Marks

Semester Course Hours Credit Sub. Code

Internal External Total
III CC 10 6 4 18KP3B10 25 75 100

HORTICULTURE AND ECOLOGY

UNIT I: HORTICULTURE
History, Scope and Importance of horticulture, Division of horticulture, Climate,
soil and nutritional needs, Water irrigation, Plant propagation method – Cutting,
layering, grafting and budding. Stock – Scion relationship, micropropagation by
induction of rooting. Role of growth hormone in horticultural crops.

UNIT II
Types of Garden, methods of designing outdoor garden – hedges, edges, fences,
trees, climbers, rockeries, arches, terrace garden, Lawn making and maintenance,
water garden – cultivation of water plants. Establishment of Herbal garden.

REFERENCES
1. Rao, K.M. (2000) Text Book of Horticulture. Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi
2. Kumar, N. (1987). Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi publishers,Nagercoil.
3. Arora. J. S. (1992). Introductory ornamental Horticulture, Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi
4. Manibushan Rao, K. (1991). Text book of Horticulture. Macmillan publishing co.,
Newyark

PREPARED BY

UNIT-I & II
Mrs. N.KARTHIKA
Assistant Professor in Botany
K.N. Government Arts College for Women (Autonomous),
Thanjavur -613 007.
HORTI
CULTURE:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

 Hort
icul
tur
eisthescienceofgrowingfl
ower
s,f
rui
ts,
veget
abl
esandor
nament
al
pl
ant
sespeci
all
yingardensandorchards.

 I
tdi
ff
ersf
rom agr
icul
tur
eandf
orest
ryi
nspeci
ali
zi
ngt
hecul
ti
vat
ionofgar
den
cr
ops.

 Gardencropsi
ncl
udesf
rui
ts,
veget
abl
es,
flower
s,pl
ant
ati
oncr
ops,
spi
cesand
ar
omat
icplant
s.

 Hor
ti
cul
tur
eisoneoft
hebr
anchesi
nbot
any
.

 Theter
m‘hort
icul
ture‘isder
ivedf
rom t
woLat
inwor
ds,
hor
tusmeani
nggar
den
andcult
uremeanscult
ivat
ion.

HI
STORYOFHORTI
CULTURE:

• Thesepar
ati
onofhor
ti
cult
uref
rom agr
icul
tur
easadi
sti
nctact
ivi
tyi
susual
l
ydat
ed
f
rom t
heMiddl
eAgesi
nEurope.

• Longaft
erMughalEmper
orspracti
sedhort
icult
ureinthecountr
y,RevWil
li
am Car
ey,an
Engli
shBapt
istMi
ssi
onar
y,foundedtheAgri
-Horti
cult
uralSoci
etyi
nIndi
ain1820 
forthe
promoti
onanddevel
opmentofagri
cult
urei
nt hecountry.

• Beforethefor
mat
ionoft
hesoci
ety
,goodv
eget
abl
eswer
escar
cel
ypossi
blet
obe
procured.
 

 I
n1820, Car
eypubl
ishedanessaypr
esent
ingr
easonsf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofan
Agr
icul
tural
Soci
etyinIndi
a.

Carey
'sessayonsupport
ingt
hefor
mationofanagri
cul
turalandhor
ti
cul
tur
alsoci
etyi
nIndi
a
st
atesthefol
lowi
nggroundsCar
eypredict
edfort
hesociety
:

 Encour
agi
ngt
hebet
termodeofcul
ti
vat
ionf
ort
hei
mpr
ovementoft
hel
and.
 

 Ev
olv
ingandusi
ngt
hebestmet
hodsofcr
opr
otat
ionandl
and-
croppi
ng.
 

 I
ntr
oduct
ionofusef
ulandnewt
ypesofpl
ant
s. 

 I
mpr
ovementi
nthei
mpl
ement
ati
onofhusbandr
ypr
act
ices.
 

 I
mpr
ovementi
nani
mal
husbandr
y.

 I
ncl
usi
onofwast
elandsi
ntoast
ateofcul
ti
vat
ion.
  Overthey
ear s,I
ndiahasemer gedasamaj
orproducerofhort
icul
tur
alcropsandthe
shareofhor
ticult
ureintheeconomyhasbeenincr
easing,
ther
eisstil
lalotofscopein
harnessi
ngthepot ent
ialoft
hissector
. 

 TheIndi
anInsti
tut
eofHor ti
cul
turalResearch(IIHR)isanautonomousorganizat
ion
acti
ngasanodal agencyforbasic,str
ategi
c,antici
patory
,andappli
edresearchon
vari
ousaspectsofhort
icul
turesuchasf rui
ts,vegetabl
es,ornament
al,
medi ci
naland
aromati
cplant
sandmushr oomsi nIndi
a.

