater
seawater in in the
the compensating
compensating tanks.
tanks. The
The exceeding
exceeding CO:
COz cells
cells of
of greater
greater capacity have been
capacity have been built
built in
in Gemany.
Gemany. As As
must
must bebe forced
forced through
through the
the compressor
compressor against
against the
the div-
div- far
far asas submarine
submarine propulsion
propulsion systems
systems are are concerned,
concerned,
ing
ing pressure
pressure to to outboard
outboard where
where itit dissolves
dissolves in
in seawater
seawater storage of
storage of thethe O3 and H2
O2and should be
H2should arranged as
be arranged as follows
follows
after
after rising
rising for
for aa short
short period.
period. (see Fig. 85):
(see Fig. -
O2isis carried
85): - O: as aa liquid
carried as cryogenic form
(in cryogenic
liquid (in form
Such
Such systems
systems had
had been
been tested
tested in
in Germany
Germany during
during the
the
at - 180 0C)
abt. — 180
at abt. "C) in pressure-resistant cylindri—
insulated, pressure—resistant
in insulated, cylindri-
cal
cal containers.
containers. H2 Hzisis chemically
chemically combined
combined with with aa hydride
hydride
past
past war
war when
when the
the oxygen
oxygen was
was stored
stored in
in pressure
pressure gas
gas
(an Fe/Ti
(an alloy) and
Fe/Ti alloy) separated from
and isis separated from thethe hydride
hydride by by
bottles.
bottles. Recently,
Recently, aa closed-cycle
closed-cycle system
system with
with oxygen
oxygen slightly
slightly warming-up
warming-up by by means
means of of the
the cooling
cooling water
water being
being
storage
storage in
in pressure-gas
pressure-gas bottles
bottles has
has been
been installed
installed on
on aa
non—military
obtained during fuel
obtained during operation. H3
cell operation.
fuel cell feed isis effected
Hz feed effected
non-military submersible
submersible for
for test
test purposes.
purposes. with
with simultaneous
simultaneous cooling
cooling of of the
the hydride
hydride containers.
containers. It It isis
comparatively difficult to
comparatively difficult to store
store H2H; by the aid
by the of aa hy—
aid of hy-
propulsion plant
Nuclear propulsion
Nuclear plant dride and
dride comparatively easy
and comparatively easy toto store liquid 02
the liquid
store the O2with
with
Nuclear proper
proper compensating
compensating tank tank capacity.
capacity. When
When compared
compared to
Nuclear systems
systems for for submarines
submarines consist
consist of
of steam
steam turbine
turbine to
plants the
the lead
lead battery
battery propulsion
propulsion system,
system, about
about tenten times
times the
plants in
in which
which the the reactor
reactor assumes
assumes the the function
function ofof the
the the
boiler.
boiler. Maximum
Maximum sustained
sustained performance
performance and and unlimited
unlimited cruising range in
cruising range deeply submerged
in deeply condition may
submerged condition may bebe ob-
ob-
submerged
submerged cruising
cruising ranges
ranges areare possible.
possible. The
The dead
dead weight
weight e. aa cruising
tained, i.i. e.
tained, which may
range which
cruising range may be sufficient for
be sufficient for
of coastal
coastal submarines.
submarines. Large Large submarines
submarines which which havehave to
of these
these systems
systems isis still
still high
high because
because of of the
the radiation
radiation to
shielding reach
reach operational
operational areasareas far
far off,
off, may
may be be equipped
equipped with
shielding required.
required. Consequently,
Consequently, all all submarines
submarines built
built to
to with
date hybride
hybride prOpulsion
propulsion systems
systems (hybride
(hybride system
system 2= dual
date have
have aa displacement
displacement of of several
several thousand
thousand tons,
tons, soso dual
they system).
they can
can bebe employed
employed only only onon the
the high
high seas.
seas. Nuclear
Nuclear system).
propulsion The
The electric
electric motor
motor maintains
maintains itsits capacity
capacity necessary
necessary forfor aa
propulsion systems
systems areare ideal
ideal for
for submarines
submarines except
except for
for
weight
weight and
and cost
cost considerations.
considerations. maximum
maximum speed,speed, and
and the
the battery
battery capacity
capacity isis reduced
reduced byby aa
Noise
Noise radiation
radiation isis aa particular
particular problem
problem of of nuclear—pow—
nuclear-pow- figure
figure between
between aa quarter
quarter and
and aa half.
half. The
The weight
weight portion
portion
ered
ered submarine
submarineships.ships. AtAt first,
first, the
the structure-borne
structure-bornenoisenoise set
set free
free inin this
this connection
connection isis utilized
utilized by by aa fuel
fuel cell
cell plant
plant
level with
with liquid
liquid 02O2storage
storage and
and storage
storage of of H2
H,in in aa hydride.
hydride.
level of
of hull
hull isis higher
higher duedue to
to the
the generally
generally increased
increased
speed. For
For the
the approach
approach to to and
and return
return from from its
its operational
speed. This
This isis tried
tried to
to be
be obviated
obviated by by more
more favourable
favourable operational
shape
shape and
and by by increased
increased fairing
fairing of
of the
the shellplating.
shellplating. Fur-
Fur- area, the submarine
area, the uses the
submarine uses battery-electric propulsion
the battery—electric propulsion
thermore, system,
system, with
with battery
battery charge
charge byby the
the diesel
diesel generator
generator sets
sets
thermore, the the prOpeller
propeller radiates
radiates noises
noises which
which may
may bebe re—
re-
duced during
during snorkeling.
snorkeling. InIn the
the operational
operational area,area, the
the fuel
fuel cells
cells
duced byby aa smaller
smaller number
number of of revolutions
revolutions and
and byby adop—
adop-
tion are
are used,
used, the
the capacity
capacity ofof which
which isis sufficient
sufficient for
for not
not more
more
tion of
of seven
seven blades
blades (“skew-back”).
("skew-back"). An
An important
important ex—
ex-
penditure than
than aa mean
mean submarine
submarine speed.
speed. If If higher
higher speeds
speeds are
are re—
re-
penditure becomes
becomes necessary
necessary in in order
order to
to keep
keep the
the noise
noise
radiation
radiation of of the
the nuclear
nuclear power
power plant
plant within
within bounds.
bounds. The
The quired
quired within
within the
the operational
operational area
area for
for short
short periods,
periods, the
the
radiation
radiation from
from thethe different
different pumps
pumps necessary
necessary for
for the
the

+
reactor Electric
Electric propulsmn
reactor plant
plant isis limited
limited by by sound—absorbing
sound-absorbing measures.
measures. propuls~on
Furthermore,
Furthermore, the
inally
inally envisaged
the direct
envisaged has
direct geared—down
has been
geared-down turbine
been deleted
deleted and
turbine drive
drive orig—
and replaced
replaced by
orig-
by aa
mOlOr
motor
I
turbo-electric
turbo-electric drive,
drive, so
so that
that the
the noises
noises of
of the
the gearing
gearing dodo J
@Ship's
I network Ship's network

.%
no
no longer
longer exist.
exist. The
The turbo—generators
turbo-generatorsmay may bebe placed
placed onon Battery
Special
special resilient
resilient mounts
mounts to to provide
provide sound
sound attenuation.
attenuation. ItIt

+
must
must bebe stated
statedthat
that the
the expenditure
expenditure forfor sound-dampened
sound-dampened I i Propulsnm
Propuls~onswutchboar
switchboardd
nuclear
nuclear power
power plants
plants is,
is, indeed,
indeed, considerable.
considerable.

—‘_‘LFuei
Fuelcell
cellplantlfi
Fuel cells
Fuel cells plant Cooling
Cooling
pump
ItIt isis possible
possible to
to generate
generate direct
direct current
current with
with low
low noise
noise A
and
and high
H2
high efficiency
H2and
efficiency by
and 02
by aa process
O2inin aa fuel
process of
fuel cell
of cold
cold combustion
cell plant.
plant. Up
combustion of
Up to
to date,
of
date, the
the power
power gen-
gen-
.. l
H2
eration
eration independent
independent of of atmospheric
atmosphericair air by
by fuel
fuel cells
cells was
was % 02 Cooling system
realized
realized in in aa small
small submersible.
submersible. [n In this
this connection,
connection, H2 H2
and
and OzO2were
were carried
carried inin separate
separate pressure-proof
pressure-proof bottles {/—

l1
bottles
for
for the
the supply
supply to to the
the cells.
cells. Although
Although suchsuch systems
systems areare
more
more efficient
efficientwhenwhen compared
compared withwith aa battery
battery propulsion
propulsion Ships heating
system,
system, they
submarines
they nevertheless
submarines in
nevertheless are
in this
this form,
are not.
not sufficient
form, because
sufficient for
because the
for military
military
the considerably
considerably l
Cooling
l
Coolingseawater
seawater
greater
greater submerged
submerged cruising
cruising ranges
ranges and
and speeds
speeds toto be
be re—
re-
quired
quired for
for such
suchvessels
vesselsare
are not
not obtained.
obtained. Just
Just lately,
lately, fuel
fuel Fig. 85 —- Fuel
Fig. 85 Fuel cell
cell plant
plant

80
fully charged
fully charged battery
battery is is available.
available. During
During deeply
deeply sub-
sub— heating being
heating being independent
independent of of atmospheric
atmospheric airair is
is avail-
avail—
merged operation,
merged operation, the
the battery
battery may
may be
be recharged
recharged by
by able. In this
able. this connection,
connection, liquid
liquid Oz02 could
could be
be carried
carried (as
(as
means of
means of the
the fuel
fuel cells.
cells. envisaged for
envisaged for fuel
fuel cell
cell operation).
operation). The The hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon is is
stored in
stored in tanks
tanks as
as usual
usual onon submarines.
submarines. IfIf the
the combus-
combus—
chamber of
tion chamber
tion the stirling
of the designed for
is designed
engine is
stirling engine for aa
Stirling engine
Stirling engine
service pressure
service pressure equal
equal toto the
the diving
diving depth
depth to
to be
be used
used by
by
These (externally
These (externally heated)
heated) power
power engines
engines (Fig.
(Fig. 86)
86) may
may be
be the submarine,
the submarine, then
then there
there is is no
no difficulty
difficulty in
in discharging
discharging
used for
used for the
the energy
energy supply
supply on
on submarines
submarines if
if an
an adequate
adequate the obtained
the obtained C CO2 into the
0 2into the ambient
ambient seawater.
seawater.

\ I + --+— Exhaust gas

Exhaust gas

Fuel atomizer

Burner

f
Annular connecting
Annular connecting duct
duct

Heater tubes
Heater tubes
Expansion space
Cooling fins
Cooling tins

Burner air inlet

»——— Regenerator
Regenerator

Displacer dome
water
Cooling water
Cooling
Compression space
\
Piston

Seal
Buffer space

Displacer rod
Displacer rod

Pitch circle Piston rod

Piston rod
of timing gears
— Piston
Piston yoke
yoke

COuntet weight
Piston connecting
Piston connecting rod
rod

pin
Crank pin
Displacer connecting rod Crank radius
radius
Crank
Displacer yoke
Bhombic drive
Phombic drive

Fig. 86
Fig. -
86 — Stiding
Stirling engine
engine

81
CHAPTER
CHAPTER XI
XI

Ship handling equipment

Ship handling equipment
2. having fixed
Hydroplanes having blade angles above or
to above be—
1.
1. Control
Control surfaces
surfaces 2. Hydroplanes fixed blade angles to or be-
low, which
low, have to
which have to be rigged out
be rigged out ofof the by shift-
shell by
the shell shift-
Except
Except for
for folding
folding oror retractable
retractable planes,
planes, the
the standard
standard de-de- ing or
ing them more
pivoting them
or pivoting more or less for
or less generation of
for generation of
positive or
positive negative lift.
or negative lift. Consequently,
Consequently, these these hy-hy-
sign
sign of
of hydroplanes
hydroplanes and and rudders
rudders does
does not
not differ
differ appre-
appre-
droplapes in
droplancs their neutral
in their position (i.
neutral position e. generating
(i. e. nei—
generating nei-
ciably
ciably from
from the the rudders
rudders of of other
other ships.
ships. The
The profile
profile
shaped
shaped rudder
rudder andand plane
plane bodies
bodies are
are flooded
flooded to to prevent
prevent ther nor negative
positive nor
ther positive negative lift)lift) are completely removed
are completely removed
damage
damage by by diving
diving pressure.
pressure. from the
from around the
flow around
the flow submarinethus
the submarine reducing the
thus reducing the
resistance
resistance (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 88).
88).
Manually
Manually operated
operated planes
planes have
have weights
weights along
along the
the lead-
lead-
For example, in
For example, case of
in case the turning—out
of the mussel-shaped
turning-out mussel-shaped
ing
ing edge
edge to to achieve
achieve aa balance
balance ofof its
its natural
natural weight
weight
about
about the
the axis
axis of
of rotation.
rotation. bow shown in
planes shown
bow planes in Fig. 88, as
Fig. 88, provided on
as provided nearly all
on nearly all
A
A great
great variety
variety ofof designs
designs have
have been
been developed
developed in in order
order postwar submarines,
German postwar
German submarines, the the port plane generates
port plane generates
the down-angleand
the down—angle and the starboard one
the starboard generates an
one generates up-
an up-
to
to remove
remove the
the bow
bow planes
planes from
from the
the flow
flow around
around thethe sub-
sub-
angle; plane is
one plane
angle; one rigged out
is rigged only at
out only at aa time; the small
time; the small
marine
marine during
during surface
surface cruising
cruising andand high—speed
high-speed sub— sub-
heels arising are
heels arising negligible, just
are negligible, because of
just because of the fact
the fact
merged
merged cruising.
cruising. Two
Two groups
groups can
can be
be distinguished:
distinguished:
the bow
that the
that planes are
bow planes are used
used up up to mean speed
ship's mean
to ship’s speed
1.
1. Hydroplanes
Hydroplanes havinghaving blades
blades to
to be
be rigged
rigged in in or folded
or folded only.
only.
onto
onto the
the shell
shell plating
plating when
when not
not in
in use,
use, and
and toto be
be turned
turned
round
round their
their axes
axes when
when in
in use
use so that positive
so that positive and nega-
and nega- Fig. 11
Fig. shows various
11 shows rudder/stern plane
steering rudder/stern
various steering de-
plane de-
tive lift
tive lift forces
forces are
are generated.
generated. signs. The
signs. The "X" configuration (see
“X” configuration Fig. l11)
(see Fig. is a
l ) is combina-
a combina-
These
These planes
planes can
can be folded upward
be folded upward onto the shell
onto the plat-
shell plat- tion of
tion of steering rudder and
steering rudder planes realised
stem planes
and stern realised on Swed-
on Swed-
ing;
ing; the
the blades
blades may be swivelled
may be swivelled to
to aft into slots
aft into in the
slots in the submarines. If
ish submarines.
ish the rudder
If the moved in
are moved
stocks are
rudder stocks op—
in op-
outer
outer hull;
hull; furthermore,
furthermore, aa hydroplane
hydroplane support
support may may be be direction, a
posite direction,
posite hydrOplane action
a hydroplane results, and
action results, the
and the
pivoted about
pivoted about the
the vertical
vertical axis
axis so that one
so that one blade
blade turns
turns steering rudder action
steering rudder from their
results from
action results movement in
their movement the
in the
to
to forward
forward andand the
the other
other one towards aft
one towards into the
aft into the su—
su- same direction.
same Combined tilting
direction. Combined of steering
tilting of and
rudder and
steering rudder
perstructure (see
perstructure Fig. 87).
(see Fig. 87). stern planes
stem planes is possible with
is possible configuration. The
this configuration.
with this sum
The sum

Fig. 87 —- Hydroplane
Fig. 87 Hydroplane blades of folding
folding and turning-in
turning—in type

82
 Fig. 89 —- Depth
Fig. 89 Depth control
control stations
stations in
in the
the control
control room
room (German
(German
type
type 21,
21, 1944)
1944)
Fig.
Fig. 88
88 — Hydroplanes
- Hydroplanes having
having fixed
fixed blade
blade angles,
angles, to
to be
be rigged
rigged
out
out by
by shifting
shifting or
or turning
turning of
of rudder
rudder and
and plane
plane surfaces
surfaces of
of the
the “X”
"X" type
type is
is smaller
smaller
than
than that
that of
of the
the cross-type,
cross-type, resulting
resulting in
in smaller
smaller overall
overall
resistance;
resistance; moreover,
moreover, thethe “X”
"X" type
type offers
offers increased
increased
operational
operational safety,
safety, but
but the
the forces
forces available
available at
at simul-
simul-
taneous
taneous extreme
extreme rudder
rudder and
and plane
plane angles
angles are
are smaller
smaller
than
than those
those of
of the
the cross-type.
cross-type.
The
The electric
electric or
or hydraulic
hydraulic drives
drives of of the
the control
control surfaces
surfaces
are
are usually
usually located
located inside
inside the the pressure
pressure hull. Power is
hull. Power is
transmitted
transmitted to to the
the rudder
rudder and and planes
planes by
by linkages
linkages and
and
shafts.
shafts. The
The main
main power
power drive
drive is is backed
backed upup by
by some
some other
other
type
type of
of power
power drive
drive (e.
(e. g.,
g., itit is
is possible
possible to
to switch to an-
switch to an-
other
other circuit
circuit in
in the
the case
case of
of electric
electric drives)
drives) and
and by
by manual
manual
operation
operation inin an
an emergency.
emergency.
Steering
Steering and
and depth
depth control
control is is effected
effected in
in the
the control
control
room.
room.
On
On the
the German
German vessels
vessels shown
shown onon Tables
Tables 11 to
to 4,
4, the
the
depth
depth control
control consoles
consoles were
were located
located on
on starboard
starboard side
side
(see
(see Fig.
Fig. 89)
89) and
and the
the depth
depth helmsmen
helmsmen were
were seated
seated side
side
by
by side
side and
and facing
facing starboard.
starboard. On
On foreign
foreign submarines
submarines
of
of that
that time,
time, these
these consoles
consoles were
were arranged
arranged in
in aa mirror-
mirror-
inverted
inverted manner
manner onon portside.
portside.
Fig.
Fig. 90
90 —- Combination
Combination rudder
rudder and
and plane
plane controls
controls (Walter
(Walter ex-
ex- The
The German
German V—80
V-80 Walter-propulsion
Walter-propulsion boat (1939,
(1939, see
see Fig.
Fig.
perimental
perimental V—80,
V-80, 1939)
1939) 90)
90) was
was the
the first
first submarine
submarine to
to be
be fitted
fitted with
with aa combina—
combina-

83
 91 -
Fig. 91 — Steering
Steering and depth control
control station
station

tion control
tion control for for the the rudder
rudder and and stern
stem plane.
plane. InIn this
this
configuration
-
configuration the helmsmen
the helmsmen faced faced forward.
forward. One One man
man
could operate
could operate the the rudder
rudder by by turning
turning a a control
control column
column
the aft
and the
and planes by
aft planes pushing and
by pushing pulling it.
and pulling bow
As bow
it. As
planes were
planes were not not provided
provided for for this
this experimental
experimental boat,boat,
control could
control could be be effected
effected by by two helmsmen - one
two helmsmen one ofof
them for
them for depth
depth control
control and and the
the second
second one seating
seating by
him for
him for steering
steering control.
control. Two Two control
control consoles
consoles placed
placed
side by
side by side
side (facing
(facing forward)
forward) are are provided
provided if if bow
bow and
and
stern planes
stern planes areare arranged
arranged as as usual
usual on
on many
many today's
today’s sub-
sub-
marines. If
marines. If one
one console
console is is attended
attended only,
only, the
the hydroplanes
hydroplanes
are coupled,
are coupled, e. e. g.
g. to
to the
the effect
effect that
that the
the stern
stern plane
plane makes
makes
only '/3
only '/3 of
of the
the swing
swing of of the
the bow
bow plane.
plane. Then,
Then, one
one man
man
can operate
can operate bothboth these
these planes
planes byby pushing
pushing and
and pulling and
the steering
the steering rudder
rudder by by turning. If required, they may be
uncoupled. Then,
uncoupled. Then, one one helmsman
helmsman operates
operates stem
stern planes
steering control, whereas the other one cares
and steering cares for
, ' bow planes
bow planes (see(see Fig.
Fig. 92).
92).
submarines have
Many submarines
Many have automatic depth control
automatic depth systems
control systems
relieve the
to relieve
to crew during
the crew cruising and
snorkel cruising
during snorkel sustained
and sustained
Mechanical—hydraulic systems
submerged cruising. Mechanical-hydraulic systems andand
92 -
Fig. 92
Fig. console
control console
Combined control
— Combined electronic-hydraulic systems
electronic-hydraulic systems are known.
are known.

84
84
Automatic rudder
Automatic rudder steering
steering systems
systems are
are also
also employed
employed to to mid—length of
at mid-length
at the vessel
of the and S.
P. and
vessel P. such aa way
in such
S. in that
way that
relieve the
relieve the crew
crew on
on long
long cruises.
cruises. are tiltable
they are about the
tiltable about horizontal (see
the horizontal Fig. 93),
(see Fig. so
93), so
If the
If the submarine
submarine runs runs with
with the
the automatic
automatic depth
depth and
and that the
that hover and
may hover
vessel may
the vessel on the
turn on
and turn spot.
the spot.
control being
steering control
steering switched on,
being switched console is
control console
the control
on, the is
attended to
attended to by person only,
one person
by one carries out
who carries
only, who supervis-
out supervis-
ing functions.
functions.
ing 2. Ballast
2. equipment
tank equipment
Ballast tank
On small, commercial
On small, hydroplanes are
submersibles, hydroplanes
commercial submersibles, in-
are in-
effective for
effective for depth because of
control because
depth control the small
of the speed.
small speed.
Vents are
Vents designed in
are designed form of
the form
in the flaps or
of flaps or valves Fig.
(see Fig.
valves (see
often is
control often
Depth control
Depth is to performed in
be performed
to be hovering
in hovering
They open
94). They
94). outward, or
open outward, or better inward, and
still inward,
better still seal
and seal
condition, so
condition, the propeller
that the
so that should be
thrust should
propeller thrust for
used for
be used levers
by levers
against a
against a rubber They are
seat. They
rubber seat. activated either
are activated either by
this purpose.
this purpose. When they they
linkages or
and linkages
and shafts and
by shafts
or by and worm gears. When
worm gears.
Either vertical, reversible
Either vertical, pusher screws
reversible pusher are used
screws are for
used for
outward, they
open outward,
open must be
they must self—locking so
be self-locking that they
so that can-
they can-
depth keeping, or
depth keeping, the propulsive
or the screws are
propulsive screws arranged
are arranged
not be
not lifted by
be lifted pressure in
by pressure ballast tank.
the ballast
in the tank. In smaller
In smaller
submarines, the
submarines, drives are
the drives are operated manually by
operated manually by ax-ax-
iometers or
iometers linkages. In
or linkages. In large submarines, they
large submarines, they are are
Operated by
operated compressed air
by compressed air or hydraulically and
or hydraulically require
and require
manual drive
additional manual
an additional
an drive for emergencies. Some
for emergencies. Some sub- sub-
marines have
marines have emergency flaps below
closing flaps
emergency closing below the main
the main
vents on
vents on some These can
tanks. These
ballast tanks.
some ballast can be used to
be used to
manoeuvre when
manoeuvre when the vents fail,
regular vents
the regular they are
but they
fail, but open
are open
during operation.
normal operation.
during normal
Instead of
Instead of the simple flooding
the simple ports used
flooding ports used today, earlier
today, earlier
provided flood
practice provided
practice activated from
flaps activated
flood flaps inside the
from inside the
pressure hull
pressure hull by spindles and
by spindles levers. These
and levers. These
outward and
opened outward
opened had rubber
and had gaskets as
rubber gaskets seals.
as seals.
compressed air
The compressed
The lines for
air lines high—pressure blowing
for high-pressure blowing of of
tanks have
ballast tanks
ballast have a non—returnvalve
a non-return elocated in
~ a l v located in the side
the side
submarine to
the submarine
of the
of to prevent water from
prevent water entering the
from entering the
line during
blow line
blow submerged cruising.
during submerged Moreover, it
cruising. Moreover, pre-
it pre-
,- Propulsive
Fig. 93
, screw
Propulsive ,,,s being tiltable around horizontal
around the horizontal vents accidental
vents venting (and
accidental venting (and thus flooding) of
thus flooding) bal-
the bal-
of the
(German type TOURS
(German submersible)
TOURS submersible) last through the
tank through
last tank high-pressure blow
the high-pressure blow line during
line during

AMIDSHIP
AMl INTERNAL
DSHlP INTERNAL AMIDSHIP
AMl EXTERNAL
DSHlP EXTERNAL FORWARD EXTERNAL
FORWARD EXTERNAL
BALLAST
B TANK
ALLAST TANK BALLAST
B TANK
ALLAST TANK BALLAST
B TANK
ALLAST TANK
1 Slits
Flood Slits 5 High-Pressure Blow Line (Compressed
High-pressure the High-pressure
Air from the
(Compressed Air Distributor)
Air Distributor)
High-Pressure Air
CONDUCT
#OJNA

2 Flood Flap 6 Side Valve for High-pressure

Ship's Side Valve)
(Non-Return Valve)
High-Pressure Blowing (Non-Return
3 Flood Flap Drive 7 Low-Pressure Blow Line (Diesel
Low-Pressure Distributor)
Low-Pressure Distributor)
(Diesel Exhaust Gas from the Low-Pressure
4 Vent 8 Emergency Shutdown Room)
(Operated manually from the Control Room)
Shutdown Flap (Operated

94 - Ballast
Fig. 94 Ballast tank
tank equipment

85
surface cruising in
surface cruising the event
in the operation of
erroneous operation
of erroneous
event of of The ballast
The ballast tanks
tanks of
of a a particular
particular type
type of
of vessel
vessel are
are
the compressed air
the compressed system.
air system. emptied by
emptied by means
means of
of the
the low-pressure
low-pressure ballast
ballast pump
pump inin
Low-pressure blow
Low-pressure lines that
blow lines are used
that are fully blow
to fully
used to bal-
blow bal- order to
order to save
save compressed
compressed air.
air. Flood
Flood holes
holes are
are closed
closed
last tanks
last diesel exhaust
with diesel
tanks with gas or
exhaust gas with a
or with special low-
a special low- and vents
and vents are
are opened
opened for
for this
this purpose.
purpose.
pressure blower require
pressure blower greater cross
require greater than do
sections than
cross sections do
high-pressure blow
high-pressure blow lines. In most
lines. In low-pressure
cases, low-pressure
most cases,
blow llines
blow extend to
i e s extend the bottom
to the into the
bottom into water in
residual water
the residual in 3. Pressure
3. Pressure hull
hull closures
closures
the ballast
the tanks. This
ballast tanks. arrangement prevents
This arrangement ballast
prevents ballast
tanks blown by
tanks blown high pressure
by high being flooded
from being
pressure from back—
flooded back- The most
The most important
important closures
closures are
are the
the hatches;
hatches; these
these are
are
wards through
wards through these
these low-pressure
low—pressure blowblow lines
lines inin the
the event
event categorized as
categorized as access
access and and torpedo
torpedo hatches.
hatches. Access
Access
that the
that the pressure
pressure accidentally
accidentally drops
drops below
below the
the back
back pres-
pres- hatches have
hatches have horizontal
horizontal seats
seats whereas
whereas those
those ofof torpedo
torpedo
sure during ballast
sure during low-pressure blowing
ballast low-pressure operations.
blowing operations. hatches are
hatches are inclined
inclined so so that
that torpedoes
tOrpedoes can
can bebe loaded.
loaded.
The advantages
The advantages of of equipment
equipment using
using diesel
diesel engines
engines toto Hatch covers
Hatch covers (Fig.
(Fig. 95)
95) are
are made
made ofof cast
cast steel
steel oror press-
press-
fully blow
fully blow ballast
ballast tanks
tanks include
include their
their greater
greater simplic-
simplic— molded from
molded from rolled
rolled steel
steel with
with circular
circular rubber
rubber gaskets
gaskets andand
ity, lower
ity, lower weight,
weight, andand smaller
smaller space
space requirement,
requirement, are stronger
are stronger than
than the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull to
to allow
allow forfor anan ad-
ad—
when compared
when compared with with special
special blowers.
blowers. Another
Another ad- ad— equate safety
equate safety margin.
margin. TheThe heavy
heavy hatch
hatch cover
cover is
is externally
externally
vantage isis the
the preservative
preservative effect
effect of
of the
the diesel
diesel exhaust
exhaust spring balanced
spring balanced forfor easiest
easiest possible
possible handling.
handling. A A hatch
hatch
vantage
gas on
gas on the
the inner
inner surface
surface ofof ballast
ballast tanks.
tanks. The
The prereq-
prereq- cover is
cover is held
held in
in the
the closed
closed position
position by
by aa snap
snap latch
latch which
which
uisite for
uisite for diesel
diesel engine
engine low-pressure
low—pressure blowing
blowing systems
systems isis can be
can be activated
activated from
from inside
inside or
or outside.
outside.
that the
that the diesel
diesel engines
engines be be insensitive
insensitive toto back
back pressure
pressure This snap
This can be
latch can
snap latch held in
be held in the position
“open” position
the "open"
and that
and that they
they start
start easily.
easily. from the
from inside by
the inside by a blocking device,
a blocking which can
device, which be
can be
Ballast tank
tank equipment
equipment ofof commercial
commercial submersibles operated in
operated in an emergency should
an emergency the crew
should the need to
crew need use
to use
Ballast submersibles is
is si-
si—
milar to
to that
that of
of military
military submarines.
submarines. As As it
it is
is possible
possible to
to hatch to
the hatch
the from a
escape from
to escape submarine. When
flooded submarine.
a flooded When
milar
the hatch
released, the
released, can be
cover can
hatch cover with the
opened with
be opened help
the help
flood more
flood more slowly
slowly than
than on on military
military submarines,
submarines, thethe
the inside
of the
of bubble.
air bubble.
inside air
cross—sections of
cross-sections of flood
flood and
and vent
vent holes
holes may
may bebe smaller
smaller in
in
comparison. In
comparison. In most
most cases,
cases, the
the ballast
ballast tanks
tanks are
are fully
fully During submerged
During submerged cruising,
cruising, the
the hatch
hatch cover
cover isis secured
secured byby
blown by
blown by compressed
compressed air.
air. aa central
central latch
latch that
that can
can bebe operated
operated from from inside
inside oror

Hatch Cover
mmbwmd

Spflng
Spring
Snap Latch
Snap
Central Latch
Central
Catch
Hatch Coaming

-Hatch cover
95 — Hatch
Fig. 95

86
 Three catches
outside. Three
outside. spaced 120
catches spaced 120 deg apart hold
deg apart the
hold the
closed so
cover closed
hatch cover
hatch tightly that
so tightly that it cannot be
it cannot raised by
be raised by
explosion
underwater explosion shocks.
underwater shocks.
When the
When the hatch cover is
hatch cover open and
is open and in in the posi-
vertical posi-
the vertical
tion, a
tion, a small pendulum trap
small pendulum blocks the
trap blocks the central latch
central latch
prevents it
and prevents
and from being
it from accidentally turned
being accidentally turned in the
in the
“closed” direction.
"closed" Without this
direction. Without feature, the
this feature, catches
the catches
hit the
would hit
would coaming when
hatch coming
the hatch when the bangs and
cover bangs
the cover and
its immediate
prevent its
prevent closure.
immediate closure.
I The bridge fin
The bridge hatch is
fin hatch is fitted with a
fitted with small cock.
a small When the
cock. When the
FOR BILGE
BILGE AND
AND
FOR
SEA WATER
SEA WATER
FOR FUEL submarine is
submarine is trim tested, this
trim tested, cock is
this cock used to
is used determine
to determine
moment at
the moment
the which the
at which the hatch cover is
hatch cover flooded; the
is flooded; the
gauges are
depth gauges
depth calibrated. Hatches
then calibrated.
are then Hatches are usually
are usually

5&0
example, the
for example,
paired; for bridge fin
the bridge hatch is
fin hatch is paired with
paired with

+
paired;
control room
the control
the which is
hatch which
room hatch is located below.
located below.
An exception was
An exception made by
was made by the German Navy,
former German
the former Navy,
some contemporary
and some contemporary foreign navies, which were
satisfied with single
satisfied with deck and
single deck hatches.
torpedo hatches.
and torpedo

O
The principles apply
following principles
The following to all
apply to other pressure
all other hull
pressure hull
such as
closures such as valves, and so
flaps, and
valves, flaps, forth. All
so forth. closures
All closures
”0

closures
are in
are in a a double arrangement. The
double arrangement. outer closures
The outer are
closures are
0

CO
placed as
placed closely as
as closely possible to
as possible the pressure
to the hull shell
pressure hull and
shell and
the closures as
inner closures
the inner closely as
as closely as possible behind the
possible behind outer
the outer
closures. The
closures. The outer closures must
outer closures close under
must close external
under external
pressure; if
pressure; if necessary, features for
locking features
necessary, locking for the “closed”
the "closed"
position prevent a
position prevent closure from
a closure opening under
from opening blast. A
under blast. All
ll
FOR AND
FRESH AND
FOR FRESH FOR LUBRICANTS
FOR LUBRlCANTS
such closures
such closures areare designed
designed for for greater
greater strength
strength than
than the
the
WATER
WASH WATER
WASH pressure hull.
pressure hull.
German Navy,
the German
In the
In Navy, the the hand wheels or
hand wheels or cranks for
cranks for
outboard closures can
outboard closures can be distinguished by
be distinguished touch as
by touch as
they have spherical
they have knobs and
spherical knobs and soso aa particular control
particular control
can be
can identified in
be identified the dark
in the (see Fig.
dark (see 96).
Fig. 96).
If outer
If outer closures
closures are
are operated
operated byby remote
remote control,
control, ad-
ad—
equate standby hand-drives
equate standby are to
hand-drives are provided.
be provided.
to be

4. Equipment
4. for draining
Equipment for flooding
and flooding
draining and
prerequisite for
One prerequisite
One the diving
for the readiness of
diving readiness of any sub—
any sub-
marine is
marine is that bilges are
the bilges
that the except for
drained except
are drained re—
the re-
for the
water and
sidual water
sidual that the
and that the proper weight of
proper weight of the boat is
the boat is
tanks.
($0
maintained by
maintained filling in
the filling
by the in the compensating tanks.
the compensating
Thus, the
Thus, the drain and flood
drain and systems have
flood systems special sig-
have special sig-
nificance for
nificance for safe cruising.
submerged cruising.
safe submerged
main drain
The main
The extends in
drain extends in a through the
line through
straight line
a straight the
length of
length of the submarine (see
whole submarine
the whole 97). It
Fig. 97).
(see Fig. divided
is divided
It is
stop valves
by stop
by forward and
into aa forward
valves into and an aft line.
an aft suction
The suction
line. The
VENTILATION
FOR VENTILATION
FOR FOR COMPRESSED
FOR AIR
COMPRESSED AIR must be
baskets must
baskets accessible and
easily accessible
be easily located so
and located so that the
that the
can be
bilges can be drained sufficiently even
drained sufficiently when the
even when sub-
the sub-
marine is
marine is very heavy at
very heavy bow or
the bow
at the stem.
or stern.
The drain lines are filled with water at all times to ensure
that the
that the drain
drain pumps
pumps can operate operate immediately if re- re—
96 -
Fig. 96 — Handwheels closures
cranks for outboard closures
Handwheels and cranks quired. Vents
quired. Vents areare located at the ends ends of the drain pipe to

87
 TO
TO SPARE
SPARE DRAIN
DRAIN PUMP
PUMP FROM
FROM BILGE
BILGE COMPENSATING
COMPENSATING COMPENSATING
COMPENSATING
VENT TANK 1 TANK
TANK 22
PORT
PORT PORT
PORT VENT

.—
————

MAlN DRAIN
MAIN
1 LINE
DRAlN
TO BOW
LINETO BOW

EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY

a_l
DRAIN
DRAlN

FROM
FROM FROM
FROM BILGE
BILGE
I BILGE DRAlN PUMP
MAIN BILGE
MAlN DRAIN
DRAlN
LINE
LINET0
TO STERN
STERN
I

P- TO
TO TORPEDO
TORPEDO TANKS
TANKS

3' I \
TO
TO OR
OR FROM
FROM SEA
SEA

1
COMPENSATING
TANK
TANK 11
STARBOARD
STARBOARD
I
COMPENSATING
TANK
TANK 22
STARBOARD
STARBOARD

&
-
ii
_.
NON~RETURN
NON-RETURNSHUTOFF
SHUTOFFVALVE
VALVE &&J
% VALVE CHEST
VALVECHEST
[JG STOP VALVE
STOP VALVE

WATER
WATER METER
METER i PRESSURE
PRESSUREGAUGE
GAUGE
-
E] NON—RETURN
NON-RETURNVALVE

E][7
VALVE

Fig.
Fig. 97 -
97 — The
The drain
drain and
and flood
flood system
system DRAIN SUCTIONBASKET
DRAlNSUCTION BASKET

permit
permit filling
fillingwith
with water.
water. The
The water
water inin the
the drain
drain line
line con-
con-
stitutes
stitutes part
part of
of the
the weight
weight ofof the
the boat
boat and
and isis therefore
therefore in—in-
cluded
cluded in in the
the weight
weight calculation.
calculation.
Two
Two drain
drain pumps
pumps areare used
used for
for large
large submarines
submarines and and one
one
pump
pump for for small
small ones.
ones. The
The pumps
pumps may may be be fitted
fitted on
on resi—
resi-
lient
lient mounts
mounts for for noise
noise abatement
abatement purposes.
purposes. Electrically
Electrically
driven
driven piston
piston pumps
pumps are are most
most suitable
suitable asas they
they take
take safe
safe
suction.
suction. In In case
case of
of pumps
pumps having
having two
two cylinders,
cylinders, connec-
connec-
tion
tion of
of cylinders
cylinders maymay bebe such
such that
that series-connection
series-connection at at
maximum
maximumcounter-pressure
counter-pressure (which
(which should
should be be higher
higher than
than
the
the test
test diving
divingdepth
depth ofof the
the submarine)
submarine) and and parallel
parallel con-
con-
nection
nection at at up
up to
to mean
mean pressure
pressure isis used,
used, thus
thus utilizing
utilizing the
the
driving
driving power
power of of the
the motor
motor favourably
favourably (see(see Fig.
Fig. 98).
98).
These
Thesepumps
pumps are
are mounted
mounted amidships
amidships in
in the
the control
control room
room
or
or in
in aa separate
separate auxiliary
auxiliary machinery
machinery space.
space.
Long
Long submarines
submarines require
require additonal
additonal drain
drain pumps
pumps at at the
the
ends
ends of of the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull because
because the
the pumps
pumps installed
installed
amidships
amidships cannot
cannot take
take suction
suction during
during heavy
heavy trim
trim ofof aa
long
longsubmarine.
submarine. AnyAny aux.
a m . cooling
coolingwater
water pumps
pumps available
available
in
in the
the engine
engine room
room cancan often
often bebe connected
connected to to the
the main
main
line,
line, then
then serving
serving asas aux.
aux. low-pressure
low-pressuredrain
drain pumps
pumps dur-
dur-
ing
ing surface
surface andand snorkel
snorkel cruises.
cruises. AA hand
hand drain
drain pump
pump isis
usually
usually part
part of
of the
the installation.
installation.
ItIt can
can be
be used
used to
to pump
pump water
water from
from the
the bilges
bilges into
into aa
pressure-proof
pressure-proof compensating
compensating tank
tank during
during submerged
submerged Fig. 98
Fig. - drainpump
Reciprocatingdrain
98 — Reciprocating pump

88
 cruising when
cruising when drain
drain pumps
pumps have
have failed
failed (e.
(e.g., in the
g., in the Operation with
Operation compressed air
with compressed disadvantage that
the disadvantage
has the
air has that
event of
event of a
a power
power failure).
failure). Bilge
Bilge water
water is
is blown
blown out
out of
of internal air
internal pressure will
air pressure during sus-
considerably during
rise considerably
will rise sus—
this tank
this tank by
by compressed
compressed air.
air. tained submerged
tained cruising.
submerged cruising.
flooding and
The flooding
The and pumping system for
pumping system compensating
the compensating
for the Some systems use
Some systems use a positive-displacement pump
a positive-displacement pump in the
in the
tanks is
tanks connected to
is connected to the system. Its
drain system.
bilge drain
the bilge opera—
Its opera- trim line.
trim advantage is
The advantage
line. The that no
is that compressed air
no compressed air is con-
is con-
tion is
tion described in
is described Chapter V.
in Chapter Control is
V. Control from the
is from drain
the drain sumed. Furthermore, the
sumed. Furthermore, equipment is
the equipment is more easily to
more easily be
to be
and flood
and manifold located
flood manifold amidships in
located amidships in the control
the control arranged for remote
arranged for operation. The
remote operation. disadvantage in
The disadvantage long
in long
room or
room the auxiliary
in the
or in engineroom. The
auxiliary engineroom. compensating
The compensating submarines, i.
submarines, that a
e. that
i. e. pump does
a pump deliver be-
simply deliver
not simply
does not be—
tanks can
tanks can be flooded from
be flooded through this
outside through
from outside manifold
this manifold cause of
cause the great
of the suction head,
great suction when the
head, when angles are
trim angles
the trim are
or the
or water in
the water them can
in them can bebe discharged overboard by
discharged overboard by great, may be
great, may counteracted by
be counteracted keeping the
by keeping the entire trim-
entire trim-
compressed air.
compressed air. In addition, the
In addition, pumps can
drain pumps
the drain bring
can bring ming system under
ming system pressure.
air pressure.
under air
outside or
from outside
water from
water from the
or from into the
line into
bilge line
the bilge com-
the com-
German submarines
German used the
submarines used drain
reciprocating drain
the reciprocating
tanks. Finally,
pensating tanks.
pensating compensating tanks
the compensating
Finally, the tanks cancan bebe
pump as
pump as a trim pump
a trim through aa change-over
pump through valve.
change—over valve.
drained by
drained by the pumps.
drain pumps.
the drain
This arrangement was
This arrangement abandoned in
was abandoned 1943 because
in 1943 the
because the
When a
When hydrostatic gauge
a hydrostatic gauge is installed, its
is installed, its valves (see
valves (see
pump was too
pump was noisy.
too noisy.
Chapter V)
Chapter V) are connected to
also connected
are also flood and
the flood
to the drain
and drain
manifold. This
manifold. gauge is
This gauge used to
is used control the
to control rate at
the rate which
at which For trimming equipment
For trimming Of commercial
equipment of see
submersibles see
commercial submersibles
one compensating tank
one compensating tank is flooded and
is flooded another (which
and another (which is is Chapter V.
Chapter V.
pressurized and
pressurized connected for
and connected discharge) is
for discharge) emptied.
is emptied.
small commercial
The small
The usually have
submersibles usually
commercial submersibles have a simple
a simple
system with
drain system
drain with an electrically or
an electrically hydraulically driven
or hydraulically driven
pump. For
pump. For compensating equipment in
compensating equipment commercial sub-
in commercial sub— 6. Compressed
6. system
air system
Compressed air
mersibles see
mersibles see Chapter
Chapter V. V.
system is
This system
This important to
very important
is very to a because air
submarine because
a submarine air
high pressure
under high
under contains a
pressure contains amount of
large amount
a large energy
of energy
5. Equipment for
5. Equipment trimming
for trimming that can be
that can used to
be used maximum output
obtain maximum
to obtain output in minimum
in minimum
handled by
Functions handled
time. Functions
time. compressed air
by compressed air vary greatly.
vary greatly.
This equipment
This equipment provides
provides the
the trim
trim of
of the
the boat
boat required
required The compressed air
The compressed aboard a
carried aboard
air carried submarine is
a submarine most
is aa most
for submerged
for submerged cruising.
cruising. Fig.
Fig. 99
99 shows
shows aa trim
trim installation
installation important means of
important means of saving lives when
saving lives additional
when additional
based solely
based on the
solely on of compressed
use of
the use air for
compressed air trimming;
for trimming; buoyancy is
buoyancy required in
quickly required
is quickly in an emergency during
an emergency during
operation is
its operation
its described in
is described in Chapter V. The
Chapter V. advantages
The advantages submerged cruising (high-pressure
submerged cruising blowing of
(high—pressure blowing ballast
of ballast
of this
of are reliability
installation are
this installation absence of
and absence
reliability and noise.
Of noise. tanks). Compressed air
tanks). Compressed air is used to
also used
is also initiate the
to initiate normal
the normal

TRIM TANK,
TRlM TANK. TRIM TANK.
TRlM TANK.
PORT AFT PORT FORWARD
/ PORT TRIM LINE (WATER)
FW/
LJ ‘/
’ I VENTING THROUGH SILENCER
PORT TRIM LINE (COMPRESSED AIR)
I].
PL:

II FROM LOW-PRESSURE AIR DISTRIBUTOR

STARBOARO TRIM LINE

FROM LOW-PRESSURE (COMPRESSED AIR)
AIR DISTRIBUTOR
LT _ _ -_,
\

.I VENTING THROUGH SILENOER

MC
TRIM TANK.'
TRIM TANKS
*
r..-

' STARBOARD TRIM LINE

STARBOARD TRIM (WATER)
LINE (WATER)

TRIM TANK.
TRlM TANK.
STARBOARO AFT
STARBOARD AFT FORWARD
STARBOARD FORWARD
STARBOARD
RX-zflfi

STOP VALVE
VALVE
[:@ FOUR-WAY COCK 66
i% SAFETY
SAFETY VALVE
VALVE
HOSE COUPLING
COUPLING (FOR
STOP

TRIM COMPRESSED
TRlM COMPRESSED
(FOR
WATER METER
WATER METER y FEklF
[.— HOSE
REFILLING OF
WATER)
OF TRIM
TRIM
AIR CONTROL
AIR VALVE
CONTROL VALVE

PRESSURE GAUGE
PRESSUREGAUGE
Fig. 99 -
Fig. 99 — Trim
Trim equipment

89
Fig.
Fig. 100
100— Four-stage
Four-stagehigh-pressure
- high-pressureair
aircompressor
compressorwith
withelectric
electric
drive
drive

surfacing
surfacing manoeuvre
manoeuvre by by high-pressure
high-pressureblowing
blowing the the bal-
bal-
last
lasttanks.
tanks. Furthermore,
Furthermore,compressed
compressedair air isisused
used for
for emp-
emp-
tying
tyingthe
thecompensating
compensatingtanks;
tanks; for
for trimming;
trimming;possibly
possiblyforfor
completely
completely emptying
emptying the the main
main ballast
ballast tanks
tanks onon the
the
surface;
surface; for
for starting
starting the
the diesel
diesel engines;
engines; forfor grinding
grinding the
the
exhaust
exhaust gas
gas flaps;
flaps; for
for blowing
blowing bottom
bottom valves
valves that
that have
have
become
becomeclogged
cloggedwith
withsand;
sand;for
foroperating
operatingengine
engineclutches,
clutches,
switches,
switches, and
and quick—acting
quick-acting flaps;
flaps; for
for operating
operating thethe
snorkel
snorkel head
head valve;
valve; for
for actuating
actuating the
the whistle,
whistle, and
and pos—
pos-
sibly
siblyfor
for operating
operatingthethe anchor
anchorwinch,
winch, for
for machine
machinetools,
tools,
etc.
etc.
The
The torpedo
torpedo armament
armament requires
requires compressed
compressed air
air for
for
flooding
flooding andand draining
draining torpedo
torpedo tubes.
tubes. Many
Many types
types ofof
tubes
tubesrequire
requirecompressed
compressedair airfor
fortorpedo
torpedoimpulse
impulselaunch-
launch-
ing;
ing;and
andfor
forseveral
severaltorpedo
torpedotypes,
types,compressed
compressedair
airisisused
used
for
forlaunching
launchingpreparation.
preparation.
The
The compressed
compressed air,air, whose
whose storage
storage pressure
pressure can
can bebe
200 kg/cml and
200kg/cm2 and higher,
higher, isis generated
generated aboard
aboard the
the sub—
sub-
marine.
marine. TheThe most
most widely
widely used
used compressors
compressors are
are four-
four-
stage,
stage, watercooled,
watercooled, piston
piston compressors
compressors with
with electric
electric
drive
drive(Fig.
(Fig. 100
100and
and Fig.
Fig. 101).
101).They
Theyobtain
obtain their
their suction
suction
from
fromthethe compartment
compartmentinin which
which they
they are
are installed.
installed. The
The
compressor
compressorcan can also
also be
be driven
driven by
by the
the main
main propulsion
propulsion
motor
motor ininsome
somesmall,
small,simple
simplesubmarines.
submarines.AA water
water sepa-
sepa-
rator
ratorisisseries-connected
series-connectedto tothe
thecompressor
compressortotoprevent
preventthe
the
humidity
humidityininthethesucked
suckedairairfrom
fromreaching
reachingthethecompressed
compressed
air
airsystem.
system. Fig.
Fig. 101-
101— High—pressure
High-pressureair
aircompressor
compressor

90
90
The compressors are
The compressors started primarily
are started snorkel
during snorkel
primarily during 4. The
4. low-pressure manifold.
The low-pressure This carries
manifold. This constant
carries aa constant
and surface
and cruising to
surface cruising replenish the
to replenish air
compressed air
the compressed pressure which is
pressure which controlled by
is controlled by a pressure-reducing
a pressure-reducing
supply.
supply. valve (10
valve 12 kg/cm2
to 12
(10 to All other
[gauge]). All
kg/cm2 [gauge]). consumers
other consumers
They are
They during submerged
used during
are used cruising to
submerged cruising eleminate
to eleminate are supplied
are from here.
supplied from If the
here. If reducing valve
the reducing should
valve should
the excess
the pressure which
excess pressure possibly develops
which possibly sub-
the sub-
in the
develops in fail, the
fail, can be
pressure can
the pressure be regulated manually by
regulated manually by aa
marine, from time to time. control valve
control located parallel
valve located the reducing
to the
parallel to valve.
reducing valve.

