** Normal found in urine ➡ Chloride

** Device use to **Sedimentation in lab ➡ Centrefuge

** Gas gangreen causes by ➡ C.perfrengens

** Anticoagulant use in blood culture➡ SPS

** anticoagulant ues in coagulation profile➡ Na citrate

** Anticoagulant use in CBC ➡ EDTA

** India inke ues to stain ➡Capsule

** CPD storge bloof for➡ 14__21 days

** PCR steps➡ denaturation. Anellinge..extention

**Parasite transmit by animal➡ Toxoplasma

**Color of gram negative➡ Red colour

**Colour of grame positve **➡violet colour

**Most common acid ues in lab ➡ glacial acetic acid

**Gerum tube positive in ➡ Candida albucans

** Latency period➡ herpes virus

**Chinease letter ➡ C.dephtheria **Mycobacterium tubercluosid stain by ➡ZN stain

**Characteristic of mold➡produce hyphe

**Indirect Coombs test ➡to detect antibody invitro use in crossmatching

** convermetry test for HIV➡westron blot test

** hypercalcemia in ➡hyperparathyrodism

**Immunoglobin found in allergy reaction➡ige

**Second immune response is ➡ igG

**Primary immune response➡igm

**Fat in stool called➡ Staetohreia

** amebic dysentery causes by ➡ Shigella

**G6pDis ➡ type of Hemolytic anemia

**Favism anemia ➡ deficency of G6PD

** most abundent cell in blood film➡Largest in size.RBCS ** largest cell is ➡Monocytes

** anticoagulant ues in blood Glucose➡Sodium fluoride

**Keton in urine➡Prolonged fasting or starvation

**Liver fluke cause by ➡ Fasciola hepatica

**Hydate cyst cause by➡echimococcus granulosis

**Flask in shape➡Giardia lembelia

**Diff between staph and strepto is ➡Catalase test

** direct coomb test ➡detect sensitize RBCs coated Ab in vivo

**cylendrical larva ➡srongloid stercolareies

**Harada mori test ➡used for detection of s.stercolaris larva

**Filter peper use in test➡ Harada mori test

**Prasite use filter paper to detect➡ S. stercolaris larva

**B hemolytic and Double zone➡ Cl perfringes

**Media for vibrio cholera➡ TCBS

** media for urine culutr➡CLED

** to select N.Gonnorhea➡ Vaginal swab and cultur in thayer martine agar

** media contain antibiotic ➡thayer martin agar

**Sample immuditly send to lab➡ CSF

** urine after 2 h ➡reeject

**Hemophelus influenzi grow in ➡ Chocolate agar

**Fix blood film ues ➡Acid alcohol

** to assessment of Kidney function.➡Creatinine

** excess antibody ➡ prozone

**excess antigene ➡ postzone

**vaccine HBV ➡HBs Ag & antiHBc -ve /antiHBs +ve

**active infection ➡HBs Ag & antiHBc +ve /antiHBs -ve

**resolved HBV infection➡HBs Ag -ve / antiHBc & antiHBs +ve

** metaboic alkalosis➡sever vometing

** metabolic acidosis➡sever diarrhoea

** in fungi➡has 80 ribosome

** conver 72 F to C➡22 C

** media of fungi➡SDA

**Clynderical.parasite➡ Ascaris lumbercoide

**properdine in➡altrnative pathway

** hematourea causes by➡schiestosoma heamatobium

**Conns disease ➡high aldesteron hormone

**Caushing disease➡high cortisol hormone

🤓**Addison disease➡decrease of cortisol and aldesteron hormone

**🤓Heamophilia A ➡defect in favtor VIII

**🤓Heamophilia B➡defect in factor IX

**🤓And deffrentual by➡ factor assay

**Croup disese➡caused by para influenzi viruse

🤓**Wilson's disease. ➡ autosomal recessiveand it is copper accumulates in tissues

**🤓chediak higashi anomaly➡ is white blood cell defect in lysosomal traffical enzyme

**🤓Phaeochromocytoma➡ tumer in adrenal mudella

**Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ➡ Is genatic disorder defect in blood vessels

**🤓Gilbert disease ➡autosomal dominant characterized increased unconjugated bilirubin defect in

Uridine diphoshoglcuronosyl transferase

**Pllegra➡defect in trptophan or nicin amino acid

**Scurvy➡defecincy of vitamine C

**🤓Dwarfism➡decrese growth hormone

**Hashimato disese➡hypothyrodism

**Gravit disese➡hyperthyrodiesm

** Relapsing fever ➡ causes by Borrelia

🤓 **whooping cough caused by➡ Bordetella.pertussis

** infectious mononuclosis & Hodgkin lympoma ➡cause by the Epstein-Barr virus.

**Pulger hut anomly➡hyposegmented of neutrophuil

**Study of chromosome. ➡study of cytogenetic

**Study of inhertence ➡study of genetic

**Ketoginic amino acid➡ lysin &lucein

** Lipotrophic amino acid➡ choline...metgionin...inositol

** temp of dentauration➡94__96 C

** temp of Annealing ➡56C

** temp of Extention ➡72C

**Step of blood donation➡ slect vein..torniqate..clean..puncture

** to prevent spread of disese➡issulate pateint

** disease more in lab worker➡sallmonella

** Shigella in XLD➡red colour or coloer less without indicator

**Shigella in macconky➡colour less with small colony

**Salmonella inXlD➡pink colour with black center

**Samolnella in macconky➡colour less

** befor donation ➡IAT in direct antiglobuline test

** to diagnosis of HCV➡ by RIBA

** CPDA➡storge blood for 35 days

** SAGM➡sailine Adnine Glucose Manitol storge blood for 42 days

** Active metabolic stage of chlamydia is ➡reticulate body

**Infective stage of chlamydia is ➡elementary body

** result of ASO negative➡on aggultination

** result of ASO positive ➡aggultination

** result of complement fixation negative➡heamolysis

** result of complement fixation positive➡no heamolysis

** Bactricin disc ➡ positive in S pyogen

**CAMP test ➡ positive in S aglactiae

**optchin test ➡positive in S pnemoniae

** benc jence protine ➡in pateint with mutible myloma

** amoabic dycentry➡causes by E.histolytica

**Bacillary dycentry➡causes by shigella

** to asses live damge➡ALT

** increas in alcoholic pateint➡GGT

** increas in obestrective jundice and cholostasis➡ALP

** enzyme increas in myocardial infreaction➡CKmb..AST..LDH

*** LDH1 more than LDH2 called➡filliped and in case with patient Myocardial infraction

** variation in RBCs siza➡anisocytosis

** variation in RBCs shape➡pikilocytosis

** cortisol of urine➡free or un bound cortisol

** tumer marker of brest cancer ➡CA15_3

** tumer marker of overy➡CA125

**tumer marker of pancriase➡Ca19_9

** tumer marker of prostaite ➡PSA or acid phosphtase

** tumer marker of hepatocelluer carcinoma➡alpha feto protine

** tumer marker of medullary thyroid gland➡calcitonine or thyroglobuline

** phenocromcytoma➡is tumer of medullary adrenal gland

** to diagnosis of acute pancritites➡lipase

** enzyme to digetion of charbohydrate➡amaylase