SCOPEOFHORTI
CULTURE:

• I
ndiahasgr
eatvari
etyofcl
i
mat
eandedaphi
ccondi
ti
onswhi
chcanbeexpl
oit
edby
gr
owinghor
ticul
tur
alcr
ops.

• Cli
matesarevar
yingfrom t
ropi
cal
,subt
ropical
andtemperat
eregi
ons.Fr
om t
hishumi
d,
semi-
ari
d,ari
dandv ar
yingtemper
atur
etreesareal
sogrown.

• Li
kewisesoil
slikeloamy ,
all
uvi
al,
lateri
te,medi
um bl
ack,r
ockyshal
lowheav
yblack
sandyetcarealsoav ai
l
able.Fr
om this,l
argecr
opareascanbegrownwithver
yhigh
l
evelofadaptabil
i
ty.

• Tomeettherequirement
sintermsofvit
aminsandmi neral
s,mini
mum of85goffr
uit
s
and200gofv egetabl
esperheadperdaywithpopul
ationofabove1000mil
li
onpeopl
e,
fr
uitandv
egetablesaret
obegr ownonlargescal
e.

• Forpr
ovidi
ngrawmat er
ial
t osmal
lscal
eindustr
iesl
i
kesi
lkwor
m,lack,
honey
,mat
ch,
paper
,canni
ng,anddehydrati
onet
c.hor
ticul
tur
ehas wi
descope.

• I
nI ndi
al ar
gerar
eaoflandsar
ewasteland,
probl
emat
icsoi
l
,deser
tlandwhi
chcan
beut
il
izedfor hardyf
rui
tsandmedici
nal
plant
s.

• Thefastdevel
opmentofcommuni cat
ionandtransportsy
stem cr
eat
ewi
descope
forhorti
cul
turedevel
opmentpart
icul
arl
yintranspor
ti
ngt heper
ishabl
ecommodi
ti
esand
products.

• Thecult
ural
operat
ionsareuniquetoeachandeverygr
oupohorticul
tur
alplant
s.Based
uponthemethodofcult
ivat
ion,hor
ti
cult
urehasbeengroupedi
ntofol
lowingdivi
sions.

DI
VISI
ONSOFHORTI
CUTURE:

1.
POMOLOGY

• Theter
m Pomol
ogyi sderi
vedfrom theLati
nword‘
pomum’ meaning‘
fr
uit
s’andt
he
Greekt
erm‘l
ogy
’meani ngScience.Thus,pomol
ogyi
sthescienceofpr
oducti
onoff
rui
t
cr
ops.ORThescienceofgrowingf r
uitcr
ops.
 • (
a)Tr
eef
rui
ts:
Frui
tsar
epr
oducedont
reee.
g.Mango,
Chi
ku,
Cit
ruset
c.

• (b)Smallf
rui
ts:
Frui
tsarepr
oducedonshr
ubsorv
inese.
g.Phal
sa,
Raspber
ry,
Mul
ber
ry,
Grapes,
Gooseberry
,St
rawberr
y.

2.OLERI
CULTURE:

• Theter
m Ol
eri
cul
tur
eisori
ginatedfrom Lati
nword‘
oler
is’
meani
ngpother
bandt
he
Engl
i
shwordcult
uremeani
ngr aisi
ngofpl ant
s.

• Thus,
oleri
cul
tureist
hesci
enceofvegetablecrops.ORThecul
ti
vat
ionofv
eget
abl
e
cr
ops.e.g.br
inj
al,
tomat
o,pot
ato,
radish,carr
ot,chi
ll
i,
bot
tl
egourd.

3.FLORI
CULTURE:

• I
tisasci
enceofcult
ivat
ionoff
lower
sandor
nament
alpl
ant
sforcommer
cial
pur
poses
ormerel
yforget
ti
ngpleasur
eandasahobby.

• Duetoincr
easeindomesti
cneedoff l
ower
s,t
hecareerscopeinthefi
eldofflor
icul
tur
e
i
salsoincr
easing.Nowadays,
demandingoff
lower
slikeroses,
gerber
a, car
nati
on,
gl
adiol
us,Orchi
ds,andl
i
li
esisincr
easi
ngdaybyday.

4.
GARDENI
NG:

• Itisasci
enceofdesi
gningandl
ayi
ngouthomegar
dens,
publ
i
cgar
dens,
par
ks,
road
sidepl
antat
ion,
avenues.

• Li
vingel
ement
s,suchasf
lor
aorfauna;
orwhatiscommonlycal
l
edgardeni
ng,t
hear
t
andcraf
tofgr
owingpl
ant
swithagoalofcr
eat
ingabeaut
ywithi
nthel
andscape.