German submersibles
German used four-stage
submersibles used com-
free-piston com-
four-stage free-piston All pressure
All manifolds are
pressure manifolds with a
provided with
are provided a safety valve
safety valve
pressors compressors) in
(Junkers compressors)
pressors (Junkers addition to
in addition electric-
to electric- adjusted to
adjusted to the maximum pressure
the maximum admissible in
pressure admissible the
in the
drive piston compressors.
drive piston operated on
They operated
compressors. They two-
the two-
on the specific system.
specific system.
stroke diesel
stroke diesel method,
method, generating
generating compressed
compressed air air di-
di—
rectly by diesel
rectly by combustion. Their
fuel combustion.
diesel fuel pumping ca-
Their pumping ca-
pacity was considerably
pacity was greater than
considerably greater that of
than that electri-
of electri-
compressors of
driven compressors
cally driven of the same weight.
the same How-
weight. How-
cally 7. Hydraulic
7. system
oil system
Hydraulic oil
ever, these compressors
ever, these cannot be
compressors cannot used during
be used snorkel
during snorkel
cruising because they
cruising because cannot overcome
they cannot exhaust gas
overcome exhaust gas
Hydraulic oil
Hydraulic oil is suited to
especially suited
is especially to effect movements
effect movements
and so
pressure and
back pressure
back are not
so are feasible for
not feasible for use sub—
in sub-
use in
when the
when absence of
the absence noise is
of noise important and
is important and when either
when either
marines. However, their
marines. However, use in
their use commercial sub-
big commercial
in big sub—
forces or
large forces
large or moments become necessary.
moments become Hydraulic
necessary. Hydraulic
mersibles may
mersibles may be
be considered.
considered.
is therefore
oil is
oil used in
frequently used
therefore frequently submarines for
in submarines rudder
for rudder
Compressed air
Compressed air is
is stored
stored in in steel
steel flasks
flasks located
located inside
inside or or motors; in
driving motors;
plane driving
and plane
and in the hoists of
the hoists of raising equip—
raising equip-
outside the
outside hull. External
pressure hull.
the pressure storage has
External storage the ad-
has the ad- ment, especially
ment, periscopes; and
especially periscopes; for activating
and for torpedo
activating torpedo
vantage of
vantage better space
of better utilization. In
space utilization. such a
In such two or
case, two
a case, or tube muzzle
tube doors.
muzzle doors.
three cylinders
three cylinders are are combined
combined into into one
one group
group served
served by by aa The advantage of
The advantage of a central hydraulic
a central with an
plant with
hydraulic plant accu—
an accu-
common stop
common stop valve.
valve. One
One flask
flask can
can have
have a a volume
volume of of as
as (Fig. 103)
mulator (Fig.
mulator which all
from which
103) from hydraulic oil
the hydraulic
all the oil
much as
much as 0.5
0.5 m3.
m3. The
The total
total compressed
compressed air air supply
supply is is de-
de— consumers are
consumers supplied (as
are supplied compared with
(as compared individual
with individual
termined by
termined by the
the size
size and
and type
type ofof the
the submarine
submarine and and byby its
its systems) is
systems) that the
is that capacity of
the capacity hydraulic oil
the hydraulic
of the pump
oil pump
diving depth.
diving depth. Submersibles
Submersibles that that must
must dive
dive andand surface
surface can be
can smaller than
be smaller combined power
the combined
than the input rates
power input of
rates of
frequently require a
frequently require supply of
greater supply
a greater compressed air
of compressed air all connected
all consumers (All
connected consumers consumers are
(All consumers never
are never
than submarines that
than submarines that remain submerged. The
basically submerged.
remain basically The operated simultaneously and
operated simultaneously Another ad-
continuously). Another
and continuously). ad-
weight of
weight of the
the stored
stored compressed
compressed air air as
as a a part
part ofof ship
ship vantage is
vantage that the
is that rudder and
the rudder planes, e.
and planes, e.g.
g. the most
the most
weight, is
weight, is included
included in in the
the weight
weight calculation.
calculation. The The com-com— consumers, when
important consumers,
important when supplied from the
supplied from accumu—
the accumu-
pressed flasks are
air flasks
pressed air connected in
are connected groups to
in groups to the high—
the high- lator, can
lator, operated when
be operated
still be
can still when the hydraulic pump
the hydraulic pump
pressure air
pressure air manifoCd
manifold to to which
which thethe compressor
compressor is is also
also electric drives
electric temporarily, e.
fail temporarily,
drives fail g. under
e. g. shock.
under shock.
connected (Fig. 102).
connected (Fig. Several other
102). Several manifolds at
other manifolds differ—
at differ-
ent pressure
ent pressure levels
levels are
are supplied
supplied fromfrom this
this station.
station. The The
following manifolds may
following manifolds may be available:
be available:

1. torpedo high-pressure
The torpedo
1. The manifold. This
high-pressure manifold. located
is located
This is 8. Electrical
8. network
ship network
Electrical ship
near the torpedo
near the tubes.
torpedo tubes.
2. The
2. The ballast
ballast blow
blow manifold.
manifold. This
This manifold
manifold should
should bebe The ship service
The ship electrical network
service electrical supplies the
network supplies consum-
the consum-
located in
located in a a preferred
preferred easily
easily accessible
accessible part
part of
of the
the ers of electric
ers of power. The
electric power. number of
small number
relatively small
The relatively of
control room to
control room facilitate dependable
to facilitate monitoring of
dependable monitoring of major consumers, such
major consumers, such asas drain pumps, cooling
drain pumps, pumps,
cooling pumps,
the ballast blowing
the ballast procedure. The
blowing procedure. initial blow
The initial pres-
blow pres- compressors, ventilators and
compressors, ventilators and d.d.c./a.c. converters, are
c./a. c. converters, are
sure is
sure manually controlled
is manually through the
controlled through ballast
main ballast
the main supplied from the
supplied from non-regulated board
the non-regulated board network. Certain
network. Certain
blow but is
valve but
blow valve limited by
is limited by a valve and
safety valve
a safety about
is about
and is consumers, such
consumers, such as the cooling
as the pumps of
cooling pumps of the propulsion
the propulsion
twice as
twice large as
as large maximum diving
the maximum
as the The
pressure. The
diving pressure. plant and the
plant and the d. c. converters
c./a. c.
d. c./a. must be
converters must able to
be able to
blow lines
blow from the
lead from
lines lead blow manifold
the blow valves
through valves
manifold through produce their full
produce their output at
full output minimum battery
at minimum voltage.
battery voltage.
to the
to individual ballast
the individual tanks.
ballast tanks. All other
All consumers have
other consumers set minimum
have aa set voltage as
minimum voltage their
as their
rating; it
nominal rating;
nominal usually slightly
is usually
it is than the
higher than
slightly higher min—
the min-
the main
Because the
Because blow valve
main blow freeze and
can freeze
valve can become
and become
voltage. The
battery voltage.
imum battery
imum motors as
drive motors
The drive well as
as well the
as the
inoperative as
temporarily inoperative
temporarily a result
as a of a
result of combination
a combination
driven by
auxiliaries driven
auxiliaries must be
them must
by them run on
to run
able to
be able max—
on max-
blowing and
steady blowing
of steady cold, wet
and cold, compressed air,
wet compressed a
air, a
imum battery
imum voltage.
battery voltage.
blow” valve
“spare blow"
"spare is provided
valve is parallel to
provided parallel it.
to it.
consumer can
Each consumer
Each selectively be
can selectively connected to
be connected to any par-
any par-
3. The discharge manifold.
The discharge This is
manifold. This to the
connected to
is connected pres-
the pres- tial battery.
tial provides for
This provides
battery. This uniform partial
for uniform battery
partial battery
sure discharge
sure fittings on
discharge fittings the compensating
on the The
tanks. The
compensating tanks. discharge and
discharge makes spare
and makes spare connections available.
connections available.
pressure is
pressure manually by
adjusted manually
is adjusted using the
by using valve
main valve
the main In addition,
In there is
addition, there is a regulated board
a regulated network for
board network those
for those
discharge manifold.
of the discharge consumers that
direct—current consumers
direct-current require a
that require a constant voltage
constant voltage

91
 BALLAST TANK:
BALLAST TANK: PORT
PORT AMIDSHIPS
AMIDSHIPS
PORT COMPENSATING
PORT COMPENSATING TANKS
TANKS
Z6

DIESEL

TTt—j

T
T
TO SNORKEL

WATER DRAIN

BALLAST TANK. AFT .-- - I i/I

BALLAST TANK. STARBOARD AMIDSHIPS STARBOARD
COMPENSATINGTANKS BALLAST TANK. FOdWARD

a REDUCING VALVE & SHUT OFF NOW RETURN VALVE

1 HIGH PRESSURE MANIFOLD
2 HIGH-PRESSUREBLOW MANIFOLD
3 DISCHARGE MANIFOLD
4 LOW PRESSURE MANIFOLD
5 COMPRESSED AIR FLASKS

& PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE 0 FILTER 6 START AIR FLASKS

Elg. 102 - Compressed air system

 3
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 CAPSTAN HEAD
CAPSTAN (REMOVABLE
HEAD (REMOVABLE
CAPSTAN
CAPSTAN FOR SUBMERGED
FOR SUBMERGED CRUISING)
CRUISING)
HEAD CLUTCH
HEAD CLUTCH /
/
_ *' 5/ J/CLUTCH WINDLASS
J

g",BRAKE \

II
\
/ 1.
xi

__ E, 7-.-, ,Lfifi—Q.‘

-
\
V, kl,
/

DRIVE MOTOR

FREE-FLOODING
\ CHAIN LOCKER

:UOOOOO
Fig. 104
Fig. -
104 — Anchor
Anchor equipment
equipment of
of a
a submersible
submersible

r r
RODDING
BRAKE RODDING
BRAKE WINDLASS WITH BRAKE
WITH BRAKE
AND CHAIN
AND CHAIN STOPPER
STOPPER

DRIVE RODDING

CLUTCH

DRIVE MOTOR

BALLAST TAN K
"Sb-*—

FREE-FLOODING
FREE-FLOODING 2
CHA|N~LOCKER
CHAIN-LOCKER
C -_ {+—
2)

W'R‘»
f

Fig. 105 -
Fig. 105 — Anchor
Anchor equipment
equipment of a
a submarine
submarine
P.

94
94
supply, e. g., compartment
supply, e.g., navigating lamps,
lighting, navigating
compartment lighting, lamps, to
to draw
draw the
the submarine
submarinein in the
the direction
directionof of chain
chain cable,
cable, inin
and the intercom
and the This network
system. This
intercom system. frequently di-
network isis frequently di- such aa case.
such arrangementin
Hawse arrangement
case. Hawse the keel
in the requires an-
keel requires an-
vided
vided into
intotwo
two groups
groupswhich
which (as
(asabove)
above)cancan be
be connected
connected chors,
chors, the
the flukes
flukes of
of which
which restore
restoretoto vertical
verticalposition
position by
by
to any
to partial battery.
anypartial battery. their
their gravity
gravity oror are
are righted
righted by by aa mechanical
mechanical device
device when
when
producethe
Convertorsproduce
Convertors the three—phase and alternating
three-phasea.a. c.c. and alternating the
the anchor
anchor comes
comes home.
home. Furthermore,
Furthermore, the the anchor
anchor
current required for
current required the detection,
for the communication, and
detection, communication, and should turn
should into correct
turn into position to
correct position hawse by
to hawse by aa spiral
spiral
fire-control
fire-controlsystems.
systems. guide duringits
guide during its hoist into the
hoist into hawse hole.
the hawse hole.
Rotaryconverters
Rotary havethe
convertershave advantageof
theadvantage largesimplicity.
of large simplicity.
The recent
The converters are
static converters
recent static distinguished by
are distinguished by their
their
generationof
smallergeneration
smaller of noises and better
noises and efficiency,which
better efficiency, which
have consequences on
favourable consequences
have favourable on the overall cruising
the overall cruising
range submarineat
of aa submarine
range of at low speed step.
low speed step.
10. Equipment
10. towing, mooring,
for towing,
Equipment for mooring,
and lifting
and lifting
AA front towing hook
front towing installed in
hook isis installed the bow
in the below deck
bow below deck
Anchor equipment
9. Anchor
9. equipment level for towing
level for purposes. The
towing purposes. Thetowline through aa
roved through
towlineisis roved
hawser port
forward hawser
forward port toto the towing hook
the towing hook in the free—
in the free-
Submarines are
Submarines are usually provided with
usually provided one anchor
only one
with only anchor flooding superstructure.A
floodingsuperstructure. slipline
A slip leadingfrom
lineleading the tow-
from the tow-
and anchor chain
one anchor
and one should be
cable. ItIt should
chain cable. possible during
be possible during hook to
ing hook
ing bridge fin
the bridge
to the permit the
will permit
fin will towing connec—
the towing connec-
submerged cruise,
submerged too, to
cruise, too, come to
to come The capstan,
anchor. The
to anchor. capstan, tion to
tion to be detached at
be detached any time.
at any time.
clutch, brake,
clutch, locker are
chain locker
and chain
brake, and located in
are located the outer
in the outer there isis no
If there
If hook, the
towing hook,
no towing towline isis passed
the towline via the
passed via the
hull. The
hull. drive isis usually
capstan drive
The capstan from inside
operated from
usually operated inside bollards to
forward bollards
forward the midship
to the superstructure and
midship superstructure and
the boat. Compressed
the boat. hydraulic oil,
air, hydraulic
Compressed air, or electric
oil, or electric there. The
secured there.
secured bollards alone
forward bollards
The forward alone are not strong
are not strong
motors
motors are are used.
used. enough to
enough the pull
take the
to take the towline.
of the
pull of towline.
A Hall anchor
A Hall shaft isis usually
shortened shaft
with shortened
anchor with used on
usually used on Submarines usually
Submarines usually sail without guard
sail without guard rails in place.
rails in place.
submersibles; due
submersibles; to the
due to bow, the
lean bow,
the lean hole isis ar—
hawse hole
the hawse ar- Crew members who
Crew members have to
who have work on
to work the fore
on the body must
fore body must
ranged
ranged in in the
the sip’s
sip's side
side (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 104).
104). be safe in
kept safe
be kept some other
in some way. One
other way. method isis to
One method to install
install
The hawse hole
The hawse hole on provided in
often provided
submarines isis often
on submarines in the
the into the deck
into the U-shaped rail
deck aa U-shaped which aa shoe
in which
rail in can slide
shoe can slide
keel due to
keel due to the bow and
full bow
the full because of
and because arrangementof
of arrangement of fore and
fore aft. A
and aft. A crew member can
crew member can then move about
safely move
then safely about
weapons and
weapons sonar array
and sonar 105); in
Fig. 105);
(see Fig.
array (see this connec-
in this connec- on the
on wearing aa safety
deck wearing
the deck connected to
that isis connected
belt that
safety belt to the
the
tion itit isis tolerated
tion that the
tolerated that position of
correct position
the correct the anchor
of the anchor shoe by
shoe short line.
by aa short line.
in hawse isis not
the hawse
in the distinguishableand
easilydistinguishable
not easily that, during
and that, during Bollards and
Bollards cleats for
and cleats mooring lines
for mooring lines are distributedfore
are distributed fore
weighing of
weighing anchor, the
of anchor, direction of
the direction of chain cable isis not
chain cable not and aft
and aft as aboard surface ships of comparable di-
as aboard surface ships of comparable di-
known. Consequently, the
known. Consequently, should be
drive should
capstan drive
the capstan be able
able Because of
menions. Because
menions. narrow deck,
the narrow
of the deck, they are usually
they are usually

DOOR IN SUPERSTRUCTURE
DOOR IN SUPERSTRUCTURE PROTECTIONPANE
PROTECTION FOR COCKPIT
PANE FOR COCKPIT
FLAG—STAFF- .

\~ \ Kin—4
CHOCKK
CAPSTAN HEAD
REMOVABLECAPSTAN
REMOVABLE TOWING HOOK
TOWING
-

HEAD HOOK
MOORINGEYE
AFT MOORING
AFT EYE

TRACKS FIXING DEVICE

AND FIXING
TRACKS AND FOR CHOCK
DEVICEFOR CHOCK FORWARD
FORWARDBOLLARDS
BOLLARDS
AFT BOLLARDS
I, AFT BOLLARDS

Qfi<j> + H“ D0

Fig. -
106 — Bollards
Fig. 106 and cleats
Bollards and cleats

95
installed
installed midhips
midhips and
and the
the same
same bollards
bollards and
and cleats
cleats are
are sufficiently short
sufficiently periods, such
short periods, such lifting are no
hooks are
lifting hooks no
used
used alternately
alternately for
for port
port or
or starboard
starboard mooring.
mooring. Insofar
Insofar longer provided.
longer provided.
as
as possible,
possible, retractable
retractable bollards
bollards and
and cleats
cleats are
are installed
installed
so
Non—military submersibles which
Non-military submersibles cooperate with
which cooperate with aa
so that
that they
they will
will not
not cause
cause drag
drag during
during submerged
submerged cruis—
cruis-
ing
mother and which
ship and
mother ship should be
which should hoisted to
be hoisted to the deck of
the deck of
ing (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 106).
106).
same after
same mission, are
each mission,
after each with lifting
fitted with
are fitted eyes. The
lifting eyes. The
Many
Many of of former
former military
military submarines
submarines were were provided
provided lifting gear of
lifting gear mother ship
the mother
of the can be
ship can into these
engaged into
be engaged these
with
with lifting
lifting hooks,
hooks, where
where lifting
lifting cables
cables were
were toto be
be fixed
fixed eyes within
eyes period. For
.shortest period.
the shortest
within the purpose, the
this purpose,
For this the
by
by divers
divers inin case
case of
of damage
damage in in order
order to to initiate
initiate lifting
lifting mother sets out
ship sets
mother ship divers in
wet divers
out wet suits, who
thermal suits,
in thermal who
of
of the
the entire
entire vessel
vessel together
together with
with thethe crew
crew shut
shut upup onto the
climb onto
climb submersible and
the submersible engaging work.
perform engaging
and perform work.
therein,
therein, byby aa salvage
salvage ship.
ship. As
As there
there isis no
no chance
chance ofof suc-
suc- Such are carried
manoeuvres are
Such manoeuvres out at
carried out of sea
states of
at states up to
sea up to
cessfully
cessfully performing
performing such such aa salvage
salvage operation
operation within
within No. 6.
scale No.
scale 6.

96
CHAPT ER XII
CHAPTER XI1

Navig ation and

Navigation and
com munication
communication
installatio ns
installations
navigationaids
requirenavigation
Submarinesrequire
Submarines fortheir
aidsfor cruiseininthe
theircruise the inadequate. on, Anschiitz
Later on,
inadequate. Later the me-
developed the
Anschiitz developed me-
horizontal planejust
horizontalplane all other
as all
just as Moreover, sub-
ships. Moreover,
other ships. sub- ridian gyro—compass
ridian (which cannot
gyro-compass (which be used
cannot be near the
used near the
merged should be
operationsshould
merged operations controlledas
be controlled as aa movement
movement North Pole).
North Pole).
in the third
in the Telecommunicationsystems
dimension. Telecommunication
third dimension. systems for
for Large submarines
Large often have
submarines often second, less
aboard aa second,
have aboard less
the traffic
the the naval
with the
traffic with base and
naval base with other
and with vesselsas
other vessels as SOphisticated, spare gyro-compass
sophisticated, spare without re—
system without
gyro-compass system re-
well as
well as several indicator and
several indicator systems for
alarm systems
and alarm for ship’s
ship's peaters. World War
Until World
peaters. Until War II, projection-type magnetic
11, projection—type magnetic
serviceare
service arenecessary.
necessary. compasses were used
compasseswere asbackup.
used as backup.
Magnetic compassesfunction
Magneticcompasses underwater
functionunder becausethe
water because the
earth's magnetic
earth’s fieldisispresent
magneticfield aswell
under as
present under asabove
well as above
Navigation aids
1.1. Navigation aids water.
water.
determination of
The determination
The of the position isis facil-
submerged position
the submerged facil- These compasses
These were installed
compasses were above the
installed above pressure hull
the pressure hull
itated by
itated heading and
by heading own speed
and own information obtained
speed information obtained nonmagneticzone
inaanonmagnetic
in withaaspheric
zonewith radiusof
sphericradius about 11m.
of about m.
compass and
by compass
by and speed systems. Both
measuring systems.
speed measuring Both these
these transmission into
Image transmission
Image into the hull was
pressure hull
the pressure was ac—
ac-
vectorsare
vectors the basis
arethe navigation. The
dead-reckoningnavigation.
for dead-reckoning
basis for The complishedby
complished by lenses and prisms,
lensesand imagewas
theimage
andthe
prisms,and waspro—
pro-
accuracy of
accuracy of the positon thus
the positon largely reduced
obtained isis largely
thus obtained reduced jected onto
jected ground-glass plate.
onto aa ground-glass Submarine magnetic
plate. Submarine magnetic
as time
as goes on,
time goes that aa “support”
so that
on, so either by
"support" either by celestial
celestial compasses cannot be
compasses cannot because of
accurately because
adjusted accurately
be adjusted of the
the
navigationwith
navigation aid of
the aid
with the periscopeor
search periscope
the search
of the by an
or by an interference caused by
interferencecaused by the currentsin
heavycurrents
the heavy the electrical
in the electrical
external radio
external aid to
radio aid navigation such
to navigation such as loran, decca,
as loran, decca, networks and by
networksand the long
by the pressure hull.
long pressure hull.
omega, or
omega, satellite navigation,
or satellite required. Here
navigation, isis required. the ac—
Here the ac- The projection—type
The compasses used
projection-type compasses aboard merchant
used aboard merchant
tualposition
tual determinedin
positionisisdetermined longitudesand
inlongitudes latitudes. In
and latitudes. In ships developed from
were developed
ships were the type
from the on sub—
used on
type used sub-
coastal waters, radar
coastalwaters, and echo-sounding
radar and equipmentmay
echo-soundingequipment may Herethe
marines. Here
marines. the indication of the
indicationof compassisis
bearingcompass
the bearing
alsobe
also be used additionto
used ininaddition bearingstaken
thebearings
to the throughthe
takenthrough the into the
projected into
projected below to
wheelhousebelow
the wheelhouse the helmsman.
to the helmsman.
periscope.
periscope.
American nuclear submarine
American nuclear ships use
submarine ships inertial naviga-
use inertial naviga-
Compassinstallations
Compass installations tion systemsbeing
tion systems even when
sufficient even
being sufficient navigatingin
when navigating in the
the
vicinity of
vicinity the pole.
of the systems require
Recent systems
pole. Recent very much
require very much
was not
ItIt was until the
not until invention of
the invention of the gyro-compassthat
the gyro—compass that smaller space
smaller than the
space than systems, so
American systems,
earlier American
the earlier so that
that
submarineswere
submarines able to
were able precisely. For
steer precisely.
to steer taking bear—
For taking bear- they can
they taken into
be taken
can be consideration as
into consideration as an to naviga—
aid to
an aid naviga-
ings, the
ings, master compass
the master connected with
compass isis connected several re-
with several re- tion for
tion conventionallydriven
for conventionally submarines as
driven submarines well. They
as well. They
those at
peaters, e.e. g.g. those
peaters, the steering
at the control console
steering control or on
console or on are particularly
are essential for
particularly essential navigation dur-
short-time navigation
for short-time dur-
the bridge.
the bridge. ing
ing combat.
combat.
Heading isis also
Heading transmitted to
also transmitted the various
to the detection de—
various detection de-
vices and to
vices and to thethe weapon control system.
weapon control system.
Speed measuring systems
Speed measuring systems
Submarine constructionprovided
Submarineconstruction the incentive
provided the for the
incentive for the
development of
development of the gyro-compassin
the gyro-compass Germany. H.
in Germany. H. An-
An- hydrodynamic log
The hydrodynamic
The in the
log in bow isis suitable
the bow for sub-
suitable for sub-
schtitz, member of
schiftz, aa member polar expedition,
of aa polar planned on
expedition, planned on because itit has
marines because
marines no parts
has no that protrude
parts that beyond the
protrude beyond the
using submarine to
research submarine
using aa research reach the
to reach North Pole
the North Pole requires no
and requires
shell and
shell openings in
no openings the pressure
in the hull other
pressure hull other
under cap. In
ice cap.
the ice
under the order to
In order have aa compass
to have for this
compass for this than those for
than those permanently installed
two permanently
for two tubes. The
installed tubes. The
expedition he
expedition he started work on
started work on his gyro-compass in
his gyro-compass in are (l)
inputs are
system inputs
system (1) the total pressure
the total (dynamic head
pressure (dynamic head
1902. Because of
1902. Because of the area in
sea area
the sea to be
was to
which itit was
in which be plus depth
plus from the
pressure) from
depth pressure) tube in
static tube
the static bow and
the bow
in the and
used, first course
the first
used, the compasshad
course compass directionalchar—
no directional
had no char- (2) the depth
(2) the pressure (static
depth pressure from the
head) from
(static head) port and
the port and
Actually, the
acteristics. Actually,
acteristics. never mate-
expedition never
the expedition mate- starboard measuring
starboard tubes. The
measuring tubes. pressure isis can-
depth pressure
The depth can-
rialized because the
rialized because plant was
propulsion plant
submarine propulsion
the submarine was celed out and
celed out the speed
and the indicated via
speed isis indicated the dynamic
via the dynamic

97
head, which
head, which is
is proportional
proportional to
to the
the square
square of
of the
the speed.
speed. condition. Moreover,
condition. Moreover, RDF RDF is is used
used to to obtain
obtain bearings
bearings onon
The distance covered
The distance covered is
is then
then determined
determined from
from this
this read-
read— radio signals
radio signals of of enemy
enemy or or friendly
friendly forces.
forces. WhenWhen rotating
rotating
out
out by integration.
by integration. loop antennas
loop antennas are are used, they must
used, they must be be hoistable
hoistable andand pres-
pres-
sure—resistant. Goniometer
sure-resistant. Goniometer RDF RDF sets sets have
have a a nonrotating
nonrotating
The extendable
The extendable bottom
bottom log
log is
is based
based on
on the
the same
same prih-
prin-
antenna which
antenna which possibly
possibly can
can be be installed
installed permanently
permanently in- in-
ciple but cannot
ciple but cannot be
be used
used in
in submarines
submarines because
because of
of its
its
side the
side the superstructure,
superstructure, but but in in that
that case,
case, the
the superstruc-
superstruc-
moving parts.
moving parts. ture must
ture must have nonconducting material
have nonconducting material within
within a a certain
certain
Where
Where accurate measurement of
accurate measurement of the
the distance
distance covered
covered is is distance
distance of the installation.
of the installation.
more important than
more important than aa direct measurement of
direct measurement the ship
of the ship Ferrite
Ferrite antennae
antennae may may bebe used
used forfor direction finding on
direction finding the
on the
speed, itit is
speed, preferable to
is preferable to use equipment that
use equipment will measure
that will measure surface
surface and for V.
and for V. L.
L. F. reception in
F. reception in submerged condi-
submerged condi-
the
the distance
distance covered
covered directly
directly by by counting
counting thethe revolutions
revolutions tion. If the
tion. If transmitter capacity
the transmitter capacity is is high
high enough,
enough, thethe mag-
mag—
of
of an
an impeller.
impeller. The The speed
speed is is then
then determined
determined from from these
these netic
netic component
component of very long
of very long electromagnetic
electromagnetic waves waves
measurements
measurements by by differentiation.
differentiation. One One advantage
advantage of this
of this (abt. 30,000m
(abt. 30,000 m corresponding
corresponding to to 10 10 KHz)
KHz) penetrates
penetrates
system is
system is that the depth
that the pressure is
depth pressure is not superimposed on
not superimposed on through
through the the water
water and
and cancan be
be received
received on the submerged
on the submerged
the reading, as
the reading, as itit is in the
is in case of
the case of the hydrodynamic log.
the hydrodynamic log. submarine. Messages from
submarine. Messages from the the naval
naval base
base can be trans-
can be trans—
The
The impeller
impeller has has to to be
be extended
extended on on aa shaft far enough
shaft far enough mitted
mitted to to the
the submarines
submarines on these frequencies.
on these frequencies. As As the
the
from the
from shell to
the shell to bebe outside
outside the boundary layer
the boundary layer in undis-
in undis- transmission losses
transmission losses in
in sea water are
sea water are high, reception depth
high, reception depth
turbed water. This
turbed water. requires aa relatively
This requires elaborate installa-
relatively elaborate installa- is limited to
is limited to abt.
abt. 20m.
20m.
tion
tion in
in the
the outer
outer hull.
hull.
During
During the the past
past years,
years, thethe electro—magnetic
electro-magnetic log log has
has be-be-
Sextants
Sextants
come more
come important. This
more important. This log measures the
log measures the speed rela-
speed rela-
tively
tively to to the ambient water
the ambient water by means of
by means an electronic
of an electronic Sextants may be
Sextants may be used
used during
during surface
surface cruise for the
cruise for the
sensor which
sensor formed as
either isis formed
which either as aa short fin or
short fin or is flush
is flush classical celestial navigation;
classical celestial navigation; when
when at periscope depth,
at periscope depth,
with
with the
the shell
shell plating.
plating. In In this
this connection,
connection, the the deflection
deflection celestial navigation may
celestial navigation may be performed by
be performed by means
means of sex-
of sex-
of
of electronic
electronic charge charge carriers
carriers in in the
the magnetic field is
magnetic field is tants at
at the
the search periscope (see
search periscope (see Chapter
Chapter IX). Chro-
Chro-
measured
measured at right angles
at right angles to to the
the direction
direction of of motion.
motion. nometers or
nometers or other highly accurate
other highly time-measuring instru-
accurate time-measuring instru—
A high
A high accuracy
accuracy in the speed
in the speed measurement
measurement over over ground
ground ments
ments should
should be
be provided for the
provided for the celestial navigation.
celestial navigation.
is
is of particular importance
of particular importance for for the
the determination
determination of the
of the
absolute
absolute position.
position. In In this
this connection,
connection, the the sonar
sonar doppler
doppler
log is used,
used, the Radio navigation
Radio navigation
log is the acoustic transducers of
acoustic transducers of which
which are are ar-
ar-
ranged
ranged at at the
the bottom
bottom of of the
the shipship inin ship’s
ship's longitudinal
longitudinal Radio
Radio aids
aids to
to navigation,
navigation, such
such as
as decca
decca and loran, may
and loran, may
and
and transverse
transverse direction.
direction. Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic pulses pulses are
are emitted,
emitted, be
be used
used in
in coastal
coastal waters.
waters. Omega
Omega and
and satellite
satellite reception
reception
and
and their
their echoes
echoes reflected
reflected from from the the sea
sea bottom
bottom are are re—
re- are
are aids
aids giving
giving world-wide
world-wide coverage
coverage and
and may
may bebe used
used if
if
ceived
ceived back.
back. The The difference
difference between
between transmitting
transmitting and and re—
re- adequate
adequate receivers
receivers and
and antennae
antennae are
are provided,
provided, which
which can
can
ceiving
ceiving frequencies -
frequencies - i.i.e. e. doppler
doppler frequency
frequency —- isis aa be
be hoisted
hoisted above
above the
the waterline.
waterline.
measure
measure for for the
the ship’s
ship's speed.
speed. Satellite
Satellite reception
reception isis possible
possible in
in the
the U. H. F./V.
U. H. F./V. H.
H. F.
F.
ranges,
ranges, whereas
whereas omega
omega cancan be
be received
received in
in V.
V. L. F. range.
L. F. range.
Sounding
Sounding device
device
An
An echo
echo sounding
sounding device
device isis used
used for
for depth
depth finding;
finding; its
its
pair
pair ofof transducers
transducers isis pressure—resistant
pressure-resistant in in accordance
accordance 2.
2. Indicator systems
systems for
for
with
with diving
diving pressure.
pressure. When
When depth
depth isis to
to be
be measured
measured di- di-
rectly
rectly during
during submerged
submerged cruising,
cruising, twotwo pairs
pairs of
of transdu-
transdu- submerged cruising
submerged cruising
cers
cers are
are installed,
installed, one
one for
for upward
upward and and the
the other
other for
for down-
down-
ward The
The diving
diving depth
depth is
is measured
measured by
by pressure
pressure gauges
gauges which
which
ward sounding.
sounding. The The reading
reading ofof the
the upper
upper transducer
transducer pair
pair
only may
may be
be of Bourdon
Bourdon tube
tube type.
type. One
One instrument,
instrument, as
as sensi-
sensi-
only provides
provides thethe depth
depth from
from thethe surface
surface andand that
that from
from
the tive
tive as
as possible
possible and
and provided
provided with
with aa large
large dial, is used
dial, is used to
to
the lower
lower transducer
transducer pair
pair only
only thethe distance
distance between
between thethe
keel indicate
indicate the
the periscope
periscope depth
depth and
and another
another gauge
gauge is is used
used
keel and
and the
the sea
sea bottom.
bottom. The
The sum
sum ofof both
both readings
readings yields
yields
the for
for aa measuring
measuring range
range which
which extends from the
extends from the surface
surface toto
the depth
depth ofof the
the water.
water.
beyond
beyond thethe maximum
maximum diving
diving depth.
depth. An An intermediate
intermediate
This
This system
system can
can have
have an
an additional
additional device
device for
for con-
con- depth
depth gauge is also
gauge is also used
used sometime.
sometime. Large,
Large, long vessels
long vessels
tinuous
tinuous recording
recording of
of the
the readings.
readings. These
These recordings
recordings have
have additional
additional depth
depth gauges
gauges in the end
in the end compartments
compartments of of
provide
provide good
good check-up
check-up during
during exercises.
exercises. the
the pressure
pressure hull.
hull.
Because
Because Bourdon
Bourdon gauges
gauges of standard
standard construction
construction
Radio
Radio direction
direction finder
finder (RDF)
(RDF)
(Fig.
(Fig. 107)
107) indicate
indicate the
the pressure
pressure differential
differential between
between
The
The radio
radio direction
direction finder
finder (RDF)
(RDF) can
can be
be used
used to
to fix
fix posi-
posi- internal
internal and
and external
external pressure,
pressure, the
the reading
reading must be
must be
tion
tion when
when the
the submarine
submarine isis running
running in
in the
the surfaced
surfaced corrected
corrected by
by adjustment
adjustment for
for atmospheric
atmospheric pressure.
pressure.

98
 .. AIR
AIR CUSHION
CUSHION TO
TO EXTEND
EXTEND
SCALE RANGE
RANGE

i
SCALE

1T ‘lllTl\lllT'1’lTl
DEPTH SCALE
DEPTH (RANGE FROM
SCALE (RANGE LINE OF
FROM LINE FLOTATION
OF FLOTATION
TO ABOUT
TO ABOUT 20
20 m)
m)

UNBREAKABLE GLASS
UNBREAKABLE TUBE
GLASS TUBE
’ .raamesser

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171
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27;?

Fig. 107
Fig. -
Bourdon g&@e
107 — Bourdon indicator
depth indicator
gauge depth

I— CONNECTION TO SEA
TO SEA
/
CONNECTION
These gauges
These gauges can
can cause
cause false
false conclusions
conclusions in
in cases
cases of
of
damage. For
damage. For e~ample,
example, they
they will
will not
not indicate
indicate the
the true
true
depth when a
depth when submarine has
a submarine sunk to
has sunk the bottom
to the and
bottom and DRAIN INTO
DRAIN BOAT
THE BOAT
INTO THE
internal pressure
the internal
the has been
pressure has equalized with
been equalized external
with external
water pressure.
water pressure. On
airtight casings
airtight
On the
casings will
the other
other hand,
will indicate
hand, gauges
indicate true
gauges installed
true external
installed in
external pressure.
pressure.
in
Y
Fig. 108
Fig. 108 -
— Papenberg
Papenberg depth
depth gauge
gauge
The so-called
The so—called Papenberg
Papenberg depth depth gauge
gauge isis used
used by by the
the Ger-
Ger-
man Navy
man Navy for for precision
precision reading
reading at at periscope
periscope depthdepth (Fig.
(Fig.
108). The
108). The measurement
measurement is is based
based onon the
the compression
compression of of
an air
air cushion,
cushion, and and so so the
the reading
reading inin the
the cylindrical
cylindrical glass
glass Y
-
an REFILLING FUNNEL
REFILLING FUNNEL
tube is
tube is not
not linear.
linear. TheThe residual
residual buoyancy
buoyancy of of the
the boat
boat as-
as—
DIRECTION
CRUISING DIRECTION
sociated with
sociated with itsits floating
floating position
position isis plotted
plotted on on this
this in-
in— CRUISING
H

strument in
strument in addition
addition to to the
the depth
depth scale
scale (starting
(starting withwith the
the
surfaced flotation
surfaced flotation lineline andand decreasing
decreasing to to zero
zero when
when the the
of the
top of
top superstructure has
the superstructure been reached).
has been Moreover,
reached). Moreover,
HEAVY

contour of
the contour
the of the section of
cross section
the cross boat is
the boat
of the plotted in
is plotted in
association with
association with thethe depth
depth scale scale (distorted).
(distorted). The The water
water
BOW

level of
level of the
the instrument
instrument is is illuminated
illuminated horizontally,
horizontally, and and
tendencies for
minute tendencies
minute changes can
attitude changes
for attitude can be identified
be identified
from the
from the curvature
curvature of of the
the meniscus
meniscus before
before thethe water
water level
level
in the
in the tube
tube rises
rises oror fails.
falls.
HEAVY

indicated by
Trim is indicated by spirit levels with
spirit levels longer than
with longer usual
than usual
legs (Fig.
legs (Fig. 109).
109). TheThe rear
rear leg,
leg, which
which isis not
not used
used forfor read-
read-
STERN

ing purposes,
ing purposes, has has a a much
much largerlarger cross
cross section
section thanthan thethe
front leg;
front leg; thus
thus thethe readings
readings on on the
the front
front leg
leg will
will become
become
proportionally greater. greater.

.s
proportionally
‘ DRAIN VALVE
DRAIN VALVE
1n the
In the German
German Navy,
Navy, the
the glass
glass tube
tube of
of the
the trim
trim indi-
indi—
cator is
cator is installed
installed alongside
alongside the
the Papenberg
Papenberg pressure
pressure
gauge tube in such a manner that the zero
gauge mark on
zero mark on Fig. 109
Fig. indicator
Trim indicator
109 — Trim -
99
 Measurement of
Measurement of the external sea
the external density is
water density
sea water effected
is effected
admitting sea
by admitting
by into a
water into
sea water container and
a container measuring its
and measuring its
with an
density with
density areometer.
an areometer.
DEPTH SCALE
DEPTHSCALE Snorkel submarines
Snorkel submarines have have special
special barometers
barometers to to measure
measure
the air
the air pressure
pressure in in the
the submarine
submarine over over a a range
range of of about
about
i 250mb.
& 250 mb.

I
TRIM ANGLE It must
It must be be possible
possible to to determine
determine the the liquid
liquid level
level inin any
any

amass-.33
‘IlI‘I‘I‘TTIW
INDICATOR SCALE tank quickly
tank quickly andand atat any
any time
time byby means
means of of special
special sound-
sound—
/
/
ing instruments.
ing instruments. When When tankstanks (e.(e. g.
g. compensating
compensating tanks) tanks)

O
cannot be be vented
vented forfor sounding,
sounding, glass glass gauges
gauges are

7‘2)
cannot are used
used toto

I T IIIIII [l [TTIIITTI‘T’TT
PERISCOPE T determine the
determine the level.
level. If If these
these cannot
cannot be be installed
installed because
because
lM/Jtu

PERISCOPE
of lack
of lack of
of space,
space, mechanical,
mechanical, float-controlled
float—controlled level level indi-
indi—
SNORKEL a cators are
are used.
used. Other
Other tanks
tanks are are fitted
fitted with
with sounding
sounding
./

SNORKEL cators

°2
tubes and
tubes and rods.
rods. TheThe above
above items
items can can bebe replaced
replaced by by
electronic measuring
electronic measuring devices
devices to to the
the advantage
advantage that that the
the in-
in-
dicators for
for all
all tanks
tanks can can bebe combined
combined on on one
one panel
panel in in

l
it.
dicators
I

>—H
I

11
{—
‘ SELECTOR the control
the control room.
room.

X?
r SETTING The level
level in
in tanks
tanks in
r—IO The in which
which thethe fuel
fuel oil
oil floats
floats onon top
top ofof
er

water cannot
water cannot be be determined
determined accurately
accurately with with simple
simple de-de—
Y

vices (see
vices (see Chapter
Chapter X). X).

SCALE WITH
SCALE WITH
SILHOUETTE
SILHOUETTE
3. Telecommunication
3. Telecommunication systems
systems

So far
So far as
as hardware
hardware is concerned,
concerned, the telecommunication
telecommunication
systems do
systems do not
not differ
differ greatly
greatly fromfrom those
those installed
installed in in
other comparable
other comparable ships. ships. However,
However, the the antennas
antennas require
require
special construction.
special construction. For For H. H. F.
F. transmitting/receiving,
transmitting/receiving,
all submarines
all submarines require
require a a rod
rod antenna,
antenna, the the base
base ofof which
which
is hoisted
is hoisted above
above water
water lineline during
during cruise
cruise atat periscope
periscope
depth (see
depth (see Fig.
Fig. 11111). For other
1). For other frequency
frequency ranges,
ranges, dipole
dipole
antennae may
antennae may also
also be
be hoisted
hoisted at at periscope
perisc0pe depth
depth (see
(see Fig.
112).
112).
OVERBOARD
FROM OVERBOARD
In this
In this way,
way, reception
reception andand transmission
transmission is is possible
possible on on the
the
usual frequencies.
usual frequencies. In In completely
completely submerged
submerged condition,
condition,
V. L.
V. L. F.
F. reception
reception is is possible
possible by by using
using the
the radio
radio direction
direction
finder antenna.
finder antenna.
Transmitting and
Transmitting and receiving
receiving units
units have
have different
different modes
modes of of
operation and
operation and are
are connected
connected with with the
the antennae
antennae via via an
an an-
an—
DRAIN tenna matrix.
tenna matrix. Modern
Modern systems
systems havehave slide-in
slide-in modules
modules and and
are arranged
are arranged in in an
an electromagnetically
electromagnetically shielded,
shielded, enclosed
enclosed
space (see
space (see Fig.
Fig. 113).
113).
Fig. -
lfig.110-Papenbengdepflt
110 Papenberg depth gaugeandtruninduxuor
gauge and trim indicator

the trim
the trim indicator
indicator is at the same level
level as the periscope
periscope
depth indication
depth indication onon the
the Papenberg
Papenberg gauge (Fig.
(Fig. 110).
110).
4. Underwater telephony
4.
This made
This made it it possible
possible for the man in charge
charge of depth
depth
control to Underwater telephony
Underwater telephony can
can be
be used
used for
for communication
communication
control to check
check depth
depth and trim of the boat at a glance
when atat periscope
periscope depth, of submerged
of submerged submarines
submarines with
with other
other ones
ones or
or with
with other
other
when depth, where maximum accuracy
accuracy of
vessels. These
vessels. These systems
systems operate
operate with
with acoustic
acoustic transducers
transducers
these observations
these observations is is important.
important.
for transmitting
for transmitting and
and receiving,
receiving, which
which may
may be
be arranged
arranged in in
During a
During a trim
trim test,
test, aa pendulum is installed
installed in the center way of
way of bridge
bridge fin.
fin. Layout
Layout of
of these
these tranducers
tranducers resembles
resembles
of the
of the submarine
submarine and
and is permitted to swing
swing above
above a grad-
grad- that used
that used with
with echo
echo sounding
sounding devices.
devices. These
These systems
systems are
are
uated plate to determine
uated determine the "square"
“square” position of the used primarily
used primarily during
during exercises
exercises to provide communica-
communica—
boat and
boat and to
to adjust
adjust the
the trim
trim indicator.
indicator. tion between
tion between the
the accompanying
accompanying safety
safety vessel
vessel and
and the
the sub-
sub—

lOO
 -
1111 — Rod
Fig. 11
Fig. antenna
Rod antenna

WATERLINE WHEN
WATERLINE WHEN
rt\
RADIATOR
RADIATOR

INSULATOR
fl
/\___ (GPS)

Mfg-fl HF antenna
HF antenna

________._,_._.._-

VLF
antenna
UHFNHF antenna
UHFNHF

antenna
VLF antenna

coupler
antenna coupler
HF antenna
t /
ANTENNA IS
IS USED
USED
HF
- gnu-4
ANTENNA

.1

uh
fairing
Profiled fainng
/ Profiled

Guide part

/r

-
Fig. 112
Fig. Combination HF/UHF/VLF
112 — Combination mast
antenna mast
HF/UHF/VLF antenna

10]
 5. Alarm
5. Alarm systems
systems within
within the
the boat
boat

The general
The general alarm
alarm facilities
facilities trigger
trigger bell
bell or
or horn
horn signals
signals inin
every compartment,
every compartment, e.g. e. g. toto announce
announce aa crashcrash dive.
dive.
Flashing li&t
Flashing light signals
signals areealso
are also provided
provided in in compartments
compartments
with high
with high noise
noise levels
levels (enginerooms).
(enginerooms). The The helmsman
helmsman -
usually activates
usually activates thethe alarm
alarm facilities.
facilities.
Glow lights
Glow lights onon aa panel
panel inin the
the control
control room
room indicate
indicate the
the
status of
closed status
closed major closures
all maior
of all such as
closures such as snorkel in-
air in-
snorkel air
) take head
take head valves,
valves, ext&
external eshaust
exhaust gasgas valves
valves or
or flap,
flap, etc.
etc.
The submarine
The submarine must must notnot dive
dive when
when any any one
one of
of these
these
major closures
major closures isis open.
open.
In submarines
In submarines with with vents
vents that
that are
are activated
activated hydraulically
hydraulically
or by
or by compre~sed
compressed ah, air, the
the closure
closure status
status of of the
the ballagt
ballast
tank vents
tank vents isis indicated
indicated in in the
the control
control room
room so so that
that these
these
systems can
systems can bebe supervised
supervised for for proper
proper functioning.
functioning.
For the
For the transmisiion
transmission of of orders
orders &d and information
information within
within
Fig. 113 -
Fig. 113 — Telecommuni~~ttion
Telecommunication system
system
the submarine,
the submarine, aa two-way
two-way voicevoice mmmuniation
communication system system
merged submarine.
merged submarine. They
They have
have no
no tactical
tactical significance
significance be-
be— of simplex
of simplex or or duplex
duplex type
type subdivided
subdivided into into several
several user
user
cause the
cause the wireless
wireless connection
connection can
can be
be monitored
monitored byby third
third circuits may be
circuits'may be provided.
provided. The The system
system isis of
of particular
particular im-
im—
parties.
parties. portance during
portance during thethe time
time ofof engagement.
engagement.

102
CHAPTER XIII

habitability
Crew habitability
Crew
In general, the
In general, the total number of
total number crew is
of crew determined so
is determined so l. Accommodations
1.
that standard cruise
submarine standard
that submarine may be
cruise may performed with
be performed with aa
three-watch system
three-watch where the
system where commanding officer
the commanding accommodations depend
Crew accommodations
and Crew
officer and greatly on
depend greatly on the size o
the size the
off the
some other
some crew members
other crew remain off
members remain watch. For
off watch. submarine, its
combat submarine,
For combat employment, and
its employment, and its area. If
operational area.
its operational If
readiness, all
readiness, all off-watch persons are
off-watch persons summoned. The
are summoned. The de- possible, there
de- possible, be one
should be
there should (positioned in
bunk (positioned
one bunk in the lon-
the lon-
figure for
cisive figure
cisive number of
total number
the total
for the crew to
of crew be embarked
to be direction) and
gitudinal direction)
embarked gitudinal one locker
and one each man
for each
locker for together
man together
is either
is either the
the manning
manning for for "standard
“standard cruise"
cruise” or or the
the man-
man- with number of
adequate number
an adequate
with an of tables seats (see
and seats
tables and Fig.
(see Fig.
ning "on
ning “on combat
combat stations".
stations”. The
The higher
higher thethe degree
degree ofof au-
au- 114).
114). The
The captain,
captain, officers,
officers, senior
senior petty
petty officers,
officers, petty
petty
tomation of
tomation of allall submarine installations is,
submarine installations smaller
the smaller
is, the officers, and nonrated
officers, and men are
nonrated men given separate
are given accom-
separate accom-
the total
the number of
total number crew may
of crew be.
may be. modations when
modations when space permits. The
space permits. captain and
The captain and thethe
Small non-military submersibles
Small nonmilitary supported by
submersibles supported by a supply
a supply officers
officers should
should be
be accommodated
accommodated as
as close
close to
to the
the control
control
ship, operate
ship, with one
operate with one watch only thus
watch only limiting the
thus limiting room as
pe- room
the pe- as possible. submarines usually
Large submarines
possible. Large usually have sep-
have sep-
riod for one
riod for mission to
single mission
one single to abt. hours.
five hours.
abt. five arated spaces for
arated spaces for messes, washrooms, and
messes, washrooms, showers.
and showers.

Fig.
Fig.114 -
114 - Accommodations
Accommodations

103
Space
Space can be so
can be so limited
limited in the smaller
in the smaller submarines
submarines that the efficiency with
the efficiency electric power
which electric
with which could be
power could gen-
be gen-
the number of
the number of bunks
bunks will
will accommodate
accommodate only two-thirds
two-thirds erated, diesel
erated, consumption to
fuel consumption
diesel fuel to make water
fresh water
make fresh
of the crew,
of the crew, and
and some bunks must
some bunks must be
be shared
shared by the was approximately
was the volume
one—ninth the
approximately one-ninth of the
volume of fresh
the fresh
different watches.
different watches. water distilled.
water distilled.
The overall
The arrangement should
overall arrangement should bebe such
such that
that each
each man
man is is changes in
The changes trim being
in trim during fresh
possible during
being possible water
fresh water
The
provided with
provided with some
some private
private area
area how
how small
small itit may
may be.be. consumption should be allowed
should be by adequate
for by
allowed for arrange—
adequate arrange-
consumption
The
The crewcrew ofof submarines
submarines operating
operating in in sustained
sustained sub-
sub— ment of tanks.
of tanks.
ment
merged
merged condition
condition undergo,
undergo, amongst
amongst other
other difficulties,
difficulties,
lack
lack ofof motion
motion andand too
too small
small aa physical
physical training,
training, and the
and the
monotony
monotony of of duty
duty and
and the
the lack
lack of
of natural
natural times
times ofof day
day
and
and night
night result
result in increased mental
in increased mental stresses.
stresses. These ill ef-
These ill ef- 4. Wash water
Wash water
fects may be counteracted
4.
fects may be counteracted by by day/night
day/night lighting
lighting adjusted
adjusted
on
on aa natural
natural rhythm
rhythm in the living
in the living spaces, provision of
spaces, provision of fa-
fa- only in
provided only
are provided sub-
large sub-
in large
wash water
Special wash
Special tanks are
water tanks
cilities
cilities of play and
of play and entertainment,
entertainment, as as well
well as
as of
of special
special the wash
of the is
water is
wash water
marines. In
marines. smaller submarines,
ln smaller submarines, part part of
sporting facilities.
sporting facilities. should be
which should ad
be ad-
from the
taken from
taken the fresh tanks which
water tanks
fresh water
larger in
equately larger
equately in size such a
in such
size in In the
case. In
a case. wash
main, wash
the main,
may be
water may
water carried as
be carried torpedo tank
as torpedo filling that,
tank filling how—
that, how-
2.
2. Provisions ever, be contaminated
will be
ever, will contaminated by the water
by the compensating
water compensating
buoyancy of
negative buoyancy
negative torpedo and
of torpedo WRT when
and WRT when the first
the first
Perishable food
food will not last
last long
long in torpedo is
torpedo fired. 10
is fired. 10 to 2511 of
to 25 of wash water per
wash water per man and
man and
Perishable will not in submarines.
submarines. The
The
composition
composition of of provisions
provisions should
shouId bebe adapted
adapted to the (re-
to the (re- day are
day reckoned with.
are reckoned with.
duced) food calorie
duced) food calorie requirements.
requirements. In In order
order to
to meet the
meet the Special
Special salt
salt water
water soap
soap isis provided
provided to to enable sea water
enable sea water
lack
lack of
of appetite
appetite often
often prevailing, it should
prevailing, it be possible
should be possible to
to to
to be used for
be used for washing.
washing.
serve
serve varified
varified and tasty meals.
and tasty meals.

Most
Most ofof the
the provisions
provisions on on the
the former
former submersibles
submersibles
were in
were the form
in the form of of canned
canned food, bread baked
food, bread baked in in foil,
foil,
dehydrated
dehydrated potatoes,
potatoes, dried peas, beans,
dried peas, beans, rice,
rice, etc.
etc. The
The
5. Galley
5. facilities
Galley facilities
small
small refrigerator
refrigerator was used to
was used to store
store fresh
fresh meat which
meat which
Special
Special significance
significance is
is given
given to high—quality galley
to high-quality galley facili-
facili-
was
was consumed
consumed early
early inin aa mission.
mission.
ties
ties in
in submarines;
submarines; during
during long
long missions,
missions, thus
thus aa wide
wide va—
va-
Submarines
Submarines Operating
operating inin sustained
sustained submerged
submerged condition
condition riety
riety of
of well-prepared
well-prepared meals
meals isis an
an important
important factor
factor inin
are
are provided
provided with
with aa deep
deep freeze
freeze chamber,
chamber, aa cold
cold storage
storage maintaining
maintaining crew
crew combat
combat readiness.
readiness.
chamber;
chamber; andand canned
canned provisons
provisons space
space etc.
etc. A
A daily
daily provi-
provi- All
All cooking
cooking equipment
equipment is is electrical,
electrical, including
including facilities
facilities
sions
sions refrigerator
refrigerator isis also
also arranged
arranged near
near the
the galley.
galley. for
for frying
frying and
and baking.
baking. Cooking
Cooking is is usually
usually effected
effected during
during
Ready
Ready meals
meals to
to bebe carried
carried inin deep-frozen
deep-frozen condition
condition snorkel
snorkel cruising
cruising not
not only
only because power is
because power is generated
generated di- di-
would
would generally
generally require
require too
too much
much space,
space, soso that
that they
they rectly
rectly during
during this
this time
time butbut also
also because
because thethe resulting
resulting
have
have not
not yet
yet been
been included
included upup to
to now.
now. steam
steam and
and odors
odors are
are directly
directly exhausted
exhausted by by the
the diesel
diesel en-
en-
gines.
gines. All
All pots
pots must
must be be designed
designed as as pressure
pressure cookers
cookers
The
The overall
overall design
design should
should allow
allow for
for changes
changes in
in weight
weight (Papin
(Papin principle),
principle), otherwise
otherwise thethe fluctuating low pressure
fluctuating low pressure
and
and trim
trim arising
arising by
by food
food consumption.
consumption. (which
(which isis always
always present
present during
during snorkel
snorkel cruising)
cruising) would
would
prevent
prevent the
the proper
proper cooking
cooking of of food,
food, such
such asas dried peas
dried peas
and
and beans,
beans, and
and the
the pots
pots would
would boil
boil over more fre—
over more fre-
3.
3. Fresh
Fresh water
water quenUy.
quently.
The
The galley
galley is
is vented
vented via
via the
the exhaust
exhaust air
air system
system of
of the
the sub-
sub-
The
The amount
amount of of fresh
fresh water
water supply
supply directly
directly influences
influences the
the marine.
marine. The The exhaust
exhaust points
points are
are arranged
arranged above
above the
the
size
size of
of the
the compensating
compensating tanks.tanks. Abt.
Abt. 31
31 of
of fresh
fresh water
water cooking
cooking plates
plates and
and are
are provided
provided with
with particular
particular grease
grease
per
per man
man and
and dayday are
are to
to be
be reckoned
reckoned with
with for
for the
the prepara-
prepara- filters.
filters.
tion
tion of
of beverages
beverages and and meals
meals andand for
for dish—washing.
dish-washing. As
As comparatively
comparatively veryvery small
small quantities
quantities are
are concerned,
concerned,
Consequently,
Consequently, in in order
order toto have
have smaller-size
smaller-size fresh
fresh water
water garbage
garbage on on submarines
submarines isis generally
generally ejected
ejected outboard
outboard
tanks,
tanks, itit isis advisable
advisable forfor large
large submarines
submarines intended
intended for
for through
through aa locklock (by using compressed
(by using compressed airair or
or pressure
pressure
long
long missions
missions to to have
have sea
sea water
water evaporation
evaporation plants
plants so
so water).
water). Empty
Empty cans
cans must
must be
be pressed
pressed flat
flat to
to prevent
prevent their
their
that
that part
part ofof fresh
fresh water
water required
required can
can be
be produced
produced by by own
own floating
floating toto the
the surface.
surface.
means.
means. compressiondevice
can compression
A can
A device isis used this purpose
for this
used for (it isis
purpose (it
The
The former
former German
German submersibles
submersibles were
were provided
provided with
with noiseless so that
noiseless so can be
that itit can used during
be used low-noise cruis—
during low—noise cruis-
electrically
electrically heated
heated fresh
fresh water
water generators.
generators. Because
Because of ing).
ing).

104
 But measures
But measures for
for taking
taking solid
solid garbage
garbage back
back to
to the
the naval
naval 7. Ventilation
7. Ventilation system,
system, heating,
heating,
base may
may also
also be
be envisaged.
envisaged. For
For this
this purpose,
purpose, such
such
base air-conditioning
air-conditioning
garbage is
garbage is collected
collected inin hermetically
hermetically sealed
sealed plastic
plastic bags.
bags.
Liquid wastes
Liquid wastes are
are pumped
pumped toto overboard.
overboard.
The ventilation
The ventilation system
system is is used
used to to ventilate
ventilate the the submarine
submarine
during surface
during surface and and snorkel
snorkel cruising
cruising and and to to circulate
circulate thethe
air
a during submerged
ir during submerged cruise.
cruise. An An airair supply
supply and and an an air
air
exhaust line
exhaust line areare installed
installed as as straight
straight lines
lines through
through the the
6. Sanitary
6. Sanitary facilities
facilities
submarine (Fig.
submarine (Fig. 117
117 and
and 118).
118). TheThe blowers
blowers are are single-
single- or or
dual—stage fans
dual-stage fans with
with electric
electric drive
drive designed
designed for for low-noise
low-noise
The waste
The waste collected
collected fromfrom the the heads
heads accumulates
accumulates in in a a
operation. Air
operation. Air isis taken
taken in in andand exhausted
exhausted through through a air
ir
pressure—resistant tank,
pressure-resistant tank, which
which can can be
be emptied
emptied by by com-
com—
supply and exhaust
supply exhaust masts with pressure-resistant
pressure—resistant head
pressed a
pressed air to overboard
ir to overboard (Fig.(Fig. 115
115 and
and 116).
116). The
The capacity
capacity
valves. The
foot valves.
and foot
and The valve heads open
valve heads open against water
against water
of this
of tank is
sanitary tank
this saaitary sufficient for
is sufficient about 24
for about 24 hr. is
It is
hr. It
pressure and
pressure and havehave rubber
rubber gaskets;
gaskets; the the head
head valves
valves areare
strong enough
strong enough to to be
be emptied
emptied at at any
any depth.
depth.
located at
located at the
the highest
highest point
point in in the
the superstructure.
superstructure. The The
Night snorkel
Night cruising is
snorkel cruising is very well suited
very well to this
suited to ejec- masts
this ejec- masts are
are fitted
fitted with
with water
water separators.
separators. When When arranging
arranging
tion operation
tion because the
operation because the aair bubbles are
ir bubbles invisible, supply
are invisible, supply a air
ir andand exhaust
exhaust air air rosettes
rosettes in in living
living and and service
service
the compressed air
the compressed consumption is
air consumption because of
lower because
is lower of spaces,
spaces, itit should
should be be seen
seen toto the
the supply
supply ventilation
ventilation beingbeing
the shallow diving
the shallow depth, and
diving depth, the ejection
and the cannot as
noise cannot
ejection noise as draught-free
draught-free as as possible.
possible.
be because it
heard because
be heard it is obliterated by
is obliterated the engine
by the noise Submersibles
engine noise Submersibles usually usually have larger blower
have larger capacity than
blower capacity than
generated during
generated cruising.
snorkel cruising.
during snorkel submarines because
submarines ventilation in
because ventilation submersibles must
in submersibles must
The pump-type
pump-type head head formerly
formerly usedused when
when submerged
submerged was take place
was take place as as rapidly
rapidly asas possible
possible after
after surfacing.
surfacing. The The sub-
sub—
The
similar inin design
design toto that
that used
used aboard
aboard yachts.
yachts. The
The disad-
disad- marine
marine ventilates
ventilates while
while cruising
cruising on
on snorkel.
snorkel. The
The time
time re—
re-
simiiar
vantage that any pumping operation will restrict the div— quired for
quired for anan air
air exchange
exchange depends
depends on on thethe amount
amount of of in-
in—
vantage that any pumping operation will restrict the div-
readiness of
ing readiness of the submarine is
the submarine than the
greater than
is greater the ad- take air
ad- take air required
required for for the
the diesel
diesel engines.
engines.
ing
vantage of
vantage of smaller
smaller space
space and and weight
weight offered
offered byby such
such anan blower in
Each blower
Each a submersible
in a exchanges the
submersible exchanges the air about
air about
arrangement.
arrangement. 20 times/hr.
20 times/hr.