• Nat
ural
element
ssuchasl
andf
orms,
ter
rai
nshapeandel
evat
ion,
orbodi
esofwat
er;
and

• Abst
ractel
ement
ssuchast
heweat
herandl
i
ght
ingcondi
ti
ons.

5.ARBORI
CULTURE:

• Cul
ti
vat
ionandmanagementoff
orestt
reee.
g.t
eakwood,
neem,
ficus,
eucal
ypt
uset
c.

• Cont
rol
ofcr
opcomposi
ti
onandpr
oduct
ionofspeci
esofmor
eeconomi
cval
ue.

• Cont
rol
ofst
anddensi
tyf
orPr
oduct
ionofmaxi
mum v
olume.

• Af
for
est
ati
onofbl
ankunderst
ockar
eas.

• Pr
oduct
ionofQual
i
tyTi
mber
.

• Cont
rol
ofRot
ati
onper
iod.

6.SPI
CES:
 • Spi
cesar
epl
antpr
oduct
susedi
ncooker
ytoseasonorf
lav
ourt
hef
ood.

• Cult
ivat
ionofcr
opswhi
chproduct
sareusedasadjunctinf
oodf
orf
lav
or,
aromaand
tast
e.e.gcar
damom,cl
ove,
nutmeg,cor
iander
,cuminetc.

• I
tisl
owv
olume,
highv
aluecr
op.

7.PLANTATI
ONCROPS:

• Cul
ti
vat
ionoft
ea,
cof
fee,
coconut
,ar
ecanut
,rubber
,oi
lpal
m et
c.

• 1)
Expansi
oni
nnon-
tr
adi
ti
onal
areas

• 2)Exportpot
ent
ial
:Pl
ant
ati
oncr
opsear
nfor
eignexchange.Eg.Coi
rbasedpr
oduct
s,Coi
r
exportandCoff
ee.

• 3)
Employ
mentgener
ati
on:Cul
tiv
ationofplant
ati
oncropsprov
ideyearr
oundgainf
ul
empl
oymentont
hefarm andfactori
es.Eg.Coconutpr
ovi
desfor78mandays/ha/yr
.

8.AROMATI
CANDMEDI
CINALPLANTS

• Cul
ti
vat
ionofaromat
icandmedi
cinal
plant
sli
kegugal
,aonl
a,beheda,
har
de,
lucor
ice,
l
emongr asset
c.

• Themagi cal
compoundofmedicinal
andaromati
cpl
antskeepssav
inghumanunt
il
present
,suchasmedici
ne,
food,heal
ing,
andrecr
eat
ion.

• Oneofthehugebenef
it
sfr
om medici
nalandaromati
cplant
swastoover
comemany
di
ff
icul
til
l
nesses,
suchascont
agi
ousdisease,
cancer,andAI
DS/
HIV.

• TheNati
onalCancerI
nsti
tut
e(NCI)scr
eenspl
ant
sforthepossi
bil
i
tyofnewdrugsand
acti
vepl
antchemical
sforcancerandAI
DS/HI
Vinseveral
ongoi
ngcoll
aborat
ive
progr
ams.

I
MPORTANCEOFHORTI
CULTURE:

• Fr
uit
sandvegetabl
esplayanimpor
tantr
olei
nthebal
ancedi
etofhumanbei
ngby
pr
ovidi
ngv
ital
protect
ivenut
ri
ent
s.

• Theynotonl
yadornthet
abl
ebutal
soenr
ichheal
thf
rom t
hemostnut
ri
ti
vemenuand
toneuptheener
gyandvi
gourofman.

• Frui
tsandveget
abl
eshaveakeyr
olei
nneut
ral
i
zingt
heaci
dpr
oduceddur
ingdi
gest
ion
ofprot
einr
ichandf
att
yfoods.

• Theyprovi
deval
uabl
eroughageswhi
chpr
omot
edi
gest
ionandhel
psi
npr
event
ing
const
ipat
ion.
 • Fr
om uni
tar
eofl
andmor
eincomei
sobt
ainedbygr
owi
ngf
rui
tsandv
eget
abl
escr
ops.

• Fr
om energypoi
ntofvi
ewt hefrui
tcr
opsgivever
yhighamountofcal
ori
esperacr
ee.
g.
wheat1034880cal
ori
es/acreandbanana15252800cal
ori
es/
acre.

• Horti
cul
turei
smot herofsever
alindust
ri
esli
kecanning,
essent
ial
oil,
dehydr
ati
on,
ref
ri
gerat
ion,
wine,cashewnut,tr
ansportet
c.whichprovi
deworkformanypeople.
Farmersandlabourscankeepthemselvesengagedbusythr
oughoutyear
.