INBOARD PRESSURE
INBOARD PRESSURE PROOF
PROOF
COVER
COVER

WASH BASIN
WASH BASIN FROM THE
FROM THE LOW-
LOW- HEAD
PRFSSURE
AIR DISTRIBUTOR
AIR DISTRIBUTOR

v
‘.
INTERLOCKED

COVER DRIVE WITH

INTERLOCKING
SANITARY I

EJECTION TO
EJECTION OVERBOARD
TO OVERBOARD

SHELL DOOR
DOUBLE KINGSTONS
DOUBLE KINGSTONS

\\
PRESSURE HULL
PRESSURE HULL PRESSURE-PROOF
OUTBOARD PRESSURE-PR
OUTBOARD
COVER
COVER
Fig.
Fig 115 -
.115 — Diagram installation
Diagram of sanitary installation Fig. 116 -
Fig. 116 Garbage lock
— Garbage

105
 E05? :25qa :m 1:“ wEEES> < I 2— .wE
- A ventilating and air purification system Fig. 117
lfi m0_>mQ OZEOD
AIR SUPPLY AND EXHAUST DOSING DEVICE
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Most German
Most German submarines
submarines also
also vent
vent the
the battery
battery with
with the
the Such factors
Such factors as
as crew activities and
crew activities and the
the available
available air
air space
space
exhaust fan.
exhaust ships have
Foreign ships
fan. Foreign often a
have often a special battery
special battery per man
per man inin the
the ship's
ship’s interior
interior determine when the
determine when the air
air pu-
pu—
exhaust fan for
exhaust fan purpose.
this purpose.
for this rification system
rification system must
must be be started
started after
after decisive
decisive
concentrations have
concentrations have been
been reached.
reached.
When the
When the exhaust
exhaust fan is used
fan is vent the
to vent
used to the
battery, the
the battery,
exhaust air line
exhaust air must be
line must (have a
acid-resistant (have
be acid-resistant lead
a lead The following
The following are
are the
the approximate
approximate air
air space/man
space/man rela-
rela-
liner, example), and
for example),
liner, for and the blower must
the blower be explosion-
must be explosion- tionships in
tionships in German
German World
World War
War I1
II submarines
submarines (see
(see the
the
proof.
proof. Appendix
Appendix forfor descriptions
descriptions of the various
of the various types):
types):
Type
Type 22d: 7.5 m3
d: 7.5 m3
During surface
During surface cruise, battery exhaust
cruise, battery exhaust gases
gases are
are guided
guided Type
Type 77 c:
c: 10.5
10.5 m3
m3
through
through the
the exhaust
exhaust air
air mast into the
mast into the atmosphere;
atmosphere; during
during Type
Type 9: 11.5 m3
9: 11.5 m3
snorkeling, they are
snorkeling, they are led to the
led to vicinity of
the vicinity of air intake
air intake Type 21: 17.0m3
Type 21: 17.0m3
trunks
trunks of
of diesel
diesel engines‘(see
engines,(seeChapter
Chapter X).
X). Type 23: 8.5
Type 23: 8.5 m3
In3
Air circulated during
is circulated
Air is cruising, and
submerged cruising,
during submerged the air
and the air
purification
purification system
system (see
(see No.
No. 88 of
of this
this Chapter)
Chapter) can be
can be
connected
connected to to the
the system.
system. InIn addition,
addition, the
the air
air exhaust
exhaust One
One man
man aboard
aboard aa submarine will generate
submarine will generate about
about 25
25 li-
li-
system
system is used to
is used to check for tightness
check for tightness prior to diving
prior to diving ters of
ters of COg/hr.
COJhr. HisHis 0;
O2 consumption
consumption averages about 30
averages about 30
(negative
(negative pressure
pressure test).
test). liters/hr..
liters/hr
Prior to
Prior to aa test
test dive,
dive, the
the exhaust
exhaust blower is
is used to sub—
sub- A man
A man requires
requires about.
about 0.5 liter of
0.5 liter of air per inhalation.
air per inhalation.
ject
ject the boat being
the boat being ready
ready to to dive to negative
dive to pressure.
negative pressure. ReSpiratory frequencies
Respiratory frequencies are
are 22 inhalations/min while
22 inhalations/min while
The
The air
air exhaust mast is
exhaust mast is sealed
sealed offoff and
and then the exhaust
then the exhaust standing,
standing, 1919 while
while sitting,
sitting, 13
13 while lying, and
while lying, 10 while
and 10 while
blower
blower isis shut
shut down.
down. The
The negative pressure level
negative pressure level is
is ob—
ob- sleeping.
sleeping. The
The mean
mean oxygen
oxygen consumption
consumption of 30 liters/
of 30 liters/
served
served for
for aa period
period of
of about
about 22 min. If the
min. If level remains
the level remains hr
hr cited
cited above
above corresponds
corresponds to to 15
15 inhalations/min.
inhalations/min.
approximately
approximately constant,
constant, itit is
is concluded
concluded that
that all major
all major During extended
During extended submerged
submerged cruising,
cruising, therefore, the
therefore, the
pressure hull shutoffs
pressure hull shutoffs are
are closed
closed and that. air
and that air is not en-
is not en- men on
men on duty
duty should
should sit
sit down
down andand all men off
all men watch
off watch
tering the
tering the submarine
submarine from
from thethe compressed
compressed air air system.
system. should rest, whenever
should rest, possible.
whenever possible.
An
An electric
electric heater
heater in
in the
the supply
supply air
air line is generally
line is generally used
used
for
for heating
heating of
of vessels in harbour
vessels in harbour and underway, so
and underway, so that
heated
heated air
air is
is delivered
delivered out
out of the supply
of the supply air
air rosettes. Dur-
rosettes. Dur- Carbon
Carbon dioxide
dioxide absorbent
absorbent system
system
ing
ing sustained
sustained submerged
submerged cruising,
cruising, the
the waste
waste heat
heat of
of Chemical
Chemical absorption
absorption by using sodium
by using sodium hydroxide
hydroxide is:
is:
propulsion
propulsion and and auxiliary
auxiliary machinery
machinery and
and of
of electronic
electronic de-
de- 22 NaOH
vices
vices may
may bebe utilized
utilized for
for ship
ship heating
heating via
via the
the ventilation
ventilation
NaOH + CO; +
CO, == NazCO3
Na2C0, + H,O
H30 +
and
and by
by potassium
potassium hydroxide
hydroxide is:
is:
system.
system. Additional
Additional heating
heating may
may bebe supplied
supplied by
by portable
portable
electric
electric heaters.
heaters. 22 KOH +
KOH + CO2
COz == KECO.
K2CO3 + H20
Hz0 +
Particular
Particular air-conditioning
air-conditioning systems
systems providing
providing cooling
cooling
and,
and, if
if necessary,
necessary, humidification
humidification of
of compartment
compartment air,
air, Sodium
Sodium hydroxide
hydroxide isis contained
contained inin cartridges,
cartridges, potassium
potassium
are hydroxide
hydroxide in in storage
storage cans.
cans. The
The cartridges
cartridges intended
intended for
for
are required
required by
by submarines
submarines operating
operating in
in warm
warm waters
waters be—
be-
cause
cause ofof their
their large
large amounts
amounts ofof waste
waste heat
heat from
from the
the consumption
consumption are are inserted
inserted in
in racks.
racks. The
The potassium
potassium hy—
hy-
electronic
electronic devices.
devices. The
The heat
heat exchangers
exchangers ofof these
these systems
systems droxide
droxide isis poured
poured from
from the
the cans
cans into
into aa container. During
container. During
are
are fed
fed with
with sea
sea water
water which
which leads
leads the
the heat
heat to
to overboard.
overboard. air
air circulation
circulation in in submerged
submerged condition,
condition, air
air intake
intake by the
the
fan
fan is
is effected
effected over
over the
the rack
rack or
or through
through thethe container
container so
so
that
that the
the C02
C 0 2is
is absorbed.
absorbed.
Heat
Heat will
will evolve
evolve as
as aa result
result of
of CO:
CO, absorption. Re—
absorption. Re-
8.
8. Air
Air purification
purification system
system cooling
cooling isis an
an indication
indication that
that the
the process
process has
has ter-
ter-
minated.
minated. TheThe used—up
used-up material
material can
can be
be disposed
disposed of
During
During continuous
continuous submerged
submerged cruising,
cruising, the
the air
air in
in the
the through
through the
the garbage
garbage disposal
disposal lock.
lock.
submarine
submarine must
must bebe purified. by chemically
purified by chemically removing
removing thethe
The
The supplies
supplies carried
carried for
for air purification are
air purification are consumables
consumables
carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide (C03)
(COz) produced
produced by by exhalation
exhalation and
and re—
re-
and,
and, asas such,
such, are
are included
included inin the
the weight
weight calculation.
calculation. In
In
placing
placing the
the oxygen
oxygen (02)
(0,) consumed.
consumed.
case
case of
of submarines
submarines on on continuous
continuous submerged
submerged operation,
operation,
The
The amount
amount of of CO2
CO, in in the
the air
air exhaled
exhaled should
should not
not exceed
exceed
their weight
their is about
weight is same as
the same
about the as that of the
that of provisions.
the provisions.
1.0
1.0 percent.
percent. A A concentration
concentration of of 44 percent
percent will
will have
have aa
severely
severely adverse
adverse effect
effect onon crew
crew efficiency
efficiency and
and can
can be
be en—
en- Furthermore,
Furthermore, there
there are
are systems
systems eliminating
eliminating the
the carbon
carbon
dured
dured for
for aa short
short time
time only;
only; 55 percent
percent will
will be
be toxic.
toxic. dioxide
dioxide by
by aa refrigeration
refrigeration cycle.
cycle. However,
However, these
these re-
re-
The
The oxygen
oxygen content,
content, 20 20 percent
percent in in fresh
fresh breathing
breathing air,
air, quire
quire increased
increased electrical
electrical capacity
capacity so
so that
that they
they are
are
should
should not
not fall
fall below
below about
about 1717 percent.
percent. suitable
suitable for
for nuclear—powered
nuclear-powered submarines
submarines only.
only.

108
Oxygen replenishment
Oxygen replenishment system
system can be dosed
can be more precisely
dosed more oxygen in
than oxygen
precisely than cartridges,
in cartridges,
addition can
and addition
and stopped at
be stopped
can be time. If
any time.
at any oxygen
an oxygen
If an
The supply is
oxygen supply
The oxygen carried in
is carried form in
gaseous form
in gaseous oxygen
in oxygen has been
cartridge has started, it
been started, discharged com-
be discharged
must be
it must com-
cartridge
flasks as a
or as
flasks or compound in
chemical compound
a chemical cartridges. The
in cartridges. The that the
so that
pletely so danger of
the danger over—enrichment with
of over-enrichment ox—
with ox-
pletely
pressure flasks
pressure (content about
flasks (content about 50 50 liters each at
liters each pressure
a pressure
at a cannot be
ygen cannot excluded.
be excluded.
ygen
150 to
of 150
of kg/cmz) are
200 bg/cm2)
to 200 connected to
are connected to a system.
piping system.
a piping
Oxygen is
Oxygen through a
added through
is added a simple device into
dosing device
simple dosing the
into the Spontaneous combustion, e.
Spontaneous combustion, e. g., of fabric,
g., of possible
is possible
fabric, is
supply ventilation line
supply ventilation line that distributes the
that distributes oxygen
the oxygen when the
when oxygen level
the oxygen is too
level is high.
too high.
throughout the
throughout submarine. For
the submarine. consumption, the
oxygen consumption,
For oxygen the
cartridges are
cartridges installed in
are installed in the room in
control room
the control in a simple
a simple On the other
On the hand, oxygen
other hand, require less
cartridges require
oxygen cartridges storage
less storage
apparatus and
apparatus discharge the
and discharge the gas into the
free into
gas free compart-
the compart- space, within certain
and, within
space, and, limits, the
certain limits, number of
total number
the total car-
of car-
ment by
ment heat in
evolving heat
by evolving process.
the process.
in the tridges carried
tridges adapted to
be adapted
can be
carried can to the specific tactical
the specific re—
tactical re-
Oxygen carriage in
Oxygen carriage offers advantages
flasks offers
in flasks because it
advantages because it quirements of
quirements submarine.
a submarine.
of a

109
CHAPTER XIV
CHAPTER XIV

Safety
Safety and
and rescue
rescue
faciliti es
facilities
A submarine
A submarine is is envisaged
envisaged for three operating
for three conditions,
operating conditions, the
the pressure hull is
pressure hull is damaged, this will
damaged, this lead, in
will lead, in most
most cases,
cases.
i.i.e.
e. surface
surface cruise
cruise andand submerged
submerged cruise,cruise, as well as
as well as to the
to the loss
loss of of the
the submarine
submarine not not provided
provided with with watertight
watertight
snorkel which is
cruise which
snorkel cruise semi-submerged condition.
is aa semi-submerged condition. transverse
transverse subdivision
subdivision of of the pressure hull.
the pressure hull. The
The condi-
condi-
During all
During operating conditons,
three operating
all three conditons, the the principle
principle of Ar-
of Ar- tion
tion ofof such kind of
such kind of ships
ships is is approximately
approximately the same as
the same as
chimedes is
chimedes is fulfilled, submerging and
whereas submerging
fulfilled, whereas and surfacing
surfacing that
that of fully loaded
of fully loaded full-scantling
full-scantling cargo vessels -
cargo vessels — with
with the
the
manoeuvres represent aa dynamic
manoeuvres represent procedure. If
dynamic procedure. compar-
If compar- exception
exception that that the
the shellplating
shellplating of of aa submarine
submarine is is dissim-
dissim-
ison with
ison with aa surface vessel is
surface vessel is made, these circumstances
made, these circumstances ilarly stronger.
ilarly stronger. A A sufficient watertight transverse
sufficient watertight transverse sub— sub-
increase
increase thethe number
number of possible kinds
of possible kinds ofof danger,
danger, butbut this
this division
division of of the pressure hull
the pressure hull corresponding
corresponding to to the
the sub—
sub-
does not
does mean that
not mean that the danger in
the danger in whole must be
whole must larger as
be larger as division
division of of aa one—compartment
one-compartment ship ship is is possible
possible as as from
from a a
well.
well. A A submarine
submarine constructed
constructed well, who operates
well, who operates at at certain
certain submarine
submarine lengthlength only (abt. 80m),
only (abt. 80m), as -
as — due
due to to the
the
moderate
moderate depth depth andand atat medium
medium speedspeed has, for instance,
has, for instance, internal
internal fittings
fittings ofof the
the pressure
pressure hull -
hull ~ aa certain absolute
certain absolute
practically
practically not not to reckon with
to reckon with collisions,
collisions, and influences
and influences minimum
minimum distance between the
distance between the transverse
transverse bulkheads
bulkheads
by
by badbad weather
weather do not exist
do not exist at
at all. Endangering by
all. Endangering by fire
fire is
is should
should be be maintained.
maintained. If If longer
longer submarines
submarines are trans—
are trans-
smaller
smaller than
than onon many
many aa surface
surface vessel.
vessel. Such
Such aa submarine
submarine versely
versely subdivided
subdivided so so asas to
to bebe considered
considered as as “one—com—
"one-com-
may
may be be considered
considered to to be safe as
as safe
be as as aa surface vessel, or
surface vessel, or partment ships”,
partment ships", it it should
should be be taken
taken into into account
account that that atat
even
even to to be
be safer.
safer. least one
least one main ballast tank
main ballast tank adjacent
adjacent to to the
the leaky
leaky pressure
pressure
Discrimination should
Discrimination should be be made between the
made between prevention
the mevention hull compartment
hull compartment will will also
also bebe damaged.
damaged. In In case
case of of sub-
sub—
accidents at
of accidents
of dangers on
impending dangers
at impending on one hand (safety
one hand (safety marines
marines cruising
cruising on on thethe surface
surface and and having
having becomebecome
precautions) and
precautions) and salvage and rescue
salvage and after an
rescue after accident on
an accident on leaky,
leaky, the
the transverse
transverse stability
stability does
does notnot become
become critical.
critical.
the
the other
other hand.
hand. The
The pumping-out
pumping-out capacitycapacity of of aa submarine
submarine on on the
the water
water
surface
surface isis almost
almost never
never sufficient
sufficient for for pumping
pumping out out the
the
water
water entering
entering through
through aa leakage
leakage in in case
case ofof aa collision.
collision.
1.
1. Prevention
Prevention of
of accidents
accidents The following approximate
The following approximate quantities
quantities of of water
water will
will enter
enter
by
by safety
safety precautions
precautions through
through aa leakleak ofof 1cm3
1 cm2in in area:
area:
at
at aa depth
depth of
of 2m:
2 m: 1.5
1.5 ml/hr
m3/hr
As
As long
long as
as aa submarine
submarine cruises
cruises on
on the
the surface,
surface, she
she isis aa at
at aa depth
depth of
of 20m:
20m: 5.0m3/hr
5.0m3/hr
participant
participant in in traffic
traffic like
like other
other vessels.
vessels. She
She is fitted out
is fitted out at
at aa depth
depth of
of 100m:
100m: 10.0m3/hr
10.OmJ/hr
with
with first-class
first-class navigation
navigation equipment,
equipment, andand the
the watch
watch on on at
at aa depth
depth of
of 200m:
200 m: 14.5 mi/hr
14.5 m3/hr
the
the bridge
bridge isis assumed
assumed to to be
be attentive.
attentive. However,
However, contrary
contrary
to
to other
other participants
participants inin traffic,
traffic, the
the submarine
submarine isis handi—
handi- The
The sea-going
sea-going qualities
qualities of
of aa submarine
submarine being
being well
well design—
design-
capped
capped by by her
her small
small silhouette
silhouette and
and the
the associated
associated small
small ed
ed and
and constructed
constructed and
and skillfully
skillfully handled
handled are unlimited
are unlimited
radar
radar reflexion.
reflexion. on
on the
the water
water surface.
surface. She
She isis as
as seaworthy
seaworthy as as aa rescue
rescue
cruiser.
cruiser. Breaking
Breaking seas
seas do
do not
not endanger
endanger thethe submarine
submarine
Concerning
Concerning exhibition
exhibition of
of lanterns
lanterns at
at night,
night, itit isis often
often which
which may
may almost
almost completely
completely be be closed. Her range
closed. Her range ofof
not
not possible
possible to
to comply
comply with
with all
all regulations
regulations (e.
(e. g.
g. often
often stability
stability isis unlimited.
unlimited. Any Any longitudinal
longitudinal strength
strength
the
the second
second masthead
masthead light
light cannot
cannot bebe carried
carried in
in spite
spite of
of problems
problems dodo not
not exist
exist because
because ofof the
the heavy
heavy pressure
pressure hull.
its
its being
being required
required duedue to
to her length of
her length of more
more than than
45.75
45.75 m.
m. As
As aa rule,
rule, permissions
permissions for
for an
an exemption
exemption from from It
It should
should be
be mentioned
mentioned thatthat the
the danger
danger of
of aa submarine
submarine
the
the requirement
requirement areare given).
given). becoming
becoming leaky
leaky due
due to to grounding
grounding is
is very
very small
small during
surface
surface cruise
cruise because
because thethe pressure
pressure hull,
hull, in
in general, is
general, is
A
A submarine
submarine cruising
cruising onon the
the surface
surface may
may be
be subjected
subjected toto very
very strong
strong and
and isis often
often protected
protected by
by a keel
keel structure
structure
aa water
water inrush
inrush like
like any
any other
other vessel.
vessel. Such
Such aa damage
damage isis not
not below.
below.
dangerous
dangerous asas long
long asas only
only the
the main
main ballast
ballast tanks
tanks become
become
leaky
leaky and
and are
are flooded
flooded as,
as, in
in all
all probability,
probability, thethe sub—
sub- During
During submerged
submerged cruise,
cruise, the
the submarine
submarine operates
operates in
in the
the
marine
marine will
will maintain
maintain herher floating
floating capacity.
capacity. If,
If, however,
however, so—called
so-called ready—to—dive
ready-to-dive condition,
condition, which
which includes
includes the
the ne—
ne-

110
110
 cessity
cessityof
of all
allrequired
requiredshutting
shuttingarrangements
arrangementsbeing
beingclosed
closed ces, would be
ces, itit would to cause
easy to
be easy surfacing of
cause surfacing the sub-
of the sub-
and
and sealed.
sealed. In In Germany,
Germany, there
there isis completely
completelyintroduced
introduced marine, by freeing
e. g. by
marine, e.g. of compensating
freeing of tanks and
compensating tanks and
now
now the
the system
system of of double
double shutoffs.
shutoffs. IfIf she
she isis correctly
correctly blowingof
blowing of main tanks by
ballast tanks
main ballast compressedair.
by compressed air.
handled,
handled,anyanywater
water inrushes
inrushesinto
intothethepressure
pressurehull hullduring
during submarineoperates
the submarine
If the near the
operates near maximum admissible
themaximum
If admissible
submerged
submergedcruisecruiseare
arenot
not to
to be
be reckoned
reckonedwith.
with. ItIt may
may bebe depth, she
divingdepth, endangeredby
sheisisendangered by water inrush atat small
water inrush
diving small
possible
possible that,
that, through
through small
small leakages,
leakages, water
water slowly
slowly en—
en- speed and
speed and byby depth control errors
depth control (hydroplanefailure,
errors (hydroplane failure,
ters
terswhich,
which, however,
however,can can be
be eliminated
eliminatedby by the
the pumping-
pumping-
wrongly hydroplanes) atat high
tilted hydroplanes)
wrongly tilted high speed. Vice versa,
speed. Vice versa,
out
out system.
system. errorsatat low
controlerrors
depthcontrol speedand
low speed andlimited inrushesof
limited inrushes
depth of
Also inin case
Also of failure
case of the propulsion
of the
failure of plant and,
propulsion plant and, water atat high
water speed are
high speed harmless near
comparativelyharmless
are comparatively near the
the
consequently, of
consequently, of the hydroplane for-
hydrodynamic hydroplane
the hydrodynamic for- maximum admissible diving
maximum admissible However, high
depth. However,
diving depth. high
speedsnear
speeds surfaceare
water surface
thewater
near the riskydue
arerisky dueto thedanger
to the danger
SURFACE
SURFACE break-through to
of break—through
of aboveand
to above and to associateddanger
the associated
to the danger
I r I of with surface
collision with
of collision Consequently,there
ships. Consequently,
surface ships. there isis aa
submarine(see (seeFig.

L
safety performanceenvelope
safetyperformance envelopefor thesubmarine
for the Fig.
119), who
119), should only
who should within the
operate within
only operate the parameters
parameters
shown on
shown on this diagram. The
this diagram. dangers resulting
The dangers from in—
resulting from
DEPTH

in-
maximum diving
cruiseatat maximum
during aa cruise
water during diving depth

RANGE
rush of
rush of water depth
may be
may overcomeby
be overcome blowingof
by blowing main ballast
of main tankswith
ballasttanks with
DIVING

compressedair
compressed and by
air and draining of
by draining compensatingtanks;
of compensating tanks;
DEPTH
ATV
J furthermore,the
furthermore, speedcan
thespeed canbe increasedso
be increased forcesof
that forces
sothat of
hydroplanestilted
hydrOplanes tilted to aboveare
to above also increased.
arealso increased.
The
Thedanger
danger resulting
resulting from
from hydroplane
hydroplane failures
failures(particu-
(particu-
larly
larly stern
stern plane
plane failures) max. submerged
failures)atat max. submerged depth depth and
and
I DIVINGDEPTH
SERVICEDIVING
SERVICE
TESTPRESSURE
TEST PRESSURE
DEPTH V
vm
”1l

I high
high speed
speed may
measures, as
measures,
may be
as follows:
follows:
be countered
countered by by three
three different
different safety
safety

SUBMERGED SPEED -
— emergency blowingof
high-pressureblowing
emergencyhigh—pressure mainbal-
forwardmain
of forward bal-
119—-Safety
Fig. 119
Fig. Safetyperformance
performanceenvelope
envelope last tanks,
last tanks,
0° [—
-
- tilting rudderto
steeringrudder
of steering
tiltingof hardover (effective
to hardover only ifif
(effectiveonly
8 e
0
.
A‘B‘CI
this way,
submarine,inin this
the submarine,
the trims by
way, trims the stern
by the due to
stern due to
design features[see
design features VI]), and
ChapterVI]),
[seeChapter and
20°
20- , ,
- reversalof
- reversal asternmotion.
to astern
propellerto
of propeller motion.
Lam
ANGLE

Fig. 120shows
Fig. 120 simulatedemergency
showsaasimulated manoeuvre. Blow-
emergencymanoeuvre. Blow-
LO'
LOO " 4 —-Z —
ing of
ing main ballast
of main tanks by
ballast tanks compressed air
by compressed air inin great
great
TRIM

\ "A'C
depthsisis not
depths too effective,
not too because the
effective, because procedure isis too
the procedure too
Reversalof
slow. Reversal
slow. machinery isis of
of machinery effect as
limited effect
of limited as well.
well.
00 g . fi_ . Simultaneous applicationof
Simultaneousapplication precautions would
three precautions
all three
of all would
20
20 A Emergency high~pressure
[ml
Iml I I blowrng turn out
turn most favourably.
out most favourably.
2or—
20 L rudder hardover
B -Steering rudder hardover ——I On the
On other hand,
the other blowing of
hand, blowing ballast tanks
of ballast by com-
tanks by com-
-Reversalofofpropeller pressed maybe
airmay
pressedair bean effectiveprotection
aneffective againstexceed-
psotectionagainst exceed-
' CCReversal propeller
1.0-»7—
LO +. ,_m , a ingof
ing admissiblediving
of admissible depthifif small
divingdepth slowsubmersibles
smallslow submersibles
DEPTH

rA'B'C EE-N
-No countermeasures
ocou n te rme a sures
for purposesare
civilpurposes
forcivil areconcerned. to provide
possibleto
concerned. ItIt isispossible provide
60 equipmentby
equipment by which blowing isis automatically
which blowing effectedifif
automaticallyeffected
CHANGE IN

aa certain depthisisreached.
certaindepth reached.

l l V“ l
80-*
80 I .. +-— - , r—~*I» ~-——HII-~- _.,A.. ~ i —«I
On the German
On the submersiblesof
German submersibles TOURS series,
the TOURS
of the series,
this connectedwith
equipment isis connected
this equipment with aa “dead man's" re-
"dead man’s” re-
1004~—
100 I .7, I 7.- . \L blowing the
automatically blowing
lease automatically tanks unless
ballast tanks
the ballast
I \ Aoc: ’ 4 lease unless
Riv I I the crew isisactuating
thecrew safetykey
actuatingaa safety keyswitch every 15
switchevery 15min-
min-
CHARACTERISTICSOF
CHARACTERISTICS OFCOUNTERMEASURES
COUNTERMEASURES
utes. measure for
protectional measure
This isis aa protectional
utes. This the sub-
for the sub-
[ _ I I I “i
l‘DrnlI
EMERGENCY BLOWING -LO
mersible in
mersible case her
in case no longer
crew isis no
her crew to handle
able to
longer able handle
00_ .. 7,3 7 I
2 ~ ‘ - . . x
PROPELLER SPEED

‘ if the submersiblewho
the submersible automaticallysurfaces
who automatically then. ItIt isis
surfacesthen.
/ STEERING RUDDER HARDOVER obvious such an
that such
obviousthat an outfit does not
outfit does into ques-
come into
not come ques-
ioo,_ .E..,_,_.n 1 a -20 tion for
tion militaryvehicles.
for military vehicles.
\ REVERSAL OF PROPELLER
Such vessels
Such often use
vessels often safety ballast.
droppable safety
use droppable At the
ballast. At the
o I I l I
8f-

1'0 2b 30 70 so 70 80IIsl moment of

moment dropping, the
of dropping, the effective weight of
effective weight ballast isis
of ballast
Fig. 120
Fig. Simulatedemergency
120— Simulated -
emergencymanoeuvres
manoeuvres availableas
immediatelyavailable
immediately buoyant force.
asaa buoyant force.

11]
 The
The measure
measure ofof droppable
droppable ballast
ballast has
has meanwhile
meanwhile be-be- 2. and Rescue
Salvage and
2. Salvage Rescue
come unusual
come for military
unusual for submarines, because
military submarines, the ar—
because the ar-
rangement
rangement of of aa sufficiently
sufficiently large
large quantity
quantity of
of ballast
ballast isis On the
On that the
assumption that
the assumption depth of
the depth of water at the
water at place of
the place of
rendered
rendered difficult
difficult for
for design
design reasons.
reasons. Stability
Stability condi—
condi- accident not larger
accident isis not the collapse
than the
larger than depth of
collapse depth the pres-
of the pres-
tions
tions are
are rendered
rendered worse
worse by
by dropping
dropping the
the ballast.
ballast. hull, rescue
sure hull,
sure now shall
rescue now be initiated.
shall be initiated.
In the Federal
In the Republic of
Federal Republic of Germany, has been
device has
Germany, aa device been In the
In past, considerations
the past, have been
considerations have made concerning
been made concerning
developed, by
developed, means of
by means the total
which the
of which volume of
total volume of the
the salvage of
salvage the entire
of the together with
submarine together
entire submarine the crew
with the crew
forward main
forward tanks can
ballast tanks
main ballast blown at
be blown
can be at maximum
maximum isolated therein.
isolated therein.
depth within
diving depth
diving such aa short
within such as just
period as
short period being per-
just being per- For
For such
such aa purpose,
purpose, the imperial German
the Imperial German Navy
Navy form-
form-
mitted by the
mitted by strength of
the strength tanks. The
of tanks. development com-
The development com- erly
erly possessed
possessed aa catamaran-type
catamaran-type salvage
salvage vessel
vessel named
named
prises gas generators
prises gas based on
generators based (N2H4). Hy-
hydrazine (NgHi).
on hydrazine HY- Vulkan
Vulkan (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 122).
122).
drazine forced through
drazine isis forced catalyzer by
through aa catalyzer means of
by means of It obvious that
It isis obvious success of
the success
that the of such salvage operations
such salvage operations
nitrogen as
nitrogen as aa power gas, and
power gas, spontaneously de-
and isis spontaneously de- depends on
depends coincidence of
the coincidence
on the of several lucky cir-
several lucky cir-
composed into
composed hydrogen (H2),
into hydrogen nitrogen (N3),
(Hz), nitrogen and am—
(N4, and am- cumstances. The
cumstances. The salvage vessel must
salvage vessel be ready
must be for opera—
ready for opera-
(NH,). The
monia (NH.).
monia subdivided into
plant isis subdivided
The plant several ele-
into several ele- tion and
tion and must be too
not be
must not away from
far away
too far place of
the place
from the of acci-
acci-
ments, all
ments, of which
all of simultaneously at
used simultaneously
are used
which are at maximum
maximum dent. ItIt must
dent. possible to
be possible
must be very quickly
locate very
to locate the posi-
quickly the posi-
diving depth,
diving whereas an
depth, whereas adequately reduced
an adequately number isis
reduced number tion of
tion of the submarine by
damaged submarine
the damaged by using g. signal
e. g.
using e. signal
necessary at
necessary smaller depth.
at smaller blowing-out of
After blowing-out
depth. After of forward
forward
main ballast
main tanks, the
ballast tanks, submarine heavily
the submarine trimming by
heavily trimming by
the stern
the develops high
stern develops speed and
high speed breaks the
and breaks the water
water
surface after
surface period of
short period
after aa short (see Fig.
time (see
of time and Fig.
121and
Fig. 121 Fig.
121
121a).
a). This
This equipment
equipment may may be be useful
useful both
both during
during dan—
dan-
gers
gers in
in great
great water
water depths
depths due
due to
to hydroplane
hydroplane failure
failure and
and inin
case of
case inrushes. In
water inrushes.
of water case of
In case of limited water inrushes
limited water inrushes
in condition, the
submerged condition,
in submerged submerged accident
the submerged accident maymay
possibly be
possibly changed into
be changed accident by
surface accident
into aa surface by quick
quick
surfacing, so
surfacing, the crew
that the
so that chance to
have aa chance
may have
crew may to leave
leave
the submarine on
the submarine surface, in
the surface,
on the in time.
time.
If damaged submarine
the damaged
If the submarine fails surface, she
to surface,
fails to will sink
she will sink
to the
to bottom of
the bottom the sea.
of the sea.
;_ TEST TEST VALVE
VALVE Fig. — Quick-surfacing
[21 aa -
Hg. 121 test of
Quick-surfacing test German class
of aa German 206 sub-
class 206 sub-
-
marine
marine by means of
by means the emergency
of the blowing-out
emergency blowing-out
equipment
equipment
NgTANK
N. TANK

PRESSURE<30VERNOR
PRESSURE GOVERNOR

HYDRAENETANK
HYDRAZINE TANK

CATALYZER
CATALYZER

”:13.
‘9'“.;‘ t ._ -. , .. 4;."- *1;
v.2: ‘ ’* "‘- — ”keen? v «‘2‘;
1131‘” "’7' K
BURSTCAP
BURST CAP . 'l"

Fig. 121 -
Fig. 121 — Emergency
Emergency blowing-out
blowing-out equipment
equipment Fig. 122
Fig. -
122 — Salvage “Vulkan”
ship "Vulkan"
Salvage ship

112
 ejectable radio
beacons, ejectable beacons, and
radio beacons, telephone
and telephone tion and
tion shorten the
and shorten proceedings. As,
timely proceedings.
the timely however,
As, however,
beacons. The
beacons. submarine must
The submarine must be fitted with
be fitted suitable
with suitable isolated in
crew isolated
the crew
the the vehicle
in the of life
avail of
vehicle avail support
life support
hoisting hooks.
hoisting conditions must
Weather conditions
hooks. Weather must allowallow an- an— means for aa limited period only
limited period (between 36
only (between 72
and 72
36 and
chorage above the
chorage above the sunken submarine. In
sunken submarine. case of
In case single
of single such a
hours), such
hours), salvage, as
a salvage, a rule,
as a a dangerous
is a
rule, is competi~
dangerous competi-
accidents in
accidents waters, lift
shallow waters,
very shallow
in very of military
lift of sub-
military sub- with the
tion with
tion time.
the time.
marines together
marines together with with parts
parts of of their
their crewcrew were
were success-
success-
simple but
A simple
A promising salvage
but promising equipment has
salvage equipment has beenbeen
But in
ful. But
ful. general, the
in general, possibility of
the possibility of a success in
a success the
in the
entire submarines
of entire
salvage of together with
submarines together crews is
their crews
with their is introduced and
introduced tested on
and tested submersible of
on aa submersible of the TOURS
the TOURS
salvage
reckoned with,
longer reckoned
no longer
go with, so the hoisting
that the
so that for-
eyes for-
hoisting eyes series (see
series (see Fig. 123). The
Fig. 123). submersible is
The submersible equipped with
is equipped with
envisaged in
merly envisaged in this connection and
this connection and the emergency
the emergency two beacons made
two beacons made of pressure proof
of pressure proof foam plastic ma-
foam plastic ma—
merly
blowing devices
blowing devices forfor ballast
ballast tanks
tanks have
have now now beenbeen deleted.
deleted. terial, which can be launched
terial, launched from the interior of the
submersible by
submersible by a slipping gear
a slipping independently of
gear independently each
of each
case of
In case
In submersibles which
civil submersibles
the civil
of the which are are very much
very much
other. The
other. beacons are
The beacons connected to
are connected to each other by
each other by a a
consequently, less
and, consequently,
smaller and,
smaller less in weight, the
in weight, salvage of
the salvage of
thin, but
thin, strong line
but strong through a
led through
line led U—shaped tube
a U-shaped fixed
tube fixed
entire vehicle
the entire
the together with
vehicle together with her plays a
crew plays
her crew much
a much
to the
to bridge fin
the bridge fin ofof the submersible. The
the submersible. The two ends of
two ends of
part. A
larger part.
larger number of
A number salvages have
of salvages turned out
have turned suc—
out suc-
lines are
the lines
the coiled on
are coiled reels in
on reels lower parts
the lower
in the parts of of thethe
other ones
cessfully, other
cessfully, unsuccessful. In
proved unsuccessful.
ones proved In such cases,
such cases,
beacons in
two beacons
two such a
in such way that
a way reel on
the reel
that the beacon No.
on beacon No.
rendered to
was rendered
aid was
aid to the submersible by
damaged submersible
the damaged other
by other
holds 20m
11 holds 20m of more than
line more
of line than thatthat on beacon No.
on beacon No. 2. 2.
submersibles or
submersibles by manipulators
or by remote-controlled from
manipulators remote-controlled from
The total
The length of
total length rope is
of rope is by abt. lOOm
by abt. 100m largerlarger than than
the surface to the effect that hoisting
the surface to the effect that hoisting ropes could be rOpes could be
twice the
twice depth of
the depth water at
of water at the place of
the place diving. In
of diving. case
In case
Part of
fixed. Part
fixed. submersibles having
the submersibles
of the having gone gone bad have
bad have
damage, the
of damage,
of releases, at
crew releases,
the crew first, the
at first, beacon No.
the beacon No. 1 1
hooked up
been hooked
been up on the ground
on the without any
ground without damage to
any damage to
having the
having longer line.
the longer Abt. 10
line. Abt. minutes later,
10 minutes after this
later, after this
themselves.
themselves. beacon No. No. 2 2 isis
beacon having
beacon drifted in
having drifted current, beacon
the current,
in the
submersibles generally
Civil submersibles
Civil generally operate together with
operate together with
released. By
released. using aa rubber
By using rubber boat, boat, the mother ship
the mother ship ar- ar—
contact to
ships, contact
mother ships,
mother whom may
to whom may be continuously
be continuously
ranges for
ranges for an abt. 8
an abt. mm thick
8 mm wire rope
thick wire rope to to be fixed at
be fixed at
maintained. Of
maintained. Of course, facilitate the
they facilitate
course, they the rescue opera—
rescue opera-
the rope
the rOpe end end of beacon No.
of beacon No. 1; wire rope
the wire
I; the rope is reeved
is reeved
in by
in means of
by means line of
the line
of the beacon No.
of beacon No. 2 that it
so that
2 so runs
it runs
through the
through U‘shaped tube
the U-shaped tube on on the damaged sub-
the damaged sub-
mersible. Then
mersible. Then the the twotwo endsends of of the wire rope
the wire rope are coiled
are coiled
up on
up on a winch of
a winch mother ship,
the mother
of the which one
after which
ship, after one maymay
try to
try break loose
to break loose the submersible from
the submersible from the ground
the ground
and to
and heave it
to heave up to
it up to the surface. In
the surface. case of
In case need, an-
of need, an—
rope being
lifting rope
other lifting
other thicker may
still thicker
being still may be reeved in
be reeved in
during another
during another workingworking cycle. cycle. The The outfitoutfit described
described
above can
above can be successfully down
used successfully
be used down to depths of
to depths of
500m.
SO0 m. It It is
is of
of particular
particular advantage
advantage as as recovery
recovery may may be be
commenced with
commenced with immediately
immediately after after thethe accident
accident and and as as
not necessary
is not
itit is straight away
necessary straight away for for other submersibles
other submersibles
approach down
to approach
to down to the damaged
to the submersible.
damaged submersible.

case of
In case
In submarines, all
military submarines,
of military endeavours of
all endeavours rescue
of rescue
DETAIL X can only
can concentrated on
be concentrated
only be rescue of
the rescue
on the crew. If
the crew.
of the If aa
operating on
submarine operating
submarine surface is
the surface
on the suffering an
is suffering acci-
an acci-
resulting in
dent resulting
dent sinking, the
her sinking,
in her must leave
crew must
the crew sub-
the sub-
leave the
marine as
marine quickly as
as quickly possible and
as possible enter into
and enter rubber
into rubber
which -
boats, which
boats, — on submarines -
German submarines
the German
on the sim-
very sim-
are very
— are
to the
ilar to
ilar inflatable liferafts
the inflatable known for
liferafts known for surface vessels.
surface vessels.
launched and inflated
They can be launched inflated automatically, so that
escaping crew
the escaping finds the
crew finds liferaft in
the liferaft in a condition ready
a condition ready
to be entered. The inflatable liferafts are
inflatable liferafts tented and
are tented and
provided with
provided water and
drinking water
with drinking and provisions facilitating
provisions facilitating
survival until the time of
the time of help from other
help from vessels.
other vessels.
pressure hull
the pressure
rule, the
As aa rule, of a
hull of without pres-
submarine without
a submarine pres—
subdivision will
transverse subdivision
sure—proof transverse
sure-proof will be flooded in
be flooded case
in case
inrush so
water inrush
of water
of that the
so that subjected to
crew is subjected
the crew diving
to diving
'5 m pressure and
pressure and must
must leave
leave thethe submarine
submarine as quickly
quickly as pos- pos-
123 - Rescue
Fig. 123
Fig. Rescue equipment for submersibles
TOURS submersibles
for TOURS sible. They assemble around around the destined for
hatch destined
the hatch for

113
 - WATER LEVEL
WATER LEVEL
AFTER
AFTER FLOODING
FLOODING

Fig. 124
Fig. 124 ~ Hatch with
- Hatch with air trap
air trap
escape.
escape. Before hatch is
the hatch
Before the opened, the
is opened, the “air trap” ar-
"air trap" ar-
ranged below the
ranged below hatch is
the hatch lowered (see
is lowered (see Fig. 124), so
Fig. 124), so that
that
aa sufficiently large air
sufficiently large remains within
bubble remains
air bubble the sub-
within the sub-
marine after
marine having been
hatch having
after hatch been opened. Already during
opened. Already during
compression phase,
the compression
the the time
e. the
phase, i.i. e. time in the sub—
which the
in which sub-
marine is
marine being flooded
is being through the
flooded through the leak,
leak, the in the
air in
the air the
must not
submarine must
submarine not be inhaled by
be inhaled the crew.
by the They should
crew. They should “nu-”n:

then breathe
then out of
breathe out an emergency
of an emergency breathing system
breathing system
which, essentially,
which, consists of
essentially, consists of aa straight line leading
straight line leading
through the
through vessel and
entire vessel
the entire having numerous
and having indi-
numerous indi-
connections. As
vidual connections.
vidual As aa rule, compressed air
rule, compressed being spe-
air being spe-
cially purified
cially is fed.
purified is fed.
This
This so—called
so-called BIB
BIB system
system (Built—In—Breathin
(Built-In-Breathing g System)
System)
has
has been
been developed
developed and
and tested
tested in
in Great
Great Britain.
Britain.
The
The system
system replaces
replaces the
the submerged
submerged escape
escape apparatuses
apparatuses
(aqualungs)
(aqualungs) formerly
formerly in
in use.
use.
The
The submerged
submerged escape
escape apparatus
apparatus isis aa counter-pressure
counter-pressure
breathing
breathing appliance
appliance that
that uses
uses an
an alkali
alkali cartridge
cartridge toto re—
re-
move
move thethe CO;
CO, from
from the
the exhaled
exhaled air;
air; fresh
fresh air
air enriched
enriched
with
with oxygen
oxygen isis added.
added. On
On the
the surface,
surface, itit isis used
used as
as aa
life-jacket
life-jacket (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 125).
125).
After
After having
having left
left the
the submarine,
submarine, the
the men
men rise
rise to
to the
the
surface,
surface, borne
borne by by the
the lift
lift of
of life
life jackets.
jackets. During
During ascent,
ascent,
they
they cannot
cannot inhale
inhale air
air due
due to
to rapid
rapid pressure
pressure drop,
drop, so so that
that
any
any necessity
necessity ofof breathing
breathing airair supply
supply does
does not
not exist.
exist.
The
The automatically
automatically inflatable
inflatable liferafts
liferafts provided
provided for for the
the
German
German submarines
submarines are are packed
packed in in containers
containers being
being pres—
pres-
sure-proof
sure-proof at at the
the diving
diving depth
depth out
out of
of which
which thethe crew
crew still
still
is
is able
able to
to escape
escape successfully.
successfully. These
These containers
containers together
together
with
with the
the liferafts
liferafts packed
packed therein
therein avail
avail of
of aa lifting
lifting force.
force.
They
They are
are carried
carried inin pressure-proof
pressure-proof cylinders,
cylinders, thethe covers
covers
of
of which
which can
can bebe Opened
opened by by remote
remote actuation.
actuation. After
After these
these
covers
covers having
having been
been opened,
opened, thethe containers
containers rise
rise toto the
the
surface
surface where
where they
they automatically
automatically liberate
liberate thethe liferafts
liferafts Fig. 125
Fig. -
125 — Aqualung
Aqualung

114
114
 AIR EXHAUST
AIR EXHAUST FROM
FROM COMPRESSED
COMPRESSED which automatically
whic'h automatically inflate.
inflate. A A connection
connection betweenbetween the the
AIR MOTOR
MOTOR
AIR
submarine lying
submarine lying on ground and
the ground
on the the inflated
and the liferaft is
inflated liferaft is
maintained by
maintained by aa line,
line, soso that
that its
its going
going adrift
adrift is is notnot pos-
pos—
sible. The
sible. The escaping
escaping crew crew is is thus
thus provided
provided with with thethe chance
chance
COMPARTMENT
reaching the
of reaching
of the inflated (see Fig.
liferaft (see
inflated liferaft 126).
Fig. 126).
Larger submarines
Larger submarines provided
provided with with aa pressure-proof
pressure-proof sub- sub-
division still
division still offer
offer additional
additional possibilities
possibilities for for the
the applica-
applica—
tion of
tion of systems
systems for for the
the rescue
rescue of of the
the crew
crew isolated
isolated in in the
the
COMPRESSED
undamaged escape
undamaged escape compartment
compartment where where they
they still
still are
are sub-
sub-
COMPRESSED
I
AIR MOTOR ; jected to
jected to atmospheric
atmospheric pressure.
pressure. In In this
this connection,
connection, spe- spe—
COMPENSATING cial mention
cial mention of of thethe U.K.
U. K. system
system of of "free
“free ascent"
ascent” is is
TANK
made, where
made, where oneone person
person of of the
the crew
crew after
after thethe other
other is is
locked out
locked out of
of the
the narrow
narrow rescue
rescue tower.
tower. Owing
Owing to to the
the fact
fact
that the
that the pressure
pressure can can bebe doubled
doubled every every 4 4 secs.,
secs, it it is
is pos-
pos-
TANK
BALLAST TANK
BALLAST sible to
sible to subject
subject thethe person
person in in question
question to to aa very
very high
high pres-
pres—
sure within
sure within thethe shortest
shortest period.
period. The The ascent
ascent beginning
beginning im- im-
,/
/ LOWER SPACE‘L
OWER SPACE
|
mediately afterwards
mediately afterwards is is effected
effected by by the
the lift
lift supplied
supplied by by anan
inflated rubber
inflated rubber hoodhood covering
covering the the entire
entire head
head except
except the the
l. face. This
face. This procedure
procedure is is successfully
successfully tested tested down down to to
‘ FLOOD LINE FOR
OD LINE FOR depths of
depths of 180m.
180m.
\m BALLAST TANK
LASTTANK A former
A former system
system for for the
the salvage
salvage of of persons
persons isolated
isolated in in anan
escape compartment
escape compartment is is the
the use
use ofof pressure-proof
pressure—proof rescue rescue
bells. The rescue bell (see (see Fig. 127) 127) is launched
launched from a
\ ,
PIVOTING SUPPORT
PlVOTlNCi SUPPORT PLATE
THE DOWNHAUL
THE
PLATE FOR
CABLE
DOWNHAUL CABLE
FOR FLOOD
COMPARTMENT
COMPARTMENT
ioR
LOWE R
FLOOD LINE FOR LOWER
I”

127 -
Fig. 127 — Diving
Diving bell for submarine
submarine crew rescue

gr
X{a}; 0%
MW WWA/é/WM
126 -
Fig. 126 escape
Free escape
— Free

115
salvage ship above the
ship above submarine, after
sunken submarine,
the sunken which a
after which a

I
salvage
fastens a
diver fastens
diver rope on
a rope on the submarine in
sunken submarine
the sunken the
in the
middle of
middle of the envisaged for
hatch envisaged
the hatch salvage. The
the salvage.
for the free
The free
end of
end rope is
of rope put on
is put winch of
the winch
on the of the bell. By
rescue bell.
the rescue ac-
By ac-
tuation of
tuation of the driven by
winch driven
the winch compressed air,
by compressed air, the rescue
the rescue
bell manned with
bell manned with 2 to 3
2 to salvage persons
3 salvage hauls down
persons hauls down to to
hatch of
the hatch
the the sunken
of the submarine. The
sunken submarine. hatch is
The hatch is
provided with
provided with an outer flange
an outer matching the
flange matching the bell. After
bell. After
connection of
connection bell and
of bell drainage of
and drainage between bell
space between
of space bell
and submarine, the
and submarine, bottom cover
the bottom cover of of the bell and,
the bell subse—
and, subse-
quently, the
quently, hatch of
the hatch submarine are
the submarine
of the opened up.
are opened The
up. The
accommodates abt.
bell accommodates
bell abt. 10 persons out
10 persons out ofof the submarine,
the submarine,
submarine hatch
the submarine
and the
and hatch and and the cover of
bottem cover
the bottem bell
the bell
of the
closed. The
are closed.
are bell is
The bell disconnected from
is disconnected from the submarine
the submarine
rises to
and rises
and surface. The
the surface.
to the persons having
The persons escaped
having escaped
the bell
leave the
leave through the
bell through cover. This
upper cover.
the upper procedure
This procedure
128 -
Fig. 128
Fig. — D. S. R.
D. S. Navy)
(US Navy)
V. (US
R. V.
may be
may repeated as
be repeated often as
as often it is
as it required by
is required number
the number
by the
isolated in
persons isolated
of persons
of in the submarine. The
damaged submarine.
the damaged ad—
The ad-
vantage of
vantage of this consists in
method consists
this method fact that
the fact
in the crew
the crew
that the
subjected to
not subjected
is not
is to the pressure during
diving pressure
the diving salvage,
during salvage,
which is
which possible out
is possible out of depths to
of depths to be reached by
be reached profes—
by profes-
sional divers.
sional divers.

1939, successful
In 1939,
In salvage of
successful salvage persons of
surviving persons
33 surviving
of 33 of
the S. American
U. S.
the U. Squa/us out
submarine Squalus
American submarine of a
out of depth
a depth
of 73
of was possible
m was
73 m using such
by using
possible by a rescue
such a bell.
rescue bell.
In a
In case of
a case of a more recent
a more design, the
recent design. the first connec—
rope connec-
first roDe
between the
tion between
tion submarine and
sunken submGine
the sunken and the rescue bell
the rescue bell isis
established in
established that the
in that submarine releases
the submarine releases a beacon un-
a beacon un-
coiling a
coiling rope via
a rope via a a reel fitted to
reel fitted to the middle of
the middle of her hatch,
her hatch,
so supporting aid
that supporting
so that aid byby a diver becomes
a diver unnecessary.
becomes unnecessary.
developed a
U.S.A. developed
The U.S.A.
The mobile rescue
a mobile system (a
rescue system sort of
(a sort of
rescue bell
rescue with own
bell with drive), the
own drive), the D. S. R.
D. S. R. V. (deep sub-
V. (deep sub—
mergence rescue
mergence rescue vessel) which is
vessel) which is a submarine being
a submarine able
being able
Fig. 129 -
Fig. 129 — Swedish
Swedish rescue
rescue submersible
submersible (U.
(U. R.
R. F.)
F.)
approach down
to approach
to down to the sunken
to the submarine and
sunken submarine and to to be at-
be at-
tached to
tached to her hatch. The
her hatch. D.S.R.V. can
The D.S.R.V. accommodate 24
can accommodate 24
persons and may thus be able, able, under certaincertain conditions,
recover the
to recover
to entire crew
the entire crew of of a submarine in
large submarine
a large the
in the
course of
course several dives
of several (see Fig.
dives (see 128).
Fig. 128).
It possible to
is possible
It is transport the
to transport the D. R. V.
S. R.
D. S. by an
V. by airplane
an airplane contingencies such
contingencies mentioned before
as mentioned
such as before in connection
in connection
to the
to region of
the region place of
the place
of the of accident further on,
and, further
accident and, on, by by with the use of lifting vessels. Survival, however, de- de—
sea to the
sea vicinity of
direct vicinity
the direct of the submarine.
damaged submarine.
the damaged pends also on the permanent tightness tightness of of the pressure-
the pressure-
A development has
similar development
A similar has been completed in
been completed Sweden,
in Sweden, proof transverse
proof subdivision. Of
transverse subdivision. course, the
Of course, tightness of
the tightness of
where the
where geographical conditions
the geographical conditions allow allow the overland
the overland such bulkhead with
such a bulkhead its numerous
with its pressure-proof pen-
numerous pressure-proof pen-
transportation to
transportation the coastal
to the nearest to
areas nearest
coastal areas place of
the place
to the of etrating glands
etrating cables and
for cables
glands for can be
pipelines can
and pipelines allowed
be allowed
accident. From
accident. there, the
From there, the rescue submarine (see
rescue submarine (see Fig. 129)
Fig. 129) for in
for however, it
design; however,
in design; possible to
not possible
is not
it is subject the
to subject the
is transported by
is transported by seasea to vicinity of
the vicinity
to the damaged sub-
the damaged
of the sub— bulkhead, after
bulkhead, completion of
after completion of all fittings, to
internal fittings,
all internal to aa
marine. The chances of
The chances of a mission are
successful mission
a successful more fa-
are more fa— test for
test pressure—tightness. ~
for pressure-tightness. h u s a,a certain
Thus, uncertainty
certain uncertainty
vourable in
vourable case of
in case Swedish version,
the Swedish
of the particularly as
version, particularly as remains for the building, as no one can guarantee guarantee for the
the submarine will
rescue submarine
Swedish rescue
the Swedish much more
will much often be
more often be prolonged tightness.
prolonged tightness.
used for
used operations Out
rescue operations
for rescue out of depths of
of depths of water shal-
water shal- AA new developed in
means developed
rescue means
new rescue the Federal
in the Republic
Federal Republic
lower than
lower than the collapse depth
the collapse depth of damaged sub-
the damaged
of the sub- of Germany avoids shortcomings and
the shortcomings
avoids the uncertainties
and uncertainties
marines in
marines question.
in question. being connected with the
connected with salvage of
the salvage submarine crew
of aa submarine crew by by
Both the above-mentioned kinds kinds of rescue may
of rescue may be used
be used rescue bell
aa rescue or rescue
bell or submarine. Tha
rescue submarine. appliance is
Tha appliance an
is an
on the
on assumption that
the assumption that the crew of
the crew of the damaged sub-
the damaged sub— underwater rescue vessel, carried on board the sub- sub—
marine waits for a rescue from outside outside which depends on
which depends on so-called rescue sphere, dimensions of which
marine, the so-called

116
 are such
are the total
that the
such that number of
total number of crew can be
crew can be accom—
accom-
modated and
modated brought toto the
and brought surfaceafter
the surface release from
after release from
submarine(see
thesubmarine
the Fig. 130).
(seeFig. Behaviourof
130).Behaviour ofthe sphereon
thesphere on
thewater
the surfaceisissimilar
watersurface thatof
similartotothat lifeboat.The
ofaalifeboat. Thecrew
crew
cansurvive
can untilthe
surviveuntil timeof
thetime aidby
ofaid vehicles. InInthe
othervehicles.
byother the
submarine, the
submarine, rescue sphere
the rescue arranged inin aa spherical
sphereisis arranged spherical BUOYANCY
indentationof
indentation thepressure-hull
ofthe abovethe
pressure-hullabove thepressure—proof
pressure-proof _ _. Jun:
TANK
bulkhead. Each
separating bulkhead.
separating Each one the sphere is
access toto the
one access
fromthe
provided from
provided thecompartment forwardof
compartmentforward theseparat-
of the separat-
ing bulkhead and
ing bulkhead and from compartment aft
the compartment
from the of same.
aft of same. BqING
accessesare
Theseaccesses
These realizedby
arerealized 6nehatch
eachOne
byeach thepres—
hatchininthe pres- AGENT
surehull
sure andininthe
hulland sphere.Around
rescuesphere.
therescue thesehatches,
Aroundthese hatches,
fittedthe
thereisis fitted
there the special assemblyfor
packing assembly
specialpacking the pres—
for the pres-
sure-proof sealing between
sure-proof sealing rescue sphere
between rescue and pressure
sphere and pressure
hull. The
hull. rescuesphere
Therescue connected to
sphereisisconnected tothe submarineby
thesubmarine by
aa mounting arrangementwith
mountingarrangement slippinggear.
with slipping Duringsub—
gear. During sub-
merged operation, the
merged operation, pressed on
sphereisis pressed
the sphere on additionally
additionally
means of
by means
by the diving
of the pressure. The
diving pressure. The hatches must be
hatches must be
closedfor
closed operationof
surfacingoperation
forsurfacing of the sphere.Then
rescuesphere.
therescue Then ' INTERLOCKINGMECHANISM
INTERLOCKING MECHANISM
the slipping
the released,and
gear isis released,
slippinggear and the two compartments
the two compartments
between the
between hatches are
access hatches
the access are flooded until pressure
flooded until pressure
equalization isis reached,
equalization resulting inin neutralization
thus resulting
reached, thus neutralization
of the
of pressure.In
contactpressure.
thecontact caseof
Incase damageto
of damage thepressure
tothe pressure
hull, the
hull, takesflight
crewtakes
thecrew theescape
tothe
flightto compartmentstill
escapecompartment still
order to
intactinin order
intact to enter spherefrom
the sphere
enter the from there.
there.
regard to
With regard
With strength,the
to strength, designedso
systemisis designed
thesystem that itit
sothat
still remains
still operative atat collapse
remains operative pressure of
collapse pressure the sub-
of the sub-
marine. In
marine. condition fully
the condition
In the by the
loaded by
fully loaded crew, the
the crew, the
sphere still
sphere of aa reserve
avails of
still avails buoyancy of
reserve buoyancy of abt. 300kg,
abt. 300 kg,
by which surfacing
by which ensured. The
surfacing isis ensured. displacement ne-
The displacement ne-
cessaryin
cessary this connection
in this by the
generated by
connection isis generated volume of
the volume of
sphere and
the sphere
the and by pressure-proof plastic
by pressure—proof foam material
plastic foam material
-,. I._#------ ---/
-
Fig. 130 Rescue sphere

Fig. -
131— Rescue
Fig. 131 sphere (photographs)
Rescue sphere (photographs)

117
arranged outside.
arranged outside. On
On the
the water
water surface,
surface, two
two watertight
watertight Summary
Summary
are still
tanks are
tanks so that
emptied so
still emptied afterwards -
that afterwards with
together with
— together
On military
On submarines, a
military submarines, all
ll measures increasing the
measures increasing the
buoyancy -
reserve buoyancy
the reserve
the sufficient floatability
— sufficient is given.
floatability is given.
given the
are given
safety are
safety preference over
the preference over life-saving means.
life—saving means.
The having a
sphere having
The sphere diameter of
a diameter 2.1 m
of 2.1 m offers accom- Fig.
offers accom- Fig. 132
132 shows
shows thethe different
different technical
technical facilities
facilities for
for the
the res-
res—
modation (however, close
modation (however, together) for
close together) a total
for a number cue
total number of the
cue of crew out
the crew out of damaged submarines
of damaged resting on
submarines resting on
of a
of crew of
a crew persons on
24 persons
of 24 rows of
two rows
on two arranged the
seats arranged
of seats the bottom
bottom of of the
the sea.
sea. AA higher
higher degree
degree ofof safety
safety is
is for
for the
the
above the
one above
one When the
other. When
the other. diameter is
the diameter 2.7 m,
is 2.7 such benefit
m, such benefit ofof the
the submarine
submarine in in all
all operating
operating conditions
conditions and and
sphere may
sphere accommodate 39
may accommodate 39 to persons (see
40 persons
to 40 Fig.
(see Fig. in all
in all sea
sea areas.
areas. However,
However, there there isis no
no chance
chance of of aa rescue
rescue
131). the relatively
For the
131). For short period
relatively short access to
between access
period between to in
in case
case ofof submerged
submerged accidentsaccidents in in sea
sea regions
regions having
having
sphere and
rescue sphere
the rescue
the opening of
and opening hatch on
upper hatch
the upper
of the on water
water depths
depths larger
larger than
than thethe collapse
collapse depth
depth of of the
the sub-
sub—
surface, CO,
water surface,
the water
the absorption and
CO2 absorption and 0, addition is
0: addition is marine.
marine. Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, stressstress should
should be be laid
laid upon
upon further
further
provided. Drinking water
provided. Drinking provisions are
and provisions
water and available.
are available. development of
development of rescue
rescue appliances.
appliances.
radio set
distress radio
A distress
A and a
set and radar reflector
a radar facilitate All
reflector facilitate All salvage
salvage means
means of of any
any kind
kind whatever
whatever are are most
most impor-
impor-
finding of
finding sphere on
the sphere
of the the water
on the surface. If
water surface. If the crew tant
the crew tant for
for nonmilitary
nonmilitary submersibles
submersibles whichwhich areare operating
operating in in
subjected to
is subjected
is the diving
to the already in
pressure already
diving pressure in the sub- comparatively
the sub- comparatively deep deep diving
diving depths,
depths, but but always
always over
over thethe
marine, the
marine, rescue sphere
the rescue may be
sphere may used as
be used as a ground that
decompres- ground
a decompres- that is
is not
not deeper
deeper thanthan thethe admissible
admissible divingdiving
sion chamber to
sion chamber limited extent.
a limited
to a extent. depth.
depth.

FREE
Fl ESCAPE if
FREE ASCENT
80"
fi’ fi’

200 '1

MAX.
MAX. -- osnv
D SRV 'T‘
DIVING
DIVING
DEPTH
DEPTH
1
,
; RESCUE:
I

},
RESCUE
SPHERE:I
:
SPHERE
It
/ l
a 1
x'
I' t
l
I

‘ l
~. 3-- i ,
- —

DEPTH
COLLAPSE DEPTH
COLLAPSE

-
132 Rescue
Fig. 132
Fig. systems
Rescue systems
-
118
 CHAPTERXV
CHAPTER XV

De sign
Design
1.1.Specification ofrequirements
Specificationof requirements cases, nottomame
betternot
cases,ititisisbetter kindofofpropulsion
thekind
toflamethe propulsion
system in the specifications.
system in the specifications.
specificationsmust
Buyer's specifications
Buyer’s beforedesign
availablebefore
must bebe available design Desirable characteristics
Desirable make up
should make
characteristicsshould the greatest
up the greatest
workcan
work beginon
canbegin onaanew newtype submarine.Specifica-
typeofofsubmarine. Specifica- part thespecifications
partofofthe specifications. designermust
Thedesigner
. The attempttoto
mustattempt
tions should
tions includerequirements,
should include desirablefeatures,
requirements, desirable features, incorporate them,whenever
incorporatethem, possible,within
wheneverpossible, scopeofof
thescope
withinthe
and factualinformation.
andfactual information. aaharmonious
harmonious, overalldesign.
, overall design.
Thetype
The designedmust
typetotobebedesigned meetthe
mustmeet requirementsspe—
therequirements spe- The specificationsmay
Thespecifications stipulate,for
maystipulate, thatspeed
example,that
forexample, speed
cified,e.e.g.,
cified, certaintype
foraacertain
g.,for armamentand
typeofofarmament anditsitsasso-
asso- and cruising ranges beyond those set forth in mandatory
and cruising ranges beyond those set forth in mandatory
ciated weapon control
ciated weapon system, maximum
control system, surface and
maximum surface and characteristic s are
characteristics Moreover, the
desirable. Moreover,
are desirable. the desirable
desirable
submerged speeds,
submerged surface and
speeds, surface submerged cruising
and submerged cruising characteristics can refer to such general submarinefea—
characteristi cs can refer to such general submarine fea-
ranges certain speeds,
ranges atat certain submersion, sub—
maximum submersion,
speeds, maximum sub- tures detection factor
low detection
tures asas low noise, low
(absence ofof noise,
factor (absence low
merged endurance, and
merged endurance, characteristics. Also
other characteristics.
and other Also favourable silhouette
favourable during surface
silhouette during and submerged
surface and submerged
includedare
included aresuch limitationsset
suchlimitations dimensionsand
ondimensions
seton andcha-cha- cruising), and engine durability and endurance during
cruising), and engine durability and endurance during
racteristicsasas draft
racteristics (based on
limitations (based
draft limitations port condi—
on port condi- submergedcruising.
submerged cruising.
tions) requirementnot
therequirement
tions)ororthe nottotoexceed certainstandard
exceedaacertain standard The shouldconvey
specificationsshould
Thespecifications architectaa
navalarchitect
thenaval
conveytotothe
displacement (possiblywith
displacement(possibly withaaview internationalcom-
viewtotointernational com- picture of the contemplated classification of the
picture of the contemplate d classification of the sub-
sub-
mitments). limitationof
mitments).AAlimitation numberof
thenumber
ofthe ofcrew mayalso
crewmay also marine type within
marinetype building program.
fleet building
overall fleet
the overall
within the program.
be oneof
beone buyer'srequirements.
ofbuyer’s Moreover,the
requirements.Moreover, buyercan
thebuyer can The designer must
The designer informed of
be informed
also be
must also experienceac-
of experience ac-
maximumcost
set aa maximum
set and stipulate
cost and certain construction
stipulatecertain construction quired in the operation and maintenanceof
quired in the operation and maintenance earlierin—
of earlier in-
deadlines.
deadlimes. servicetypes.
service types.
Whenever possible, excessively
Whenever possible, detailedrequirements
excessivelydetailed requirements All of
All this information
of this the starting
informationisisthe point for
startingpoint the de-
for the de-
should be
should avoided. IfIf the
be avoided. imposed inin
requirements imposed
the requirements signer, who must find the optimum compromise for
signer, who must find the optimum compromise for aa
some individual
some are too
areas are
individualareas and detailed,
specific and
too specific detailed, submarine "weapon system”.
representingaa “weapon
submarinerepresenting system".
theyfrequently
they resultininbut
frequentlyresult onepossible
but one designsolu—
possibledesign solu-
tion. Although
tion. this facilitates
Although this the designer’s
facilitates the task, itit
designer's task,
will prevent him
will prevent contributingtoto the
from contributing
him from the problem,
problem, 2. Preparation
2. type design
of aa type
Preparation of design
e. g., by
e.g., proposing aa quite
by proposing different and
quite different yet un-
and asas yet un-
knownapproach.
known approach. Type characteristics
Type be established
must be
characteristics must In most
first. In
established first. most
If thebuyer
If the maximumdepth,
setsaamaximum
buyer sets depth, for example, and
for example, and cases, the specifications
cases, the will determine
specificationswill whether aa true
determine whether true
thesame
atthe
at specifiesthe
timespecifies
sametime typeof
thetype of steel thepres-
forthe
steelfor pres- submersible,or
submarine,aasubmersible,
submarine, or'm intermediatetype
an intermediate willbe
typewill be
sure hull,he
surehull, determinedan
clearlydetermined
hasclearly
hehas anessential partof
essentialpart of feasiblefor
feasible forthe mission.The
requiredmission.
therequired externalconfigura-
Theexternal configura-
the weight and
hull's weight
the hull’s possibly, the
and possibly, required safety
the required safety must be
tion must
tion accordingly(see
selectedaccordingly
be selected Fig. 8,8,9,
(seeFig. and 12).
9, and 12).
factor used for
factor used depth (because
collapse depth
for collapse of tech—
(because of tech- first task
Thefirst
The to determine
task isisto whether the
determinewhether designshould
the design should
nological reasons, each
nological reasons, type of
each type has aa different
steel has
of steel different incorporateaasingle
incorporate singlehull, hull, or
doublehull,
hull,aadouble oraacombination
combination
factor).On
factor). Onthe designerisispermitted
thedesigner
hand,ifif the
otherhand,
theother permitted of two. The
the two.
of the The governing factor in
governing factor in this choice isis the
this choice the
to thematerial,
selectthe
toselect exploitnew
canexploit
hecan
material,he newdevelopments
developments ratioof
ratio of the volumeof
combinedvolume
thecombined fueland
of fuel andballast tanksto
ballasttanks to
in the
in materials area
the materials possibly use
and possibly
area and any resultant
use any resultant the displacement. IfIf this
submerged displacement.
the submerged this ratio small, aa
ratio isis small,
weight reduction
weight to satisfy
reduction to other desirable
satisfyother featuresinin
desirablefeatures hull will
singlehull
single be best
will be solution. Whenever
best solution. possible, the
Whenever possible, the
the design.
the design. entire fuel
entire accommodated in
fuel isis accommodated in the lowermost part
the lowermost part of
of
Similar considerations
Similar propulsion systems.
to prOpulsion
apply to
considerations apply systems. pressurehull,
pressure whereitit increases
hull, where staticstability.
increasesstatic Thepres-
stability. The pres-
These should be
These should when the
only when
stipulated only
be stipulated buyer must
the buyer must sure volume becomes
hull volume
sure hull so that,
larger so
becomes larger amongst other
that, amongst other
select aa certain
select make of
certain make of engine reasons of
for reasons
engine for of items, more favourable
items, more conditions, particularly
space conditions,
favourable space particularly
maintenanceand
maintenance spareparts
and spare management.In
parts management. allother
In all other above themain
abovethe arethe
axis, are
main axis, additionalweight
Theadditional
result. The
the result. weight
119
arising
arisingfrom
from the
the fuel
fuelbeing
being(unnecessarily)
(unnecessarily)stored
storedwithin
within In
In the
the case
case of
of the
the double—hull
double-hull configuration
configuration(ltem
(Item aa on
on
aa pressure—proof
pressure-proof space
spaceisis tolerated
toleratedinin this
this connection.
connection. IfIf Fig.
Fig. 133),
133), the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull isis completely
completely enclosed
enclosed byby aa
the
theabove-mentioned
above-mentionedratioratio isislarge,
large,aa double
doublehull
hullwill
will be
be second
second envelope,
envelope, the
the outer
outer hull.
hull. The
The space
space between
between the
the
the
the solution.
solution. AA combination
combinationof of the
the best
best features
featuresof
of the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull and
and the
the outer
outer hull
hull includes
includes the
the ballast
ballast
two
two types
typesmay
may bebe advisable
advisableinin case
caseofof an
an average
averageratio.
ratio. tanks,
tanks, the
the fuel
fueltanks,
tanks, and
and the
the free—flooding
free-floodingspaces.
spaces.

Fig.133
Fig. -
Hullcross
133— Hull crosssections
sections
On (Item b,
boats (Item
single-hull boats
On single-hull Fig. 133),
b, Fig. are no
which are
133), which no be placed
must be
must top of
on top
placed on pressure hull.
the pressure
of the such case,
In such
hull. In case,
longer in their
built in
longer built form, small
pure form,
their pure envelopes are
outer enveIOpes
small outer are the periscope can
the periseope extended to
be extended
can be point where
the point
to the the eye-
where the eye-
installed the ends
over the
installedover the conical
of the
ends of parts of
conical parts the pressure
of the pressure piece an adequate
at an
piece isis at standing or
adequate standing or seated height within
seated height within
hull.
hull. tower. In
conning tower.
the conning
the addition, the
In addition, rudder control
the rudder control
In case of
the case
In the combination of
of aa combination of double—hull and single—
double-hull and single- console and
console and parts of the
parts of control system
weapon control
the weapon can be
system can be
hull boat‘s
hull (Item c,
boats (Item Fig. I33),
c, Fig. are installed
tanks are
saddle tanks
133), saddle installed accommodated in
accommodated in this conning tower.
this conning tower.
athwartships and
athwartships can contribute
and can greatly to
contribute greatly surface stabil-
to surface stabil-
ity. These
ity. saddle tanks
These saddle serve as
can serve
tanks can tanks, fuel
ballast tanks,
as ballast fuel pressure-resistant conning
A pressure-resistant
A tower will
conning tower reduce surface
will reduce surface
tanks, and, if
tanks, and, pressure-resistant, even
if pressure—resistant, as compensating
even as compensating static stability
static and will
stability and will increase submerged stability.
increase submerged stability.
tanks and
tanks negative tanks.
and negative tanks. This will
This have an
will have adverse effect
an adverse small, single—hull
on small,
effect on single-hull
submarines
submarines the more so
the more already have
they already
as they
so as less
have less
When the
When Walter propulsion
the Walter used on
was used
system was
propulsion system on Ger—
Ger-
man vessels,
man fuel was
vessels, fuel stowed in
was stowed in the outer hull,
the outer below the
hull, below the stability during
stability cruising than
surface cruising
during surface during sub—
than during sub-
merged cruising.
merged cruising.
pressure hull (Item
pressure hull Fig. 133).
d, Fig.
(Item (:1, 133).
boat has
If aa boat
If large batteries,
has large may be
batteries, itit may necessary to
be necessary to locate
locate A pressure—resistant
A pressure-resistant access access trunk
trunk with the access
with the access hatchhatch
them on
them on two above the
one above
levels, one
two levels, other. In
the other. such case,
In such case, topside and
topside and thethe control room hatch
control room hatch atat the bottom, re-
the bottom, re-
the pressure hull
the pressure resembles an
section resembles
cross section
hull cross upright fig-
an upright fig- places the
places the conning
conning tower when the
tower when latter is
the latter is not required.
not required.
ure Item ee of
eight. Item
ure eight. 133 is
Fig. 133
of Fig. is for large double—hull
for aa large double-hull configuration of
The configuration
The of the free-flooding and
the free-flooding free—venting
and free-venting
submarine with
submarine such aa cross
with such section to
cross section to accommodate
accommodate the the superstructure surrounding
superstructure surrounding the tower or
conning tower
the conning the ac—
or the ac-
size of
size (German Type
battery (German
the battery
of the 21, 1944).
Type 21, Item ffis
1944). Item is for
for cess trunk may
cess trunk may vary vary greatly (Fig. 134).
greatly (Fig. 1'34). It depends pri—
It depends pri-
single-hull type
small, single—hull
aa small, of this
type of (German Type
kind (German
this kind Type 23,
23, marily on
marily on whether submarine or
whether aa submarine or aa submersible
submersible is being
is being
1944).
1944). designed. The
designed. design of
The design superstructure for
the superstructure
of the for thethe sub-
sub-
great deal
When aa great
When of deck
deal of required for
space isis required
deck space the bat—
for the bat- depends on
mersible depends
mersible on the selected for
locations selected
the locations for thethe cock-
cock-
teries and propulsion
teries and machinery, another
propulsion machinery, solution isis that
another solution that pit, the hoisting
pit, the equipment, and
hoisting equipment, also on
possibly also
and possibly on weapon
weapon
shown
shown in in Item
Item gg of
of Fig.
Fig. 133
133 (Dutch
(Dutch boat
boat of of the
the DO/fijn
Dolfjn armament on
armament upper deck.
on upper deck. The
The hoisting equipment only
hoisting equipment only isis
class,
class, 1959‘).
1959). Here
Here the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull isis subdivided
subdivided into into decisive
decisive for superstructure configuration
for superstructure configuration in case of
the case
in the of
cylinders in
parallel cylinders
three parallel
three proximity. The
close proximity.
in close two lower
The two lower the submarine.
the submarine.
cylinders contain
cylinders the propulsion
contain the system and
propulsion system the upper
and the upper The specifications will
The specifications generally show
will generally whether aa single-
show whether single-
one the
one ship control,
the ship navigation, and
control, navigation, detection systems,
and detection systems, screw or
screw or aa twin—screw propulsion system
twin-screw propulsion system is required. In-
is required. In—
armament, and
armament, crew accommodations.
and crew accommodations. These These cylinders
cylinders dividual studies must
dividual studies must be made to
be made to determine
determine the and
size and
the size
are enclosed
are enclosed by by the
the lightweight outer hull.
lightweight outer hull. type of
type propulsion plant,
the propulsion
of the Corresponding studies
plant. Corresponding studies areare
The pressure
The hull can
pressure hull have aa cross-section
can have cross-section in in the form of
the form of made for
made for the installations such
other installations
the other such asas the compressed
the compressed
figure eight
lazy figure
aa lazy when draft
eight when limitations are
draft limitations imposed on
are imposed on air system, the
air system, system, the
drain system,
the drain the ventilation system, etc.
ventilation system, etc.
very large submarines
very large submarines or or where
where space considerations re-
space considerations re- The energy
The requirement must
energy requirement must be determined as
be determined as precisely
precisely
quire such
quire (Item hh of
solution (Item
such solution of Fig. 133 is
Fig. 133 for a
is for a Japanese
Japanese as possible at
as possible this stage
at this stage ofof the because this
design because
the design factor
this factor
type,l944i
type, 1944). is essential
is essential for for determining
determining the cruising range
the cruising range of the
of the
Any pressure
Any with less
hull with
pressure hull than completely
less than circular cross
completely circular cross boat, particularly at
boat, particularly speeds.
slower speeds.
at slower
sections requires heavy
sections requires supporting decks
heavy supporting decks and/or
and/or A parallel effort
A parallel effort is required in
is required in the study of
the study of the naval ar-
the naval ar-
bulkheads in
bulkheads way of
in way of the intersections.
the intersections. chitectural aspects
chitectural aspects of the steel
of the structure of
steel structure pressure
the pressure
of the
Many
Many factors, such as
factors, such as space
space utilization, submerged and
utilization, submerged and and outer
and hulls.
outer hulls.
surface and strength,
stability, and
surface stability, have an
strength, have effect on
an effect the
on the All of
All preliminary studies
these preliminary
of these studies are made to
are made estimate
to estimate
pressure hull cross
pressure hull section to
cross section selected. The
be selected.
to be desirable
The desirable weight to
weight to be installed and
be installed and space requirements. The
space requirements. The
configuration
configuration is pressure hull
is aa pressure with circular
hull with cross sec-
circular cross sec- information permits
weight information
weight permits to to check flotation in
check flotation surface
in surface
trons.
tions. condition and
condition hovering. The
submerged hovering.
and submerged centers of
The centers grav-
of grav-
The length and
The length longitudinal subdivision
and longitudinal subdivision of of the
the pressure
pressure ity of
ity weights to
of weights to be installed must
be installed must be known quite
be known pre-
quite pre-
hull are determined
hull are determined by by length requirements and
length requirements and by ra—
by ra- cisely in
cisely order to
in order to estimate
estimate static Locations of
stability. Locations
static stability. of
arrangement of
tional arrangement
tional of armament, propulsion system,
armament, propulsion system, these elements in
these elements must be
boat must
the boat
in the specified in
be specified in this con-
this con-
ship communication, and
control, communication,
ship control, systems as
detection systems
and detection as nection.
nection.
well
well as by various
as by various other shipboard installations.
other shipboard installations. The next
The is to
step is
next step deveIOp an
to develop sketch that
overall sketch
an overall includes
that includes
An early decision
An early must be
decision must made as
be made as to whether aa pressure-
to whether pressure— such important elements
such important elements as as armament, communication
armament, communication
resistant
resistant conning
conning tower will be required
tower will required or or whether a and detection equipment,
and detection propulsion plant,
equipment, propulsion Operating
plant, operating
simple access trunk will
simple access suffice. This
will suffice. This decision
decision depends
depends controls, service
controls, maintenance and
alleyways, maintenance
service alleyways, repair fa-
and repair fa-
primarily on on the required hoisting
hoisting length
length of the peri- cilities, crew accommodations,
cilities, crew details.
accommodations, and many other details.
scopes. When the pressure
scopes. pressure hull has a large large diameter, The arrangement
The arrangement of all the
of all different sensors
the different requires a
sensors requires a
there may be adequate
there eyepiece
periseope eyepiece
height for the periscope
adequate height particular study (see
particular study 135).
Fig. 135).
(see Fig.
within the pressure
within pressure hull. When it is is impossible
impossible to provide
provide In preferred locations
particular, preferred
In particular, in undisturbed
locations in of
flow of
undisturbed flow
adequate height within
adequate height pressure hull, a
within the pressure tower
conning tower
a conning water are
water for the
necessary for
are necessary hydroacoustic sensors,
the hydroacoustic which
sensors, which

121
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122
should avail
should avail ofof large
large sweep
sweep angles
angles andand should
should be be situated
situated The influences of
The influences of the watertight and
necessary watertight
the necessary pressure-
and pressure-
far as
as far
as possible from
as possible from the ship’s own
the ship's sources.
noise sources.
own noise proof subdivision of the pressure hull on
proof subdivision of the pressure hull on the overall de- the overall de-
Location of
Location sensors is
surface sensors
of surface confined to
is confined bridge fin
the bridge
to the fin should be
sign should
sign account, just
into account,
taken into
be taken just asas the selected
the selected
and must be
and must adapted to
be adapted the snorkel
to the equipment. Within
snorkel equipment. Within safety and
safety system.
rescue system.
and rescue
the submarine,
the particular attention
submarine, particular should be
attention should attached to
be attached to This is
This followed by
is followed by a a preliminary compilation of
preliminary compilation all
of all
the association
the association of of display
display units
units with
with each
each other
other asas well
well asas weights. The
weights. determination of
The determination pressure—resistant dis-
of pressure-resistant dis—
with periscopes
with periscopes and and navigation
navigation equipment.
equipment. WorkingWorking placement is
placement parallel effort
a parallel
is a based on
effort based the selected
on the pres-
selected pres-
place analyses
place should be
analyses should allowing for
performed, allowing
be performed, human
for human sure hull
sure configuration. The
hull configuration. comparison between
The comparison weight
between weight
engineering and
engineering ergonomic aspects
and ergonomic aspects for crew -
the crew
for the relative
— relative and displacement will
submerged displacement
and submerged yield the
will yield ballast re-
the ballast re—
to the
to the various
various operating
Operating conditions
conditions of of the
the submarine
submarine quired for stability. Now the approximate
quired for stability. Now the approximate stability cal- stability cal-
submerged standard
(deeply submerged
(deeply standard cruise, cruise,
snorkel cruise,
cruise, snorkel culations can
culations can be computed for
be computed for the surface and
the surface sub—
and sub-
surface cruise, and
surface cruise, cruise). The
attack cruise).
and attack demands on
The demands the
on the merged cruising.
merged cruising.
concerning number
crew concerning
crew number and result from
training result
and training these
from these Then the
Then submarine is
the submarine drawn in
is drawn entirety. This
its entirety.
in its yields
This yields
working place
working which, in
analyses which,
place analyses turn, are
in turn, essentially in-
are essentially in- the total form
the total displacement, and,
form displacement, and, in provides the
turn, provides
in turn, the
fluenced by
fluenced degree of
the degree
by the automation of
of automation the entire
of the ship’s
entire ship's first approach for
first approach checking the
for checking machinery rat-
required machinery
the required rat-
equipment. Schemes
equipment. Schemes for distribution of
the distribution
for the of crew during
crew during ings surface and
for surface
ings for and submerged cruising.
submerged cruising.
the various
the conditions are
operating conditions
various operating are made, finally
which finally
made, which The complex
The interrelationships that
complex interrelationships among the
exist among
that exist the
show the
show number of
total number
the total required. The
crew required.
of crew of a
size of
The size a great variety of
great variety of different require a
usually require
effects usually
different effects a
submarine is
submarine influenced by
is influenced by the number of
the number crew to
of crew to a high
a high number of
number preliminary designs
of preliminary feasible type
before aa feasible
designs before de-
type de-
degree, because the
degree, because pressure hull
the pressure hull must proportionately
must proportionately sign can be
sign can developed.
be developed.
bear the
bear weight of
the weight man, of
each man,
of each gear, of
personal gear,
his personal
of his ac-
of ac-
Attempts can
Attempts can also made to
be made
also be determine the
to determine principal
the prihcipal
commodation necessary
commodation necessary for him, of
for him, provisions and
his provisions
of his and
dimensions of
dimensions of a directly by
submarine directly
a submarine using a
by using design
a design
supplies, and
water supplies,
water and a air
ir purification requirements. The
purification requirements. The
equation. This
equation. procedure equates
This procedure weight to
equates weight submerged
to submerged
pressure—proof volume
pressure-proof volume thus requires a
resulting requires
thus resulting certain
a certain when
inputs when
Weights are
displacement. Weights
displacement. used as
are used direct inputs
as direct
percentage of
percentage propulsive power
of propulsive delivered by
power delivered machinery
by machinery g., in
e. g., the case
in the the
of the
case of
are of
they are
they magnitude, e.
constant magnitude,
of constant
auxiliaries for
and auxiliaries
and surface and
for surface conditions to-
submerged conditions
and submerged to-
armament, or
armament, or they expressed in
are expressed
they are terms of
in terms the
of the
proper fuel.
with proper
gether with
gether fuel. coefficients when
and coefficients
hull and
pressure hull when
diameter of
diameter the pressure
of the
Iteration calculations
Iteration calculations have have shown
shown thatthat - — inin case
case of of they are
they influenced by
are influenced by the size of
the size submarine. Ac-
the submarine.
of the Ac-
diesel-electrically driven
diesel-electrically submarines -
driven submarines — reduction
reduction of of cordingly, displacement is
submerged displacement
the submerged
cordingly, the expressed in
is expressed in
crew by
crew by one
one single
single person
person results
results inin a
a diminution
diminution of of the
the terms of
terms diameter of
the diameter
of the of the hull and
pressure hull
the pressure other
and other
submarines by
submarines abt. 5
by abt. tons when
5 tons when all operating per-
all operating per— coefficients. The
coefficients. equation is
The equation solved to
is solved to yield the
yield the
formances and
formances and other
other characteristics
characteristics are are maintained.
maintained. diameter of
diameter pressure hull.
the pressure
of the Finally, all
hull. Finally, all the necessary
the necessary

CYLINDRICAL
TRANSDUCER ARRAY
VLF TOWING
VLF TOWING AERIAL
AERIAL
MEAS.
CAVITATION MEAS.
CAVITATION

SOUND VELOCITY
SOUND MEAS.
VELOCITY MEAS.

CLASSIFICATION ARRAY
CLASSIFICATION
UT ill“ .
INTERCEPT
INTERCEPT
HYDROPHONE ARRAY
HYDROPHONEARRAY
TOWED ARRAY ECHO SOUNDER
ECHO SOUNDER
_‘@ CYLINDRICAL
HYDROPHONE
YDROPHONE

:1” I
a ARRAY

/
UT
PASS. RANGING
PASS. HANGING y
SONAR ECHO
SOUNDER ‘
SODOLOG
\ SODOLOG
MEAS.
CAVITATION MEAS.
CAVITATION

Fig. 135
Fig. -
135 — Submarine
Submarine sensors
sensors

123
 principal
principal dimensions
dimensions areare obtained
obtained from
from the
the pressure
pressure ballast
ballast tank
tank volume
volume is plotted against
is plotted against the pressure-proof
the pressure-proof
hull
hull diameter
d i e t e r and
and the
the selected
selected coefficients.
coefficients. The
The solu—
solu- displacement
displacement curve
curve to
to yield,
yield, among
among other
other information,
information,
tion
tion isis dependent
dependent onon random
random factors
factors because
because of of the
the the
the surface
surface and
and the
the submerged
submerged displacement.
displacement. TheThe re—
re-
many
many coefficients
coefficients that
that must
must be
be assumed.
assumed. ThisThis proce—
proce- sidual
sidual buoyancy
buoyancy during
during diving
diving can
can be
be measured
measured from
from the
the
dure
dure usually
usually yields
yields unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory results
results in
in the
the case
case of
of increase
increase in
in pressure-proof
pressure-proof displacement
displacement above
above the
the line
line of
of
submarine
submarine construction.
construction. flotation.
flotation.
The
The exact
exact location
location of
of the
the line
line of
of flotation
flotation and
and the
the
The
The results
results of
of the
the development
development of of type
type designs
designs are
are trimmed
trimmed position
position on
on the
the surface
surface cannot
cannot be
be determined
determined
usually
usually presented
presented in
in the
the form
form of
of aa brief
brief description
description that
that from
from the
the curve
curve sheet
sheet (see
(see Chapter
Chapter V).
V). The
The sectional
sectional area
area
includes
includes main
main data
data and
and of
of aa sketch
sketch oft/1e
of the specific
specific type.
type. curves
curves for
for submerged
submerged displacement
displacement are are used
used to
to obtain
obtain
The
The following
following items
items are
are included
included inin the
the main
main data:
data: this
this information.
information. The
The location
location ofof the
the line
line of
of flotation
flotation isis
1.
1. The
The principal
principal dimensions
dimensions such
such as
as overall
overall length,
length, max—
max- determined
determined by by iteration
iteration from
from the
the sectional
sectional area
area curves
curves
imum
imum beam,
beam, height
height from
from keel
keel to
to deck,
deck, height
height from
from with
with sufficient
sufficient accuracy
accuracy for
for the
the given
given magnitude
magnitude of of
keel
keel to
to upper
upper edge
edge ofof bridge
bridge fin,
fin, periscope
periscope depth,
depth, surface
surface displacement.
displacement. Initially,
Initially, several
several (three
(three to
to four)
four)
draft,
draft, pressure
pressure hull
hull length,
length, and
and pressure
pressure hull
hull diameter.
diameter. lines
lines of
of flotation
flotation are
are assumed,
assumed, and
and their
their associated
associated dis-
dis-
2.
2. Displacement
Displacement datadata such
such as
as surface
surface displacement,
displacement, sub-
sub- placements
placements and and centers
centers of
of buoyancy
buoyancy are are determined
determined with with
merged
merged displacement,
displacement, andand standard
standard tonnage.
tonnage. the
the aid
aid of
of thethe sectional
sectional area
area curves.
curves. The
The fairing
fairiig of of these
these
3.
3. The
The diving
diving depth.
dqth. lines
lines will
will then
then yield
yield the
the actual
actual line
line of
of flotation
flotation whose
whose dis—
dis-
4.
4. Operating
Operating performance
performance datadata such
such as
as surface
surface speed,
speed, placement
placement corresponds
corresponds to to the
the weight
weight of of the
the submarine
submarine
submerged
submerged speed,
speed, surface
surface and
and submerged
submerged cruising
cruising and
and whose
whose center
center ofof buoyancy
buoyancy isis located
located in in the
the same
same
ranges
ranges at
at different
different speeds,
speeds, and
and time
time required
required to
to charge
charge plane
plane asas isis the
the center
center of
of gravity.
gravity.
batteries.
batteries. The
The longitudinal
longitudinal presentation
presentation of of sectional
sectional areas
areas (called
(called aa
5.
5. Information
Information on
on armament,
armament, detection
detection systems,
systems, size
size of
of “flounder”)
"flounder") isis important
important in in determining
determining the the submerged
submerged
proposed
proposed crew,
crew, and
and endurance
endurance in
in days.
days. longitudinal
longitudinal center center of
of buoyancy
buoyancy (Fig.(Fig. 137).
137). TheThe latter
latter
As must
must bebe located
located vertically
vertically above
above the
the longitudinal
longitudinal center
center
As aa rule,
rule, aa given
given specification
specificationofof requirements
requirements will
will yield
yield
several of
of gravity
gravity during
during submerged
submerged cruising.
cruising. The
The “flounder”
"flounder"
several different
different type
type designs
designs all
all of
of which
which are
are feasible.
feasible.
will
will also
also establish
establish whether
whether or or not
not the
the intended
intended ballast
ballast
The
The buyer
buyer must
must then
then decide
decide which
which ofof the
the designs
designs sub—
sub-
tank
tank volume
volume isis available
available and
and whether
whether itit isis properly
properly dis-
dis-
mitted
mitted best
best meets
meets his
his specifications
specificationsandand should
should therefore
therefore tributed.
tributed. Moreover,
Moreover, itit can
can bebe used
used toto verify
verify the
the size
size and
and
be
be approved
approved for for the
the next
next stage.
stage. location
location of of the
the fuel
fuel tanks,
tanks, compensating
compensating tanks, tanks, trim
trim
tanks,
tanks, etc.
etc. The
The area
area below
below the
the lines
lines marked
marked // // // //
on
on Fig.
Fig. 137
137 presents
presents the the surface
surface displacement.
displacement. Those
Those
3. Preparation
3. construction documents
of construction
Preparation of documents marked
marked \\ \\ \\ \and
\and /I /I /I /indicate
I indicate the
the submerged
submerged dis—
dis-
placement
placement (including
(including ballast
ballast tank
tank capacities),
capacities), and
and the
the
Construction
Construction documents
documents are are prepared
prepared from
from thethe type
type de-
de- area
area below
below the
the outer
outer envelope
envelope lineline shows
shows thethe submerged
submerged
sign
sign selc
sele:ted
:ted and
and must
must bebe completed
completedbefore
before thethe order
order for
for displacement
displacement of of the
the total
total form.
form.
constructioncan
theconstruction
the can be placed. These
be placed. documents include
Thesedocuments include Vertical
Vertical volume
volume curves
curves areare plotted
plotted for
for all
all tanks;
tanks; strength
strength
calculations, drawings, and
calculations, drawings, which are
descriptions which
and descriptions are all
all calculations
calculations for
for the
the pressure
pressure hullhull and
and forfor the
the other
other
sufficiently detailed to
sufficiently detailed define the
adequately define
to adequately the construc—
construc- members
members areare made
made at at the
the same
same time.
time.
features and
tional features
tional and the scope of
the scope supply, in
of supply, in simultaneous
simultaneous The
The dimensions
dimensions ofof the
the structural
structural members
members are are then
then de—
de-
reference to
reference the general
to the instructionsof
buildinginstructions
general building the Navy
of the Navy termined.
termined. The
The steel
steel scantling
scantling plan
plan and
and the
the midship
midship sec-
sec-
question. This
in question.
in This construction information can
construction information then be
can then be tion
tion (Fig.
(Fig. 138)
138)are
are framed.
framed. These
Thesegive
giveimportant
important material
material
used by
used by the buyer to
the buyer competitive bids
solicit competitive
to solicit bids from
from thicknesses
thicknesses and
and material
material distribution.
distribution. Strength
Strength tests
tests on
on
shipyards
shipyardssuitable
suitable for
for comparison.
comparison. models
models may
may be
be required
required to
to substantiate
substantiatethe
the results
results of
of the
the
The lines
The drawing(see
linesdrawing 9, and
Fig. 8,8,9,
(see Fig. 12)isis approximately
and 12) approximately calculations
calculationsor
or to
to prove
prove the
the strength
strengthof
of those
those parts
parts which
which
same as
the same
the as for types of
other types
for other of ships.
ships. are
are not
not amenable
amenable toto precise
precise calculation.
calculation.
Because
Because the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull plating
plating isis relatively
relatively thick,
thick, itit After
After the
the lines
lines have
have been
been determined,
determined, towing
towing and
and other
other
may
may bebeadvisable
advisableto to draw
drawthe thepressure
pressurehull hull lines
lines for
for the
the tests
tests are
are carried
carried out
out in
in aa model
model basin
basin (see
(seeChapter
Chapter VI).
VI).
outside
outside of
of the
the pressure
pressure hull
hull instead
instead of of for
for the
the molded
molded Detailed
Detailed planning
planning for
for the
the propulsion
propulsion plant
plant starts
starts when
when
line
line(that
(thatis,
is, the
the inside
insideofof the
theplating)
plating)otherwise
otherwiseusedused inin the
the required
requiredsubmerged
submergedandand surfaced
surfaced engine
engineratings
ratings have
have
shipbuilding.
shipbuilding. been
been established
establishedalong
alongwith
with the
theassociated
associatedpropeller
propellerrpm.
rpm.
Technical
Technical data
data (such
(such as
as output,
output, efficiency,
efficiency, and
and possibly
possibly
The
The graphical
graphical presentation
presentation of of the
the results
results of
of the
the calcula-
calcula- fuel
fuel consumption)
consumption) as as well
well as
as more
more precise
precise weight
weight and
and
tions
tions (the
(the curve
curve sheet)
sheet) is,
is, in
in principle,
principle, prepared
prepared inin the
the space
space requirements
requirements for
for the
the individual
individual components
components are
are
same
same way
way asas for
for other
other ships
ships (Fig.
(Fig. 136).
136). In
In addition,
addition, the
the coordinated
coordinated with
with the
the manufacturers
manufacturers of
of diesel
diesel engines,
engines,

124
 -
A
L
. fife,
Lfirrr‘mt—v—fi;
1]
H‘
H

W1 73 ‘H
+4

Wt 72

WL3
w1 3
W12
WL 2
Wl I 1
Wl
OKK
OKK
7 ,, ,wva H O
i__,L,fiJ VI- l , , a— -:-,, -7 -:l ABOVE TOP
that f ‘ 150k, ' ”A200t '2 50t
-
0 300t OF KEEL
TOP
TOPOF
OFKEEL
KEEL
1 1 =V1
V1(m3) Pressureproofdisplacement
(m3)== Pressure-proof displacement
2:
2 =V2V2(m‘)(ma) 2= V1 V, plus ballasttanks
capacityofofballast
netcapacity
plusnet tanks
3:
3 =V3V3 (t)(t) == try resrdualwater,
t,y residual floodedcompartments
withoutflooded
water, without compartments
4:
4 =V4 V3without
V4(t)(t) == V3 residualwater
withoutresidual water
5= V ,, (m)
5, =,V00 Centersofofbuoyancy
(m) =.P Centers relatedtotoV2
buoyancyrelated V2
5: (m4)Transverse
6 3JtJt(m4) momentofof inertia
Transversemoment waterplaneareas
thewaterplane
inertiaofofthe areas
77 =='JIJ,(m4) Longitudinalmoment
(m4)Longitudinal inertiaofofthe
momentofof inertia waterplaneareas
thewaterplane areas
88 ==WL-Fl. (m3Waterplane
WL-FI. (m2) areaswithout
Waterplaneareas floodedcompartments
withoutflooded compartments
WL-Mom. (m2)
99=PWL-Mom.
10==WL00
10
11 ET (mt/m)
11== ETM
-
Waterdanemoments
imz)Waterplane

Momentto
(m41rn)Moment
moments
'Centersofofflotation
( m= jCenters
~ b :: (m)
changetrim
tochange onemeter
trimone meter
afterperpendicular
forwardofof after
flotationforward perpendicular

12 KF(m)
12== KF centersof
Verticalcenters
(m)Vertical equaledto
buoyancyequated
of buoyancy of keel
topof
totop keel
13==KM
13 Transversemetacenter
(m)Transverse
KM(m) metacenter
14 KG(m)
14==KG of gravity
Centerof
(m)Center abovetop
gravityabove of keel,
topof residualwater
without residual
keel,without water

Fig. 136
Fig. -
Curvesheet
136— Curve sheet

125
 _
'.
——‘—-———.—-—_.——-——
AREA x x\\\\

u- -..-..\_-_
r--_-4
g I
l 4 I
I L-..-

E
_-—_-..
E
~-— __—-_--_
.c ”L.“ Ageicz x UH“. A .t 2 . u L L x
l

I
LENGTH 1 cm = 1 m

BallastTank
1 Ballast Tank 99 BowCompartment
Bow Compartment ,,,,,,,,,, '
.
\\.\\\\\\\\ ' Of>of 1the
Sm“:
Limit 't'‘3‘““e
~surface
t ‘e- 5:” i _—= Equal the,
to the
Equalto
C13\JO)UTJ§C.QT\)—-l

-
2 Tanks 10 Battery displacement = / submerged
3 Fuel
FuelTanks
Tanks tt
11 Torpedo
TorpedoTubes
Tubes ////////// Limit of "the Vvolume
U 0of | displacement
displacement
4WwLthe ' ballast
ballasttanks '

-
4 Tanks
Tanks 1.2
12 Access
Access Trunk
Trunk the tanks 1
5 Stem
SternCompartment
Compartment
6 Engineroom
Engineroom
Livmg
7 LivingSpace
8 Control
Space
ControlRoom
Room
13
13
14
14
15
15
Free-flooding
Free-floodingSpace
Torpedo
TorpedoHatch
Hatch
SUDGFSIFUCIUTE
Superstructure
Space

‘ -
m
-
-.- —- ~
-
Limit
Limitof

Limit
of the
thepressme
pressurehull

Limitolof the
Limit
hulland
and pressureresistant
pressure-resistant spaces

theDTBSSUl‘e-t'ESISl
Limitofof the
pressurereststant
theenclosed
enclosedvolume
volume
spaceslocated

E-lltl structural
locatedininthe

structuralelements
elementslocated
the Outer
outer hull

locatedinInthe
hull

theouter
outerhull
hull

Fig.
Fig. 137
137 — Longitudinal -
Longitudinalpresentation
presentationof
of sectional
sectionalareas
areas(capacities)
(capacities)(see
(see Fig.
Fig. 22 for
for designations
designationsof
of tanks,
tanks, etc.)
etc.)

Fig.
Fig. 138
138— Midship
Midshipsection-
section

126
126
electrical machinery,
electrical machinery, switchboa&,
switchboards, batteries,
batteries, etc. Cal—
etc. Cal- The chances to
The chances to a utilization of
perfect utilization
more perfect
a more are
space are
of space
culations
culations areare made
made for for vibration,
vibration, engine
engine shock mounts,
shock mounts, improved by
improved manufacture of
the manufacture
by the of design models to
design 111odels to a re—
a re-
noise reduceion
noige reduction and absorption, a
a d absorption, andd dcruising
s h g rranges (see
w m (pee duced
d scale (generally
u d scale (generally 1/5 1/5 scald]
scaled) (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 139).
139). Within
Within
Chapter x).
ct~~pten X). ~ Accurate propulsion
C C W proputha
& ~ pplant installation PI-
h t idsltrallafiic~o plans the pressure
the pressure hull,hull, these
these models
models &ow show d all outer contours
l ouutca contours of of
are then
are then drawn
Brawn t to
o aa larger
lager d, scale, akwing
allowing far for tmothe ar&-
archi- steel structure,
steel structure, as as well
well as
as machinery
machinery and and appliances.
appliances. All All
tectural aspects.
tectural aspects. Similar installation drawfnss
Siar installation drawings are are pre-
pre— pipelines
pipdines and and cables
cables (provided
(provided they they areare of
of certain
certain min-
min-
pared for
pared for the
the auxiliaries,
a the ship
~ the service facilities,
ship ~service facilities,
, the
the imum size)
imum size) areare installed
installed into
into these
these modeis
models in in complimce
compliance
armament,
armment, the the detection
detection devices,
devices, anda d all
a l l other parts. De-
other parts. De— with
with diagrammatic plans. This
d i a m m a t i c plane. procedure may
This procedure way be be called
called
tailed
tailed calculations
cafdations have have to to bebe made
made anda d dimension
&im$ion spsd- speci— to be three-btmensionrrl
to be three-dimensional design, design, and and itsits advantages
advantages are are
fications
Pications written
written for the electric
For the electricship’s network, the
ship's network, the drain
drain obvious:
obvious: Utilization
Utilization of of space becomes mare
space becomes more favourable;
favourable;
system,
system, the
the compressed
compressed air, the hydraulic
air, the hpBraalic oil oil circulation,
circulation, the dmger of
the danger using aa certain
of using certain space twice (as
space twice (asit may w
it may occur
ur
the ventilation systems,
the ventilation systems, and and alldl other
&her independent
indepetydentplants.plants. in case
in of graphic
case of presentation of
graphic presentation of design)
design) 3 is avoided.
avoided. TheThe
Wooden mockups design model
design model may may be used for
b used for studies
studies concerning
c o n d n g fa- fa-
Wo.oid;en mockups of the most
of the m a t important
important compartments
cornparmats vourable
vourable laying
laying of piping and
of piping and cables, mounting and
cables, mounting and
(scale
is& of of 11 to
to 1)
1) are frequently built.
are frequently built. These
Thw are important
are impartrrnt
aids for arriving maintenarm, as
maintenance, well as
as well general accessibility
as general problems.
accessibility problems.
ai& for aprivlrys atat well-planned
W - p i a m d designs
designs and and for
for provid—
provid-
ing accurate Finally, such
Firsally, such aa model
model maymay serve
serve as as demonstration
demmstration ma- ma-
ing amrate drawings,
drawings1 bcamebecause of the cramped
of the cramped spacesspaces terial
aboard
aboard ship. Ergonomic aspects
ship. Ergono& 88pwt.s maymay be be studied
sttubd with with terial so that the
so that the decision
decision to be token
to be taken by by buyer's
buyer’s repre-
repre—
these sentatives
sentatives is is facilitated,
fadtat&, or or as
as visual
visual training material for
training material for
time mockups.
mockups. Lighting
Lighthg conditions
coditions may may realisistically
realistically be be
shown. the crew.
the crew.
shown,
Weight and
Weight mi volume eahlatkm complete
volume calculations complete the the construc—
CQ~XUC-
The
The demands
demands on on lighting in way
lighting in way of
of perisc0pes
periscopes onan sub-
sub- tion documents.
tioa documents, Here the individual
Here the weights and
individual weights vertical
and vertical
marines
marines call for compromises.
call far com~xnises.At At night,
night, the
the periscope
periscope and
and longitudinal
longitudinal centerscenters ofof gravity
gravity of of all structural ele-
all structural ele-
observer
observer aneeds
d s red
red and/or
and/sr grey ambient light,
grey ambient light, whereas
whereas ments are
ments are included.
included. The The weights
wei@ts for for the
the component
component
aa number
number ofof display
display units require white
units require white light
light or light to
or light to groups,
groups, e. e. g., hull, propulsion
g., hull, plant, etc.,
propulsion plant, together with
etc., together with
be dimmed
be dimmed toto grey. 1n the
grey. In living spaces,
the living spaces, aa natural
natural day/
day/ their associated
their associated centers
centers of of gravity,
gravity, are are calculated
cdculated in in ac—
ac-
night
night lighting rhythm should
lighting rhythm should be be maintained
maintained at a con—
con- cordance
cordance withwith conventional
conventional practice
practict (systems
(systems differ from
differ from
tinuous submerged cruise.
tinuous submerged dse. one navy to
one navy to another).
ourother). This is foIlowed
This is followed by by an
an accurate
accurate cal—
cal-

Fig. 139 — 1/5 scaled model

127
culation
culation ofof thethe center
center of of gravity
gravity for
for the
the submarine
submarineas as aa construction
construction documentation.
documentation. Moreover,
Moreover, in
in most
most in-
in-
whole;
whole; itit isis made
made initially
initially without
without including
includingthe the stability
stability stances,
stances, not
not allall the
the weight
weight information
information will will have
have been
been
ballast.
ballast. The
The pressure-resistant
pressure-resistant submerged
submerged displacement
displacement supplied
supplied byby the
the subcontractors
subcontractorsand and soso not
not all
all the
the weight
weight
isissimilarly
similarlydetermined
determinedwith with respect
respect to
to size
sizeand
and toto vertical
vertical data
data can
can be
be considered
considered final final atat this
this point.
point. Therefore,
Therefore, the the
and
and longitudinal
longitudinal centers
centersof of gravity
gravity (see
(see Chapter
Chapter V). V). The
The first
first weight
weight and
and volume
volume calculations
calculations that that are
are submitted
submitted
difference
difference between
between ship’s
ship's weight
weight and
and pressure-resistant
pressure-resistant include
include estimated
estimated weights.
weights. For For this
this reason,
reason, aa design
design al— al-
submerged
submerged displacement
displacementisis compensated
compensated for for by
by stability
stability lowance
lowance isis introduced
introduced for for individual
individualweightweight groups.
groups. ItIt isis
ballast.
ballast. The
The ballast
ballast isis arranged
arrangedlongitudinally
longitudinallyso so that
that the
the assumed
assumed that
that thethe centers
centers of of gravity
gravity for
for the
the different
different de— de-
overall
overallcenter
centerof of gravity
gravityof of the
the boat
boat and
and ballast
ballast isis located
located sign
sign allowances
allowancesare are located
located in in the
the center
centerof of gravity
gravity of of the
the
vertically
vertically belowbelow the
the longitudinal
longitudinal center
center ofof buoyancy
buoyancy in in construction
construction groupgroup in in question.
question. The The overall
overall design
design al— al-
submerged
submerged condition.
condition. The The overall
overall design
design will
will be be ac-
ac- lowance
lowancerequired
required depends
dependson on the
the status
statusof of the
the design
design ef—ef-
ceptable
ceptable only
only whenwhen thisthis calculation
calculation proves
proves that
that the
the bal-
bal- fort.
fort. When
When thethedesign
designisiscompleted,
completed,the theallowance
allowancecan canbe be
last
last center
center of of gravity
gravity willwill bebe located
located approximately
approximately absorbed
absorbed ifif allall weights
weights have have beenbeen calculated
calculated from from de— de-
midships.
midships. tailed
tailed drawings
drawings or or have
have beenbeen provided
provided by by the
the subcon-
subcon-
tractors.
tractors.
Were
Werethetheballast
ballast center
centerofof gravity
gravitylocated
locatednear
near one
oneendend The
The shipyard
shipyard must must be be provided
provided with with aa building
building al— al-
of
of the
the hull,
hull, even
even aa small
smallexcess
excessofof weight
weight atat the
the other
other lowance.
lowance. As As inin the
the case
case of of the
the design
design allowance,
allowance, this this isis
end
end ofof the
the boat
boat would
would bebe enough
enough to to shift
shift the
the ballast
ballast distributed
distributed among
among the the major
major groups
groups andand will
will cover
cover anyany
center
centerofof gravity
gravitytootoomuch.
much. ItIt might
mightthen
then be
be no
nolonger
longer excess
excess weight
weight whichwhich may may develop
develop during
during the the building
building
possible
possible to to stow
stow the
the ballast
ballast within
within the
the boat,
boat, and
and itit period.
period. The
Thepressure
pressurehull, hull, for
for example,
example,has hastoto be
be heavier
heavier
would
would obviously
obviously not not be
be feasible
feasibleto
to build
build such
such aa sub-
sub- than
than calculated
calculated on on the
the basis
basis of of nominal
nominal plateplate thickness
thickness
marine.
marine. because
becauseonly
only plates
plates with
with excess
excesstolerance
toleranceare are allowed
allowedto to
The bebeused.
used. Moreover,
Moreover,the thesubcontractors
subcontractorsmust mustbe beallowed
allowedaa
Thestability
stabilityballast
ballastisisstowed
stowedasaslow low ininthe
thesubmarine
submarineas as
possible. certain
certain admissible
admissible excessexcess weight,
weight, e.g.,
e. g., because
because of of the
the
possible. The
Thedifference
differencebetween
betweenthe theheight
heightof of the
thecenter
center
of tolerances
tolerancesof of the
the castings.
castings. ThisThis building
building allowance
allowance may may
of buoyancy
buoyancy FFand and the
theheight
height of
of the
the center
centerof of gravity
gravityGG
for bebeabsorbed
absorbedwhen whenthe thesubmarine
submarineisisdelivered.
delivered. IfIf the
theboat
boat
for the
the submarine,
submarine, including
including ballast,
ballast, isis called
called thethe sub-
sub-
merged isiseven
evenheavier,
heavier, thethecontract
contractspecifications
specificationsmay mayno nolonger
longer
merged stability
stability (allowing
(allowing forfor free
free surfaces
surfaces inin the
the sub-
sub-
marine) bebemet.
met.
marine)(see
(seeFig.Fig.7).
7).
The AA certain
certain maintenance
maintenance allowanceallowance isis provided
provided toto covercover
Thecurve
curvesheet
sheetincludes
includesthe
theheight
heightof of metacentre
metacentreabove above
the service
servicecontingencies,
contingencies,which which may may have
have toto bebe negotiated
negotiated
thekeel,
keel, asasinin the
the case
caseofof other
other types
typesof of ships.
ships. The
Thedif—
dif-
ference separately
separatelyby by thethe buyer.
buyer. The The maintenance
maintenanceallowance
allowance isis
ferencebetween
betweenthis thismeasure
measureand andthe theheight
heightof ofthe
thecenter
center
intended
intended toto compensate
compensatefor for excess
excess weights
weights thatthat may
may be be
of
ofgravity
gravityfor forthe
thesubmarine
submarineplusplusballast
ballastisiscalled
calledthe me—
theme-
tacentrie caused
causedby byadditional
additionalequipment
equipmentduring duringthe theservice
servicelife
lifeofof
tacentricheight
heightduring
duringsurface
surfacecruising
cruising(allowing
(allowingfor forfree
free
surfaces). the
the submarine.
submarine. This This maintenance
maintenance allowance
allowance must must be be
surfaces).AAsmallsmallamount
amountof ofnecessary
necessarystability
stabilityballast
ballastisis available
an availableinin thethe form
form of of ballast
ballast whenwhen thethe submarine
submarineisis
anindication
indicationof ofaafavourable
favourableoverall
overalldesign.
design. commissioned.
commissioned.The Thetrimtrimballast
ballastmentioned
mentionedabove abovecan canbe be
InInaddition
additiontotothe thestability
stabilityballast
ballastalready
alreadymentioned,
mentioned, part
part ofof this
this allowance
allowance ifif this this was
was agreed
agreed toto inin the the
trim
trimballast
ballastisisstowed
stowedforward
forwardandandaft
aftininthe
thepressure
pressure contract.
contract. TheThe maintenance
maintenance allowanceallowance isis part part ofof thethe
hull.
hull.ItItcan
canbe
beused
usedtotocorrect
correctminor
minorweight
weightdifferences
differences weight
weightcalculation.
calculation.
ininservice
servicethat
thatwere
werenot
notenvisaged
envisagedatatthe
thetime
timeofofdesign.
design. The
Theresults
resultsofof this
thiseffort
effortarearedocumented
documentedininthe theform
formof of
Trim
Trimballast
ballastisisalso
alsoaapart
partofofthe
theweight
weightcalculation.
calculation. the
the detailed
detaileddescription
description (building
(buildinginstructions).
instructions).This This isis
supplemented
supplementedby bysuch
suchdrawings
drawingsasasthe theoverall
overallplanplan(gen-
(gen-
Some
Some ofof the
the detailed
detailed drawings
drawingsrequired
required for for ship
ship con-
con- eral
eralarrangement
arrangementplant) plant)and andall allthe
theother
otherdrawings
drawingsand and
struction
structionare
are frequently
frequently not
not available
available atat the
the time
time the
the calculations
calculationsthat thatmaymaybe benecessary
necessarytotopresent
presentall allaspects
aspects
weight
weightand
and volume
volumecalculations
calculationsare
arecompleted
completed for for the
the ofofthe
thesubmarine.
submarine.

128
 XVI
CHAPTER XVI
CHAPTER

and
Construction and
Construction
commissioning
commissioning
Various special features
Various special distinguish the
features distinguish construction of
the construction of rangement, and of frame distance are
frame distance are taken amongst
taken amongst
submarines from
submarines from that that ofof other combatant ships.
other combatant Special
ships. Special other items.
other items.
should be
care should
care applied to
be applied manufacture of
the manufacture
to the of the pres-
the pres- The welding
The sequences must
welding sequences must be preplanned in
carefully preplanned
be carefully in
sure hull
sure it is
as it
hull as loaded by
is loaded by the pressure (and
diving pressure
the diving (and by ex-
by ex- order that
order the confined
that the tolerances be
building tolerances
confined building adhered
be adhered
shocks as well). The pressure hull should
plosion shocks should be to. Special jigs
to. Special jigs and construction scaffolds
preformed construction
and preformed scaffolds
constructed as
constructed light as
as light possible by
as possible by favourable utilization
favourable utilization must be
must designed and
be designed built.
and built.
of the
of high—strength steels
the high-strength steels used for its
used for manufacture. The
its manufacture. The Unlike ships, a
other ships,
Unlike other submarine must
a submarine must be be almost com-
almost com-
depth at
depth collapse is
which collapse
at which to be
is to expected (collapse
be expected depth)
(collapse depth) pletely ffinished
pletely i s h e d on the slipways
on the and/or in
slipways and/or in the workshop.
the workshop.
should be
should proved by
be proved calculations and
by calculations and by tests with
by tests test
with test submarine must
The submarine
The must be be closed launching. As
before launching.
closed before any
As any
sections. The
hull sections.
hull admissible diving
The admissible depth and
diving depth test
the test
and the larger hatches do
larger hatches usually not
do usually exist, the
not exist, the internal structure
internal structure
diving depth
diving then are
depth then derived from
are derived from the depth by
collapse depth
the collapse by and outfit must
and outfit must be completely finished.
almost completely
be almost finished. For For
appyling the
appyling the safety
safety factor.
factor. stability reasons, the batteries must be installed, low-
installed, low-
The special
The begins with
care begins
special care with the purchase of
the purchase for
material for
of material level tanks and
level tanks and fuel tanks must
fuel tanks must be be filled with water,
filled with and
water, and
extensive acceptance
which extensive
which conditions are
acceptance conditions stipulated. As
are stipulated. As the ballast
the must be
ballast must stowed.
be stowed.
principle, individual
aa principle, acceptance of
individual acceptance pressure hull
of pressure ma-
hull ma- Weight control on
Weight control submarines must
on submarines must be exercised with
be exercised with
terial is
terial agreed upon,
is agreed upon, i. e. each
i. e. individual steel
each individual plate is
steel plate is much greater care
much greater than in
care than construction of
the construction
in the of other ship
other ship
subjected to
subjected to an technological testing
extensive technological
an extensive testing by de—
by de- types to
types ensure that
to ensure that the specified in
weight specified
the weight weight
the weight
in the
structive and
structive non—destructive methods.
and non-destructive methods. Test analyses, ul-
Test analyses, ul- and volume
and calculation will
volume calculation remain within
will remain admissible
within admissible
trasonic or
trasonic tests, and
X-ray tests,
or X-ray surface flaw
and surface checking are
flaw checking re-
are re- limits upon
limits completion. If
upon completion. it is
If it exceeded by
is exceeded by more than
more than
quired. The
quired. mechanical properties
The mechanical properties such such as breaking
as breaking allowance, the
permissible allowance,
the permissible
the the stability ballast may
stability ballast have
may have
strength, elasticity,
strength, hardness, and
elasticity, hardness, notch impact
and notch strength
impact strength to be
to reduced to
be reduced the point
to the where the
point where stability
guaranteed stability
the guaranteed
determined with
are determined
are with test test specimens. Stress—strain
specimens. Stress-strain can no
can longer be
no longer provided. If
be provided. it is
If it lower than
is lower permitted,
than permitted,
diagrams are
diagrams prepared. Plate
are prepared. Plate thicknegs measurements
thickness measurements there may
there may be be no stowage space
no stowage space for ballast.
additonal ballast.
for additonal
are performed over
are performed over the the entire surface. Any
plate surface.
entire plate Any Components supplied
Components supplied by subcontractors and
by subcontractors parts
and parts
shortage in
shortage tolerances is
in tolerances is not admissible.
not admissible. manufactured by
manufactured shipyard must
the shipyard
by the must be weighed in
be weighed the
in the
shipyard. During
shipyard. construction, the
During construction, weights are
the weights contin—
are contin-
checked and
uously checked
uously and laid down in
laid down records. The
weight records.
in weight The
calculation is
weight calculation
weight re—established with
is re-established with due regard to
due regard the
to the
Verifications during
1. Verifications
1. construction
during construction parts weighed, from
already weighed,
parts already from timetime to to time. Weighing of
time. Weighing of
elements, just
building elements,
building just as above—mentioned material
the above-mentioned
as the material
The extensive
The controlling effort
extensive controlling must be
effort must continued dur-
be continued dur- tests many other
and many
tests and examinations, is
other examinations, part of
is part quality
of quality
ing construction. The
ing construction. location of
The location each individual
of each in
plate in
individual plate protection during
protection construction.
submarine construction.
during submarine
pressure hull
the pressure
the shall be
hull shall proved by
be proved by careful documenta-
careful documenta-
tion. A
tion. All
ll butt welds of
butt welds pressure hull
the pressure
of the completeley
are completeley
hull are
tested, and
X—ray tested,
X-ray results are
the results
and the down in
laid down
are laid records to
in records to
collected so
be collected that easy
so that proof is
easy proof T—welds and
possible. T-welds
is possible. and 2. techniques
Construction techniques
2. Construction
welds are
corner welds
corner checked for
are checked for the absence of
the absence of cracks. The
cracks. The
pressure hull
pressure loaded by
being loaded
hull being pressure is
water pressure
external water
by external is A variety of
A variety construction techniques
of construction can be
techniques can during
used during
be used
liable to
liable stability risks,
to stability so that
risks, so determination of
that determination building
of building the building period. The
building period. most economical
The most building
economical building
inaccuracies by
inaccuracies by careful measurements is
control measurements
careful control ne-
is ne- procedure in the case of
the case building an
of building an individual sub-
individual sub-
cessary. The
cessary. deviations are
admissible deviations
The admissible allowed for
are allowed for in the
in the marine may be be to the hull
assemble the
to assemble ele—
individual ele-
from individual
hull from
strength calculation
strength and are
calculation and evident there.
made evident
are made Measure-
there. Measure- ments on
ments ways. In
the ways.
on the this case
In this pressure hull
the pressure
case the plating
hull plating
ments of
ments deviation from
of deviation (out-of—round-
circularity (out-of-round-
ideal circularity
from ideal extend in
will extend
will the longitudinal
in the (Fig. 140).
direction (Fig.
longitudinal direction The
140). The
deviation of frames from accurately
ness), of deviation ar-
vertical ar-
accurately vertical lower shell is placed
hull is
shell of the pressure hull preformed
in aa preformed
placed in

129
 scaffold and
scaffold and the the circular
circular frames
frames are are installed.
installed. Each Each
frame is
frame is kept
kept circular
circular by by iron
iron ties.
ties. NextNext the the upper
upper shell
shell isis
covered with
covered with plating.
plating. Only Only machinery
machinery that that willwill notnot pass
pass
through the
through the assembly
assembly hatch hatch is is installed
installed before before the the pres-
pres—
sure hull
sure hull isis closed.
closed.
Installation of
Installation of the the machinery,
machinery, pipelines, pipelines, electrical electrical
system, armament,
system, armament, and and other
other internal
internal components
components be- be-
gins when
gins when the the steel
steel structure
structure of of the
the hullhull is is completed.
completed.
This technique
This technique was was adopted
adopted when when riveting
riveting was was thethe rule.
rule.
From the
From the standpoint
standpoint of of welding
welding technology,
techn010gy, it it has
has the
the
basic disadvantage
basic disadvantage that that many
many seamsseams cannotcannot be be welded
welded in in
aa favourable
favourable position.position. The The useuse ofof automatic
automatic welding welding ma- ma—
chines is
chines is limited
limited because because the the pressure
pressure hull hull cannot
cannot be be
rotated about
rotated about its its longitudinal
longitudinal axis. axis.
The pressure
The pressure hull hull cancan also
also be be built
built of of individual
individual rings rings
fabricated in
fabricated in shop
shOp (Fig.(Fig. 141).
141).
Here the
Here the pressure
pressure hull hull plating
plating is is installed
installed transversely.
transversely.
The rings
The rings are are rotated
rotated into into thethe most
most favourable
favourable position position
for welding
for welding by by using
using a a special
special jig,
jig, thus
thus permitting
permitting the the ex-
ex-
tensive employment
tensive employment of of automated
automated welding welding machines.machines.
Pressure—hull rings
Pressure-hull rings areare moved
moved to to the
the slipways
slipways and and welded
welded
together there.
together there.
The remainder
The remainder of of the
the assembly
assembly operations
operations takes takes place
place asas
described above.
described above.
Due to
Due to space
space conditions
conditions on on submarines,
submarines, the the fully
fully section-
section—
aalized construction is
b d construction is of
of advantage.
advantage. This This particularl~
particularly Fig. 140 - Assembly of a pressure hull on the slipways
applies to
applies to the
the construction
construction of of series,
series, when when the the individual
individual
sections are
sections are almost
almost completely
completely fitted fitted out out (see (see Fig.
Fig. 142).
142).
The sectionalized construction
The sectionalized construction offers highly irnGoved offers highly improved
accessibility for
accessibility for building
building and and assembly
assembly of of internal
internal mem-mem-
bers. The
bers. The middle
middle sections
sections remain
remain open open at at both
both sides
sides until
until
completion, which
completion, which facilitates
facilitates ventilation
ventilation of of narrow
narrow
spaces and
spaces and is is ofof great
great advantage
advantage for for the
the installation
installation of of
machinery, appliances,
machinery, appliances, and and pipings.
pipings. A A fully
fully sectionalized
sectionalized
construction facilitates
construction facilitates a a shorter
shorter totaltotal building
building period, period, as as
the greater
the greater accessibility
accessibility allows allows moremore assemblyassembly personnelpersonnel
to be
to be employed
employed simultaneously
simultaneously than than in in a a pressure
pressure hull hull
that is
that is already
already sealed. sealed. Because
Because of of the the moremore favourable
favourable
working conditions,
working conditions, the the total
total number
number of of assembly
assembly hours hours
accruing are
accruing are alsoalso reduced.
reduced. DuringDuring the the whole
whole fitting-out
fitting—out
period, the
period, the end end sections
sections are are freely
freely accessible
accessible from from oneone
side. If
side. If all
all advantages
advantages of of sectionaliied
sectionalized construction
construction are are
to be utilized,
utilized, the sectionalized
sectionalized subdivision
subdivision must be sti- sti-
pulated and
pulated and takentaken into into consideration
consideration already already during during the the
design phase.
design phase. For For example,
example, the the different
different tanks tanks should
should be be
arranged so
arranged so that
that theythey maymay be be completed
completed and and pressure-
pressure-
tested within
tested within the the individual
individual sections,
sections, and and if if this
this isis done
done
before the
before the installation
installation of of machinery,
machinery, any any repairs
repairs having
having
become necessary
become necessary after after thethe pressure-test
pressure—test are are possible
possible
without difficulty.
without difficulty. After After completion
completion of of steel
steel work,
work, eacheach
individual section
individual section is is preserved
preserved and and equipped
equipped completely.
completely.
The steel
The steel work
work includes
includes all all foundations
foundations and and supports
supports for for
machinery and
machinery and appliances
appliances as as well
well as as clamps
clamps for for pipes,
pipes,
valves and
valves and fittings,
fittings, and and cables.
cables. The The components
components of of
equipment installed
equipment installed in in thethe section
section are are completely
completely
mounted, and
mounted, and their
their piping
piping and and cabling
cabling is is laid.
laid. Only
Only thethe Fig. 141 -Assembly
Fig. 141 of a
- Assembly of hull by
pressure hull
a pressure rings
by rings

130
:‘i‘; ‘,

i
F“ 3?" i

"i E éfifiiw‘w‘ ‘:
a. . "ungw -

Fig. 142
Fig. 142 — Section -
Section building
building in
in pre-assembly
pre-assembly shed
shed

spaces in
frame spaces
frame way of
in way of section must be
joints must
section joints be kept of
free of
kept free 3. Shipyard
3. trials
Shipyard trials
internals so
internals so that
that they
they are
are accessible
accessible for for application
application of of un-
un-
objectionable welding
objectionable assembly of
during assembly
welding during sections.
of sections.
Launching is
Launching followed by
is followed individual trials
by individual of all
trials of systems,
all systems,
After the
After the pressure
pressure hull
hull has
has been
been erected,
erected, final
final assembly
assembly of the
test of equipment
electrical equipment
the electrical
e.g.,
e. g., the high-voltage test
the high-voltage
follows. The
follows. The time
time required
required for for this
this purpose
purpose will will depend
depend
which insulation
during which
during quality is
insulation quality dock trials
verified, dock
is verified, of
trials of
extent to
the extent
on the
on which the
to which sections have
the sections have been prefab—
been prefab-
propulsion plant,
the propulsion
the and so
plant, and forth. The
so forth. submarine is
The submarine is
ricated. The
ricated. The advantages
advantages in in this
this type
type of
of construction
construction are are
its final
given its
given coat of
final coat inside and
paint, inside
of paint, out.
and out.
that the
that the submarines
submarines can can be be delivered
delivered in in aa more
more rapid
rapid
sequence and
sequence and that ways can
the ways
that the can be utilized to
be utilized maximum
to maximum All valves
All valves and closures that
and closures must be
that must be in “closed”
the "closed"
in the
capacity. The
capacity. The completely prefabricated sections
completely prefabricated require
sections require position for diving are
for diving accordingly (with
marked accordingly
are marked red
(with red
heavy transportation
heavy transportation equipment
equipment and and lifting
lifting gear
gear to
to move
move paint). Diving
paint). tables are
Diving tables installed in
are installed in the individual
the individual
them to
them to the
the slipways.
slipways. compartments to
compartments to indicate the closure
indicate the status of
closure status fit-
all fit-
of all
Construction costs
Construction costs of submarine are
one submarine
of one reduced when
are reduced when tings in
tings compartment, that
the compartment,
in the must be
that must established be-
be established be-
saving in
the saving
the in labor costs is
labor costs than the
greater than
is greater proportionate
the proportionate diving.
fore diving.
fore
expense of
additional expense
additional jigs, for
of jigs, assembly line
the assembly
for the line of pre-
of pre- The first
The test is
diving test
first diving form of
the form
in the
is in of a trim test
a trim the
with the
test with
fabrication, of
fabrication, of heavy-lifting
heavy-lifting gear gear andand transportation
transportation rest. It
boat at rest. preceded by
is preceded
It is by aa test the ballast
of the
test of high-.
ballast high-.
equipment.
equipment. pressure and
pressure low—pressure blow
and low-pressure systems as
blow systems as well by aa
as by
well as
individual tanks, pipelines, valves,
After the individual valves, and fittings
fittings pressure test performed by
negative pressure means of
by means of an exhaust
an exhaust
having been
having pressure-tested during
been pressure-tested prefabrication, each
during prefabrication, each blower (see
blower Chapter XIII).
(see Chapter Safety requires
XIII). Safety that the
requires that first
the first
completed system as
completed system as a whole is
a whole tested at
is tested the test
at the pressure
test pressure diving test be performed under a pierside crane whose
diving
in compliance with the pressure head
the pressure head plan launch—
before launch-
plan before hook is
hook attached to
is attached to the submarine by
the submarine by heavy The
cables. The
heavy cables.
mg.
ing. slackened but ready for hoisting
crane hook is slackened the
during the
hoisting during

131
131
dive. The
dive. The first
first diving
diving testtest can
can also
also be
be made
made in in aa flooded
flooded merged cruising
merged listening tests,
ranges, listening
cruising ranges, test,
dive test,
crash dive
tests, crkh
drydock. During
drydock. During the the submerged
submerged trim trim test,
test, the
the boat
boat is is firing trials,
firing and tests
trials, and detection and
of detection
tests of communication
and communication
trimmed horizontally
trimmed horizontally by by trimming
trimming water.
water. Liquid
Liquid levels
levels in
in equipment.
equipment.
the compensating tanks,
the compensating tanks, trim and in
tanks and
trim tanks all other
in all tanks
other tanks The submerged
The submerged runsruns on
on the
the measured
measured milemile must
must be
be per-
per-
are measured
are measured with with thethe submarine
submarine in in "square"
“square” position.
position. formed in
formed in deep
deep waters
waters and
and atat sufficient
sufficient diving
diving depth
depth soso
Sea water
Sea water density
density is is measured.
measured. The The condition
condition of of the
the that any
that any bottom
bottom and
and surface
surface influences
influences dodo not
not become
become
equipment and
equipment and thethe distribution
distribution of of the
the crew
crew are are de-
de- effective. There
effective. There are
are various
various methods
methods for for the
the measure-
measure—
termined and
termined and recorded
recorded in in tabular
tabular form.
form. TheThe location
location of of ment of
ment speed during
of speed submerged cruise,
deeply submerged
during deeply fol-
as fol-
cruise, as
the surface
the surface line
line of
of flotation
flotation of of the
the submarine
submarine in in ready-to-
ready-to- lows:
lows:
dive condition
dive condition is is determined
determined and and compared
compared with with the the cal-
cal-
1. Two
1. Two electric
electric cables
cables are
are laid
laid in
in parallel
parallel to
to each
each other
other at
at
culated line
culated line after
after the
the boatboat has
has surfaced
surfaced and and thethe ballast
ballast
distance on
defined distance
aa defined on the the sea bottom. The
sea bottom. traverse of
The traverse of
have been
tanks have
tanks emptied. The
completely emptied.
been completely The weight condi—
weight condi-
submarine running
the submarine
the running on on a vertical to
course vertical
a course the
to the
tion of
tion of the
the boatboat during
during the the trim
trim test
test is
is converted
converted to to the
the
cables produces
cables produces electric
electric pulses pulses so so that
that thethe time
time ne-ne—
status of
status of the
the fully
fully equipped
equipped boat boat corresponding
corresponding to to the
the
cessary for
cessary passing the
for passing distance can
the distance can be measured. The
be measured. The
weight and
weight and volume
volume calculation.
calculation. The The following
following are are ex-
ex-
current influences
current influences can can only only be be allowed
allowed for for ifif the
the dis-
dis-
amples of
amples of the
the deviations
deviations that that can
can result:
result:
tance is
tance passed in
is passed both the
in both directions.
the directions.
1. The
1. The submarine
submarine is
is lighter
lighter or
or heavier
heavier than
than designed.
designed. One (or
2. One
2. also two)
(or also lying at
vessel(s) lying
surface vessel(s)
two) surface anchor
at anchor
2. The
2. The submerged
submerged displacement
displacement isis less
less or
or greater
greater than
than de-
de— measure(s), by
measure(s), by keeping
keeping the the dead-reckoning,
dead—reckoning, the the sub-
sub-
signed.
signed. merged speed
merged speed (and(and the the course
course of of the
the submarine)
submarine) in in
3. The weight
3. The calculations contain
weight calculations errors.
contain errors. such a
such a way
way that
that the
the submarine
submarine is is continuously
continuously tracked tracked
4. The volume
4. The calculations contain
volume calculations errors.
contain errors. by the
by the sonar
sonar of of the
the surface
surface vessel(s).
vessel(s). TheThe measurement
measurement
must be
must be repeated
repeated on on thethe backcourse
backcourse as as well,
well, inin order
order to to
Such deviations are
Such deviations compensated for
are compensated modifications to
by modifications
for by to
make due
make due allowance
allowance for for the
the current
current influences.
influences.
the ballast.
the trim control
A trim
ballast. A is made
test is
control test after the
made after ballast
the ballast
3. The
3. The submerged
submerged submarinesubmarine switches switches on on aa searchlight
searchlight
has re—arranged. This
been re-arranged.
has been followed by
is followed
This is heeling tests
by heeling in
tests in
directed to
directed to above
above and and marking
marking on on the
the surface
surface the the sub-
sub—
the submerged and
the submerged surfaced conditions
and surfaced Chapter V)
(see Chapter
conditions (see V)
position at
marine’s position
marine's twilight or
at twilight or at night. A
at night. fellow-
A fellow-
and by
and surface sea
by surface trials.
sea trials.
travelling surface
travelling surface vessel
vessel determines
determines the the speed.
speed.
4. For
4. For the
the sea
sea trials,
trials, thethe submarine
submarine is is equipped
equipped with with aa cal-
cal-
ibrated log which, for example, can be arranged
ibrated arranged above above
4. Sea trials
4. bridge in
bridge in a a flow
flow of of water
water undisturbed
undisturbed by by the boat, thus
facilitating absolute
facilitating absolute speed speed measurement
measurement independ- independ—
The performance
The performance of of a
a new
new type
type of
of submarine
submarine withwith re-
re— ently of
ently of the
the current.
current.
latively small
latively small ballast
ballast tank
tank volume
volume must
must be be evaluated
evaluated 5. The
5. The submarine
submarine tows tows along along a a buoy
buoy at at aa rope.
rope. By By the
the
with great
with great care
care when
when the
the submarine
submarine is is cruising
cruising ahead
ahead measurement of
measurement of thethe speed
speed of of the
the buoy
buoy fromfrom ashore,
ashore,
and astern
and astern in
in order
order to
to draw
draw conclusions
conclusions as as to
to whether
whether the submarine's
the submarine’s own own log log isis calibrated.
calibrated. The The calibration
calibration
there is
there is any
any possibility
possibility of
of a
a dangerous
dangerous "undercutting"
“undercutting” runs must
runs must be be repeated
repeated on on thethe back-course
back-course so so that
that al-
al—
at higher
at higher surface
surface speeds.
speeds. lowance for current
lowance current influences
influences is possible. Afterwards,
Submarines become
Submarines become more
more and
and more
more bowbow heavy
heavy with submerged measuring
submerged measuring runs runs are are performed
performed without without
increasing surface
increasing surface speed.
speed. This
This effect
effect is
is reduced
reduced byby us-
us— rope and
rope and buoy,
buoy, and and the the speed
speed is is indicated
indicated by by thethe log
log
ing a
ing a small
small "up"
“up” angle
angle at
at the
the aft
aft or
or forward
forward planes. now calibrated.
now calibrated.
Special trials
Special trials are
are required
required to
to determine
determine the the optimum
optimum The method
method indicated
indicated in
in 4.
4. above
above is
is most
most inexpensive.
inexpensive.
The
hydroplane angle
hydroplane angle for
for surface
surface cruising.
cruising.

Measured mile
Measured runs on
mile runs surface are
the surface
on the conducted to
are conducted ver—
to ver-
ify the
ify the results
results of
of towing
towing tank
tank tests,
tests, the
the performance
performance of
the propulsion
the propulsion plant,
plant, and and the
the surface
surface cruising
cruising ranges
ranges 5. Deep
5. Deep submerging
submerging trials
trials
available. This is
available. This followed by
is followed by turning circle trials,
turning circle anchor
trials, anchor
tests, and
tests, surface cruising
other surface
and other tests.
cruising tests. Finally, each submarine
Finally, submarine is subjected
subjected to a diving
diving test
The submarine
The submarine is is commissioned
commissioned at at this
this point
point in many down the
down the test
test diving
diving depth
depth (see
(see Chapter
Chapter VII).
VII). A sub-
sub-
cases. Submerged
cases. Submerged trials
trials are run with the assistance
assistance of the marine running
marine running at at maximum
maximum depthdepth for
for the
the first
first time,
time, can
can
crew. The
crew. The following
following individual
individual trials
trials are
are required:
required: Depth be endangered
be endangered by by an
an inrush
inrush of
of water
water which
which possibly
possibly re-
re-
control and turning
control turning circle trials, snorkel
snorkel trials, measured
measured sults in
sults in aa simultaneous
simultaneous failure
failure of
of the
the propulsion
propulsion plant.
plant.
mile runs
mile runs in
in submerged
submerged condition,
condition, buoyancy and trim Furthermore, failures
Furthermore, failures ofof hydroplanes
hydroplanes or or of
of their
their indicat-
indicat—
measurements at
measurements at different
different plane angles, buoyancy ing devices
ing devices may
may end
end in
in an
an excess
excess of
of the
the admissible
admissible depth.
depth.
measurements at
measurements at different
different trim angles
angles of the boat (all(all as Therefore, some
Therefore, some principles
principles should
should bebe observed
observed for for deep
deep
aa function
function of of submerged
submerged speed),speed), verification
verification of sub-sub— diving trials
diving trials with the crew
crew aboard ship, as follows:
follows:

132
1.1.The waterdepth
Thewater placeofofdiving
theplace
depthatatthe notex-
shouldnot
divingshould ex- marineruns
marine runswith widelyororentirely
withwidely drainedcompensat-
entirelydrained compensat-
ceed thediving
ceedthe intendedby
depthintended
divingdepth bymore than5050m.
morethan m. ing tanks and
ing tanks with the
and with trimming water
the trimming having been
water having been
shiftedtoto aft.
shifted As she
aft. As operatesatat medium
sheoperates speed, the
medium speed, the
First,the
2.2.First, submarinedives
thesubmarine downtotoaadepth
divesdown beingby
depthbeing by buoyantforces
largebuoyant
providelarge
planesprovide
planes - emergency—
theemergency
forcesifif- ininthe -
abt.100m
abt. lessthan
lOOmless depthtotobebeintended
thedepth
thanthe lateron.
intendedlater on. they are
they fromhard
tilted from
aretilted belowtoto hard
hard below above. These
hard above. These
thisreduced
Atthis
At depth,she
reduceddepth, trimmedon
sheisistrimmed onan evenkeel
aneven keel buoyantforces
buoyant continuetotobe
forcescontinue availablefor
beavailable certaintime
foraacertain time
atatsmall speedand
smallspeed thoroughlychecked
andthoroughly fortightness.
checkedfor tightness. failuredue
machineryfailure
aftermachinery
after duetotoan aninrush water.Due
inrushofofwater. Duetoto
Nowthe
3.3.Now thesubmarine increasingthe
submarine—-increasing speedup
thespeed uptotome—
me- hydroplanesalready
thehydroplanes
the alreadytilted below, the
tilted toto below, onlycon-
theonly con-
diumspeed
dium - tiltthe
beginstototilt
speed- begins bowand
thebow andstem planestoto
sternplanes sequence of eventual failures of hydroplanes orof
sequence of eventual failures of hydroplanes or of their
their
below;atatthe
below; sametime,
thesame thearising
time,the negativebuoyancy
arisingnegative buoyancy thatthe
indicationsisisthat
indications thesubmarine inducedtotorise.
submarineisisinduced rise.
and trimby
andtrim headare
thehead
bythe compensatedfor
arecompensated bydraining
forby draining pressuredock
IfIfaapressure dockisisavailable (similartotothat
available(similar thatof theFed-
ofthe Fed-
compensatingtanks
of compensating
of and by
tanks and shiftingofof trimming
by shifting trimming Republicof
eralRepublic
eral ofGermany referredtotoininFig.
Germanyasasreferred 29), the
Fig.29), the
water aft respectively.
water toto aft measures are
Thesemeasures
respectively. These are coor-
coor- deep maybe
testmay
divingtest
deepdiving substitutedfor
besubstituted forby pressuredock
bypressure dock
dinatedsosothat
dinated submarineisiskept
thesubmarine
thatthe samedepth
thesame
keptatatthe depth tests analogouspressure.
performedatatanalogous
testsperformed pressure.
until,finally,
until, thebow
finally,the hardover below
tilted hardover
planeisistilted
bow plane below IfIfnon-military submersiblesare
non-militarysubmersibles concerned,which
areconcerned, whichareareof of
andthe
and sternplane
thestern almostbelow.
planealmost below. weight, such
small weight,
small such vehicles unmanned and
being unmanned
vehicles being and
provided with
provided buoyancy can
negativebuoyancy
withnegative canbe lowered down
be lowered down
4.4.The submarineincreases
Thesubmarine speedby
herspeed
increasesher smallamount
byaasmall amount fromthe
from thewater surfaceby
water surface cranefor
by aa crane forthe purposeof
thepurpose of aa
so that
so slowly sinks
she slowly
that she until the
down until
sinks down test diving
the test diving
deepdiving
deep test.InInthis
divingtest. connection,the
thisconnection, thebilges shouldad-
bilgesshould ad-
depthhas
depth has been takenup.
been taken Thenthe
up. Then speedisisreduced
thespeed reduced equatelybe
equately fittedwith
be fitted having read—
elementshaving
detectingelements
with detecting read-
again. manoeuvre can
This manoeuvre
again. This supported by
be supported
can be by small
small ingson
ings vessel,so
cranevessel,
thecrane
onthe thatany
sothat waterwhich
leakagewater
anyleakage which
movements of
movements of stem After the
plane. After
stern plane. checkingsand
the checkings and mayenter,
may canbe
enter,can goodtime
detectediningood
bedetected theinter-
beforethe
timebefore inter-
measurements agreedupon
measurementsagreed havebeen
uponhave performed,the
beenperformed, the nal outfitof
naloutfit vesselisisdamaged.
thevessel
of the damaged.
submarinesurfaces.
submarine surfaces.
The final
The acceptancetakes
final acceptance when trials
place when
takes place and tests
trials and tests
ItIt isis obvious that the
obvious that above offers
described above
method described
the method offers have proventhat
haveproven thatthe shipyardhas
theshipyard metits
hasmet contractualob—
itscontractual ob-
maximumsafety
maximum against inrushes
safety against the sub—
water, asas the
of water,
inrushesof sub- ligations.
ligations.

133
CHAPTER XVII
CHAPTER XVII

Developments in
Developments in air-independent
air-independent
non—nuclear submarines
non-nuclear submarines

1. Development
1. Development objectives
objectives today. German
today, German submarine
submarine design
design -— also
also for
for ocean-
ocean-
boats -
going boats
going continues to
— continues from the
profit from
to profit cmnpactness
the compactness
Submarine design
Submarine design and
and construction
construction has has developed
developed con- con—
of design
of design they
they once
once enforced.
enforced.
tinuously over
tinuously over the
the last
last 40
40 years
years in in Germany.
Germany. The The
submarine as
submarine as aa weapon
weapon system
system plays
plays a a more
more important
important The term
The term "signatures"
“signatures” refers
refers to
to the
the physical
physical charac-
charac—
role today
role today than
than ever
ever before.
before. This
This is
is mainly
mainly duedue to to the
the teristics of
teristics of aa ship
ship and
and its
its impact
impact on on its
its environment,
environment.
difficulties associated
difficulties associated with
with underwater
underwater detection,
detection. the the which may
which may be be detected
detected andand registered
registered using
using aa wide
wide
effective protection
effective protection provided
provided by by the
the surrounding
surrounding water water variety of
variety of sensors.
sensors. Signatures
Signatures therefore
therefore have
have aa direct
direct
masses and
masses and the
the vastly
vastly increased
increased ranges
ranges of of modem
modern effect on
effect on the
the detectability
detectability ofof the
the submarine,
sulm'iarine. and
and are
are
sensors and
sensors and weapons.
weapons. also called
also called stealth
stealth characteristics.
characteristics.
The German
The German conventional
conventional diesellbattery-electric
diesel/battery—electric The most
The most important
important signatures
signatures are:are:
powered submarines
powered submarines withwith snorkel
snorkel were
were designed
designed and and
built to
to meet
meet the
the specific
specific tasks
tasks of
of the
the German
German Navy.Navy.
-— radiated
radiated noise
noise
built characteristics
magnetic characteristics
-— magnetic
Among the
Among the military
military andand technical
technical requirements,
requirements. four four
essential conditions
essential conditions hadhad anan important
important effect
effect on
on design
design
-— hydrodynamic
hydrodynamic pressure
pressure
-— radiated
radiated heat
heat
and construction
and construction ofof the
the submarines
submarines and and ledled ultimately
ultimately
to the
to the development
development of of the
the typical
typical German
German submarine
submarine
-~ sonar
sonar reflection
reflection
-— radar
radar reflection.
reflection.
classes. with
classes, with the
the following
following mainmain objectives
objectives for for the
the
design:
design: These signatures
These signatures have have to to be
be balanced
balanced against
against each
each
— non-magnetic
- non-magnetic construction
construction with with low low stray
stray field
field other and
other and reduced
reduced to to such
such an
an extent
extent that
that the
the submarine
submarine
characteristics
characteristics becomes as
becomes as difficult
difficult to
to detect
detect as
as possible
possible and and the
the range
range
— observance
- observance of of standard
standard displacement
displacement restrictions
restrictions at which
at which itsits presence
presence can can be
be identified
identified is is as
as small
small as as
- lowest possible
— lowest signatures
possible signatures possible.
possible.
— observance
- observance of of cost
cost and
and budget
budget limits.
limits. Low noise
Low noise and and good
good magnetic
magnetic qualities
qualities havehave always
always
been a
been a major
major requirement
requirement for for military
military submarines.
submarines.
The mission
The mission areas areas of of German
German submarines
submarines in in the
the Because of
Because ofthe improved abilities
the improved abilities ofof modern
modern intelligent
intelligent
shallow Baltic
shallow Baltic and and in in the
the North
North SeaSea called
called forfor non-
non- sensors. increased
sensors, increased importance
importance is is now
now alsoalso given
given to to
magnetic, low
magnetic, low stray
stray field
field construction
construction of of the
the pressure
pressure radiated heat
radiated heat andand to
to sonar
sonar and
and radar
radar reflection
reflection parame-
parame—
hull. all
hull, all steel
steel structures
structures and and the
the entire
entire machinery
machinery ters. As
ters. As new
new and and more
more sensitive
sensitive sensors
sensors areare developed,
developed.
system. Additional
system. Additional degaussing
degaussing installations
installations allowallow the the other signatures
other signatures must must bebe added
added to to the
the list.
list. Recent
Recent addi-
addi—
risk from
risk from magnetic
magnetic mines mines and and the the likeliness
likeliness of of tions are:
tions are:
magnetic anomaly
magnetic anomaly detection
detection (MAD)
(MAD) by by aircraft
aircraft while
while -— underwater
underwater electric
electric potential
potential (UEP)
(UEP)
submerged to
submerged to be
be reduced
reduced to to aa minimum.
minimum. -— electric
electric lowlow frequency
frequency emittance
cmittance (ELFE)
(ELFE)
The need
The need to to observe
observe standard
standard displacement
displacement restric-restric— -— seismic
seismic influence.
influence.
tions did
tions did not
not inin fact
fact mean
mean a a serious
serious limitation,
limitation. due due to to
the restrictions
the posed by
already posed
restrictions already the shallow
by the operation
shallow operation The last
The last of
of the
the four
four essential
essential conditions
conditions listed
listed above,
above.
areas. On
areas. On the the contrary:
contrary: Because
Because the the shallow
shallow waterwater i.e. observance
i.e. observance of of cost
cost and
and budget
budget limits,
limits, would
would
called for
called for small
small submarines,
submarines. the the requirement
requirement to to appear to
appear to bebe obvious,
obvious. but but inin recent
recent years
years thisthis has
has
observe displacement
observe displacement restrictions
restrictions meant
meant that that efforts
efforts received even
received even greater
greater importance
importance and and has
has become
become quite
quite
were concentrated
were concentrated on on integrating
integrating allall new
new developments
developments decisive in
decisive in determining
determining the the design
design (design
(design to to cost).
cost).
into a
into a smaller
smaller submarine,
submarine. which which in in turn
turn resulted
resulted in in the
the Strict cost
Strict cost control
control isis necessary
necessary if if fixed
fixed prices
prices for
for
exceptionally capable
exceptionally capable submarines
submarines not not onlyonly of of the
the construction and
construction and maintenance
maintenance (item(item price
price and and system
system
German but
German but also
also the
the Norwegian,
Norwegian. Danish
Danish and and Israeli
Israeli price) afe
price) are toto be
be quoted
quoted already
already during
during the the concept
concept
Navies. Initially
Navies. Initially thethe standard
standard displacement
displacement was was to to be
be design and
design and definition
definition phase.
phase. Financial
Financial ceilings
ceilings areare
restricted to
restricted to 350
350 tons,
tons. later
later increasing
increasing to to 450,
45.0. 1000
1000 andand common today
common today in view of
in view more expensive
of more develop—
expensive develop-
1800 tons
1800 tons until
until the
the restrictions
restrictions werewere lifted
lifted completely
completely ments and
ments and restricted
restricted military
military budgets
budgets all all over
over thethe
in 1974.
in Although these
I974. Although restrictions no
these restrictions apply
longer apply
no longer world.
world.

134
In additiontotothese
Inaddition requirements,aawide
fourrequirements.
thesefour rangeof
widerange of caseof
emergencyinincase
emergency stem plane
of stem failure,trim
plane failure. by the
trimby the
new developments
new the various
developments inin the of submarine
fields of
various fields submarine stem with rudder
stem with hard over
rudder hard facilitates recovery
over facilitates recovery
design constructionhave
andconstruction
designand havetotobe intoconside—
takeninto
betaken conside- High-performance electrical
—-High—performance system as
propulsion system
electrical propulsion as
ration. Sincethe
ration. Since 1980s,all
the 1980s. development objec—
these development
all these objec- air-independent propulsion
air—independent and/or diesel/battery—
propulsion and/or diesellbattery-
tives, which
tives. have not
which have lost their
not lost have been
validity, have
their validity. been electric propulsion
electric with snorkel:
propulsion with snorkel:
influenced the advent
by the
influenced by non-nuclear air-indepen-
of non-miclear
advent of air-indepen- High-revolution supercharged
High—revolution 4-stroke diesel
supercharged 4—stroke diesel
dent propulsion(AlP).
dent propulsion has, of
(AIP).ItIt has. always been
course, always
of course. been engines with
engines generators; slow—revolution
ACIDC generators:
with AC/DC slow-revolution
aim of
the aim
the of the modem submarine
the modern designer toto ensure
submarine designer ensure DC propulsion
DC or permanent
motor or
propulsion motor magnet motor
permanent magnet motor
maximum rangeand
submergedrange
maximumsubmerged endurance,but
andendurance. thishas
butthis has excitation and
excitation synchronous en—
IGBT-controlled synchrmmus
and lGBT-controlled en-
onlyrecently
only becometechnically
recentlybecome Theissues
realisable.The
technicallyrealisable. issues gines; lead—acid
gines: batteries comprising
lead-acid batteries 20-25% of
comprising 20-25% of
effects of
and effects
and of AIP are addressed
AIP are detail inin
greater detail
addressed inin greater total weight of
total weight the submarine
of the submarine
section 44 of
section this chapter.
of this chapter. —- Maximum speed submerged
Maximum speed possible for
submerged possible one hour
for one hour
and more, extended
and more. total range;
extended total short snorkelling
range; short snorkelling
periods
periods
Design principles
Design principles Extensive degree
—- Extensive automation for
of automation
degree of for unmanned
unmanned
engine room, low
engine room. number of
low number crew members
of crew members
These developmentshave
Thesedevelopments led toto certain
have led designprinci-
certaindesign princi-
ples being
ples adopted and
being adopted used inin almost
and used all submarine
almost all submarine —- Multiple use of
Multiple use available space
of available and weight:
space and weight:
classes. These
classes. may be
principles may
These principles be briefly outlined as
briefly outlined as Batteries and fuel
Batteries and used as
fuel used stability ballast
as stability ballast
follows:
follows: —- Low of ballast:
amount of
Low amount ballast:
Remaining availableas
ballast available
Remaining ballast as trim moment reserve
trim moment reserve
—- Strong weapons payload:
Strong weapons payload: and maintenance reserve
and maintenance reserve
6-10 torpedo
6—10 with up
tubes with
torpedo tubes to lo
up to reserve torpedoes
16reserve torpedoes
and flexibleconcept.
and aa flexible This permits.
concept. This e.g.: expulsion
permits,e.g.: expulsion Adequate reserves
—- Adequate to allow
reserves to for modification
allow for or refit
modification or refit
anti-shipor
of anti—ship
of or anti~helicopter from torpedo
missiles from
anti-helicoptermissiles torpedo halfway throughservice
halfway through life, improved
servicelife. by increased
improved by increased
tubesor
tubes fromaa container
or from installed inin the
container installed bridge fin.
the bridge fin, tendency to
tendency adopt the
to adopt modular concept
the modular concept
mine-laying via
mine—laying tubes or
torpedo tubes
the torpedo
via the by carrying
or by carrying —- Balanced rescue concept:
and rescue
safety and
Balanced safety concept:
additional external
additional mine chambers.
external mine expulsion of
chambers, expulsion of Double shutoff
Double of all
shutoff of hull penetrations.
all hull shock resi—
penetrations, shock resi-
countermeasuresfrom
torpedo countermeasures
torpedo located inin
launchers located
from launchers stance, high
stance. pressure hull
high pressure strength properties.
hull strength properties,
the upper deck.
the upper flexible concept
the flexible
and the
deck, and ready to
concept isis ready to various rescue
various concepts possible.
rescue concepts such as
possible, such as docking
docking
accept refit
accept later date
programmes atat aa later
refit programmes date for DSRV.
facilities for
facilities incorporationof
DSRV, incorporation rescue sphere
of aa rescue sphere
—- Modern control system:
weapon control
Modem weapon system: ——- Cost—effective design and
Cost-effective design construction methods:
and construction methods:
Firing of
Firing different torpedo
of different (unguided, wire—
types (unguided.
torpedo types wire- Cost control
Cost all development
during all
control during phases from
development phases from
guided with/without
guided target-trackinghoming ability).
with/without target—tracking/homing ability), preliminary concept to
design concept
preliminary design the building
signing the
to signing building
support target data
supportinin target acquisitionand
data acquisition situation com—
and situation com- contract
contract
integration of
pilation, integration
pilation. sensor data
of sensor data production procedures:
Rational production
—- Rational procedures:
—- Installation high-performance passive/active/
of high—performance
Installation of passive/active/ building techniques.
Production-attunedbuilding
Production—attuned section and
techniques, section and
intercept sonar systems:
intercept sonar systems: modular support through
construction, support
modular construction. design and
through design and
Passive system
Passive as circular
system as array in
circular array flank array
bows, flank
in bows. array production planning departments.
production planning CADICAM appli-
departments,CAD/CAM appli-
Low displacement:
—- Low displacement: cation, design
cation. construction scale
and construction
design and model l:5.
scale model 1:5.
Low target strength
Low target to minimise
strength to sonar detectability.
minimise sonar detectability,
adherence to
adherence tonnage restrictions
to tonnage restrictions
—- Single hull construction:
Single hull construction: 2. Conventional submarines
2. Conventional submarines
Pressure hull largely
Pressure hull constitutes the
largely constitutes outer shell
the outer shell
(except for the
(except for bridge fin.
surfaci, bridge
deck surface.
the deck bows and
fin, bows and The results
The of the
results of objectives and
development objectives
the development and design
design
stern); shortest possible
stem); shortest hull length
possible hull and correspon-
length and correspon- principles are
principles reflected not
are reflected only in
not only recent air—inde-
in recent air-inde-
ding increase as
ding increase required in
as required hull diameter
pressure hull
in pressure diameter pendent submarines but
pendent submarines already in
but already the conventional
in the conventional
Single propeller:
—- Single propeller: submarines that
submarines designed and
been designed
have been
that have built in
and built in
or 7—bladed
55 or low noise
7-bladed low propeller for
noise propeller high efficiency
for high efficiency Germany in
Germany continuous sequence
in aa continuous over the
sequence over last four
the last four
at low
at revolutions, made
low revolutions. from noise—dampening
made from noise-dampening decades. In
decades. addition to
In addition to the list of
the list submarines con—
of submarines con-
materials (special
materials alloys, glass
(special alloys. carbon fibre
or carbon
glass or fibre structed indicated in
as indicated
structed as Fig. 144.
in Fig. the “family
144, the tree" of
"family tree" of
composites). pump-jet propulsors
or pump-jet
composites), or propulsors post~war submarines (Fig.
German submarines
post-war German clearly shows
143)clearly
(Fig. 143) shows
development of
development the different
of the and types
classes and
different classes right tip
types right up
—- Hydrodynamically optimised lines:
Hydrodynamically optimised lines: to Classes
to and 214
212 and
Classes 2].? state-of-the-art air—
current state-of—the—art
as current
214 as air-
Rudder and hydroplane
Rudder and ensures good
configuration ensures
hydroplane configuration good independent non—nuclear
independent Some of
submarines. Some
non-nuclear submarines. of these
these
manoeuvrability and good
manoeuvrability and course-keeping qualities
good course—keeping qualities submarines are shown
submarines are basic sketches
as basic
shown as Plate 66 and
in Plate
sketches in and
Location of
—- Location the bridge
of the fin amidships:
bridge fin amidships: with legends in
with legends Sheet 5.
Specification Sheet
in Specification 5.
stable positioning
Most stable
Most and periscope
snorkel and
for snorkel
positioning for periscope The Class 201
The Class to 207
201 to are all
submarines are
207 submarines generally in
all generally in
operation when
operation snorkelling in
when snorkelling in an
seas; in
heavy seas;
in heavy an the bracket of
size bracket
the size up to
of up tons. Equipped
450 tons.
to 450 with 88
Equipped with

135
torpedo
torpedo tubes
tubes and
and provided
provided with with an an extended
extended sub—
sub-
merged
merged range.
range, their
their combat
combat strength
strength isis unrivalled
unrivalled for
for
their
their size.
size. As
As early
early as
as the
the 1960s.
1960s,other
other navies
navies expressed
expressed
their
their interest
interest inin the
the development
development trendstrends ofof German me * I
214
German
submarine
submarine design
design andand construction.
construction. Norway.
Norway, Denmark
Denmark
and
and Israel
Israel all
all contracted
contracted submarines
s u b m i n e s on
on the
the lines
lines of
of the
the
German
German coastal
coastal submarines
submarines of of about
about 450450 tons.
tons. Sub—
Sub-
sequently.
sequently, Class
Class 209209 waswas developed
developed specially
specially for
for LIHIMUtI mutt I

export
export purposes.
purposes, keyed
keyed to to the
the specific
specific requirements
requirements of of
foreign
foreign NATO
NATO and and friendly
friendly navies.
navies. 601v I I
1990“
The
The first
first four
four Class
Class 209
209 submarines
submarines were
were ordered
ordered
by
by the
the Hellenic
Hellenic Navy Navy in in 1967.
1967. TheThe most
most recent
recent order
order
placed
placed at at the
the time
time ofof writing
writing was was in
in December
December 1999.
Villo'fil'ilu
:m A
1999.
With
With aa total
total so so far
far ofof 61
61 units
units ordered
ordered forfor 1313 nations.
nations,
this
this isis the
the most
most widespread
widespread class class of
of conventionally
conventionally gm t. I

powered
powered submarines
submarinesever ever built.
built. For
For each
each new
new building
building him-MUD I

contract
contract the the latest
latest advances
advances in in technology
technology were were incor—
incor- 1980 fl

porated.
porated. This This means
means that that aa submarine
submarine now now entering
entering SA“ 111‘-

active
active service
service can can hardly
hardly be be compared
compared with with oneone built
built
25
25 years
years ago.
ago, although
although the the typical
typical class
class characteristics
characteristics 209.1206
I
I
,0.
such
such as as considerable
considerable diving diving depth.
depth, high
high submerged
submerged
speeds
speeds and and longlong submerged
submerged range range have
have remained.
remained. lfi‘flh I

Additional
Additional in’iportant
important characteristics
characteristics are are the
the reduction
reduction 1970 —‘
209/1100 I

in
in signatures.
signatures, in in particular
particular the the very
very low
low radiated
radiated noise
noise
profile
profile and
and lowlow sonar
sonartarget
target strength.
strength.TheThe flexibility
flexibilityof of
this
this design
design led led to
to different—sized
different-sized submarines
submarines being being
built
built within
within the the class.
class, and and the.
the adaptability
adaptability of of both
both
design
design andand construction
construction resulted
resulted in in aa whole
whole range
range ofof
high—performance
high-performance submarinessubmarinesand and satisfied
satisfiedcustomers.
customers,
documented
documented not not least
least by by thethe fact
fact that
that the
the Turkish.
Turkish, 1960

Greek.
Greek, Peruvian.
Peruvian, Brazilian
Brazilian and and Korean
Korean naviesnavies all all
placed
placed repeat
repeat orders
orders for
for similar
similarClass
Class 209
209 submarines.
submarines. l’ig.
Fig. 1-13
143 7- Family
Family tree
tree of
of German
German submarine
submarine design
design
The
The special
special requirements
requirementsof of certain
certain navies
navies led led to
to sub—
sub-
marine
marine types
types thatthat further
further extended
extended and and amplified
amplified the the
designs
designs offered
offered by by thethe German
German submarine—building
submarine-building strength
strength and
and endurance
endurance are.
are highly
highly rated
rated for
for this
this high-
high-
industry.
industry. The The long—term
long-term successful
successful cooperation
cooperation with with perftn‘mance
performance submarine.
submarine, which
which set
set aa new
new record
record for
for
the
the Norwegian
Norwegian Navy Navy led led to
to the
the development
development of of the
the submerged
submergeddistance
distanceand
and speed
speed on
on transit
transit to
to Argentina.
Argentina.
ULA
ULA ClassClass with with sixsix submarines
submarines built.built. At At aa dis—
dis-
placen‘tent
placement of of approximately
approximately 1000 1000tons.
tons, this
this submarine
submarine
has
has aa high
high combat
combat strength
strength and and isis well
well equipped
equipped to to DOLPHIN
meet
meet thethe acoustic
acoustic demands
demands placed placed on on aa modern
modem sub— sub-
marine.
marine. The
The most
most modern
modem conventionally
conventionally poweredpowered submarine
submarine
At
At the
the particular
particular request
request of of the
the Argentine
Argentine and and Indian
Indian in
in service
service today
today isis the
the Israeli
Israeli DOLPHIN.
DOLPHIN. This This sub—
sub-
Navies
Navies thethe special
special designs
designs forfor the
the TR
TR 1700
1700and and Type
Type marine
marine was was built
built according
according to to the
the highly
highly specific
specific and
and
1500
1500 were
were developed.
developed. BothBoth submarines
submarines had had to to fulfil
fulfil precisely
preciselydefined
definedrequirements
requirementsof of the
the Navy.
Navy, andand repre—
repre-
specific
specificrequirements
requirementsthat that could
could notnot be
be complied
complied with with sentatives
sentativesof of the
the customer
customernavy navy were
were actively
activelyengaged
engaged
using
using available
available designs.
designs. InLn addition.
addition, design
design training.
training, inin all
allstages
stagesofof development
developmentand and implementation
implementationof of the
the
know—how
know-how transfer
transfer andand building
building Lip up the
the respective
respective preliminary
preliminary and and final
final design
design andand construction.
construction. The The
national
national submarine—building
submarine-building facilities
facilities and
and shipyards
shipyards DOLPHIN
DOLPHIN currently
currently represents
represents the the best
best available
available
had
had totobe
beincluded
includedininthethecontract.
contract.The Thespecial
specialfeatures
features quality
quality inin the
the market
market forfor conventional
conventional submarines.
submarines.
of
of both
both submarines
submarinesconsist
consist inin increased
increased diving
diving depth
depth Main
Mainspecifications
specificationsare aregiven
given inin Specification
SpecificationSheet Sheet5.5,
and
and aa transverse
transverse bulkhead
bulkhead that that isis pressure-resistant
pressure-resistant while
while Plate
Plate 66 gives
gives aa basic
basic outline.
outline.
down
down toto collapse
collapse depth.
depth. TheThe Type
Type 1500
1500 also
also has
has aa The
Thepreliminary
preli@nary designs
designswere weredrawn
drawnup up inin 1985
1985on on the
the
rescue
rescuesphere
sphereinstalled
installedinin the
the superstructure
superstructureabove abovethe the basis
basisof of the
thebasic
basic naval
navalrequirements.
requirements. After
After m5aluation
evaluation
pressure-proof
pressure-proof bulkhead.
bulkhead. ofof these
these concepts.
concepts, the the definition
definition phase
phase forfor the
the sub—
sub-
At
At 2000
2000 tons
tons displacement.
displacement,the the TRTR 1700
1700isis one
one of
of the
the marine
marine design
design took
took place
place during
during 1986
1986and
and 1987.
1987.This
This
largest
largest conventional
conventional submarines
submarines inin the the world.
world. ThisThis definition
definitionperiod
periodresulted
resultedininprecisely
preciselydocumented
documentedspe— spe-
design
designwaswasthethefirst
firstsubmarine
submarinebuilt builtininGermany
Germanywith withaa cifications
cifications forfor the
the preparation
preparation of of offers
offers for
for tender
tender by by
sufficiently
sufficientlylarge
largediameter
diametertotopermit
permitthe the interior
interiorspace
space the
the competing
competing shipyards.
shipyards.The The design
design adhered
adhered closely
closely
to
to be
be subdivided
subdivided into into two
two decks.
decks. Speed.
Speed, combat
combat totoall
allmajor
majordetails
detailsof ofthe
therequirements
requirementsof of the
thecustomer
customer

136
 Class Nmnher Nation Displacemenl Delivery Shipya rd

301 Germany 35015 19133 III)W

303
202 (iermany 13015
130 ts 1905410
196566 .'\'I‘l.x\S
ATLAS

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2 Germany

305 (1e rman)’

Germany 4301\
420 ts 1903704
1962-64 I 11) W
HDW

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205 5

205 IVIULI.
3115 Mod. 6 Germany
Germany 4301s
420 ts 1 01111 ()9
1966-69 H | )W
HDW

30(1
206 18 Germany
Germany 4501:»
450 ts 1973 75
1972-75 H I )W/RNSW
HDWIRNSW

307
207 15 Norway
Norway 43515
435 ts 1904fl0?
1964-67 R NS W
RNSW

NARHVALIEN
NARHVALEN 2 Denmark
Denmark 4301»
420 ts 1970—7711
1970-7 STV K()I’H( 1N
STV KOPHGN
Iv.)

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'1‘)" e 55—10 I I lxl'ael I 5-11) 15 1 1970777
1976-77 1 VSG
VSG I
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1 3119/1100
20911100 1 4 I ~ reeee
C1 reece I 11001
llOOt 1 19717—1’3
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3119/1300 Argenl i na 12001 1974 I ll)W/'1}\ N I)/\N( )R
1 J

3119/1300
20911200 2 Peru
Peru 12001t
1200 197—1 75
1974-75 H I )W
HDW
14

309/1300
2W1200 2 Columbia
Columbia 12001t
1200 1975
1975 I l 1,)W
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309/1300
20911200 2 Turkey
Turkey 12001t
1200 1975
1975 H I ,) W
HDW
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3119/1300
20911300 2 Venezuela
Venezuela 13001t
1300 1976 77
1976-77 H l )W
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3119/1300
20911300 2 lie 1111111 )1‘
Ecuador 13001t
1300 1977373
1977-78 H | )W
HDW
I»!

3119/1300
209/ 1200 2 Tu rkey
Turkev 13001t
1200 19711—811
1978-8 HDWVUOLCUK
HDWIGOLCUK
Id

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2W1200 1 4 I (ireeee
~reece I 13001
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1979-80 1 H I )W
HDW I
1 3119/1300
20911200 1 4 I l’eru
peru I 13001
1200t 1 1980 H3
1980-83 1 H DW
HDW I
1 3119/1300
209/1300 1 2 I Indonesia
Indonesia I 13001
1300t 1 191311
1981 I I I D W'
HI3W I
1...!

I TR 1700
TR1700 1 6 I A rgenlina
Argentina I 30001t
2000 1 1934,
1984- 1 TN 8 W/ A M M 1,)(11
TNSWIAMMDG I
3119/1300
20911200 1 Turkey
Turkey 12001 1911—1 IH)WU(K)L(11K

3119/1100
20911400 2 (1111':
Chile 1-1001 1984 H l )W'
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309/1—100
209/ 1400 5 Bra/11
Brazil 1—1001 19148 99
1988-99 H I )W/ A M RJ
HDWIAMRJ

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Turkey 12001t
1200 I939 111)\13/(;()131‘111;
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1114A Nurway 9—10 15

940 ts 1989 93
1989-92 TNSW
TNSW

I 2091Type 1500
309/Type I500 1 4 I India
India 1(1501 1980 93 I11.)V\"/I§(')1N’1131»\Y

3119/1300 I Soulh Korea

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Turkey I 1-1001
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HDWI&LcijK I
I DOLPI IIN
DOLPHIN 1 3 I Israel
Israel I 16001
1600t 1 199‘L3000
1999-2000 ( HDW/TNSW
HDWITNSW
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212 4 (iermany
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1500 3003 {)h
2003-06 HDWTI‘NSW
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139 submarines
139 19 nations
1111‘ 19
submarines for ts : standard
1s = displace-111ml
standard displacement
t1 =: surface displaeemenl
surface displacement

144 -
F111. 144
Fig.L
Developmem of
— Development submarines
German-designed submarines
of German-designed

1:17
 navy. The
navy. The following
following requirements
requirements had had the
the most
most import-
import— control management
control management systemsystem waswas set
set up,
up. which
which closely
closely
ant impact
ant impact on on the
the design:
design: followed and
followed and monitored
monitored every
every step
step of
of the
the preliminary
preliminary
-— single
single hull
hull submarine
submarine and final
and final design
design and and construction
construction phases.
phases. This
This
-— single
single main
main compartment,
compartment. no no pressure-tight
pressure—tight bulk- bulk— management system
management system was
was established
established to to ensure
ensure that
that the
the
head
head equipment selected
equipment selected for for installation
installation really
really was
was the the
— modern
- modern advanced
ad ’aneed lineslines to to ensure
ensure minimal
minimal flow quietest available. that
quietest available, that system configuration and
system configuration and
resistance and
resistance and flow
flow noise
noise ii’istallation locations
installation optimised and
were optimised
locations were every
that every
and that
-— stem
stern X-rudder
X—rudder arrangement,
arrangement. bow bow planes
planes located
located in in known technique and
known technique method to
and method noise was
reduce noise
to reduce utili-
was utili-
upper deck
upper deck structure
structure sed to
sed to the full.
the full.
— outside
- outside the the Engine
Engine RoomRoom two-deck
two—deck arrangement
arrangement All design
All design criteria
criteria were
were limited
limited by by the
the maximum
maximum
— optimisation
- optimisation of of space
space utilisation
utilisation withwith aa top
top displace-
displace— displacement. this
displacement, this being
being the
the only
only way
way toto ensure
ensure thethe
ment limit
ment limit specific tactical
specific tactical advantages
advantages of of aa small
small submarine
submarine withwith
- maximum surface
— maximum displacement 1500
surface displacement tons
1500 tons high strength.
combat strength.
high combat
— volume
- volume of of main
main ballast
ballast tanks
tanks to to be
be at
at least
least 10%10% of of
displacement
displacement Interior allocation
Interior allocation of
of space
space in
in the
the DOLPHIN
DOLPHIN Class
Class
— high
- high degree
degree of of automation
automation to to reduce
reduce crew
crew strength
strength submarines is
submarines follows:
as follows:
is as
— calculation
- calculation of of collapse
collapse depth depth versus
versus operational
operational
diving depth
diving depth at at ratio
ratio 2:l
2:1 The stern
The stern section
section of of the
the Dressure
pressure hull hull consists
consists of of the
the
- submerged range
good submerged
— good range and endurance at
and endurance speeds.
low speeds,
at low Engine Room
Engine Room containini
containing almost almost all all noise-producing
noise—prtxlucing
short battery
short battery charging
charging periods
periods (low
(low indiscretion
indiscretion rate) rate) machinery. The
machinery. The wholewhole EngineEngine Room Room is is specially
specially sound
sound
— multi-functional
- multi~functional torpedo torpedo tubes
tubes (run-out/expulsion)
(run-out/expulsion) insulated and
insulated separated from
and separated from the compartment by
next compar&ent
the next by
for torpedoes,
for torpedoes. mines mines and and missiles
missiles aa sound-insulating
sound-insulating bulkhead. bulkhead. The The EngineEngine Room Room is is
— excellent
- characteristics (small
manoeuvrability characteristics
excellent manoeuvrability (small unmanned and
unmanned and closed;
closed: all all equipment
equipment located located there
there is is
turning circle
turning circle even
even at at high
high speeds)
speeds) remotely controlled
remotely controlled and and monitored.
monitored.
— good
- good compensating
compensating ability ability Forward of
Forward of the
the Engine
Engine Room, Room. the the submarine
submarine is is built
built
— design
- design allowances
allowances for for later
later modernisation
modernisation with with with 2
with 2 decks.
decks. On On the the upper
upper deck deck within
within the the pressure
pressure
respect to
respect to space, weight and
space. weight requirements
energy requirements
and energy hull immediately
hull immediately forward forward of of the
the sound-insulating
sound—insulating bulk- bulk—
— crew
- crew accommodation
accomn'itxlation to to allow
allow separate
separate sleeping
sleeping and and head is
head is the
the Control
Control Room. Room. The The mainmain and and auxiliary
auxiliary
living areas. with
living areas, minimum of
with minimum oftwo WCs and
two WCs and two sho—
two sho- switchboards and
switchboards and steering
steering and and control
control facilities
facilities are are
wer facilities;
wer facilities: 35 35 berths,
berths. two-thirds
two-thirds of of the
the crew
crew to to be
be located here.
located here. MovingMoving forward, forward. the the next
next area
area encoun-
encoun—
seated in
seated in the mess at
the mess at one sitting
one sitting tered is
tered is the
the CICCIC and and Radio
Radio Room. Room. The The CICClC is is the
the heart
heart
- features: DSRV
Safety features:
— Safety DSRV facility, group exit,
facility. group single
exit. single and the
and the brain
brain of of thethe submarine.
submarine. Between Between ControlControl RoomRoom
person exit
person exit and CIC
and CIC there there is is no no bulkhead
bulkhead so so that
that the
the Commander
Commander
-— emergency
emergency blowingblowing system:
system: high-performance
high~perfor1mtnce air- air— and his
and his Senior
Senior Engineer
Engineer are are in in direct
direct visual
visual andand vocal
vocal
pressure blowing
pressure blowing system
system for for forward
forward ballast
ballast tanks
tanks contact. At
contact. At the
the forward
”forward end end of of the
the CIC
CIC beyond
beyond aa bulk-bulk—
-— adequate
adequate redundancy
redundancy for for all
all essential
essential systems
systems and and head is
head is the
the crew
crew accommodation
accommodatitm area, arez. with
with sleeping
sleeping
equipment. such
equipment, such as as compressor,
compressor. converter,
converter. air- air— quarters. mess
quarters, mess facilities,
facilities. galley,galley. pantry pantry and and coldcold
conditioning.
conditioning. storage areas,
storage areas. sanitary
sanitary facilities
facilities and and showers.
showers. Only Only the the
Commanding Officer's
Commanding Officer's cabin cabin is is located
located withinwithin the
the area
area
The requirements
The requirements with with respect
respect to to extended
extended underwater
underwater of the CIC.
of the ClC.
range and
range and endurance
endurance and and extremely
extremely short short battery
battery char-
char— The lower
The lower deck deck accommodates
accommodates the the converters
converters below below
ging periods
ging periods resulted
resulted in in a a design
design withwith three
three diesel
diesel the Control
the Control Room Room and and thethe electronics
electronics below below the the CIC.
generators and
generators and a a relatively
relatively high high weight
weight in in batteries.
batteries. Below the
Below the accommodation
accommtxlation area, area. thethe lower
lower deckdeck is is
The batteries
The batteries areare located
located in in two
two equally
equally large
large battery
battery occupied by
occupied by the the weaponweapon transporttransport and and reloading
reloading
rooms. in
rooms, in shockproof
shockproof mountings
mountings right right at
at the
the bottom
bottom of of system with
system with reserve
reserve weapon weapon storagestorage space.space. Forward
Forward of of
the submarine. The
the submarine. The aft aft battery room is
battery room below
located below
is located this area are
this area are the torpedo tubes.
the torpedo tubes.
the Engine
the Engine Room Room and and Control
Control Room, Room. the the forward
forward Space below
Space below the the lower
lower deck deck essentially
essentially accommodates
accommodates
battery room
battery room below
below the the reserve
reserve weapons
weapons storage
storage area. the various
the various trim, trim. compensating,
compensating. fuel fuel and water tanks
The submarine
The submarine is is equipped
equipped with with aa very
very modem
modern com-com— etc. and
etc. and the battery rooms.
the battery rooms.
mand and
mand and weapons
weapons controlcontrol system,
system. and and its
its main
main area of A torpedo/weapon
A torpedo/weapon loading loading systemsystem is is installed
installed in the
operations is
operations is in
in warm
warm sea sea areas.
areas. TheThe combination
combination of upper part
upper part of of the
the bows bows to to take
take weapons
weapons on on board
board and and
these together with
factors. together
these factors, with the degree of
high degree
the high auto~
of auto- commit them
commit them to to thethe submarine's
subn'iarine‘s own internal internal weapon
weapon
mation. mean
mation, mean thatthat thethe hotel
hotel load
load on the ship's
ship‘s electric
electric handling system
handling system via via a a loading
loading hatch in the forward forward end
network is
network is quite
quite high.
high. At At low
low speeds
speeds it it is
is therefore
therefore the
the dome.
dome.
hotel load
hotel load that
that determines
determines range range andand endurance
endurance cal- cal- To facilitate
To facilitate maintenance
maintenance and and repair
repair tasks
tasks during
during active
active
culations.
culations. service life,
service life. there
there is is a
a large
large assembly
assembly hatch in the pres- pres—
The submarine
The submarine design design fulfils
fulfils the
the newest
newest shockshock regu-
regu- sure hull
sure hull aboveabove the diesel diesel engines.
lations of
lations German Navy.
the German
of the Navy. The outer
The outer hull hull structure,
structure. which is not pressure-proof, pressure~proof.
Very high
Very high demands
demands were were made
made on on the
the design
design with
with encases the
encases the aftaft ballast
ballast tankstanks and and the the propeller shaft shaft
respect to
respect to reduction
reduction in in acoustic
acoustic signatures.
signatures. An An acoustic
acoustic and the
and the forward
forward ballast ballast tankstanks and and forward
forward ends of the

138
 I45 -
Fig. 145
Fig. Dolphin Class
— Dolphin submarine
Class submarine

tubes. The
torpedo tubes.
torpedo streamlined top
The streamlined deck surface
top deck over
surface over — underwater
- transport systems
underwater transport crude oil
for crude
systems for and
oil and
the free-flooding
the of the
parts of
free—flooding parts upper
and upper
superstructure and
the superstructure natural gas
natural gas
deck completes the
deck completes lines of
flowing lines
the flowing the overall
of the design.
overall design. - jobs
diving jobs
— diving
electrical energy
— electrical
- technologies
supply technologies
energy supply
underwater detection
— underwater
- communications
and communications
detection and
— servicing,
- maintenance and
servicing. maintenance repair of
and repair underwater
of underwater
3. submarines
3. Civilian submarines structures.
structures.
submersibles
and submersibles
and task areas
varied task led to
areas led projects to
many projects
to many reali—
he reali-
to be
These varied
by the
sed by
sed industry in
the industry with precise
keeping with
in keeping customer
precise customer
of the
Many of
Many tasks to
varied tasks
the varied performed in
be performed
to be scope
the scope
in the requirements:
requirements:
marine technology
of marine
of research are
and research
technology and out by
carried out
are carried a
by a
underwater vehicles.
of underwater tasks
Such tasks
vehicles. Such during the
— during
- the preliminary phase as
preliminary phase studies
feasibility studies
as feasibility
very diverse
very range of
diverse range
include: development of
and development
and concepts
of concepts
include:
during the
— during
- stage as
design stage
the design as aa complete design
complete design
— searching
- and prospecting
searching and for mineral
prospecting for resources
mineral resources including preparation of
including preparation documentation for
basic documentation
of basic the
for the
beneath sea
the sea
beneath the preparation of
preparation of tenders to obtain
and to
tenders and permits
official permits
obtain official
— extraction
- of crude
extraction of oil and
crude oil natural gas
and natural offshore
in offshore
gas in and licences, complete with
licences. complete specifications and
with specifications draft
and draft
areas
areas contracts
contracts
exploiting the
— exploiting
- as a
sea as
the sea of raw
source of
a source material
raw material during the
— during
- design and
final design
the final phase in
construction phase
and construction the
in the
protect the
to protect sea and
the sea it
keep it
and keep preparation of
preparation drawings and
workshop drawings
of workshop order
and order
— environmental
- work to
environmental work
documentation. and
documentation, subsequently for
and subsequently operator and
for operator and
clean
clean
guides. construction
maintenance guides,
maintenance training
control. training
construction control,
oceanographic measuring
— oceanographic
- mapping
and mapping
measuring and
documentation.
start-up documentation.
and start-up
# platform
- for marine
platform for projects
research projects
marine research
- working submersibles
— working underwater
autonomous underwater
and autonomous
submersibles and Success in the field
Success of military
field of construction
submarine construction
military submarine
vehicles
vehicles has led to interest submersibles
civil submersibles
interest in the market for civil

139
 l

l
l

J
l

if
t

/4
l
/T y/ C/ i 7: l

w and ages m
. l
l I
,L
/' ' l
@@
1 Bow thruster
Bow thruster 12 Exhaust
Exhaust cooler
cooler 23 Inboard fuel
fuel tanks
tanks
AOLOCDNCDU‘lh-OJN—k

12 23 Inboard
2 Main control
Main control console
console 13 Exhaust
13 Exhaust purifier
purifier 24
24 Gear
Gear
3 Oxygen
Oxygen 14 Freeing pumps
14 Freeing pwnps 25
25 Argon
Argon
4 Crew accommodation
Crew accommodation 15 Freshwater
15 Freshwater tanks,
tanks. waste
waste water
water tanks
tanks 26
26 Diesel motor
Dksel motor
5 Bridge control
Bridge control consde
console 16 LOX
16 LOX tank
tank 27
27 Ballast tank
Ballast
8 Access hatch
Access hatch through
through bridge
bridge fin,
fin. viewing
viewing dome
dome 17 Stern
17 Stem thrwster,
thruster, stern
stern saction
section 28 HP
28 HP air
air
7 Vertical propeller
Vertical propeller t8 Rudder
18 Rudder 29 Main battery
Main battery
8 Radar
Radar 19 Main
19 Main propulsion
propulsion propeller
propeller 3O
30 Trim tanks
Trlm tanks
9 NTV camera,
camera, revolving
revolving light
light 20 Trim
20 Trim tanks
tanks 31
31 Viewing window
Viewmg
10 kAirr intake
intake head
head valve
valve 21 Hydraulic
21 Hydraulic pump
pump 32
32 Sonar
_A_A

11 Exhaust outlet
Exhaust outlet 22 Electric
22 Electric motw/generator
motor/generator

Fig. 146 -
Fig. 146 — Bruker
Bruker experimental
experimental submersible
submersible SEAHORSE
.S'lf/lH()/\’.S'I;' with
with argon
argon closed-cycle
cli')sed—cycle diesel
diesel propulsion
propulsion system
system

to perform a
to perform range of
wide range
a wide tasks. Non-military
of tasks. functio—
Non—military functio- Lloyd and
Lloyd and the
the Maritime
Maritime Employer's
Employer‘s Liability
Liability Insu-
Insu—
nal submersibles
nal submersibles are are. the
the ideal
ideal vehicle
vehicle for
for installation
installation rance Corporation.
rance Corporation.
and maintenance
and maintenance taskstasks onon underwater
underwater oil oil and
and gas
gas pro-
pro- Other such
Other such projects
projects include
include the
the development
development and and con-
con—
duction and
duction and transport
transport systems.
systems. Elevated
[Elevated cost
cost of
of instal-
instal— struction of
struction of two
two submersibles
submersibles and
and working
working submarines
submarines
lations means
lations means thatthat the
the trend
trend isis increasingly
increasingly towards
towards TOURS 66
TOURS 66 DGK/300
[XI/x7300 by
by Ingenieurkontor
lngenieurkontor Liibeck
L'Libeck and
and
installation directly
installation directly onon the
the sea
sea floor,
floor. especially
especially in in deep Maschincnbau Gabler
Maschinenbau Gabler (Figure
(Figure 147)
147) and
and the
the joint
water areas
water areas or
or under
under ice.
ice. production by
production by Ocean
Ocean Consult
Consult GmbH,
GmbH. Haux Unter-Unter—
However. the
However, the lack
lack ofof widespread
widespread investment
investment in in Ger-
Ger— wasser—Systemtechnik. Schiffko
wasser-Systemtechnik, Schiflko GmbH,
GmbH. Howaldts-
Howaldts—
man offshore
man offshore activities
activities and
and the
the conservative
conservative attitude
attitude of werkc—Deutsche Werft
werke-Deutsche Werft AG
AG and
and Ferrostaal
Ferrostaal AG
AC of the
the oil
the oil companies
companies has has prevented
prevented a a major
major breakthrough
breakthrough underwater working
underwater working system
system SUPRA.
SUPRA.
so far
so far in
in the
the underwater
underwater offshore
offshore market.
market. In In spite
spite of of In addition,
In addition. brief
brief mention
mention should
should be made of a few
this. a
this, a few
few submersibles
submersibles built built in
in Germany
Germany are are worthy
worthy of of interesting representatives
interesting representatives out
out of
of a
a large
large and diverse
diverse
mention:
mention: number of
number of developments
developments and and projects:
projects:
Messrs. Bruker
Messrs. Bruker Meerestechnik
Meerestechnik GmbH GmbH in in Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe — A
- A heavy
heavy load
load transport
transport” submarine
submarine for use under ice,
ice.
have developed
have developed andand built
built aa number
number of special-purpose
special-purpose developed by
developed by the
the IKL-Vevey
lKL—Vevey working
working group,
group. see
working submarines
working submarines and and rescue
rescue submarines,
submarines. mobile
mobile figure 148.
figure [48. This
This vehicle
vehicle is
is able
able toto transport
transport heavy
diving bells
diving bells and
and autonomous
autonomous submarines.
submarines. Figure
Figure 146I46 loads of
loads of up
up to
to 400
400 tt with
with dimensions
dimensions of of up
up toto
shows a
shows a new
new development,
development. the the experimental
experimental submer-
submer— 30 x
30 x 15
15 m.
m. The
The transport
transport submarine
submarine itself
itself has restric-
restric—
sible SEAHORSE
sible .S'IL‘AHORSE with
with air-independent
air—independent argon
argon closed-
closed— ted diving
ted diving depth
depth capabilities
capabilities but
but is
is able
able to
to lower
lower its
cycle diesel
cycle diesel propulsion
propulsion system.
system. The
The vessel
vessel success-
success— heavy loads
heavy loads by
by winch
winch to
to depths
depths of as much as 375 m.
fully completed
fully cot'npleted its
its first
first shallow
shallow water
water tests
tests in 1989
l989 At a
At a displacement
displacement of of 3100
3l()() tons,
tons. the transport
transport sub-
sub—
under the
under the watchful
ratchful supervision
supervision ofof the
the Germanische
Germanische marine has
marine has a
a top
top speed
speed of
of 99 knots,
knots. transit
transit speed of

[40
 knots and
55 knots submerged range
and submerged under the
range under ice ofof
the ice
210nm.
210 loadscan
Heavyloads
nm.Heavy canbe betransported acrossthis
transportedacross this
distanceand
distance loweredtotothe
thenlowered
andthen seafloor.
thesea Thetotal
floor.The total
range the vessel
range ofof the 9,700 nm. The
vessel isis 9.7001111]. The propulsion
propulsion
incorporatestwo
systemincorporates
system two propellers.
propellers.
submarine tanker
-AA submarine for the
tanker for Arctic was
the Arctic alsodeve-
was also deve-
lopedby
loped IKL-Vevey,see
bylKL-Vevey, Figure1 1(Chapter
seeFigure ). Main
(ChapterII11). Main
dimensions and
dimensions and aa few features are
essential features
few essential are also
also
givenon
given onthe pages.As
followingpages.
thefollowing casefor
thecase
Asisisthe forthe
the
submarinefor
transportsubmarine
transport foruse underthe
useunder ice,ititisisassu—
theice. assu-
that the
med that
med the crude only has
oil only
crude oil be transported
has toto be transported
underthe
under icefrom
theice sitestotothe
productionsites
fromproduction nearestice—
thenearest ice-
free harbourfor
freeharbour trans-shipmentonto
subsequenttrans—shipment
forsubsequent ontosur-sur-
face tankers.
face tankers.
Due the relatively
Due toto the distancestoto be
shortdistances
relativelyshort be covered
covered
under the ice, both these vessels are equippedwith
under the ice. both these vessels are equipped with
conventional propulsion systems.
conventionalpropulsion systems.
After the
-After the transport submarine and
transport submarine under-ice sub-
and under—ice sub-
tanker, aa new.
marine tanker.
marine multi-purpose transport
new, multi—purpose transport
systemfor
system foruse underthe
useunder developed,using
wasdeveloped.
icewas
theice usingaa
submarine carrierand
submarineasascarrier propulsionunit
andpropulsion and\«i'arious
unitand various
kindsof
kinds unmanned barges
of unmanned transportoil
barges toto transport or heavy
oil or heavy
goods and
goods and toto undertake repair and
undertake repair and maintenance
maintenance
1 Snorkel,
Snorkel, HPair
6 HP air work. shuttlesystem
Thisshuttle
work.This flexibleand
particularlyflexible
systemisisparticularly and
.—L

ventilationmast
ventilation mast Divingtank
7 Diving tank
Electricmotor
2 Electric motor Mainbattery
8 Main battery cost~effective.
cost-effective.
Dieselengine
3 Diesel Controlconsole
9 Control
submersibletank
showsaa submersible barge asas load
tank barge
console
149shows
Figure I49
engine
Figure load
07m

4 Generator
Generator Instrumentpanel
10 Instrument panel
fueltank
Dieselfuel
5 Diesel tank 11 Seat
Seat carrierand
carrier thesubmarine
and the unitshortly
propulsion unit
submarineasaspropulsion shortly
before docking. Figure
before docking. 150 illustrates
Figure [50 the system
illustrates the system
Fig. 147
Fig. -
Tours66
147— Tours by [KL/MG
built by
DGW300built
66 DGKBUO IKLlMG

Fig. -
148_. l‘leavy
Fig. l—lX transportsubmarine
load transport
Heavy load submarine

Crew accommodationarea
Crewaccommodation area

Hydraulic winches

Central technical control point

Connectingpassageway
Connecting passageway

Buoyancychamber
Buoyancy chamber

Remote-controlled
littig grip

l Lifting Thismanifold
This takes
rnan~foldtakes
cross—beam ten verticalpipes
joMvertical
tenjornt pipes

Vertical anchortotopermit
Verticalanchor permlt
exactposrtioning
exact pmitioning

l4]
 Elllltlttmt
II.-
—...
“lfltu ,-
‘7‘.

Fig. 149
Fig. Submersible tank
~ Submersible
1—1‘) - with submarine
barge with
tank barge propulsion unit
submarine propulsion unit

when under
when under way
way and
and when
when disengaging
disengaging from
from the
the tank
tank 4. Air—independent
heavy load
barge. heavy
barge, barge or
load barge mult‘i—purpose service
or multi-purpose and
service and
module.
maintenance module.
maintenance non—nuclear submarines
non-nuclear submarines
to the
Due to
Due demand for
increasing demand
the increasing very low
for very signatures -
1t‘iw signatures h
The submarine as
The submarine carrier vehicle
as carrier and propulsion
vehicle and unit
propulsirm unit where the
where indiscretion rate
higher indiscretion
the higher due to
rate due snorkelling
to snorkelling
has displacement of
has aa displacement 5.500 tons,
of 5,500 under—ice range
tons. under-ice of
range of plays an
plays important role
an important role - and for
— and increase
significant increase
foraa significant
500 nm
500 nm and air—independent propulsion
and air-independent with
system with
propulsion system in submerged range,
in submerged air—independent propulsion
range. air-independent propulsion
closed-circuit diesel engines.
closed-circuit diesel barge is
tank barge
The tank
engines. The is systems for
systems submarines have
for submarines been the
have been object of
the object of RR+ +DD
127 m
127 m long can carry
and can
long and up to
carry up 19.200 m3
to 19,200 mi crude oil.
crude oil. programmes for
programmes time. Serious
some time.
for some comparistm of
Serious comparison of
The heavy
The heavy load
load barge
barge can
can carry
carry up
up to
to 1,000
1.000 tons.
tons. available options
available options for for air-independent propulsion (AIP)
air—independent propulsion (AIP)
submarines clearly
in submarines
in shows that
clearly shows conventional AIP
the conventional
that the AIP
— The
- The offshore service submarine
offshore service OSS built
submarine OSS by
built by
based on
options based
options on combustion engines really
combustitm engines only
really only
Nordseewerke has
Thyssen Nordseewerke
Thyssen has a displacement of
a displacement some.
of some
amount to
amount improved battery
to improved systems. They
charging systems.
battery charging They
1000 tons
1000 tons and
and lifting
lifting capacity
capacity ofof 25
25 tons
tons and
and is
is
are capable
are independently of
working independently
capable of working of outside air.
outside air,
n'taintenance and
for maintenance
designed for
designed and repair tasks on
repair tasks under—
on under-
achieve an
only achieve
but only
but improvement in
an improvement the boat's
in the indis—
boat's indis-
water equipment
water equipment and and systems.
systems. The
The submarine
submarine
eretion rate
cretion without really
rate without pmviding complete
really providing complete
space and
provides space
provides facilities for
and facilities persons and
20 persons
for 20 has
and has
independence from
independence from the atmosphere. In
the atmosphere. contrast to
In contrast such
to such
endurance. of
submerged endurance
aa submerged days.
14 days.
of 14
closedwcycle piston
closed-cycle engine or
piston engine charging
turbine charging
or turbine
- Another carrier
— Another built by
submarine built
carrier submarine Nord-
Thyssen Nord-
by Thyssen systems, only nuclear
systems. only power and
nuclear power the H
and the H3/03
2 / 0 2fuel cell
fuel cell
seewerke for
seewerke for installation
installation and
and working
working modules
modules ofofthe
the system really
system really constitute genuine air-independent
constitute genuine air-independent sub- sub—
Super-subsea System was
Super—Subsea System within the
developed within
was developed the marine propulsion systems
marine propulsion provide the
which provide
systems which submari-
the submari-
scope of
scope of a
a Eureka
Eureka project.
project. This
This submarine,
submarine. like
like the
the ner with complete
ner with three—dimensional autonomy
complete three-dimensional autonomy under under
previous one. is
previous one, with energy
provided with
is provided via an
energy via air-
an air- water. The
water. non-nuclear fuel
smaller. non-nuclear
The smaller, cell A
fuel cell AIP boats
P boats
independent closed-circuit
independent closed-circuit diesel
diesel engine.
engine. clearly have the
clearly have advantage over
the advantage nuclear—ptm-ered
over nuclear-powered

142
 .,.
“-
"».~ / " _ -“I‘J"Tc ‘
“‘-~z¢r3 ¢-‘u+1.
\ / x‘ ' .
( 5 xx ‘MK

Fig. 150
Fig. transport systems
Under-ice transport
150 —- Under-ice systems

143
 ”fly

4
Fig.
g. ISI
151
Land—based
and-based test
test site
site for
for fuel
fuel
cell
cell system
system testing
testing

Fig.
Fig. 152
152
Installation
Installation ol‘
of aa fuel
fuel cell
cell
plant
plant on
on board
board aa class
class 205
205
submarine
submarine

submarines
submarines in
in terms
terms ol‘
of signatures
signatures and
and cost.
cost, in
in parti-
parti- functional
functionaltest
test systems.
systems,at
at land—based
land-basedtesttest sites
sites or
or at
at sea
sea
cular
cular for
for missions
missions in
in shallow.
shallow, restricted
restricted and/or
andlor littoral
littoral on
on board
board test
test submarines.
submarines, in in aa concerted
concerted cll‘ort
effort to
to find
find
waters.
waters. the
the best
best candidate
candidate for
for an
an air—independent
air-independent propulsion
propulsion
system
system forfor submarines.
submarines. ItIt isis therefore
therefore justified
justified to to
Non-nuclear
Non-nuclear AIP
AIP options
options assume
assume that
that sufficient
sufficientexperience
experience isis available
availableto to assess
assess
the
the merits
merits ofof the
the various
various options
options for
for AIP.
AIP.
This
This section
section gives
gives an
an overview
overview of of the
the different
different non-
non-
nuclear
nuclear air—independent
air-independentoptions
options available
available today.
today, some
some Stirling
Stirling engine
engine
already
already operational
operational oror tested
tested in
in air—independent
air-independentopera-
opera-
tion
tion atat sea.
sea, some
some in
in series
series production.
production, others
others atat the
the The
The three
three Gotland
Gotland classclass submarines
submarines of of the
the Royal
Royal
early
early project
project and
and development
development stage:
stage: Swedish
Swedish NavyNavy charge
charge their
their batteries
batteries using
using two
two AlP
AIP
Stirling
Stirling engines
engines with
with (15
65 kW
kW eacheach electrical
electrical output
output atat
0 Stirling
Stirling engine.
engine, closed-cycle
closed-cycle the
the generators.
generators,developed
developed by by Kockums
Kockums Naval
Naval Systems
Systems
OCCD.
CCD, closed—cycle
closed-cycle diesel
diesel motor
motor in
in Sweden.
Sweden. TheTheengines
engines function
function independently
independently ol‘out~
of out-
CCGT, closed—cycle
0 CCGT. gas turbine
closed-cycle gas turbine side
side air.
air, using
using liquid
liquid 03
O2carried
carried inin tanks
tanks on
on board.
board. lnIn
Oa CCST.
CCST, closed
closed cycle
cycle steam
steam turbine:
turbine: Germany
Germany in in the
the l97tls
1970saa l()()()
1000 HPHP air-breathing
air-breathingStirling
Stirling
WALTER/MESMA
WALTERMESMA engine
engine was
was developed
developed by by MAN
MAN under
under contract
contract for
for the
the
9 Fuel
Fuel cell
cell German
German M01)MODand and tested
tested atat the
the naval
naval arsenal.
arsenal.
ItIt is
is interesting
interestingto
to note
note that
that all
all these
these options
optionshave
have been
been Among
Amongthe the AIP
AIP piston
piston engines.
engines,the the AIP
AIP Stirling
Stirlingengine
engine
tested
tested atat considerable
considerable depth
depth in in Germany.
Germany, either
either as
as with
with its
its rather
rather low
low power
power has has the
the best
best noise
noise signature:
signature:

I44
because of
because of its
its relatively
relatively low
low output
output and
and size,
size. it
it can
can be
be load. The
load. The 30003000 HP HP plant
plant can can nownow be be visited at the
visited at the
efficiently encapsulated. However,
efficiently encapsulated. However. the
the need
need for
for special
special famous Shipping Museum
famous Shipping Museum in Bremerhaven.
in Bremerhaven.
low~sulphur fuel
low-sulphur fuel and
and the
the high
high 0,
0; consumption
consumption due due to
to In France,
In France. steam
steam turbines
turbines as as aa means
means of of AIP
AlP were
were
the only
the only moderate
moderate efficiency
efficiency of the system
of the system quickly
quickly studied in
already studied
already depth in
in depth in the early 1980s.
the early MESMA
1980s. MESMA
demonstrate the
demonstrate the limits
limits of
of its
its applicability.
applicability. (module d'energie
(module sous—marine) is a conventional
d“energie sous-marine) conventional
steam turbine
steam turbine system
system fed fed by by saturated
saturated steam
steam from
from
Clos‘r’d’~t'_\-‘('le diesel
Closed-cycle diesel engine
engine (CCD)
(CCD) aa steam
steam boiler.
boiler. Air-independent
Air—independent heat heat generation
generation is is
achieved in
achieved in thethe combustion
combustion chamber chamber by by burning
burning
After first
After first efforts
efforts in
in the
the 1930s,
1930s. inin the
the 70s
70s and
and 80s 80s AIP
AIP ethanol with
ethanol with LOXLOX as as oxidant.
oxidant.
engines for
diesel engines
diesel submarines were
for submarines developed in
were developed Ger“
in Ger- Although this steam turbine with
steam turbine with less 200 kW
than 200
less than kW
many and
many and reached
reached thethe stage
stage ofof successful
successful seasea trials
trials with
with output is
electric output
electric operated by
is operated reheating. its
steam reheating,
by steam its
the German
the German Navy Navy Class
Class 205
205 submarine
submarine U U 1 I under
under the
the overall efficiency
overall efficiency rate rate is
is at
at best
best well
well below
below 308,
30%. drop-
drop—
project management
project management of of TNSW,
TNSW. Emden. Emden. Recent
Recent R+D R+D ping to
ping than 20%
less than
to less 20% under load.
partial load.
under partial
work in
work in this
this field
field has also been carriedcarried out
out in Britain,
Britain. The CCST option
The CCST option is therefore only
is therefore only seriously viable
seriously viable
Italy and
Italy and the
the Netherlands.
Netherlands. Enthusiasm
Enthusiasm was was fired
fired by by the
the under load for
”full load
under full recharging the
for recharging the lead-acid batteries.
lead—acid batteries,
hope that
hope that standard
standard series-produced
series—produced diesel diesel engines
engines rather than
rather than for propulsion at
direct propulsion
for direct at variable speeds.
variable speeds.
could be
could be used
used without
without thethe need
need forfor serious
serious modifica-
modifica— Unfortunately. this of course
Unfortunately, results in
course results in an additional
an additional
tions. a
tions, a cost-effective
cost—effective solution.
solution. TheThe net
net results
results were,were. 10% energy loss
|0% energy loss due due to to the chargirig—discharging
the charging-discharging
however. found
however, found to to show
show thatthat efficiency of the
.efficiency batteries. The
the batteries. The energy would
balance would
energy balance
‘ diesel
- performance in
diesel performance in closed-cycle operation is
closed—cycle operation still
is still be further disqualified
still further
be still disqualified if if the CCST plant
the CCST were
plant were
too low
too low inin spite
spite of
of increased
increased recycling
recycling gasgas pressure
pressure operated
operated underunder air-breathing conditions (i.e.
air—breathing conditions when
ti.e. when
and the
and the use
use ofof special
special recycling
recycling gases
gases (argon)
(argon) snorkelling). as
snorkelling), proposed in
as proposed in some published
recently published
some recently
papers.
papers.
— peripheral equipment requirements
- peripheral equipment requirements and the and the degree
degree and
steam turbine
Gas and steam
Gas power plants
turbine power plants areare only useful and
only useful
of modification
of n'iodification required
required by by the
the diesel
diesel engines
engines are are acceptable on
acceptable submarines in connection
on board submarines with
connection with
greater than
greater than anticipated
anticipated
nuclear propulsion,
nuclear propulsion. where where the the available
available energy
energy is is
the hoped-for
so unfortunately the
and so cost advantages
hopedfifor cost are
advantages are virtually unlimited
virtually unlimited and and nono oxidant
oxidant is is required
required onon board
board
negligible.
negligible. for energy
for energy conversion.
conversion.

gas turbine
Closed-e_ve/e gas
Closed-cycle (CC‘GT)
turbine (CCGT)
cell systems and the P
Permasyn‘ motor
iii ,1
Fuel cell systems and e m s y n " motor
The German
The German engineering
engineering Firm firm ofof MTU
MTU in in Friedrichs-
Friedrichs—
proposed the
hafen proposed
hafen use of
the use air—independent gas
an air-independent
of an gas principle of
The principle
The the fuel
of the cell is
fuel cell described in
is described in detail in
detail in
turbine generator
turbine generator as as a a battery
battery charging
charging system.
system. Chapter X.
Chapter X. ItIt was installed on
was installed board the
on board German
the German
Working in
Working in closed-cycle
closed—cycle operation
operation with with LOX LOX as as Navy's submarine U
Navy‘s submarine (Fig. 152)
Ul1 (Fig. convincing
152) with convincing
oxidant. an
oxidant, an available
available gas turbine system
gas turbine system was was envi-
envi— results and successfully
results and tested over
successfully tested an extended
over an period
extended period
saged.
saged, aa cost—effective
cost-effective and and space
space andand weight-saving
weight-saving oftime
of under operational
time under conditions. The
operational conditions. charac~
main charac-
The main
solution with
solution with relatively
relatively low
low signatures.
signatures. However,
However. the the teristics of
teristics of this are:
system are:
this system
development costs
development costs for the combustion
air-independent combustion
the air-independent
-~ high degree efficiency. especially
degree of efficiency, partial
under partial
especially under
chamber (using
chamber kerosene and
(using kerosene and 0 03)
2 ) and for the
and for gearless.
the gearless,
load
load
directly powered permanently excited
directly highfirevolution
excited high-revolution
dissuaded the
generator dissuaded
generator the German authorities from
naval authorities
German naval from
-~ energy production of
conversion without production
energy conversion of exhaust or
exhaust or
pollutants
pollutants
avenue of
this avenue
pursuing this
pursuing research. It
of research. likely in
appears likely
It appears in
relatively high 0,
the relatively
case that the
any case consumption of
02 consumption the
of the - low noise emission
emission
l

CCGT at
CCGT load would
partial load
at partial made it
have made
would have unsuitable for
it unsuitable for temperature and thermal
- low working temperature detectability
thermal detectability
l

use as a
use as source of
a source A] P on
of AIP submarines.
on submarines.
features of air-independent
These particular features
These energy
air—independent energy
conversion using the Hz/
conversion H-3/03Oz fuel cell are
fuel cell characte—
are characte-
Closed-cycle steam turbine
Closed—cycle steam (CCST)
turbine (CCST)
rised by
rised the direct
by the transfer of
direct transfer of energy without the
energy without the
In context the German
In this context must be
Turbine must
German Walter Turbine intermediate stage of
intermediate stage of a thermal engine.
a thermal engine. This makes
This makes
mentioned. see
mentioned, Chapter X.
see Chapter Developed at
X. Developed at the end of
the end of this type of
particular type
this particular of air-independent propulsion
air—independent propulsion
World ll. it
War 11,
World War was extensively
it was in the
studied in
extensively studied and
US and
the US system especially
system suited for
especially suited use on
for use subma—
military subma-
on military
in The Royal
Britain. The
in Britain. Navy built
Royal Navy submarines as
built submarines test
as test rines.
rines.
platforms. but
platforms, advent of
the advent
but the nuclear power
of nuclear provided
power provided enough for a number of nations
Reasons enough
Reasons including
nations including
the Navy and
US Navy
the US subsequently also
and subsequently Navy
Royal Navy
the Royal
also the Germany, Italy and
Germany. Italy Canada to
and Canada to abandon their R
abandon their R+D+D
with better
with better solutions.
solutions. In In the
the 1960s
l960s a a 3000
3000 HP
HP AIP
AlP sub-
sub— work on
work methods in
on other AIP methods in favour of fuel cell,
of the fuel cell.
marine plant using
marine plant Walter turbine
the Walter
using the was tested
turbine was again
tested again even though in
even though in some considerable effort
cases considerable
some cases had
effort had
at the
at German Naval
the German Arsenal in
Naval Arsenal in Kiel. This genuine
Kiel. This AlP
genuine AIP already invested in
been invested
already been in virtually solutions.
complete solutions,
virtually complete
system no
system no longer
longer hashas any
any practical
practical application,
application. mainly
mainly those involving
such as those
such electrochemical
batteries. electrochemical
involving new batteries,
due its low
to its
due to efficiency rate
low efficiency especially under
rate especially partial
under partial cells. Stirling
power cells, motors. closed-cycle
Stirling motors, steam or
closed-cycle steam gas
or gas

I45
 which
which trade
trade aa slight
slight drop
drop in
in efficiency
efficiency ((72%
(62% atat full
full load
load
PM
PM motor and
motor and 72%
72% atat 20%
20% load)
load) against
against aa guaranteed
guaranteed life
life endur—
endur-
ance
ance of
of beyond
beyond 5000
5000 hours.
hours.
Another
Another advantage
advantage of of fuel
fuel cell
cell power
power plants
plants is
is their
their
naturally
naturally modular
modular design.
design, imn'tediately
immediately offering
offering thethe
submarine
submarine designer
designer maximum
maximum flexibility
flexibility to
to tailor
tailor the
the
plant
plant size
size toto its
its environment
environment and and to
to power
power require—
require-
ments.
ments. ItIt is
is therefore
therefore hardly
hardly surprising
surprisingthat.
that, aside
aside from
from
nuclear-powered
nuclear-powered submarines.
submarines, onlyonly those
those equipped
equipped
with
with fuel
fuel cell
cell propulsion
propulsion plants
plants are
are on
on the
the market
market as as
DC
DC motor
motor fully
fully integrated
integrated AIP AIP boats:
boats: The
The German
German submarine
submarine
classes
classes 2l2
212 andand 2l4.
214.
Saving:
Saving:40%
40% weight
weight One
One ofof the
the logical
logical follow—ups
follow-ups toto the
the basic
basic idea
idea of
of aa
60%
60%volume
volume propulsion
propulsion system
system that
that features
features high
high efficiency.
efficiency, low
low
losses
losses and
and minimal
minimal impact
impact onon the
the environment
environment was was the
the
development
development of of the
the permanent—magnet
permanent-magnet excited
excited syn-
syn-
Efficien cy
Efficiency Perma syn motor
Permasyn motor chronic
chronic propulsion
propulsion motor.
motor. This
This relatively
relatively small
small and
and

I
1000/0 '—
very
very short
short Permasyn'i“
Permasyn" motor
motorexploits
exploits the
the technology
technology of of
M permanent
permanent magnets
magnets on
on the
the rotor
rotor to
to set
set up
up electrical
electrical

f-f-
A excitation.
excitation,thus
thus avoiding
avoidingenergy
energy losses
losses and
and the
the need
need for
for
a

armature
armature cooling.
cooling. Transistorised
Transistorised com’erter
converter modules
modules
control
controldirection
directionand
and strength
strengthof of torque
torqueandand provide
provide forfor
DC motor
commutation.
commutation. BothBoth the
the motor
motor andand its
its control
control system
system
were
were developed
developed in in Germany
Germany by by Siemens.
Siemens.
Figure
Figure IS}
153 shows
shows the
the improvement
improvement in in efficiency
efficiency overover
the
the total
total speed
speed range
range and
and the
the savings
savings in in weight
weight and and
volume.
volume. Further
Further advantages
advantagesare are the
the low
low noise
noise and
and the
the
low
low revolutions.
revolutions,which
which are
are also
also favourable
favourablefor for the
the low—
low-
loo% noise
jA noise propeller.
propeller. The
The fuel
fuel cell
cell and
and Permasyn
Permasyn motormotor as as
submarine
submarine propulsion
propulsion system
system represent
represent an
an advance
advance in
in
Revolutions
Revolutions 100%
100%
development
development technology
technology comparable
comparable to to that
that ofof the
the
.. _ H .93)
introduction
introduction of of the
the nuclear
nuclear reactor
reactor in in the
the 1950s.
1950s.
fig.
Fig. I53
153 v- the
The Permasyn motor
motor
pennasynaD

Future
Future trends
trends in
in propulsion
propulsion systems
systems
turbines
turbines andand diesel
diesel engines.
engines. Other
Other countries
countries sttchsuch as as The
The designs
designs of
of future
future submarines
submarines lead
lead to
to widely
widely
Sweden.
Sweden,.lapanJapan or
or Australia
Australia are are likely
likely to
to follow
follow in in the
the varying
varying configurations.
configurations. Depending
Depending on on the
the require—
require-
near
near future
future asas well.
well, ifif they
they have
have notnot also
also already
already deci—deci- ments.
ments,different
differentpropulsion
propulsion systems
systemsoffer
offerthe
thebest
best solu—
solu-
ded
ded that
that final
final evaluation
evaluation of of their
their options
options leaves
leaves themthem tion:
tion: The
The submarine
submarine may
may be
be conventional.
conventional,“hybrid”
"hybrid or or
with
with the
the fuel
fuel cell
cell as
as byby far
far the
the best
best solution.
solution. "mono".
"mono".
Low
Lowtemperature
temperatureand andpressure
pressurefuelfuelcell
celltypes
typeshavehavebeenbeen The
The mono
mono oror single—system
single-systemsubmarine
submarine isis powered
powered for for
under
under investigation
investigation for for submarine
submarine AIP AIP application
avvlication the
the entire
entire operational
operational period
period exclusively
exclusively byby the
the air-
air-
especially
especiallyininGermany
Germanyfor formore
morethanthan 20
20years.
y e a r sA. -30/50
~30/50 independent
independent system.
system, without
without the
the addition
addition of of aa diesel/
diesell
kW
kW prototype
prototype built
built inin cooperation
cooperation between
between Siemens
Siemens battery—electric
battery-electric plant.
plant. The
The hybrid
hybrid submarine
submarine has has both
both
and
and Varta
Varta waswas delivered
delivered toto the the German
German MoD MODinin the the systems
systems onon board.
board.
l970s.
1970s, followed
followed inin the the 1980s
1980s by by presentation
presentation of of aa Fora
For a medium—sized
medium-sized submarine
submarine with
with aa displacement
displacement of of
system
systemwith with more
more than
than l00 100kW
kW output
output inin aa land—based
land-based about
about L700
1,700tons.
tons, aa hybrid
hybrid version
version with
with aa fuel
fuel cell
cell
test
test site
site atat the
the HDW
HDW shipyard
shipyard inin Kiel
Kiel (see
(see Fig.
Fig. 15]).
151). system
system using
using oxygen
oxygen and
and hydrogen
hydrogen andand anan air—brea—
air-brea-
After
Aftersuccessful
successfulharbour
harbour testing.
testing,the
the same
samesystem
systemwas
was thing
thing turbo
turbo supercharged
supercharged diesel
diesel generator
generator will
will be
be the
the
initially
initially approved
approved by by the
the German
German authorities
authorities and
and best
best solution.
solution. TheThe advantage
advantageof of these
these systems
systems isis that
that
subjected
subjectedtotoextensive
extensivesea seatrials
trialson
onboard
boardthe
theClass
Class205
205 the
the submerged
submerged range range isis extended
extendedconsiderably
considerablyduring
during
submarine
submarine UU 1 1 (Fig.
(Fig. [52).
152). This
This boat
boat was
was specially
specially transit
transitand
and inin the
the area
areaof of operations.
operations,where where the
the risk
risk of
of
converted
converted for for AIP
AIP and
and subjected
subjected toto normal
normal mission
mission detection
detection duedue to to snorkelling
snorkelling can can be be avoided.
avoided.
conditions
conditions within
within the
the scope
scope of of German
German NATO
NATO obli—
obli- Investigations
Investigationshave have shown
shown that
that aa hybrid
hybrid version
version with
with
gations
gations inin the
the Baltic
Baltic and
and North
North Atlantic.
Atlantic. The
The alkaline
alkaline an
anair—independent
air-independentfuel fuelcell
cellpropulsion
propulsionsystemsystemcapable
capable
fuel
fuelcells
cells used
used inin that
that particular
particular system
systemwere
were found
foundtoto of
of producing
producingsubmerged
submergedspeeds speedsof of the
theorder
orderofof40‘)?
40%of of
operate
operateatatananefficiency
efficiencyrate
rateof ofalmost
almost80%
80%under
underopti—
opti- maximum
maximumspeed speed willwill allow
allow the
the total
total submerged
submerged range
range
mal
mal conditions
conditionsatat partial
partial load
load ofof approximately
approximately 30%.
308, to
tobe
beextended
extendedby by aa factor
factorofof 44toto5.5. Figure
Figure 154
154shows
shows
with
withaalife
lifeexpectation
expectationof ofsome
some2000
2000hours.
hours.They
Theywere
were this
this tendency.
tendency,whichwhich isis even
even more
more pronounced
pronounced inin thethe
replaced
replaced several
several years
years ago
ago by by the
the PEM
PEM fuel
fuel cells.
cells, case
case ofof projects
projects involving
involvingboatsboats of of more
more than
than 20001.
2000 t,

146
 "d -— Submerged
Submerged range
range
t
(—1
[-I 4.4
4,4 ‘—
. hybrid
hybrid submarine
submarine 5 == Hybrid (AIP ++ battery)
submarine (AIP
Hybrid submarine battery)
(AIP
(AIP ++ battery)
battery) submarine (battery)
=Conventionalsubmarine
C: =Conventional (battery)
Factor I—
I-] 4 Retrofit 4 5 Kn
d- vv :45 Kn
H Retrofit _,- New New construction
construction
-‘
I -
‘

Type 1200
Type 1200
I
I
I
I
I
I conventional submarine
conventional

F
submarine

F
(battery)

_l
25
25 50
50 75
75 100
100 Class 209
Class 209 Type 1200
Type Type 2500
1200 Type 2500
speed [0/0]
speed [%I

Fig. IS—l
Fig. Submerged range
154 *- Submerged with hybrid
range with propulsion systems
hybrid propulsit'n'i systems

while Figure
while Figure 155 gives aa graphic
l55 gives of the
indication of
graphic indication the beyond today‘s
beyond limits of
today's limits of 2 even at
weeks, even
to 33 weeks.
2 to higher
at higher
different of operation.
modes of
different modes operation. speeds and
speeds and for larger boat
for larger These submarines
sizes. These
boat sizes. submarines
The next generation
The next air-independent non-nuclear
of air-independent
generation of non-nuclear will carry
will normal liquid
carry normal hydrocarbons in
liquid hydrocarbons tanks as
in tanks fuel
as fuel
submarines will
submarines will further submerged endurance
extend submerged
further extend endurance and will produce
and will l'iydrogen on
produce hydrogen board in
on board the quantities
in the quantities

Conventional propulsion system

5 100 hours (lead acid battery)
1- 7

*—
Battery charging litilil\ ;
Battery discharging
Battery discharging Alternate charging
Alternate charging
while submerged
while submerged discharging
andd discharging
m
Hybirid
HylbFPd proputdon system
propulsion s#iern
s 300 hours
S StW twum (PllP +k
(AIF’ + lead
d=id battery)
acid battery)

*-
lililil
*

Mom, or
Mono propulsion system
single propulsion
or single system
sI 30 days (AIP)
30 days (AIP)
*
- 4 I

31:

liig. 155
Fig. — Graphic
155 - indication of
Graphic indication of submerged range
submerged range

147
147
required for
required for consumption
consumption at at the
the moment.
moment. The The fuel
fuel cell
cell ARGE U212),
ARGE U212). which
which consists
consists in in aa joint
joint operation
operation
modules will
modules will have
have an
an output
output of of more
more than
than 100
100 kW kW each,
each. between the
between the two
two shipyards
shipyards HDW HDW and and TNSW.
TNSW.
and the
and the number
number of of modules
modules thatthat make
make upup the
the propulsion
propulsion The submarines
The submarines are are to
to join
join thethe German
German fleet fleet between
between
plant will
plant will be
be determined
determined by by the
the needs
needs ofof the
the navy.
navy. 2003 and
2003 and 2006.
2006. Main
Main particulars
particulars are are given
given in in Specifi-
Specifi—
The full
The full potential
potential ofof fuel
fuel cell
cell technology
technology has has still
still not
not cation Sheet
cation Sheet 5,5. an
an outline
outline sketch
sketch in in Plate
Plate 6 6 and
and the
the most
most
been achieved,
been achieved. andand will
will bebe further
further enhanced
enhanced by by conti-
conti— important components
important components in in Figure
Figure 156.156.
nuing improvements
nuing improvements in in other
other fields,
fields. such
such as as batteries
batteries With the
With the development
development and and construction
construction of of this
this new
new
with significantly
with significantly higher
higher energy
energy density
density for
for increased
increased . Class 212,
Class 212. a a submarine
submarine is is being
being built
built forfor the
the next
next
sprint speeds.
sprint speeds. millennium. New
millennium. New technologies
technologies in in many
many fields
fields ledled to
to aa
To complete
To complete the the design
design picture
picture it it should
should be be mentioned
mentioned very high-performance
very high—performance weapon weapon systemsystem and and improved
improved
that air-independent
that air—independent propulsion
propulsion systemssystems can can also
also bebe air—independent propulsion
air-independent propulsion system. system. ClassClass 212 212 will
will
retrofitted to
retrofitted to existing
existing submarines.
submarines. The The hybrid
hybrid version
version provide the
provide the German
German NavyNavy with with a a weapon
weapon systemsystem fully
fully
is the
is the ideal
ideal solution
solution forfor refit
refit in
in the
the scope
scope of of aa mid-life
mid—life equipped to
equipped to meet
meet the
the demands
demands of of the
the beginning
beginning of of the
the
conversion. The
conversion. The numerous
numerous successfully
successfully operating
operating next millennium,
next millennium. with with a a technical
technical status
status that
that represents
represents
Class 209
Class 209 and
and all
all other
other conventional
conventional submarines
submarines pro- pro— the state-of-the-art
the state—of—lhe-art in in the
the field
field of
of development
development and and con-
con—
vide an
vide an eminently
eminently suitable
suitable platform
platform for for this
this kind
kind of of struction of
struction of compact
compact non-nuclear
non—nuclear submarines.
submarines.
modernisation. The
modernisation. The submerged
submerged range range can
can bebe increased
increased
by up
by tip to
to 44 to
to 55 times
times inin comparison
comparison with with submerged
submerged In order
In order toto achieve
achieve this
this very
very high
high technical
technical status,
status.
endurance on
endurance on batteries
batteries after
after insertion
insertion of of aa section
section with with considerable development
considerable development effort
effort was
was already
already expended
expended
the new
the new propulsion
propulsion system
system (see(see Figure
Figure 154).
154). in the
in the initial
initial stages.
stages. Main
Main areas
areas of of effort
effort were
were con-
con-
centrated on
centrated on the
the overall
overall design
design concept,
concept. the the fuel
fuel cell
cell
system and
system and on
on increasing
increasing weapons
weapons and and sensor
sensor perfor-
perfor-
Class 212
Class 212
mance capabilities.
mance capabilities. Recourse
Recourse was was made
made to to the
the avail-
avail—
The final
The final specifications
specifications for
for Class
Class 212
212 were
were defined
defined by by able results
able results ofof developmental
developmental work work carried
carried out
out in
in the
the
the two
the two shipyards
shipyards HDW
HDW and and TNSW
TNSW with
with IKL
[KL as as design
design projects for
projects for Classes
Classes 208
208 and
and 211.
21 |.
office in
office in 1988-1991.
1988- 1991. The
The concept
concept and
and definition
definition phase
phase Design work
Design work waswas subject
subject toto aa stringent
stringent costcost control
control
lasted altogether
lasted altogether from
from 1987
1987 to
to 1994.
1994. In
In July
July 1994
1994 the
the procedure -design
procedure — design toto cost.
cost. During
During thethe definition
definition phase
phase
building contract
building contract for
for four
four submarines
submarines was
was signed.
signed. TheThe this was
this was established
established at at 2.6
2.6 xx 109
10" DM
DM for for four
four subma-
subma—
Main Contractor
Main Contractor was
was the
the Working
Working Group
Group 212
212 (German:
(German: rines at
rines at 1994
1994 prices.
prices.

Hoistable masts

Diesel generator
Diesel generator CIC

motor
Propeller motor
Propeller 02 tanks Electronic Ftoom Weapons
Weapons

H2 storage
storage

\
HP Ship's technical
Ship's technical systems
systems accommodation
Crew accommodation
and facilities
facilities
\
Fuel cell
Fuel cell plant
plant
Battery
Battery

Fig. 156
Fig. 156 -
— The
The most
most important
important components
components of
of the
the Class
Class 212
212 submarine
submarine

148
148
 / /
//
Distribution switchboard
Distribution switchboard

Fig. 157 —- The

Fig. 157 propulsion system
hybrid propulsimi
The hybrid system

An important influence
An important was also
influence was played by
also played changes in
by changes in -- Use of particularly
Use of low-noise machinery
particularly low-noise and equip—
machinery and equip-
the overall
the political structure.
security political
overall security which affected
structure, which affected ment
ment
the submarine‘s
the of operations.
areas of
submarine's areas operations. - Elastic mounting of
Elastic mounting many items
of many machinery and
of machinery
items of and
equipment on
equipment on aa common platform, itself
common platform. also com—
itself also com-
General requirements made
General requirements the design
on the
made on design pletely fitted
pletely on elastic
fitted on mountings to
elastic mountings insulate itit from
to insulate from
the hull
the hull
—- Suitability for operations
Suitability for against surface
operations against ships and
surface ships and Elastic mounting
~—- Elastic entire rooms
of entire
mounting of rooms
submarines
submarines —- Elastic of pipes
suspension of
Elastic suspension and cables
pipes and cables
—- Suitability missions involving
for missions
Suitability for surveillance and
involving surveillance and —- Installation of shielding
Installation of shielding
reconnaissance tasks
reconnaissance sea areas
extended sea
in extended
tasks in areas —- All hull penetrations
All hull with flaps
closed with
penetrations closed flaps
—- Difficult to detect
Difficult to detect
High combat
—- High and endurance
strength and
combat strength endurance The acoustic target
The acoustic strength is
target strength measure of
the measure
is the of sound
sound
self-defence properties
Good self-defence
—- Good properties energy reflected
energy back to
reflected back to hostile sonar. This
active sonar.
hostile active This
Integration of
—- Integration multi-sensor system
of aa multi—sensor system should be
should be kept small as
as small
kept as as possible. Reduction of
possible. Reduction of target
target
—- Weapons ability to
Weapons ability DM2A4 anti—subma—
the DM2A4
include the
to include anti-subma- strength is
strength achieved in
is achieved part by
in part outer form
the outer
by the and lines
form and lines
rinelanti-ship torpedo
rine/anti—ship torpedo submarine, but
the submarine.
of the
of also by
but also effects within
reflection effects
by reflection within
Integration of
—- Integration of CWC‘S
CWCS the submarine and
the submarine and by coating materials
absorbing coating
by absorbing materials
applied to
applied to the outside of
the outside the hull.
of the hull.
Another important
Another item on
important item list of
the list
on the design require—
of design require-
Focal points of
Focal points the design
of the design ments was the
ments was integration of
the integration the fuel
of the cell propulsion
fuel cell propulsion
U 212 is
U 212 designed for
specifically designed
is specifically completely sub—
for completely sub- need to
The need
plant. The
plant. to ensure degree of
high degree
ensure aa high indepen—
of indepen-
merged Signatures are
operation. Signatures
merged operation. reduced as
are reduced far as
as far as dence from
dence outside air
from outside solved by
was solved
air was installing aa
by installing
possible and
possible coordinated. The
and coordinated. signatures have
acoustic signatures
The acoustic have hybrid propulsion system.
hybrid propulsion consists of
This consists
system. This of aa generator.
generator,
impact on
severe impact
aa severe both design
on both and cost
design and parameters. In
cost parameters. In main battery.
main fuel cell
battery, fuel plant and
cell plant permanent magnet—
and aa permanent magnet-
this respect we
this respect must distinguish
we must target noise
between target
distinguish between noise excited electric propulsion
excited electric motor with
propulsion motor all associated
with all associated
and target strength.
and target strength. switching systems. The
switching systems. system has
whole system
The whole has to be embed—
to be embed-
The target noise
acoustic target
The acoustic the level
is the
noise is own noise
of own
level of noise ded into
ded coordinated with
and coordinated
into and the ship's
with the electric and
ship's electric and
radiated by
radiated the submarine
by the into the
submarine into surrounding water
the surrounding water systems and
operating systems
operating and with automation facilities
with automation facilities
which may
which may be detected by
be detected passive sensors.
hostile passive
by hostile sensors. (Figure 157).
(Figure 157).
the ease
In the
In U 212
of U
case of the following
212 the were taken
measures were
following measures taken Integration of weapons
Integration of sensors is
and sensors
weapons and another factor
is another factor
to target noise:
reduce target
to reduce noise: that influences
that the design.
influences the design. In Command and
the Command
In the and

149
Weapons Control
Weapons Control System,
System. the the sensors
sensors (sonar,
(sonar. peri-
peri— aft with
aft with unmanned
unmanned EngineEngine RoomRoom and and storage
storage ofof reac-
reac-
scope). the
scope), the effectors
effectors (torpedoes)
(torpedoes) and and the
the navigation
navigation tants in
tants in free-flooded
free—flooded outer outer hull
hull casing
casing
equipment are
equipment are connected
connected to to the
the central
central computer
computer via via aa shape and
- shape and lines
lines designed
designed for for lowlow resistance,
resistance. goodgood
high—perfm*mance databus.
high-performance databus. This This CWCS
CWCS computer
computer is is manoeuvring capabilities
manoeuvring capabilities and and low low target
target strength
strength
the nucleus
the nucleus ofof the
the system.
system. It It receives
receives allall data
data inputs,
inputs. X—rudder forward
- X-rudder forward of of the
the propeller,
propeller. forward
forward planes
planes
evaluates all
evaluates all information
information and and automatically
auton‘iatically initiates
initiates on the
on the sides
sides of of the
the bridge
bridge fin fin
combat procedures
combat procedures and and sequences.
sequences. low-noise 7-bladed
- low-noise 7—bladed skewback
skewback propellerpropeller with
with low low
The main
The main sensor
sensor of of the
the CWCS
CWCS is is the
the fully
fully integrated
integrated revolutions
revolutions
sonar system,
sonar system. consisting
consisting of of the
the following
following components:
components: six torpedo
- six torpedo tubes
tubes with
with air-pressure
air—pressure ejection
ejection system
system
— cylindrical
- cylindrical array
array for
for medium
medium frequency
frequency range
range storage of
- storage of hydrogen
hydrogen as as a a chemically
chemically bound bound
— towed
- towed array
array for
for low
low frequency
frequency rangerange compound in
compound in metal
metal hydride
hydride containers
containers below
below the the
— flank
- flank array
array forfor transition
transition from from medium
medium to to low
low pressure hull
pressure hull and
and ofof oxygen
oxygen as as LOX
LOX in in tanks
tanks above
above
frequencies
frequencies the pressure
the pressure hull hull
passive ranging
- passive ranging sonar
sonar forfor target
target bearing
bearing and
and range
range non-i‘nagnetic hull
- non-magnetic hull construction
construction of of austenitic
austenitic steel
steel
intercept sonar
- intercept sonar toto register
register hostile
hostile sonar
sonar emissions.
emissions. high pressure
- high pressure strength
strength of of pressure
pressure hull hull and
and installed
installed
systems
systems
Short technical
Short technical description
(leM'riplirm space and
- space and weight
weight reserves
reserves for for additional
additional fitting
fitting of of
mine—laying chambers
mine-laying chambers and and torpedo
torpedo countermeasures
countermeasures
There are
There are already
already several
several technical
technical descriptions
descriptions ofof the
the equipment
equipment
Class 212
Class 2 l2 submarine.
submarine. The
The following
following list
list therefore
therefore only
only personnel traffic
traffic on on board
board onon lower
lower deckdeck beneath
beneath the the
reproduces the
the salient
salient features:
- personnel
reproduces features: CIC to to avoid
avoid disturbance
disturbance
CIC
— single-compartment
- single-compartment submarine
submarine without
without pressure-
pressure— emergency blowing
- emergency blowing system
system in in thethe diving
diving tanks
tanks
proof bulkhead
proof bulkhead free ascent
- free ascent escape
escape hatch
hatch to to 80
80 m in after
after pressure
pressure equa-
equa-
— single
- single hull
hull construction
construction with
with second
second deck
deck concept
concept inin Iisation
lisation
forward and
forward and central
central areas,
areas. double
double hull
hull construction
construction - 24 members
crew members
24 crew

Fig. 158 — Class 212 submarine

150
Future prospects
Future prospects the installed there.
systems installed
the systems part of
This part
there. This pressure
the pressure
of the
hull mainly
hull accommodates the
mainly accommodates systems and
the systems equipment
and equipment
construction of
The construction
The the Class
of the 212 German
Class 212 submarines
German submarines
associated with
associated with the propulsion plant
the propulsion and ship's
plant and opera—
ships opera-
marks the
marks the beginning
beginning of of aa new
new generation
generation of of air-inde-
air—inde—
systems.
tional systems.
tional
submarines. These
non—nuclear submarines.
pendent non-nuclear
pendent submarines
These submarines
As already
As mentioned above,
already mentioned above. modem submarine
modern submarine
with a
with a new
new propulsion
propulsion concept
concept and and modem
modern weapons
weapons
design attaches
design attaches great
great importance
importance to to aspects
aspects of
of acoustic,
acoustic.
system are
system are equipped
equipped to to fulfil
fulfil the
the requirements
requirements that that
magnetic. radar
magnetic, radar andand infrared management.
signature management.
infrared signature
arisen as
have arisen
have as a result of
a result of a changed threat
a changed scenario.
threat scenario,
Maximum effort
Maximum effort is is made
made to to reduce
reduce structure-borne,
structure-bt’wne.
world-wide areas
world-wide areas of
of operation
operation andand restricted
restricted financial
financial
transient and
transient and flow noise to
flow noise achieve a
to achieve a silent platform.
silent platform.
resources. They
resources. close the
They close gap between
the gap present-day
between present-day
These measures
These simultaneously reduce
measures simultaneously level of
the level
reduce the of
conventionally powered
conventionally submarines and
powered submarines larger
their larger
and their
decrease the
noise. decrease
radiated noise,
radiated risk of
the risk detection and
of detection and
nuclear—powered cousins.
nuclear-powered cousins.
increase the
increase the detection range of
detection range submarines own
the submarine's
of the own
The construction of
The construction these submarines
of these affords the
submarines affords the
Submerged. fully
sonar. Submerged,
sonar. independent of
fully independent outer air
of outer avail—
air avail-
submarine-building industry
German submarine-building
German industry the support it
the support it
ability and
ability under excellent
and under signature and
excellent signature self—noise
and self-noise
needs to
needs maintain its
to maintain position and
its position and to sound out
to sound new
out new
conditions. the
conditions, submarine’s own
the submarine's own sonarsonar system func-
system func-
perspectives in
perspectives international submarine
in international construction.
submarine construction.
optimally also
tions optimally
tions also inin low frequency bands
low frequency with a
bands with a
navies are
Other navies
Other beginning to
already beginning
are already show their
to show inter—
their inter-
minimum risk
minimum risk of of detection.
detection.
in U
est in
est U 212, which was
212. which reflected in
was reflected the order
in the placed in
order placed in
January 1997
January 1997 for submarines of
for submarines of this for the
class for
this class Italian
the Italian
Navy. to
Navy, to be built in
be built Italy by
in Italy the Fincantieri
by the shipyard.
Fincantieri shipyard.
The hull
pressure hull
The pressure
The is largely
hull is constructed of
largely constructed ferromag—
of ferromag-
Class 214
Class steel HY
netic steel 100. In
HY 100. addition to
In addition to its this
strength. this
high strength,
its high
netic
These developments
These prompted the
developments prompted next step
the next future—
in future-
step in material has
material special elastic
has special advantageous not
qualities. advantageous
elastic qualities, not
orientated non-nuclear
orientated submarine design
non-nuclear submarine with a
design with view
a view only with
only respect to
with respect changes in
to changes in pressure but also
pressure but in
also in
to the
to market: A
export market:
the export A new type of
new type which
submarine. which
of submarine, case of
case of grounding
grounding or or collision.
collision.
was awarded
was denomination as
class denomination
awarded class as Class 214 by
Class 214 the
by the With approximate basic
With approximate dimensions of
basic dimensions of
German MOD in
German MOD (see Figure
1997 (see
in 1997 143 and
Figure 143 144‘). and
and 144), for
and for - hp
length b.p.
— length 65 m
65 m
which the first
which the order was
first order placed by
was placed the Hellenic
by the Navy
Hellenic Navy - height
— height 13 m
13 m
in February
in 2(')()().
February 2000. - diameter
hull diameter
pressure hull
— pressure 6.31) m
6.30 m
— surface
- surface displacement
displacement 1.700 m3
1,700 m‘
The design
The design — buoyancy
- buoyancy reserve
reserve > 10%
> 10%
design is
The design
The essentially an
is essentially air—independent non-
an air-independent non—
the pressure
the pressure hull
hull with
with all
all its
its hatches,
hatches. locking
locking devices,
devices.
nuclear ocean—going submarine
nuclear ocean-going submarine with exceptional anti-
with exceptional anti— permits U214
trunk permits
access trunk [1214 to to
penetrations and
hull penetrations
hull and access
submarine capabilities, low
submarine capabilities, displacement. low
low displacement, signa—
low signa- excess of of4t')() m.
achieve an
achieve an operational diving depth
operational diving in excess
depth in 400 m.
and a
tures and
tures weapon and
high weapon
a high payload. The
sensor payload.
and sensor latest
The latest
pressure hull
The pressure
The additionally all
and additionally
hull and fittings and
all fittings and
advances in
advances submarine design
in submarine design and engineering
system engineering
and system pressure are designed and
are designed and
exposed to
valves exposed
valves diving pressure
to diving
developments -
developments many of
— many them the
of them result of
long-term result
the long-term of will be tested in
be tested compliance with
in compliance German Naval
with German Naval
will
experience in
proven experience
proven in building Class 209
building Class submarines
209 submarines Regulation BV
Building Regulation BV 0111 for the
0111 for pressure hull
the pressure in
hull in
Building
and others listed
and others above in
listed above connection with
in connection Class 212
with Class 212 - — version of 1989 and
of 1989 German
and German
the officially
the approved version
officially approved
have incorporated and
been incorporated
have been updated as
and updated as new results and
new results and 95876 for piping
for piping
Standard VG
Material Standard
Defence Material
Defence VG 95876
technologies become
technologies become available 159).
(Figure 159).
available (Figure systems.
systems.
A key
A factor in
key factor in the design was
the design was the concept.
modular concept.
the modular with aa
The pressure
The hull and
pressure hull installations are
and installations designed with
are designed
gives the
This gives
This design a
frame design
basic frame
the basic degree of
high degree
a high of
shock resistance
high shock
high factor related
resistance factor NATO and
to NATO
related to latest
and latest
flexibility. The
flexibility. compact design
standard compact
The standard provides for
design provides for according to 0430.
BV 0430.
to BV
German Navy requirements according
Navy requirements
options with
20 options
over 20
over respect to
with respect equipment/payload and
to equipmentlpayload and
performance characteristics,
performance characteristics. enabling
enabling the the different
different
.S‘u/mrerged range
Submerged range and
and speed
speed
requirements of
requirements of various
various navies
navies to to bebe met
met within
within the the
same basic
same frame. This
basic frame. This in repercus—
positive repercus-
has positive
turn has
in turn On a
On mission profile
a mission endurance at
involving endurance
profile involving sea of
at sea 50
of 50
sions on
sions the ever-present
on the problem of
ever—present problem of military budget
military budget days with a crew (+ 8
27 (+
of 27
crew of trainees). U
8 trainees), 214 can
U 214 achieve
can achieve
restrictions. In
restrictions. addition to
In addition allowing the
to allowing navy to
the navy adapt
to adapt submerged sprint
submerged sprint speeds
speeds of of the
the order
order of
of 16
16 to
to more
more than
than
design to
the design
the to itsits specific needs. the
national needs,
specific national modular
the modular 2() kn
20 few hours
foraa few
kn for times in
several times
hours several course of
the course
in the the
of the
ensures that
concept ensures
concept refitting or
any refitting
that any modifications that
or modifications that mission.
mission.
become necessary or
become necessary desirable during
or desirable during the active
the active during submerged
It is during patrol and
submerged patrol operations
intercept operations
and intercept
life of
service life
service submarine can
the submarine
of the can be performed with
be performed with at speeds of
at speeds 2—6 kn
of 2-6 the fuel
that the
kn that system comes
cell system
fuel cell into
comes into
relatively low
relatively low cost effort. an
and effort,
cost and considera—
important considera-
an important own. Depending on the reserves of reactants
its own. carried
reactants carried
tion in a
tion in time when
a time advances happen
technological advances
when technological happen on board, facility permits the Class
board. this facility submarines
214 submarines
Class 214
faster every
faster every day. day. operate for periods of
to operate up to
of up 3 weeks
to 3 constantly deep
weeks constantly deep
The aft
The section of
aft section the submarine
of the contains no
submarine contains living
no living submerged on station,
submerged without the need to
station. without come up
to come for
up for
quarters and
quarters and is unmanned with
is unmanned respect to
with respect operation of
to operation of snorkel Thus the
operation. Thus
snorkel operation. submariner is
the submariner is not required
not required

151
Fig. 159
Fig. 15‘) -
— Class
Class 214
214 submarine
submarine

to give
to give upup his
his ultimate
ultimate advantage
advantage of of the
the third
third dimen-
dimen in double
in double hull
hull shut-offs
shut-offs andand in
in high
high redundancy
redundancy of of
sion: unseen
sion: unseen and and unheard,
unheard. submerged
submerged at at unknown
unknown components and
components and systems.
systems. A A further
further option
option is
is aa pres-
pres—
depths. At
depths. At the
the same
same time,
time, withwith a a fully
fully charged
charged battery
battery sure-tight bulkhead
sure-tight bulkhead positioned
positioned between
between the
the Combat
Combat
L1214 is
U214 is always
always able
able to to run
run for
for several
several hours
hours sub-
sub— Information Centre
Information Centre (CIC)
(ClC) andand the
the accommodation
accommmlation
merged at
merged at sprint
sprint speed
speed to to leave
leave oror move
move thethe area
area of
of area: all
area; all prerequisites
prerequisites for
for addition
addition of
of the
the bulkhead
bulkhead are are
operatitms. and
operations, and then
then immediately
in'imediately to to resume
resume thethe sub-
sub- already incorporated
already incorporated inin the
the standard
standard U L1214 design.
214 design.
merged ultra-quiet search
merged ultra-quiet pattern at
search pattern without the
will. without
at will, the
need to
need to surface
surface toto recharge
recharge batteries.
batteries.
Weapon payload
Weapon [my/0m!
At a
At a speed
speed of of advance
advance (SOA) (SOA) of of 66 kn,
kn, diesel
diesel fuel
fuel
reserves are
reserves are enough
enough to to allow
allow forfor aa mission
mission range
range ofof
Eight full-size
Eight full-size swim-out
swim-out tubes tubes areare installed
installed in in the
the
nearly 12,000
nearly 12,000 nm nm oror nearly
nearly 12 12 weeks'
weeks” mission
mission endur-
endur-
forward bulkhead
forward bulkhead for for all
all kinds
kinds of of torpedoes.
torpedoes. Tube Tube
ance.
ance. numbers 111,
numbers [11. IV,
1V. VII
VII and
and VlII
VIII are
are equipped
equipped with with a a
weapon expulsion
weapon expulsion system
system for for launching
launching missiles;
missiles:
Sit/err and
Safety and rescue
rescue optionally all
optionally all weapon
weapon tubes
tubes can can bebe equipped
equipped with with aa
positive weapon
positive weapon expulsion
expulsion system
system as as in
in Class
Class 212
212 oror
In German
In submarine design,
German submarine priority is
”first priority
design, first is given to
given to DOLPHIN. Eight
DOLPHIN. torpedoes are
Eight torpedoes positioned
additionally positioned
are additionally
the safety
the safety of
of the
the ship
ship and
and crew.
crew. The The emphasis
emphasis here here isis for fast
for fast reload,
reload. giving
giving U [.1314
214 anan overall
overall heavyweight
heavyweight
”prevention is
"prevention is better
better than
than cure"
cure" oror "safety
“safety is
is preferable
preferable torpedo payload
torpedo payload of of 16
16 plus
plus free
free space
space in in a
a weapon
weapon
to rescue".
to rescue". The
The safety
safety concept
concept is
is primarily
primarily based
based on on the
the trough for
trough for rapid
rapid shifting
shifting andand exchanging
exchanging of of torpedo1
torpedo/
high strength
high strength of of the
the pressure
pressure hull.
hull. The
The high
high safety
safety mine or
mine missile mix
or missile charge the
to charge
mix to the 8 tubes in
8 tubes positions as
in positions as
factor characteristic
factor characteristic ofof German
German design
design is
is reflected
reflected in in desired. Expulsion
desired. Expulsion of of anti-helicopter
anti-helicopter missiles
missiles from
from the
the
the ratio
the ratio between
between calculated
calculated maximum
maximum diving diving depth
depth weapon tubes
weapon tubes asas a
a further
further option,
option, asas well
well asas the
the instal-
instal—
and permitted
and permitted operating
operating depth,
depth. in in additional
additional strength
strength lation of
lation of a a Torpedo
Torpedo Countermeasures
Countermeasures System System withwith
features to
features to counter
counter dynamic
dynamic pressure-related
pressure—related stress,
stress. launchers portlstarboard
launchers port/starlmard in in the
the upper
upper deck.
deck.

15?.
Conclusion and
Conclusion outlook
and outlook

The new
The new trends
trends in in keeping
keeping with
with the
the old
old tradition
tradition ofof in many
in fields. including
many fields, management tasks.
crisis management
including crisis The
tasks. The
non—nuclear submarine
non-nuclear sub-marine design
design inin Germany
Germany areare being
being development of
development non—nuclear AIP
of non-nuclear continues
technology continues
AlP technology
furthered and
acknowledged. furthered
acknowledged, and continued the
over the
all over
continued all to open
to avenues and
new avenues
open new mission areas
and mission for the
areas for conven-
the conven-
world. The particular
world. The demands of
operational demands
particular operational littoral
of littoral tional submarine.
tional submarine.
warfare and
warfare and the
the flexibility
flexibility ofof the
the multi-role
multi—role submarine
submarine 30 years
30 ago. the
years ago, successful Class
internationally successful
the internationally 209
Class 209
due to
due to the
the modular
modular concept
concept of
of its
its equipment
equipment andand pay-
pay- born from
was born
was the German
from the classes. Now
submarine classes.
German submarine the
Now the
load have
load have underlined
underlined the the importance
importance andand usefulness
usefulness of of air-independent non-nuclear
&-independent Classes 212
non-nuclear Classes 212 and BM
and 214
submarine as
the submarine
the as a weapons system
naval weapons
a naval at the
system at begin—
the begin- retain the
retain know-how and
technical know-how
the technical and system engineering
system engineering
ning of
ning of a
a new
new millennium.
millennium. The The familiar
familiar role
role of
of the
the abilities of
abilities the German
of the shipbuilding industry.
naval shipbuilding
German naval It
industry. It
submarine in
submarine in the
the defence
defence ofof national
national coasts
coasts and
and sea
sea to be
is to
is hoped that
be. hoped submarines will
follow—on submarines
that follow-on expe-
will expe-
lanes has been
lanes has extended due
been extended due to superior capabilities
its superior
to its capabilities the same
rience the
rience degree of
same degree success.
of success.
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Torpedo Operating on
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l56
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Chappuis. F. Abels.
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marine for Offshore
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UnderwaterActivities Arc- Sattler, G.._
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311998, Vol.
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lndependent Propulsion Systems)
Independent Propulsion Systems) Nexus House
Nexus Ltd., UK
House Ltd.. UK
Index
Index

Accommodations
Accommodations 103 103 Capstan
Capstan drivedrive 95 95 Deutschland
Deutschland (submarine)
(submarine) 15 15
acid
acid circulation
circulation 6666 carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide (C03)
(C02) 108 108 diesel
diesel electric propulsion 63
electric propulsion 63
density 66
acid density
acid 66 carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide absorbent
absorbent system
system 108 108 diesel
diesel engine
engine 19, 19. 63.
63, 64. 70 etc..
64, 70 etc., 90
90
acoustical weather 58.
acoustical weather 58, 59
59 cavitation
cavitation 33 33 diesel
diesel fuel
fuel and pressurized water
and press~rized water
admiralty
admiralty constant
constant 3737 centre
centre ofof buoyancy
buoyancy 21. 21, 27
27 systems
systems 72, 72. 73
73
Agosta
Agosta class 13. spec.
class 13, spec. sheet
sheet 4.
4, table
table 55 centre
centre ofof gravity
gravity 21. 21, 27
27 displacement
displacement 16 16
air compressor 90
air compressor 90 class
class 201
201 (submarine
(submarine U3) U3) 46. 46, table
table 55 diving
diving 21 21 etc.
etc.
aireindependent
air-independent propulsion
propulsion (AIP) l3.
(AIP) 13, class
class 206
206 (submarine)
(submarine) 112. 112, spec.
spec. diving pressure 39.
diving pressure 129
39, 129
134ff.
134ff. sheet
sheet 4. 4, (similar
(similar to)
to) table
table 55 diving table
diving table 131
131
air—intake
air-intake and
and exhaust
exhaust gas
gas systems
systems 71.7 1, class
class 209
209 (submarine
(submarine of 1.000 to
of 1,000 to 1.400
1,400 dome 59
dome 59
72
72 tons)
tons) 14 14 spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 4.4, table
table 55 double hull
doublehull 10. 16,
10, 16. 17,
17. 18,27,29,
18. 27. 29. 119,
119.
air purfication system
air purfication system 108108 cleat 95.
cleat 95, 9696 120. 121
120, 121
air trap 1114
air trap 14 clutch
clutch 63. 63, 64
64 drain line 87.121
drain line 87, 121
alarm systems
alarm systems 102
102 cockpit
cockpit 19. 19, 29
29 drain pump 88.
drain pump 88, 89. 110. 11
89, 110, 1111
aluminium
aluminium 44 44 collapse
collapse depht
depht 38. 38, 129
129 Draken class
Draken class 13.13, spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 44
anaerobic
anaerobic propulsion
propulsion 14. 14, 17
17 combat information centre
combat information centre (ClC)
(C.1.C) 18. 18. dynamics
dynamics 29 29 etc.
etc.
anchor
anchor 19.19, 94.
94, 95
95 19.
19, 58.
58, 5959 dynamic
dynamic stabilization
stabilization 34 34
anchor windlass
anchor windlass 18 18 communication
communication 12 12]1
antenna
antenna 21.21, 32.
32, 100.
100, 101
101 compass
compass installations
installations 97 97
antisubmarine warfare (ASW)
antisubmarine warfare (ASW) 12 12 compensating
compensating tank tank 24 24 etc..
etc., 35.
35, 89.
89, 90.
90,
aqualung
aqualung 114 114 111. 121,
111, 121. 133
133
Echo—sounding device
Echo-sounding device 98 98
Archimedes‘ principle 21
Archimedes' principle 21 compressed
compressed air air 18,18. 23,
23. 89
89 etc.. 102.
etc., 102, electrical propulsion
electrical propulsion 18. 19,
18, 19. 64
64
Arethuse class
Ar6thuse class 13,13. spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 4. table 55
4, table 1 l l. 121
111, 121
electrical
electrical ship network 91,
ship network 91. 95
95
Argonaut
Argonaut (submarine)
(submarine) 72 72 conning tower 23.
conning tower 43. 121
23, 43, 121
electric machinery 68
electric machinery 68
armament
armament 47 47 etc. 121
etc. 121 construction
construction and and commissioning
commissioning 129 129
electro—magnelic log
electro-magnetic log 98 98
asdic
asdic 1212 construction
construction documents
documents 124
124 emergency blowing—out equipment
emergency blowing-out equipment 11 12
12
asymmetrical
asymmetrical buckling
buckling 39 39 construction techniques
construction techniques 129
129 emergency manoeuvre 36
emergency manoeuvre 36
automatic
automatic depht
depht control
control 84 84 control
control consoles
consoles 83
83 equipment
equipment for for draining
draining and and
control
control surfaces
surfaces 82
82 etc.
etc. flooding 87
flooding 87
crew
crew habitability 103. 121
habitability 103, 121
equipment
equipment for for towing,
towing. mooring,
mooring.
cruising range calculations
cruising range 77
calculations 77 and lifting 95
and lifting 95
curve sheet
curve sheet 124. 125
124, 125
equipment
equipment for for trimming
trimming 89 89
Ballast
Ballast 16.18.21.111.128.129.132
16, 18, 21, 111, 128, 129, 132 Excalibur (submarine)
Excalibur (submarine) 13 13
ballast tank
ballast tank 19, 19. 21,
21. 22
22 etc.. 26. 32.
etc., 26, 32, 36.
36, exhaust
exhaust gasgas 19. 71,
19, 71. 72
72
85. l 1 I
85, 111 exhaust gas
exhaust gas flaps
flaps 72 72
Barbel class
Barbel class 13, 13. spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 2.2, table 4
table 4 Explorer (submarine)
Explorer (submarine) 13 13
battery
battery 63. 63, 64.
64, 91 Daphne class 13. spec. explosion shock
explosion shock 46 46
91 Daphn6 class 13, spec. sheet
sheet 4. table 55
4, table
battery exhaust
battery exhaust fan fan 108
108 decca
decca 98 98
battery room
battery room 19, 19. 6666 deception methods 62
deception methods 62
Batter. W.
Bauer, W. (designer)
(designer) 10 10 decoys
decoys ("Bold")
("Bold") 61. 61, 62 62
Ben Franklin
Ben Franklin (submarine)
(submarine) 22 deep submergence
deep submergence rescuerescue vessel
vessel Fairing 59
Fairing 59
L)
1\J

bollard
bollard 95. 95, 96
96 (l).S.R.V.)
(D.S.R.V.) 116 116 fire
fire control
control computer
computer 60 60
bow plane
bow plane 18, 82, 84.
29, 82.
18. 29. 133
84, 133 density
density 21, 21. 24,
24. 100
100 Forelle (submarine)
Forelle (submarine) 10 10
Bremen (submarine)
Bremen (submarine) 15 15 depht
depht charge
charge 12 12 frames
frames 39. 40. 41,
39, 40, 41. 47,
47. 130
130
bridge fin
bridge fin 18. 19,
18, 19. 20. 29
20, 29 depht
depht control
control 33 33 free ascent
free ascent 11 1155
buckling loads
buckling loads 39, 39. 47
47 design
design 119 etc.
119 etc. free escape
free escape 114,1 l4. 115
1 15
buildingallowance
building allowance 128 128 design allowance
design allowance 128 128 free—flooding space
free-flooding space 16 16
buildinginaccuracies
building inaccuracies 129 129 design equation
design equation 123
123 free of
free of lift
lift and
and moments
moments 35, 35. 36
36
buildinginstructions
building instructions 128 128 design model
design model 127
127 free surface
free surface 26
built—in—breathing (BIB)
built-in-breathing (BIB) system
system 114 114 design to
design to cost
cost 134,134. 148148 fresh water
fresh 19. 21,
19, 21. 24,
24. 104
104
bulkhead 18,
bulkhead 18. 20,
20. 32,
32. 40
40 detection
detection systems
systems 55 55 fresh water
fresh water generator
generator 104 104

158
frictional
frictional drag
drag 32
32 Lake, Simon
Lake. (designer) 72
Simon (designer) 72 optronic mast 57
optronic mast 57
fuel cell
fuel cell 81)
80 laser equipment 55
laser equipment 55 manoeuvre 36
overshoot manoeuvre
overshoot 36
fuel tank
fuel tank 19. 24, 129
21, 24.
19, 21. 129 lead battery 65
lead battery 65 etc.
etc. (Hz)108
oxygen (H3)
oxygen 108
container 19
liferaft container
liferaft 19 replenishment system
oxygen replenishment
oxygen system 109
109
liferafts. inflatable 113
liferafts, inflatable 113
hook 96
lifting book
lifting 96
Galley 19.104
Galley 19, 104 range 61)
listening range
listening 60
general instability 40
general instability 40 loading due
loading to diving
due to pressure 38
diving pressure Papenberg depth
Papenberg gauge 99
depth gauge 99
generator 19.63
generator 19, 63 log 132
log 132 Peral. (designer) 11)
Peral, J.J. (designer) 10
German export
German submarines l4
export submarines 14 London Naval
London Conference 11
Naval Conference 11 periscope ll.
periscope 11, 19. 21). 21. 32.
19,20,21, 55. 56. 57.
32,55,56, 57,
shipyard 10
Qennania shipyard
Germania 10 longitudinal prsentation of
longitudinal prsentation of sectional
sect 62, 121
62. 121
submarines 12.
G e m submarines
German 12, 13
13 areas (flounder) 124.
areas (flounder) 124, 126
126 depth 11l.1, 331,
periscope depth
periscope 63, 101)
1. 63. 100
grounding 110
grounding 110 loran 98
loran 98 Piccard (designer) 15
Piccard (designer) 15
G.R.P. 44
G.R.P. 44 low noise motor
low noise motor 63. 64, 68
63, 64.
gun
68 Planar tests 36
Motion tests
Planar Motion 36
gun 11). 47, 53
10, 47. 53 oil tank
lubricating oil
lubricating tank 19. 19, 24
24 plane 34.
plane 111, 132
34, 111. 132
Guppy type 13
GUPPYtype 13 foam 44
plastic foam
plastic
gyro—compass
gyro-compass 97
97 Poisson‘s ratio 41)
Poisson's ratio 40
Machinery failure 133
Machinery failure 133 (missile) 47
Polaris (missile)
Polaris 47
magnetic compass 97
magnetic compass 97 class 13
Porpoise class
Porpoise 13
Hatch over 86
Hatch over 86 maintenance allowance 128
maintenance all(,)wance 128 (missile) 47
Poseidon (missile)
Poseidon 47
heel test 27
heel test 27 Marianas
Marianas Trench
Trench 15 15 dock 38.
pressure dock
pressure 46, 133
38, 46. 133
finder 12
direction finder
H.F. direction
HF. 12 materials
materials 42 42 gauge 98
pressure gauge
pressure 98
eliminator 67
Hz eliminator
H3 67 matrix—displacement method (finite
matrix-displacement method (finite pressure hull 21.
pressure hull 46, 129
29, 46.
21, 29. 129
high-voltage test
high—voltage test 131131 elements) 41)
elements) 40 pressure hull
pressure closures 86
hull closures 86
hoistings mechanism 55.
hoistings mechanism 55, 56
56 manoeuvre 36
meander manoeuvre
meander 36 pressure for commercial
hulls for
pressure hulls commercial
boat 11)
Holland boat
Holland 10 mechanical properties 129
mechanical properties 129 submersibles 44
submersibles 44
fins 34
horizontal fins
horizontal 34 metacentre 26.
metacentre 26, 128
128 pressure tank 45
pressure tank 45
structure 38
hull structure
hull 38 mine 10.52
mine 10, 52 prevention of
prevention accidents by
of accidents by safety
safety
hybrid system 80.
propulsion system
hybrid propulsion 80, 147
147 armament 53
missile armament
missile 53 precautions 111)
precautions 110
hydraulic oil
hydraulic system 91.
oil system 91, 93
93 mockup. wooden 127
mockup, Wooden 127 propeller 19.
propeller 29, 51
21, 29.
19, 21. 51
hydrodynamic log 97
hydrodynamiclog 97 model experiments 44
model experiments 44 shaft 31)
propeller shaft
propeller 30
hydrodynamic stability
hydrodynamic 31, 34
stability 31. 34 design 135.
modular design
modular 135, 146
146 propulsion 32.
propulsion 32, 63 etc., 111.
63 etc.. 119, 121.
111, 119. 121,
hydrophone 20.
hydroplione 59, 61)
20, 59. 60 moment of
moment inertia 27
of inertia 27 127, 132
127. 132
hydroplane l8.
hydroplane 19, 23.
18, 19. 82, l132
51, 82.
23, 5]. motor-generator 63.
motor-generator 63, 64
64 (conventionaltype)
propulsion (conventional
propulsion type)
L»!
14

pressure 41)
hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic 40 63 etc.
63 etc.
HY 81)
HY steel 42
80 steel 42 provision 24.104
provision 24, 104
Niicken class 13
Nacken class 13
Narval (submarine) 10
Narval (submarine) 10
log 98
Impeller log
Impeller 98 Narval class 13
Narval class 13
indicator systems
indicator for submerged
systems for submerged navigation and
navigation and communication
communication Radar l2.
Radar 12, 19. 58, 62
57, 58.
19, 57. 62
cruising 98
cruising 98 installations 97
installations 97 etc.
etc. radar systems 62
warning systems
radar warning 62
rate 138
indiscretion rate
indiscretion 138 negative pressure
negative 108, 121
test 108.
pressure test 121 radio direction
radio finder 98
direction finder 98
inertial navigation
inertial system 97
navigation system 97 battery 67
nickel-cadmium battery
nickel-cadmium 67 radio navigation 98
radio navigation 98
nonmagnetic 134
non—magnetic 134 class 111
RR class |
non-military submarines 15
non-military submarines 15 bell 115
rescue bell
rescue 115
non-nuclear 142-153
non-nuclear 142-153 sphere 116.
rescue sphere
rescue 116, 117
117
compressor 91
Junkers compressor
Junkers 91 propulsion 13
nuclear-powered propulsitm
nuclear-powered 13 rescue vessel.
rescue Swedish (U.R.F.)
vessel, Swedish (U.R.F.)
l6
1116
rubber or
rubber coating (Alberich)
plastic coating
or plastic (Alberich)
ICannan vortex
Karman vortex 57
57 Oberon class
Oberon class 13. spec. sheet
13, spec. table 44
sheet 2.2, table 62
62
keel
keel 18, 21)
18. 20 omega 98
omega 98 rudder
rudder 31).30, 51.
51, 8282
Safety
Safety and and rescue
rescue 110.110, 123
123 strength
strength ol‘
of other
other structural
structural type
type 20
26 32.
32, 51.
51, 7‘).
79,
sal'ety
safety l‘actor
factor 38. 38, 119
119 members
members 42 42 spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 1.1, table
table 33
satety
satety pet‘l‘m‘mance
performance envelope
envelope 11I111 strength
strength ol‘
of pressure
pressure hull
hull 3939 etc..
etc., 129
129 type
type 1500
1500 14
14
salinity
salinity 58 58 strength
strength of
of pressure—proof
pressure-proof conning
conning
salvage
salvage and and rescue
rescue |112 12 tower
tower 42 42
sanitary
sanitary t'acilities
facilities 105 105 submaritie—launched
submarine-launched air air missile
missile Underwaterdetonation
Underwater detonation 38
38
satellite
satellite reception
reception (navigation)
(navigation) 98 98 (SLAM
(SLAM)) 53 53 underwatertelephony
underwater telephony 100
100
sea
sea trials
trials 132 132 submerged
submerged dragdrag 3232
sectionalizedconstruction
sectionalized construction 130 130 switchboard
switchboard 18 18
service
service diving
diving depth
depth 38 38 symmetrical
symmetrical buckling
buckling 39 39 Ventilation
Ventilation system.
system, heating.
heating,
sextant
sextant 57. 57, 98
98 air—conditioning
air-conditioning 105. 105, (no.
106, 107.
107, 108.
108,
shape
shape of of the
the submarine
submarine versus
versus thethe I21
121
submersible
submersible 29 29 Tang
Tang class
class 13 13 \r'erl‘ications
verfications during
during construction
construction 129 129
ship
ship handling
handling equipment
equipment 82 82 etc.
etc. tank
tank test
test 132 132 Vulcan
Vulcan (salvage
(salvage ship)
ship) 112112
shock
shock loads
loads 38 38 telecommunication
telecommunication systems systems 100 100
side
side scan
scan sonar
sonar 59 59 titanium
titanium 44 44
signatures
signatures 134. 134, 138.
138, 149.
149, 151151 tolerances
tolerances 129 129 \Valter.
Walter, H.H. (designer)
(designer) 12. 12, 13.
13, (i2.
62,78,78. 79
79
silver-zinc
silver-zinc battery
battery ()8 68 torpedo
torpedo 10. 10, 11. 12, 18.47
11, 12. 18, 47 \Naltcr
Walter boat
boat VV 80
80 78.78. 83.
83, spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 1.1,
simulated
simulated emergency
emergency manoeuvres
manoeuvres l111 11 torpedo
torpedo hatchhatch 8o 86 table
table 33
single
single hull
hull 10. 10, lo.
16, 18.27.
18, 27, 29.29, 119.
119, I21
121 torpedo
torpedo impulse
impulse launching
launching principle
principle Ward—Leonard
Ward-Leonard control
control o9 69
single—screw
single-screw propulsion
propulsion 31 31 49
49 Washington
Washington Naval
Naval Conference
Conference 11 11
S‘ioormen
Sjoormen class class 13. 13, spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 4.
4, torpedo
torpedo loading
loading system
system and and torpedo
torpedo wash water
washwater 104
104
table
table 55 stowage
stowage 50 50 water
water inrush
inrush 1110It)
snorkel
snorkel 12. 12, 19.
19, 20.
20, 32.
32, ()3.
63, 74.91.
74, 91, 100.
100, torpedo
torpedo swim-out
swim-out launching
launching watertight
watertight l‘orecastle
forecastle 29 29
105.
105, 108.
108, 123,
123, 132
132 principle
principle 50 50 watertight
watertight stern
stern 29 29
sonar
sonar 12. 12, 58.
58, 59
59 torpedo
torpedo tanktank 19. 19, 47.
47, 50
50 watertight
watertight transverse
transverse subdivision
subdivision 1110 11)
sonar
sonar doppler
doppler log log 98 98 torpedo
torpedo tubetube 18. 18, 19.
19, 47
47 W
W class
class 13. 13, spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 2.
2, table
table 44
sonar
sonar intercept
intercept system
system ()2 TOURS
TOURS (subtnersible)
(submersible) 85. weapon
weapon control
control systems
systems 54
62 85, 111.
111, 113 113 54
sonar
sonar rel'lection
reflection 62 62 towed
towed acoustical
acoustical antenna
antenna array
array 60 60 weapon
weapon systems
systems 119 119
special
special glass
glass 44 44 Treaty
Treaty of of Versailles
Versailles I11 1 web
web I'rames
frames 32. 32, 39.
39, 40.
40, 41
41
special
special sounding
sounding instruments
instruments 100 100 Trieste
Trieste (submarine)
(submarine) 15. 15, 24
24 weight
weight and
and volume
volume calculation
calculation I27. 127,
specification
specification of of requirements
requirements 1119 19 trim
trim indicator
indicator 99 99 129.
129, 132
132
speed
speed measuring
measuring systems
systems 97 97 trim
trim tank
tank 19. 19, 25
25 weight
weight control
control 129 129
spiral
spiral manoeuvre
manoeuvre 36 36 trim
trim water
water 35. 35, 133
133 welding
welding 130 130
Squalus
Squdus (submarine)
(submarine) 11(1 116 turlm—charging
turbo-charging of of diesel
diesel engines
engines 70. 70, 71
71 welding
welding sequences
sequences 129 129
stability
stability 26 26 etc.
etc., 34.
34, 123.
123, 129129 turning
turning circle
circle 29.29, 31.
31, 36.
36, 132
132 whip
whip antenna
antenna 18 18
stabilizer
stabilizer (in fin 18.18, 19.
19, 32.
32, 3434 type
type design
design 1119 19
standarddisplacement
standard displacement lo 16 type
type 22 12. 75. 108.
12,75, 108, spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 1.1,table
table 11
static X—ray
X-ray test
test 129
129
static stability
stability 27 27 type
type7 7 12.75.
12,75, 108.
108, spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 1.1, table
table 11
steering
steering rudder
rudder 18. 18, 19.
19, 29
29 type
type 99 12.75.12,75108,108. spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 1.1, table
table |1
stern
stem fins
fins 31 31 type
type 21 21 12. 12, 13.
13, 49.
49, ()5.
65, 74.
74, 75.
75, 108.108, Young‘s
Young's modulus
modulus 21
21
stern
stem plane
plane 19. 19, 31.
31, 84.
84, 133
133 spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 1.1, table
table 22
stern
stem tube
tube 19. 19, 21
21 type
type 23 23 12. 12, 13.
13, ()3.
63, 75.
75, 108.
108,
Stirling
Stirling engine
engine 81. 81, 144
144 spec.
spec. sheet
sheet 1.1, table
table 22 Zédétdesigner)
ZMB (designer) It)
10

160
Tables
Tables
 — MOST
Sheet 11 -
Specification Sheet IMPORTANT DATA
MOST IMPORTANT GERMAN SUBMARINES,
ON GERMAN
DATA ON 1935—1945
SUBMARINES, 1935-1945
-
Specification
No.
NO. Iype
and
Principal
Displacement
)isplacement data
inn cubic
cubic meters
meters
data Principal
'rincipal
dimensions
imensions iinn
Weight
Weight
distribution in
distribution in
Stability
meters
neters
irt
itability in Steel structure
keel structure
dimensions
Limensions
Depth
k p t h in
.
meters
in meters
depth
Diving depth
1. Diving
Rudders. diving
Rudders,
fins, controls
fins. controls
planes.
doing planes,

characteristics
year .
. Surface
Surface meters
ieters percent
percent .
1. Surface
Surface G GMM .
l. Pressure hull
Pressure hull Designed
2.!. Designed
displacement
displacement length
. Length I. Hull
I. Hull .
2. Submerged
Submerged
CG
diameter (mi
diameter (ml collapse
collapse
depth
. Submerged overall 2. Machinery
Machinery ('Bto CG Thickness of
!.. Thickness of

I.)
I.)
Submerged overall 2. CBto depth
displacement Beam overall 3.
Beam overall Armament
3. Armament (equated to
(equated to pressure httll
pressure hull

[‘4
displacement
.
. Displacement'
Displacement .
Molded 4. Fuel
I’uel total surface
total surface plating (cm)
plating (cm)

'a-I
4.

La)
Molded
of total form
form depth 5. Other
Other weight) .
Frame
. Frame

‘a-l
of total death 5. weight)
.
Ratio of
of to deck G&Ck stowage
stowage spacing (cm)
spacing (cm)

L“.
Ratio
ballast tank . Draft
Draft 6. Effective
6. Effective Frame
I. Frame

.“
ballast tank
capacity to
capacity surface
to surface ballast
ballast profile (mm)
profile (mml
displacement . I00Wti = bulb plate
bulb plate

\J
displacement 7.100%
(percentage)
(percentage) total
total surface
surfacc
weight
weight
I 29] I. 0.300 4.00 100 Rudder midship, planes aft
alter planes
midship. after of
aft of
2b Submersible, coastal.
Submersible. Rudder

AssC-L-
[44A

to—
coastal.

rocm—mq

Lbs-II»)—
\JT'JIL'AI‘J—
I935 single—hull; 2. HI 2. 0.3Il . 250 propeller, fixed bow
propeller. fixed planes. good
host planes, depth
good depth
torpedoes or
torpedoes or mines launched 3.
mines launched 435 mi) control characteristics. short dising timc.
control characteristics. shon diving time.
front torpedo tubes.
from torpedo tubes. 4 [7.0 rsrr .« 7'

J!
I00.

A
Submersible. 763 GTIII 4l.5 I. 0.388 100 Double rudders a
Double rudders afth of
of
Submersible, scagotng. 4:1“

L'NIJ—‘
seagoing.

.L-QJIJ—
J—‘a-IIJ—
Last.)—

I‘H‘) cruising range;

medium cruising
medium 371 (1.23 28.3 2. 0.2?“ I445 . 250 propeller. after
propeller, planes aft
after planes of
aft of

t4
range;
hybrid 7.5 (10,“ propeller. fixed boss planes.
between single—
hybrid betssccn single- II50 (1.00 propeller, fixed bow planes,
hull 300 2' I: turning radius.
small turning good
hull and double—hull
and double-hull 14 3 47’ l4.7 small radius. good
3}) depth control
depth characteristics.
control eharactenstics,
boat; torpedoes
boat; or mincs
torpedoes or

'J’v
mines
launched short
short diying
diving time,
from torpedo
launched front torpedo (i. 4.I time.
tubes. 7_ I00.0
tubes.

”It Submersible.
Submersible, longrangc.
long-range. I I0]? 70.50 L'AtJ—— I . 0.575 4.40 1. too rudders a
Double rudders
Double oi
afth~.
of

Laura-
seagoing. . 250 propeller. alter planes aft ol
I939 seagoing. double
double hull; 3 II7H (1,70 3. 0.330 1.85 propeller, after planes aft of

IJ
hull;
torpedoes 70.0 propeller, fixed planes.
boss planes.
fixed bow
torpedoes or
or mines 3. I430 5.35 x
propeller,
'1»
mines
launched 4 turning radius.
small turning
small
launched frorn
from 4.70 t4 . 200 - ll radius.
torpedo
torpedo tubes.
J.

‘aJ
L.

tubes.
J—

I001)
21

I4 Submersible, long—range.
Submersible. I73I l. 0.736 4.90 I. I20 Double rudders aft
Double rudders of
aft of
-'

long-range.
'—

Luau)—
J—LAIJ—

seagoing. double hull;

seagoing, double I950 2. 0.120 “.15 . 300 propeller.
propeller, after aft of
planes aft
after planes of

Is.)
I94|
[J

hull:
"n! I-J

for combat
supply for
supply . 3300 80.0 propeller. fixed
propeller, bow planes.
fised bow planes.
DJ

combat
submarines. Ilo 330 r I: small
small turnmg radius
turning rad~us
\1

submarines.
3-

.N
TX
L

'J'

7. I()0.()

|
‘21 Submarine. extremely long—
Submarine, c\tremcly long- I I002 '76. 70 40.2 I. 0.353 5.30 l. 133 Rudder midship, after
Rudder ttiidship. aRer
.L-u-AIJ—
L'a—JIJ—

«L-‘a-JIJ—

rangc. 30.0 2. 0,399 2.0 3. .130 planes aft

planes of propeller.
aft oi
I944
1944 seagoing. double
range. seagoing. double 3 I500 propeller.
hull. torpedo armament.
hull. torpedo .I. ZIIIII 7.70 It‘ll.” stabilizing fin.
stabilizing bow planes
fin. ho“ planes
‘J

armament.
..

4. I13 (1.34 240 - ll retractable. large turning

retractable, large turning
radius, scrs
radius, good depth
very good depth
_,.
J-

A
.H

control characteristics.
control characteristics.

33 Submarine, coastal.
Submarine. I. 328 4.70 I. 0.193 3.00 1. 100 Rudder aft
Rudder of propeller.
aft of propeller.
Lyon-—
J—‘adt‘J~—-

coastal.
—

l 944 predominantly single 2. 256 3,02 2. 0.329 . ISUI'PI after planes

alter below propeller.
planes beloss propeller.
t.-

l-J

hull. torpedo armament.

hull. torpedo armament. l 283 4.00 55kt stabilizing tin.
stabilizing fixed boss
fin. fixed bow
‘A

4 12.3 3.06 I40 2*" 7 planes. \ery

planes. short drying
very short diving
[.0
7
J.-

4.l time. good depth

very good
time, very depth
2-- ‘J‘

46 control characteristics.
control characteristics.
I000
«J

\'h‘0 Submarine. 2.Iu 100 Rudder aft

Rudder of propeller.
aft oI propeller.
L‘AtJ-—-
IJ
IJ
bunt.)—

I939 espcrimental (Lh‘ 350 after planes

after aft of
planes all of
I;

experimental
fl'AIJ

for Walter
for Walter 5n propeller, stabili/ing
propeller. stabilizing
propulsion
propulsion I00 s (15 no boss
fin. no
fin. planes, \cry
bow planes. very
systems.
systems. depth control
good depth
good control
predominant Iy
predominantly characteristics in
characteristics in
single hull.
single hull. the
the higher speed ranges.
higher speed ranges.
unarmed.
unarmed.

with \Valter
Submarinessith
Submarine l 27-": 39.0 1. 0.200 I. I25 Rudder aft
Rudder of propeller.
aft of propeller,
'Jr ’44
v—‘w

17 Walter
L'AIJ—
'l‘J—‘uIJ—
Aunt.)—

I943 propulsion system.

propulsion 2 10‘) 3.40 2. 0.350 . Jun after planes
after of propeller.
aft of
planes aft propeller.
lat

3. .m
1942 system,
coastal, predominantly
coastal. predominantly 5.00 60.0 stabilizing tin.
stabiIi/ing no boss
fin, no bow
single hull, torpedo
single hull. 4 its 4.30 H10 - I0 no depth
planes, no
planes. control at
depth control at
L

torpedo
I)

armament.
armament. slou speeds. say
slow speeds, good depth
very good depth
control characteristics
control in the
characteristics iii the
higher speed ranges.
higher speed ranges.
ml

26 Submarine \sith
Submarine with I HS?» I. 0.208 5.40 I. III} Rudder alt ot propeller.
.r-w J— J— [J

IJ—

. 330 after planes

after below the
planes beloss
4—3.:t

Walter propulsion 3. 0.309 the

4—}:l

2, 935
I.)

(I945)
'1. '2: '1.
/

system.
system. medium»
medium- 3. llt'tIl 80.0 propeller.
propeller, stabilizing
stabilizing fin.
fin,
1—).4

-
range, seagoiug.
range. 240 ~. I: lanes retractable.
bow planes
bots retractable.

I
4 |0.0
It

I.)

seagoins.
as

double-hull. 50
'Ji

double-hull.
torpedo
J
,4
’3‘

torpedo
armament.
armament. T‘. 100.0
 Torpedo
1. Ratio
armament
Torpedo armament
of surface
Ratio of weight to
surface weight to
Gunnery
Gunnery Propulsion ratings
Propulsion ratlngs
Surface dim1
l. Surface (knots)
speed (knots)
diesel speed
Engine
I..
ratings. fuel.
Engine ratings. weight
battery weight
fuel, battery
Surface diesel
Surface rating K
diesel rating KW (hp)
W (hp)
-
C re w
Crew Remarks
I. 1.

3"JtJ-n'a-II‘J—
no. of
no. torpedoes w
of torpedoes carried
ried 2.
2. Submerged electric speed
Submerged electric (knots)
speed (knots) 2.. Submerged electric
Submerged rating KW
electric rating (hp)
KW (hp)
(tons per torpedo)
(was per t o w d o ) 3.
3. Submerged turbine sspeed
Submerged turbine (knots)
w d (knots) 3.. Submerged turbine w
Submerged turbine rating KW (hp)
i n g KW (hp)
4.
4. Surface cruising range
Surface mising diesels
on diesels
range on . Fuel (tons)
(nm) ,
knots (nm?
at... knots
at... . Oxidanl (H;();) (tons)
Submerged crulstng
5._ Submerged range on
cruising range electric
on clcetnc . Battery vveight (tons)

'J‘l
motor at... knots
motor at... (run)
knots (nm)
cruising range
Submerged cruising
6.. Submerged turbine
on turbine
range on

'3‘
at... (um)
knots (nm)
at... knots

Three bow
Three tubes.
boys tubes. 13.0 x 260 (350)
-
25 Refer to Table I1
Refer

I.)
[vs-o reserve torpedoes
reserve torpedoes 7.0 .v I30 ( [80) Type developments:
advanced developments:
Type 22 advan~rd

J
two

l‘J
E»)
l. 58
1. 58 Type 2b: considerably
Type 2b. considerably increared
increased Fuel
fuel capacity.
capacity.
. 2700.» 10 advanced development:
advanced development:

.L.
Type Zc:
Type minor modilicatlons.
2c: mlnor development:
advanced development:
modifications. advanced
Type 2d: eonaiderably
Type 2& increased fuel
considerably increased capacity an
fuel capactty restrlt
as a result
of outboard fuel
oloufbmrd fuel tanks

Four tubes,
bovs tubes,
[tour bow 1-8.8 cm I. 1?.0 l. 2 '- 1030(1400) 43 50 Refer to
Refer Table I1
to Table
one stern
one tube,
stern tube. 1-2 em If) 2 \- Z‘H) (375] Type 7 advan~pd
Type developments:
advanced developments:
[.1

seven
w reserve
e n reserve Later 'l ype 7b:
Type tnorc powerful
7b: morc diesels, increased
powerful diesels, capacity.
fuel capacity.
increased lucl
torpedoes pltrs
torpedoes plus 1-3.7 cm T400! [0 advanccd development:
advanced developmcnl:
4L.

torpedoes
reserve torpedoes
two reserve 2-2 cm 80:4 lypc 7c:
Type further increase
7c: further iii luel
increase in advanced
capacity. advanced
fuel capacity.
'JI

two
in deck
upper deck
in upper 'Ty
rwin mounts
in mounts development
developn~cnt
.—

Containers
containers Type with additional
7d: with
'l'ype 7d: section to
additional section accommodate I5
to awommodate I5
l. 55
1. 55 anchored mines; n1.w
anchored mines; lrotn Type
developed from
also devclopcd 7c:
lypc 7c:
Type 7r:
Type section to carry
"if: with additional section 22 torpcdon
carry 22 lor
torpedoes for
resunply submarine)
tstrpport submarine)
rcstrpply (ruppon

Four bow
Four bovs‘ tubes.
tubes. |.
1-10.5 cm V |620(3200) Refer lo
Refer Table I|
to Table

I.)
'4

tvvo stern
two stern tubes, l~.. cm s, 370 (500) T y p 99 advanad
Type developments:
advanced developments:
'a-l

1-3.7

I.)
(J
six torpedoes plus
reserve torpedoes
sis‘ reserve ]_ cm
1-2 0b: with sliphtly
Type 9b: fuel capacity.
increased fuel
slightly increared advanced
capacity. advanced
eight reserve
eight torpedoes
reserve torpedon iii
Later | 2000 | 0 development:
development:
L.

in upper deck
in upper containers
deck containers l— (i4 " 4 l9c: wilh
Type 9c: increased fuel
considerably increased
with considerably capacity.
fuel capacity.
'JI

1-3.7 cm Type
I. 51
1. 5| 3. advanced development:
T cm
2-2
vvin mounts
rwin mounts Type 9d: with tnore powerful diesels (“’0 types), also
developed from Type 9c:
Type 9dvz with two auxiliary diesel generators and greatly
increased capacity
fuel capacity
increased fuel

No torpcdo
No armament.
torpedo armament, l. l4.4 1. l()3()tl-'t()())
2 x 1030 (1400) 53260 Resupply of luel
Resupply or possible in
fuel posniblc operation
submerged operation
in submerged
2 x>1 280 (375)
280 (375)
r.)

four in
torpedoes in
four torwdoes (1.2 2.
t.)
f-J

[J

upper deck containers

upper deck containers
to supply
to combat
supply combat l2300fi|0 4.
4. 203 for own
203 for consumption
own consumption
4..

submarines
submarines 5-, 5654 432 lor
432 resupply
for resupply
1.- 90.5
f). 90.5
6.

Sis bow tubes,

Six 2-3
2-3 cm |5.Z5 l470 (2200) 47-‘56 Refer to
Refer 3
Table 2
to Tablc
I.)
L)—

fourteen reserve
fourteen torpedoes,
reserve torpedoes, Tvsin
rwin mounts I'M) ”<40 (2500)
[J

[J

rapid reloading
rapid capability
reloading capability
l.
1. 80
80 15500; I0 4. 250
J—

285.6
'1)

Two tubes‘
boys rubes.
Tvso bow l. 9.5 l. l x‘ 420(575) Refer to Table 2
Refer
reserve torpedoes
no reserve l2.5 x 430(580)
I-J

[J

|l4
l. 114
1.
2800a) 4. (8.0
.L‘.

175/4
'J’\

(i. 37.3

l'narnted
Unarmed 280 H70 (2000) Refer to
Reler to Table
Table 33 and
and I'igure
figure 82
X2
3)
Us)

. :rbt. 50.538 30
'JI
O“

$
tubes.
boys tubes,
'l'vs‘o bow
Two 8.5 l r 150 (210) Refer to
Refer to Table
‘lable 33
m'flL-‘Ai‘J—r

3“/\L.'4JIJ—

tsvo reserve
two torpedoes
reserve torpedoes 6 l , ()0 (K0) Type I7
Type 17
((All torpedoes
~ ltorpedoes
l 35 2 Iii-30 (2500) Advanced development:
Advanced development: Type
Type I7
I? (wrieq
(series) with
vsitlr
55 mm m length)
in length) 3000-"8 boys nlancr.
bow plancs_ morkel.
snorkel. and
and reduced
reduced turbine
turbine
u

l, 55
I. 55 40 "4.5 rating (ncvcr
ratink (never completed)
completed)
110325

boys tubes. ll l w 430 (580) Table 3

Refer to Table
H

Four bow
tJisl-J—

sis‘ lateral
six lateral torpedo tuba,
tubes. l0 I x 430 (580) Never completed.
Never completed, wrapped
scrapped in
in vhipyard
shipyard
[J

no reserve
no reserve totpedoa
torpedoes 24 x 55l0t7500)
LA

1, 85.3
1. 7 300 | 0
vii—s.

l (Elf-'1
6. l 5 0 24
 -
Specification Sheet 2 - MOST IMPORTANT DATA ON POSTWAR SUBMARINES with diesel-electric propr ion, 1st GENERATION
m 52m :o_§_.:,.8m 502 Hzfimofié <35 zo mgfimo: $235.53 5:, .8238: 2:83-336 2 29:3s

No
.27. Country
CE}. 4 ugh:
Type Pnnclpal
“fruit:
Surface9.52]
Pnneipal
EEZFE
Ruddm,
.fiucjzm
Torpedo
await;
Propvlston rarlngs
SEE: 55:53.5
Englne ratings, driving gear
Bum mEEU .435: 2.3:;
-
Crew
539 3m
2L3:
and charanenstrcs lsplacement dunenuom hydroplanes, srmament 1 Surfacedmd t Surface dleael
1:1. I: 223339? 52:53:96 507:3:6 19:59:32 23:25.. 365 u.é.,::../ ._ 365 33:57.. . _
5);):
year ln cu meters ~nmeters fins s@ (knots)
3.6:, 775,:
rating KW (hp)
132:5... E :32: E LE 3.: .51 3:2
I Length 2 Submerged elatnc 2 Submerged electnc
Emcuq i 3.329 tumSELzm 3:33 333:2}
L
2 Beam
73:4. 1.5:,
ratlng KW (hp)
ES: 7:: 5.1. w::::
m

.— r] r"
3 haft
:50
3 Number of shafts
$.37 .E 32:37.

164
A

r7
, . 252.33:
I USA TANG Combmauon type I 87 SIXbow tubes,
(if: $7.69 _:..._m fart: 5:: (I, ._ f
2120 Bow planes
97.: :2:§:LE:U 6:5: to:

'I
. ASSIGCDVM
1951 2 80
7.2 13:: :37 Z,1 .m
between submersible foldable two stern tubes
2:35:53 5.455: 93:22.. f

3..

...r;r*.
(If!

—;(lr':
and s u b m a m .
95:5:s 3::
:3: “.3331. 3 57
double hum

f)
:7: :3 :mcm
2 OBERON 1610 SIXbow tubes.
[hi mac 6:5: .501 53:17: $32 1.1,. .633.
UK Combmat~ontype
out :saLEop
1 9 0 Bow planes foldable.

f"
_,

Y.
:cnn 3:...5
1959 between submers~ble 2 81 rudder am~dsh~ps. two stern tubes
:37 ,3:
3.: 92229:? 5323 .ILEIEE: 52:: 6L5

—'ri~2
4a";
Flflrl
and submanne,
.2:,:._:£_7 :2:
3 55 stern planes aft of
.3 :1. (ES: Eu?
double hull propellers
:s: 93:51. r5233:

f .
. 2.51:5:
France 9:: :EEEnEco mc
3
._/.../xx../.
NARVAL Combnat~ontype 1640 1 78 Six bow tubes
:1: fim 59: {£3

l
3:: ._

r:
, Sam—:5:
1954 between submenrble
3L75EL? 5956;
2 77
”3...?—

l'

‘(l
nmr:

— (‘1 r'.
-— r': m

and submanne. double

2:30: 6.2.3523; 93
:3; 3 55
hull

I
:c
4 "W dass 1100 Bow planes, 1. 2 x 1470 (2000)
so:
USSR Combmarlon type 1 75 Four bow tubes.
12.1.75: 9?: :EEELEGQ .EEHE ism .6E: 50: :5: _..:En::_ , m

"II"
‘II
3.9.
1959 between submers~ble 2 73 robe tdted-m two stern tubes 2. 2 x I850 (2500)
2:73:53 50.53: 2-3:: .5 E 1.5:: 3, 92 33.2%: n

'T

—'rirr',
f". f".
and submanne
.u:_:..EL:z 3::
3 43 besides, two electric
2:87.. 3: .626;
35:.53
low-noise motors
r
103::

Six/.2 :5»: v :x: w.

5 USA BARBEL Submanne.
xitism
1750 :91...—
Six bow tubes
ff g 74:52:- .m; «1:
1 67 Fixed sa~l-mounted
1m 5:: 13::
r .fv“
ri
27.3.. 33mm
1958 double hull,
1m? ,:::.,:.r:3_4
2 88 fore planes,.135: 33
Ari":

._.(|r’.
3.45.29. ::2 :? _
form opt~mrudfor 3 85 aft cross confguratlon
:E.m._:m_.:H:u is: :n
submerged crulse
”2:: 33.4253,
forward of propeller
8:335 ,_: 1.55.5:

I m HmOZ HZ<H¢OEE <H<Q ZO mm..5©m-m<mg,v32 mmZ_m<._,.4mDm

Specification Sheet 3 - MOST IMPORTANT DATA ON NUCLEAR-POWERED SUBMARINES
Eozm :ozmgt awam

:_UC_S~C:K..
No
.2/ Country
$2:n
Type
9::H
Prlncrpal
7.9.5:;
Surface
35:2
Pnndpl_nLC:_..L
Rudders.
.1335:
Armament Propulsion ratings
,mEF: 5:41:25
Englne ratings
5,53: ucazm
Crew
5,: u
and charactensucs
6:453:25
d~splacemeot dimensions hydroplanes. I. Surface speed (knots) I. Capacity KW (hp)
:5. EquxEé 1:37:35: £23735): 7.9:: 33:, 31...:fi ._ 7:: .51 Singxu _
rCC
year ~ncu meters in meters fins 2. Submerged speed (knots) 2. Number of shafts
:J. LEE: .3 E :32: E 73:7: coma, 232:2} m ,al .7, .SLEzz .r.

-—-
1. Length
2 713,5;

fl
2. BeamEng:

f"
3. Draft
:20
QPT. mz :cmm
I USA STURGEON Attack 38M1 Sail-mounted Four torpedo tubes 1. abt. 20
433.4. 12::0Eixm 365.: 55.: 6:3 3.51. ._ ._ 25. : .51. :xSa:
r

7‘
‘5.
mac?—
1969 submarme. amidships 2. abt. 30
.uccsELz, [2.2: BE ,LEJEEG Sign a _

‘
.

fin”.
:QCEFmrEcU
single hull
2:: 23..., C: 505

2 USSR
xnm;
CHARLIE
5414—49
7.69—
Attack submarine.
.2::.EE:., 4.453.. 3:3.
4300
#9
3;:
$02 6:2;
I 15.: 2199:: 55: £92
I ._ emit”
I. 17,700(24,WO)
.953. 8...: c:—
1968 single hull for ship-to-ship 2. abt. 30
:2: EwEl 63233:: 9.5-3.95 :2 .m 3.5: N. .m

-—‘rirf..
3.x :c:E:w__.E..d $2..) :1.
missiles 1271::

r',
._ :m .5:
3 UK SWIFTSURE Attack 3500 Bow planes
1.4 umregfflr
Five bow I. abt.20 1. 14,700(20,000)
43:3... 2;. CC 6:5: 55 :2: 3.; ._ iii“... 39.:
3‘
F I

1971 submarine, torpedo tubes 2. abt. 30

73 5:52:97 632:2 (5.: 2353 :m .5: _.m
slngle hull .—r1r~r,
:3: uRE, 5:: :m :c.:§:m::3

. _ 2.52.1. sec. _ _
LAFAYETTE Ballistic Sixteen ballistic missiles, I. abt. 20 1. 11,000(15,000)
:Harx. 7.— 27%,: 33:35:72.} 5:55.92122531m ._ :n.5: :1
,4

missiles,
[ETLE
four bow torpedo tubes 2. abt. 30 2. 1
7X; .123: 22.. (5.: Erik: 59L :5: .n 3353 .m _
._. r)".

single hull
:z: u .137
aft cross configuration
:EirEmrEcu 13.) :n

V].
5.4.3 (H _ .E: :32: ,_ 33H... 3:3.m :m_
USSR Twelve ballistic
11.1; i375: 32:3: 3: 3—9 5% :E 3.2
4'

r
If

’1

7L: CA:
single hull
:2: 3.12:,
missiles,
.ru_7,_E
4a”;

3.:—
six bow
x7 :33

I torpedo tubes
3553 LE:

/.3_ _ g :7. *x C:
RESOLUTION cf:
Balllistic
:4: 27
1. 136 Bow planes foldable
BLxEE 6:3: :0:
Sixteen ballistic
5277. 2.752
I. 20 I. -
to forward deck, 2. 25 2. 1
.62, :c
missiles.
[3712:
2. 10.1 .436 1:313 E
missiles,
_. ri n»:

single hull
2:: 3.13:,
3. 9.1 aft cross configuration
::_E._:m__._:r5 5:5 :n
six bow
so: 77
torpedo tubes
15.: 2552

j
I 27.! ._ mm 2:51.25:
7 France LE Balltstic 7503 3.7:a n:
1. 128 Sail-mounted Sixteen ballistic 1: 20 1. II,000(I5.000)
3:: _ 32:2: 12:325.:sx :uotfif.
r
11

r l
’3

.1 5:5 ::x. f;
REDOUTABLE rniss~les. 2. 10.6 fore planes. missiles. 2. 25 2. I
.1275: 13.2: Pr: £273: . n _
(a

:L; .1:
1970 single hull
33:, :3:
3. 10.0 aft cross configuration
::::_:m.._._::g 12:.) :2
four bow
.55; :2;

torpedo tubes
3%: Erik:
 165
5:505 00 3:00:50
of propeller
_ 053:0: 0000530000 :0 0:050:
configuration forward Republic of
----("1 (fl

O‘MV‘;
‘TFO

Ara-er;

59m: 950 0000: 005:0: 505 £0 60005 wwm; 55005 00: E

planes, aft cross 7.3 2.
.— (x;

oi
("'1 tr.

Afiwom. 003. .500 00m

Si bow 0:0: 00000000525 00: :0: 050% (024$ :58 00005;:
Bridgemounted fore 1. 64.9 1760 S i d e hull SANTA CRUZ Argentina (built
NDMU @—
\O

5:0505 :0 053:0:
_
forward of propeller
.; ;:5.4 3.
“N":

Anim
00*. 0001f)

500m. comm .0000: 0:090: 0000530000 30:0 00 who—

2. 20 torpedo tubes aft cross configuration
(—i

80030? x N .300 :00”: 0.020000: 00:05 .som co: :0: 20:00 <0m00< 00:95
1. 12 Four bow Bow plaues retractable, 1490 Double hull AGOSTA France
tr»

03: 3:00:00 .00

_ 5:505 (:0 0:03:00 0:053: 5:000»
forward of propeller
80m $20
4dr}

"‘30
00-6

403:0
Boom. 03m 0000: 005:0: 0000500500 30:0 00 000500.:
2. 22 torpedo tubes aft cross coIlf~@ration
0:: E :38
| 21‘

508 03. x 0 .500 :55 0550000: 00005 30.: 00: .000 =3: 29% 005:0
Ei@t bow Bow planes retractable,
m0x><1~0
GLAVKOS
5:505 :0 0535.:
forward of propeller
0000530000
mnfvatim
' EN
""M I
M
.—

SOwCOwwN 0000: 005:0: :X: c: .5005 hom—

planes, a 4 "X"
-—:r\i

mm 5030.20: x N .500 5m
x bow 0:0: 080090-03 em: :00 0_m:_m 000006
Sail-mounted fore
ZmEmOOnm
i
S Sweden
5:505 .5200 5005 05:0
s m plane3 w o w propeller
5:05:00 :0
of Gennany
v—-‘

m :0: C .5:0005 :0 Cm 5000:

to) 5
0000: 005:0:
2. 17 torpedo tubes rudder aft of propeller. 2. 4.7
003 0:050:
Republic
5:003 o: 300 Ema 0000:0000: 00:05 30m :2: 2050 55005
(similar
o .000
1. 10 Eight bow Bow p h rsraetable, 1. 48 abt. 520 Sinde hull
won 3.20

00
'3'
-
0

I I
I""
~03?“

.JN'm'
8m omo 50:: 005:0: 5:505 00 053:0:
2. 15 torpedo tubes forward of propeller
noo—
2. 4.8
m—

00
ff
80803. x m .500 50.0 0000590000 30:0
1. 14 Four bow
:00. in:
Cross fonQuration
:2. 205m
1. 46 525 Single hull Italy
3
P- I
(\J

I I
3:00:50 :0
_ 5:505 30.00 00005 05; 00000015500“:
stem plages below p r o p e k Federal Republic
~94?“

NO"?

--'N.m.
If)???
Sew—woo: S 0000: 0000.0: .:0:0005 :0 a: 5000:
rudder aft of propeller,
000: 00: E :53
(built in the

If)
A003 03 x m o— 300 Ewfl 0305000: 00:05 30m mm: :2: 200m mmOM 53:02
KOBBEN
N.—

v
_ 7

rxirvé
06!
CNV‘I'II
5003 CNN: on 50:: 5:505 :0 05.55.: com:
forward of propeller
0m 8mm: 20 x m C 00005: .500 :00“: 000005008 30:0 luv—{ma 00:03m
C r m confl~uration
mmw :0: 0505
Sweden
500: 005:0:

I "Hm

°°.".
000*!
Ago—00mm: x N 0:0; .50.: 6002 08.
C
N
Aommzooo X N 005:0: .500 Emfl 00:05 300 00x5 wz::<0 00:95
Fixed bow planes
:00 20000 - France '2
0 0.».
v-‘Nr'rl

('1
82: com. 000:: 0:05:00 E:
2. %060(1MO) torpedo tubes
5000m 00 0: w.m .N

NO
mo
6mm: 00m x m .300 50:: 50:05 30m 50:50,: 0000:”:
5 1. 2x390 (530) Four bow
cm .0 3% :0: 0—0000
1
00
If}

- 355 :0 50:52
3. Number of shafls
CED
3. Draft m
-
050m .N
(knob)
55 3: wccm: 7.00:0:
rating KW (hp) 2. Beam
0:520 05:00:05 00000 0005503
2. Submageclelcctric 2. Submerged speed 1. Lmgth
.m .N 50:00 _
:9: 3: 05:: 20:00: 0: £055.00 E
rating KW (hp) (kww
2:000: :00»
in meters in cu.tneters
033
Table 500:0 003:5
1. Surface diesel
._ 000% 008:6
I. Surfacc speed
.— 50:05:25 00060000:
dimensions 0000500500 0003550500
characteristies displacement
0:0
1% .oZ
00m 30:0 5:00: 0:_w:m :00E0E:< 000510000: 50:05:: 000.:5m 50:00:“:
Engine ratings
5000: 0220505
Armament Propulsion ratings
05>h 55:00
see No. Country Surface Principal Principal
-
Specification Sheet 4 - MOST IMPORTANT DATA ON POSTWAR SUBMARINES with diesel-electric propulsion, 2nd GENERATION
ZOCL<MmHZm0 00m 005—0505 0500500500 0:3 mmZ~m<2mDm MASK/[SOL ZO <H<Q FZ<FMOQE~ HmOE I 0 500m 0250:3025
5:000 @9t N008: v-90: 503:0 000500-:
Specification Sheet
Specification Sheet 55 -
—
ESSENTIAL FEATURES
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OFOF CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL AND
AND AIR-INDEPENDENT
AIR—INDEPENDENT SUBMARINES
SUBMARINES
-
No. Cou 011‘)"
Country Type.
Type. Main l'calurcs
Main features S L! r l‘acc
Surface R LltlL‘l‘ 1
Rudder / Weapons
Weapons 50A
SOA Pcrl'orma ncc
Performance C 1'0 \x
Crew
year and
year and LllSpl acc
displace planes
planes xttrl‘accd/
surfaced1 an rl'accd/
surfaced1
your
year mcnt
ment nuhmei'gcd
submerged suhmcrgcd
submerged
(m3 )
- (m3)

1. ('ic rmany
Germany 21 )6 ,-\
206A
H DW'ITN S W"
HDWITNSW
small boats
small boats for
xhallow water
shallow water
for 500 R Litldcr in
Rudderin
prop.
1 8x21" 10/17 2 x 440
1100
73

‘2’.
1972—75
1972-75 (WEU restrictions)
(WEU rcsti‘ictionxl wash
( 1990—93}
(1990-92) high combat
high uomhat
strength
strength

Norway
Norway U l .A
ULA pressure—pix iol'
pressure-proof 1040 X—rutltlei‘ 11/20 970 18720

la
.
/
TN SW'
TNSW hulkhcatl
bulkhead l‘wtl. of 4500

K
198‘), 92
1989-92 deep-water boat
LlL‘cp-u'alcr boat DH”).

high combat
high combat
at re ngth
strength

lmlia
India 1500
1500 LlUL‘p—walcr boat
deep-water hoal 1650 — rudder
-rudder 8Rxx 21"
31" 11/22 430 30+10

—4—
7-7-
H DV‘V
HDW rcscuc sphere
rescue sphcrc +
+ l'wd. of
fwd. ol' 4500
19864):
1986-92 pressure-proof
pressure-proof prop.
Prop.
bulkhead
bulkhead
long range
long range

Israel Dolphin
Dolphin com pact
compact 1600 X-rudtlcr
X-rudder 1040

_'JJ

x7
HDW/TNSW
HDWITNSW high comhat
high combat l‘wd, of
fwd. ol' - 3900
strungth
strength prop.
prop.
signatures
low signatures
low

Germany 3|“) hoat >

hybrid boat IJC
> FC 1500 X — I'udtlcr (1 x 31" 1050 34+}
'JI

Germany 212 hybrid

XX
llDW/TNSW
HDWITNSW weapon expulsion
weapon expulsion fwd. ol‘ with 1700
systcm
system prop.
Prop. cxpulsion
expulsion
low signaturcs
low signatures system

166
Specification Sheet
Specification Sheet 6
6 -
—
MOST IMPORTANT
MOST IMPORTANT DATA DATA ON
ON DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL SUBMAFUNES
SUBMARINES
No.
No. Built
Built Type
Type hnended
Intended Diving
Diving Surface
Surface Dimensions in Battery capacity Crew
Crew
In
in and
and tasks
tasks depth
dwth displacement
displacement meters KW-hr

I
year

I
I
I
in
in
tmeters
iers
in tons
in tons 1.
2.
Length ea
Beam max.

1 France
France ARCHIMEDE
ARCHIM~DE Research
Research 111000
1OOO 55.5
55.5 1.21
1961
1%1 2. 4
I I I I
2 USA
USA TRIESTE II
TRIESTE I1 Research
Research 6000
6000 81.5
1965
1965

Japan SHINKAI
SHINKAI Research
Research 600 91 200
1968

USA ALVIN Research 3600 40.5

LIIlJ‘I
Research

-J
1964

N
Ix)
USA
USA DSRV I1+2
DSRV +2 Submarine
Submarine 1500
1500 34 58
I970+197l rescue
rescue +24

1 Canada AQUARIUS
AQUARIUS Work in 365
365 1. 4 indication
no indication
1973
1973 offshore areas
offshore areas 2. 2

2
1 Switzerland
Switzerland
1 AUGUST
AUGUST
PICCARD
PICCARD
1963/ 1976
1%3/1976 1 Sea bottom
records in
records
offshore areas
offshore areas
760 165 625

USA BEAVER
BEAVER Inspection and
Inspection and 600
600 15.5 44
MARK IV sea bottom
1968 records in

IlWl 1
offshore areas
USA PERRY PC-8
PERRY PC-8 Work in
Work in 250 22

-—-I_h

141»
.—
1971 offshore
O f p

f
areas

5 Canada PISCES 11
PISCES + 111
II +Ill Work in 800/
800/ 40
IJI

1968/1969 offshore 1100

areas

6 Federal
Federal TOURS 64
TOURS 64+ +66
66 Work in
Work in 300
300 1. 7.3 50 2t03
._.

mu
com

Republic
Republic 1971 + 1972
1971 1972 offshore areas
offshore areas 2. 3.8 diesel generator
diesel set
generator set
of Germany
of Germany including collection
including collection 15 KW
of corals
precious corals
of precious

Federal MERMAID

I
1 Federal MERMAID Work in 260 36 2
_

~—-J

L
Republic III/IV offshore areas/
offshore areas/ divers
2 divers
of Germany
of Germany 1976 lockout
diver lockout

USA SHELF DIVER Work in 240 37 2

offshore areas/ 2 divers
lockout
diver lockout

USA VOL-L 1 Work in 360 10 54 2

.Ni"

I973 offshore areas/ 1.8 2 divers

lockout
diver lockout

167
Plates
Plates
 mmmw
1935
numa>h
TYPE 2b
IEXEOZw Em
SNORKEL Sch
mmODwnEOF m>mmmmm
RESERVE TORPEDOES
IO; mmZEHZOO XOmD awnED
UPPER DECK CONTAINER FOR
mm>>0._. OZ_ZZOO
CONNING TOWER
200E E<ZOw
SONAR ROOM
COMMUNICATION ROOM
200m ZO_H<O_ZDES_OO
-
SECTION A
ENGINEROOM
EOOEMZaZm
>mm.E.<m Il_._>> HZwEFE/EEOO >mm._{_.<m_
BATTERY COMPARTMENTWITH BATTERY
--
200m JOEHZOO
CONTROL ROOM
zmwkm ._.Imv_._.mm._.<>>
WATERTIGHT STERN
>>Om HIOmP<>>
WATERTIGHT BOW
xzxfi. ODwnEOH
TORPEDO TANK To
xz<._. SE”;
TRIM TANK
XZ<._. >OZ<>ODm m>_._.<0mz
NEGATIVE BUOYANCY TANK
v,_Z<._. .__O 4M3“. OZF<mZmEEOO
COMPENSATING FUEL OIL TANK RB
x242. OZFdfiZMQEOO
COMPENSATING TANK R SECTION B
v.24; 4m3u\l_.m<._n_<m
BALLASTIFUEL TANK TB
x269 JmDu
FUEL TANK K
x25. ._.m<._._<m
BALLAST TANK T
QZMOMA
LEGEND rnIol...
o 20:0mm
SECTION C
Ono wlmnm _. mm._m_mm_ms_m:w
SUBMERSIBLES 1935-1 939
 mmmp
on ma>._.
F?
mZOEQmm \\
X, ‘
k a t MDWMMA‘li
flame-‘3 ‘ ‘\\ ’1’!"
Em _
o 20.5% . ....._
Plate 1

O ZOFUmm
 33F
1944
mm ma>._.
TYPE 23
< ZOFOmm
SECTION A
¢<m0 OZ_Zm:.w_._ m0“. >2004<m mm
BALCONY FOR LISTENING GEAR Ba
gmxmozm cow
SNORKEL Sch
mm>>Ok OZ_ZZOO 3.
CONNING TOWER Tu
200m m<ZOw 0
SONAR ROOM 0
200m ZO_H<O_ZD_>:>_OO n.
COMMUNICATION ROOM F
EOOIMZEZM E
ENGINEROOM M K
>mw._.._.<m_ It; FZMEFm/EEOO >¢m._:_.<m_ m.
BATTERY COMPARTMENT WITH BATTERY B
EOOE JOEHZOO N
CONTROL ROOM z
ZEmHm HIO_Hmm—._.<>> I>>
WATERTIGHT STERN WH
>>Om ._.I.O_._.mm_.<>> m>>
WATERTIGHT BOW WB
x252. >OZ<>ODm
BUOYANCY TANK
m>_._.<0m_2 E0 ODMQIOH E.
TORPEDO OR NEGATIVE Tu
. I. s.r _ . 3.._ . 1~i. HT
xz<._. ODwnEOL. o._.
TORPEDO TANK To
¥Z<._. Em... C
TRIM TANK Tr
v_Z<._. >OZ<>ODm m>:.<0m_Z D
NEGATIVE BUOYANCY TANK U
v.25. .__O 4M3“. OZF<mZMQEOO m Era _fi‘
COMPENSATING FUEL OIL TANK B
¥Z<._. OZ_._.<m&—>_OO m
COMPENSATING TANK R
FUEL TANK
BALLAST TANK v_Z<._. JwDu
x242. ._.m<._._<m
K
x
f
._.

I . Em
DZMOMJ m
LEGEND m. ZO_._.Om_m
SECTION B
v—umr mmz_m_<_>_m3w
SUBMARINES 1944
Plate 2
 35..
FN un_>._.
O ZO_._.0mw
“‘U. wall—rd Ifilm
_ _
r u LLTJF UM u
< 20:.0mm
 I._._>> msSsm ZO_mn_Dn_Omn_ Kuhn—<3 mvmrlmnmr m_>_m._.m>m
SUBMARINES WITH WALTER PROPULSION SYSTEMS 1939-1 945

SECTION B
m 20:.m
LEGEND
DZMOM4

R T
H
BALLAST TANK
s 534%
K FUEL TANK
v. xz<94m3¢
R COMPENSATING TANK
E xz<szamzmagoo
Tr TRIM TANK
C. x25 25
To TORPEDO TANK
o... xz<koom¢moh
Tu TORPEDO OR NEGATIVE BUOYANCY TANK
3. xz<k>oz<>03mm>C<omzMkuoomamok
OXIDANT (H202) TANK
v.25
T-St
5L. Amofv Fz<9xo

WB WATERTIGHT BOW
m>> 26m EQEmEE
WH WATERTIGHT STERN
< >>w.> I>> zmmB EQEMEE
z CONTROL ROOM
c N zoomJOEoo
B BATTERY COMPARTMENT WITH BATTERY
m Emté It; sEm/Ezoo Emté
M ENGINEROOM
_>_ EOOmEEGZM
Tb TURBINE ROOM
\9 J ‘ E. 200m mama?
F COMMUNICATION ROOM
.2 m 200mz©fi<9232200
0 SONAR ROOM
0 200mm<20m
Sch SNORKEL
com 4mxm02m
SECTION C
O ZO_._.Om_w
W BULBOUS BOW FOR LISTENING GEAR
>> Ems azimfim: col 26m .3033

on >
mmmw
 35.,
n t. ma>._.
C.
<zo_5mm
m
0
m ZO.._.Omm
O 20:.m
 o _. IO._.<I OZ_D<O._ DZ< .EXm
EXIT AND LOADING HATCH 5
XZDEF mu<omm DZ< OZ_D<O._ ODm—nEOH m: EOOE >mm_._..r<m DE<>>IOm
TORPEDO LOADING AND ESCAPE TRUNK 15 FORWARD BATTERY ROOM 10

Y—NC‘OVLO
mmmDF OaEOH 200$ 991$ m m0<n_m >mmZ_IO<_>_ mm>>O._ DZ< Emma:
TORPEDO TUBES 14 RADIO ROOM 9 UPPER AND LOWER MACHINERY SPACE 4
E
m XZDEH mm<owm
ESCAPE TRUNK 3
XZDEH mmm00< mw mmwhmd‘DO bmmDEmO
ACCESS TRUNK 13 OFFICERS' QUARTERS 8
EOOE JOEHZOO
CONTROL ROOM 2
.0 ._ .0 mmaEDO >>mm0 N.
C.I.C. 12 CREW QUARTERS
NP
7
mmmFI<DO ,mmmOEuO >.:m_n_ 200E >mmhk<m .E< m m0<mm >mmZ_IO<_2 >E<_.__XD< DZ< ZO_wn_D&Omn_
PROPULSION AND AUXILIARY MACHINERY SPACE 1
2.
PETTY OFFICERS' QUARTERS 11 AFT BATTERY ROOM 6
mm? .3: .mmfio dmm<m
BARBEL CLASS, USA 1958
200m >mmt.<m_ or
10 BATTERY ROOM
mmztozw 4mmm:o
DIESEL ENGINES 5
mw >EMZZDO OZ< PZMEQBOM
EQUIPMENT AND GUNNERY
m<ZOm
SONAR 15

FNC‘OVLD
Q<MIv33m uOOmm mmDmmmmm
PRESSURE PROOF BULKHEAD 4
E OZFQOI I._._>> ZE MODEm
BRIDGE FIN WITH HOISTING 9
wmmDH Com—amok.
TORPEDO TUBES 14

(DNmCD
.0 ._ .0 ECHO—2 ZO_m.5n_Omn: EOH<Em2mO
C. I. C. 8 GENERATOR (PROPULSION MOTOR) 3
m0<n_m m0<>>OFw ODmmmO... mw
TORPEDO STOWAGE SPACE 13
x23”: mn_<0mm
ESCAPE TRUNK 2
mmwkmd‘DO >>mm0
CREW QUARTERS 7
IOH<I OZ_D<O._ ODmnEOF NF
TORPEDO LOADING HATCH 12
200m >mm_._L.<m m0<n_m ODMQEOH ._.n_<
AFT TORPEDO SPACE 1
:
BATTERY ROOM 6
mmwhmx‘DO .mEMOEmO
OFFICERS' QUARTERS 11
mmmw Emma hmm<u_0 :>>:
"W" CLASS, USSR 1959
 3 mmv
Plate 3

.e
t mm mn_>._.
m
P
\ \
TANG CLASS, USA 1951
02<._. mr <w: .mw<._0

1 SONARDOME
m=>_OD $.1s
6 DIESEL GENERATOR SETS 11 C. I. C.
mEm moEmmzmo Emma
16 FORWARD ESCAPE TRUNK
: .o ._ .o m: xzaE ma<omm oimE
2 AFT TORPEDO TUBE
mmDH ODwnEOH .Ed.
7 MACHINERY SPACE 12 HOISTING EQUIPMENT WITH TORPEDO HATCH
moEm Emziog NF FsSOm 02.5.0: :02: oomamoh 1:;
3 AFT ESCAPE TRUNK
XZDNF ma<0mm ._.n_<
8 AFT BATTERY ROOM 13 ACCESS TRUNK 17 TORPEDO SPACE
200m >mwt<m E< 2 x23: 85% 2 moEm 08%?
ZO_mu_Dn_Omn_ O_m._.0w._m
4 ELECTRIC PROPULSION MOTORS
mmOHOE
9 CREW MESS AND GALLEY 14 FORWARD BATTERY ROOM 18 SONAR DOME
>m._._<o oz< wmm=2 ammo 3 200m >mmt<m gag/mo“. 9 9200 $28

FNCOVLD
(DNQODO
5 CONTROL ROOM
200m JOIHZOO
10 SONAR DOME
w
15 OFFICERS' CABINS AND 19 BOW PLANES, TO BE RIGGED OUT
Eco «:28 9 oz< mz_m<o .mmmoEo 2 9 .3231 30m 800E mm So
RADIO ROOM 20 TORPEDO TUBES
99E 200m cm 08%? $9:

OBERON CLASS, UK 1959

mmmw v5 .mm<n_0 ZOENmO

OomnEOF .E<
mwmak
1 AFT TORPEDO TUBES
m x21: mmz.<>> Immmu
FRESH WATER TANK 17
5
WEAPON CONTROL EQUIPMENT 25
FzmSESOm ._OE.zOo zOnEmz, mm
FRESH WATER TANK
x269 mmk<>> Immmm
2 AFT TRlM TANKS
9.2.: 25:. FE or
PROVISIONS SPACE 18
mo<am wsSOma m:
OFFICERS' QUARTERS 26
magi/30 .mmmoluo om
FRESH WATER TANK
x21; mmh<>> Immmn.
3 TORPEDO LOADING HATCH
I054: 02.954 Oommmok 3 mo<n_m MNmmmu. ammo
DEEP FREEZE SPACE 19
mP 200m >mm.:<m
BATTERY ROOM 27
R
TORPEDO LOADING HATCH
IOH<I 025/54 OomnEOF
4 AFT ESCAPE TRUNK
xzamk mm<omm .E< mr xz<k moosjm
SLUDGE TANK 20
om mxz/C 02F<wzmaéoo
COMPENSATING TANKS 28
mm
TORPEDO STOWAGE SPACE
mo<n_m m0<>>0km OowamOH
5 ELECTRIC PROPULSION MOTOR
siEOmm QEbmjm
COMPENSATING TANKS 21
ECHO—2 m? 92.: Oz_.r<w2ma_200 E
FRESH WATER TANKS 29
mxz<h Emits Immmu. mm mmmnh OomnEOL.
TORPEDOTUBES
6 CONTROL ROOM
200m ._OE.ZOO 3
BRIDGE FIN WITH HOISTING EQUIPMENT 22
FsQSOm 02755... _.:._>> 2E mOQEm mm mmmE >>mEO om
CREW MESS 30
9.2,: 5:5. Qm<>>m0n_
FORWARD TRIM TANKS
7 GENERATORS
mmOS‘mmzmo
ACCESS TRUNK 23
m— x22”: mmmoo< mm magi/30 >>m¢0
CREW QUARTERS 31
Fm ms. OQMnEOF
TORPEDO TANKS

v—NC‘OVLDCONCD
8 DIESEL ENGINES
mmzazm dwmfi.
STEERING CONTROL CONSOLE 24
or mZsOo JONFZOO OzEmmFm vm 200m >mmhk<m
BATTERY ROOM 32
mm wmzfim \SOm
mm
BOW PLANES
33
m<zOm
SONAR
AH<M®~ MAC; eaafi mZ—EmAOQ
ISRAEL TYPE DOLPHIN, 1996

Z<2-WU mm<40 ,Nfim 09$

GERMAN CLASS 212, 1996
 SWITCHBOARD
SWITCHBOARD

03\lC)
DIESEL SET
GENERATOR SET
DIESEL GENERATOR
AUX. SPACE
MACHINERY SPACE
AUX. MACHINERY
CREW QUARTERS
CREW QUARTERS

(D
10 BRIDGE FIN
BRIDGE FIN
CONTROL ROOM
CONTROL ROOM
12
12 C. C.
I. C.
C. I.
13
13 BATTERY ROOM
BATTERY ROOM
14
14 OFFICERS' QUARTERS
OFFICERS’ QUARTERS
15
15 TOILET
TOILET
1 OUARTERS
CREW QUARTERS
ARETHUSE
ARETHUSE CLASS,
CLASS, FRANCE
FRANCE 1957
1957 RUDDER
RUDDER 16
16
17
CREW
SPARE TORPEDO SPACE
STOWAGE SPACE
TORPEDO STOWAGE
2 PROPELLER
PROPELLER 17 SPARE
QUARTERS
CREW QUARTERS
3 CREW 18
18 TORPEDO ROOM
TORPEDO ROOM
4 MACHINERY SPACE
MACHINERY SPACE 19
19 BOW PLANES
BOW PLANES
5 ELECTRIC MOTOR
PROPULSION MOTOR
ELECTRIC PROPULSION 20
20 TORPEDO TUBE
TORPEDO DOORS
TUBE DOORS

, I
C
1

T
,1
‘,,
I

DAPHNE CLASS,
DAPHNE' 1959
FRANCE 1 :FErLER
RUDDER 9 DIESEL GENERATOR
DIESEL SET
GENERATOR SET 17
17 BATTERY ROOM
BATTERY ROOM
CD‘Nlmm-DOOI’U—L

CLASS, FRANCE 959 PROPELLER 10

10 GALLEY
GALLEY 18
18 OFFICERS” QUARTERS
- - - QUARTERS
OFFICERS' --
3 AUX. SPACE
MACHINERY SPACE
AUX. MACHINERY 1,1
1.1 SPACE
COOLING SPACE
COOLING 19
19 CREW OUARTERS
CREW QUARTERS
4 WASH ROOM
WASH ROOM 12
12 AUX. MACHINERY
AUX. SPACE
MACHINERY SPACE 2O
20 HIGH-PRESSURE STOWAGE
BOTTLE STOWAGE
HIGH-PRESSURE BOTTLE
5 CREW QUARTERS
CREW QUARTERS 13
13 C. I.
C. C.
|. C. 21
21 WASH ROOM
WASH ROOM
6 HIGH-PRESSURE BOTTLE
HIGH-PRESSURE STOWAGE
BOTTLE STOWAGE 14
14 ACCESS TRUNK
ACCESS TRUNK 22
22 TORPEDO ROOM
TORPEDO ROOM
7 ELECTRIC MOTOR
PROPULSION MOTOR
ELECTRIC PROPULSION 15
15 BRIDGE FIN
BRIDGE FIN 23
23 TORPEDO
TORPEDO
8 ROOM
CONTROL ROOM
CONTROL 16
16 RADIO ROOM
RADIO ROOM 24
24 BOW PLANE
BOWPLANE
25
25 TORPEDO DOORS
TUBE DOORS
TORPEDO TUBE
 1 MACHINERY SPACE
m0<n_m >mm_Z_IO<_2

2 CONTROL ROOM
: _ 812:3: 200$ JOEHZOO
3 RADIOROOM
EOOE 054$

4 DETECTING ROOM
200m OZ_._.Ow._.wD
5 LIVING SPACE
wO/Em 02.2...

6 COMMANDING OFFICERS' SPACE

FNC'OVLOCDN mo<n_.w ,wmmOEuO 025232200

7 LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT
._.Zm:2n=DOm_ 02_><w-m_u.j
CLASS 201 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 1960
SN mw<40 Dim—gamma 4<mmomu oomw >Z<Emm0 “.0

6 ESCAPE TRUNK (WITH

TEE v.22”: ma<omm
COUPLING FOR LIFEBOAT)
C<Ommn=._ mom 0231300
7 BATTERY ROOM
200m >mmt<m
8 CONTROL ROOM
200m 405o
9 FUEL TANKS AND OTHER TANKS
ms EEO oz< 9.25 dB
or
10 TORPEDO LOADING HATCH
:02: @2829 08%?
SJOORMEN CLASS, SWEDEN 1967
hmmw Zmom>>w .wm<._0 ZMSEOm
BRIDGE FIN WITH HOISTING EQUIPMENT
:
11
sESOm 02.5.0: 1:; 2E mooEm
NF
12 C.I.C.
.o ._ .o
m_.
1 "X" CONFIGURATION 13 ACCESS TRUNK
ZOF<EDOEZOO :X: xzamkmmmoo<
VF
2 ELECTRIC PROPULSION MOTOR 14 TORPEDO SPACE
EOHOE
ZO_m.5n_Omn_ O_m._.0m._m moEm Oomamok
3 DIESEL GENERATOR SET 15 CREW QUARTERS
Hmm mOH<mw2mO lawmzo m: mmmEdjo ammo
or
4 CENTRAL MONITORING STATION 16 TORPEDO TUBES
ZO_._.<._.m OZEOEZOE .ENFZMO mmma oomamok
v—NC‘OVLO

5 CREW QUARTERS 17 TRIM TANKS TORPEDO TANKS

mmmzkdjo >>mm0 hr $25 Oommmok ms .25
vwa ¢<Zuhzm0m< ac: mr—L
cwafi hecmfi m5>H «fin—7i
Plate 5

mmH OownEOF
TORPEDO TUBES
ON wkmw mOH<mm2m0 4mmm:D
DIESEL GENERATOR SETS
1—01m

m0<am m0<>>OHm OOMnEOF

TORPEDO STOWAGE SPACE
mmmFm<30 >>wmo ._.n_<
AFT CREW QUARTERS
BEBE/‘30 >>mm0 DEER/IO”.
FORWARD CREW QUARTERS1
at mo<am >mm_Z_IO<_2
MACHINERY SPACE
XZDEH mmmoo<
ACCESS TRUNK
w_. ECHO—2 ZO_wn_Dn.Omn_ OEHOmZM
ELECTRIC PROPULSION MOTOR
EQXOOO
COCKPIT
t. mOHOE mm_OZ->>O.._
LOW-NOISE MOTOR
HZmEEDOm 02:90: It; 2E @0055 mhmw moz<mm .mmdjo <hm00<
BRlDGE FIN WITH HOISTING EQUIPMENT AGOSTA CLASS, FRANCE 1975
or
EDGE >mm._:_.<m_
BATTERY ROOM
mr
Z_m_<0 .wmmOEuO
OFFICERS' CABIN
3.
Z_m_<0 ,wmmOEmO
OFFICERS' CABIN
9.
modim >mm_Z_IO<_>_ .XD<
AUX. MACHINERY SPACE
N_.
\‘I fl
\
mZ_m<O .mmmDfiEO >._:_.Mn_ “Eu... 1 L .
PETTY OFFICERS' CABINS
I.
:dqnwmwgwufi: 9.; 1 I 11
200m >mm._.._.<m
BATTERY ROOM
or
mmwkm<30 >>mm0
CREW QUARTERS
m
>m.j<0
GALLEY
w
200m JOEFZOO
CONTROL ROOM
n
m0<n_w >mmz_IO<§ .XD<
AUX. MACHINERY SPACE
o
><mm< misoma
CIRCULAR ARRAY 18
357.10w .mow mw<n_o Z<_>_m_m0
FNMVLOCONG) ODOv—NmVLOCDN-(D
T-T—Y—T—Y-‘Y—V—Y—Y—

GERMAN CLASS 209,1970-1 984

ms oz_L<mzmm200
COMPENSATING TANKS 17
@208 $525
BATTERY ROOMS 16
mxz<L4m3u
FUELTANKS 15
ms oomamoL
TORPEDO TANKS 14
ms. 5:5
TRIM TANKS 13
92: Lm<j<m
BALLAST TANKS 12
I
9:25 Lm<j<m
:11 , . 411
m,
BALLAST TANKS
- .
mafia/:50 ammo
CREW QUARTERS
i . :flfiwtwwrim «H42:
mmmE<30 .mmmoEo $m
PETTY OFFICERS' QUARTERS
$5550 ,mmmoEo
OFFICERS' QUARTERS
>520
GALLEY
200m .mmmoEo 025232200
COMMANDING OFFICERS' ROOM
mmodim >m<tz<m
SANITARY SPACES
200m 05$:
RADIO ROOM
.0 ._ ,0
C. I.C.
200m 6528
CONTROL ROOM
Maxim Emziogz
MACHINERY SPACE
 ><>>-OZ .mmdfio <43
Nba “c mméio 73:m0
Plate 6
Plate 6