• Growi
ngofhorti
cul
tur
alcr
opsi
sanar
taswel
lassci
encewhi
chhel
pinment
al
devel
opmentoffar
mers.

• Thefrui
tsandvegetabl
esar echi
efsour
ceofv
itami
nsandmi
ner
alswhi
chhel
pinpr
oper
heal
thandresi
stanttodisease.

• Thefl
owers,or
namental
plant
sandgardenspl
ayav
eryi
mpor
tantr
olei
nref
reshi
ngt
he
mindsofpeopl
eandreduci
ngairpol
l
uti
on.

• Thegr
owingofhor
ti
cult
ural
cropsal
socont
ri
but
est
otheaest
het
icsi
deofr
ural
and
homeli
feofcommunit
y.

• Gener
ateempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
es.

• Wi
desour
ceofmedi
cine.

• Ef
fect
iveut
il
izat
ionofwast
elandt
hroughhar
dyf
rui
tsandmedi
cinal
plant
s.

CLI
MATESOI
LANDNUTRI
TIONALNEEDS:

CLI
MATE

 Cl
i
mat
eist
hel
ong-
ter
m av
erageofweat
her
,ty
pical
l
yav
eragedov
eraper
iodof30y
ear
s.

 Someoft hemeteor
ologi
calvari
ablesthatar
ecommonl ymeasuredaretemperat
ure,
humidit
y,atmospher
icpressur
e,wind,andpreci
pit
ation.I
nabr oadersense,
cli
mateis
thestat
eoft hecomponentsofthecli
mat esyst
em, whichincl
udestheoceanandiceon
Eart
h.

 Moregeneral
l
y,the"
cli
mate"ofar
egi
oni
sthegener
alst
ateoft
hecl
i
mat
esy
stem at
t
hatl
ocati
onatthecurr
entti
me.

 Climatescanbecl assi
fi
edaccor
dingtotheaverageandt hetypi
cal
rangesofdi
ff
erent
variabl
es,mostcommonl ytemperat
ureandprecipit
ati
on.Themostcommonl yused
classif
icat
ionschemewast heKöppenclimat
ecl assi
fi
cation.

TheThornt
hwai
tesyst
em,inusesi
nce1948,i
ncor
porat
esevapot
ranspir
ati
onalongwith
temper
atur
eandpreci
pit
ati
oninf
ormat
ionandisusedi
nstudyi
ngbiologi
caldi
versi
tyandhow
cli
matechangeaf
fect
sit
.TheBergeronandSpat
ial
Synopt
icCl
assi
fi
cat
ionsy
stemsf
ocuson
theor
igi
nofairmassest
hatdef
inethecli
mateofaregi
on.

 Paleocli
matologyi sthestudyofancientcli
mates.Si
nceveryf
ewdir
ectobservat
ionsof
cli
matear eavailablebefor
et he19t
hcent ury
,pal
eocl
imatesar
einf
erredfr
om proxy
vari
ablesthatincludenon-bioti
cevi
dencesuchassedi mentsf
oundinlakebedsandice
cores,andbioticev i
dencesuchast r
eer i
ngsandcoral.

 Cli
matemodel
saremat hemati
cal
modelsofpast,presentandfutur
eclimates.Cli
mat
e
changemayoccurov
erlongandshor
tti
mescalesf r
om av ari
etyoffact
ors;recent
warmingi
sdi
scussedinglobal
warmi
ng.Globalwarmi ngresul
tsinr
edistr
ibuti
ons.

 Forexampl
e,"a3°
Cchangeinmeanannualt
emperat
urecor
respondstoashifti
n
i
sothermsofappr
oxi
matel
y300–400km i
nlati
tude(
int
hetemperatezone)or500m i
n
el
evati
on.

 Theref
ore,
speciesar
eexpect
edtomoveupwardsi
nel
evat
ionort
owar
dst
hepol
esi
n
l
ati
tudeinresponset
oshif
ti
ngcl
i
matezones"
.

SOI
L:

 Unconsol
i
datedmater
ial
ont
heear
th’
ssur
facet
hatsuppor
tsori
scapabl
eofsuppor
ti
ng
pl
antsout-
of-
door
s.

 Materi
ali
nthet
oplay
erofthesurf
aceoftheear
thi
nwhichplantscangrow(especi
all
y
wit
hrefer
encet
oit
squali
tyoruse)
;thel
andhadneverbeenplowed;goodagr
icul
tur
al
soi
l.

 Thepartoftheearth’ssurf
aceconsisti
ngofhumusanddi sint
egratedr
ock.Thetopl
ayer
oft
heEar t
h’scrustthatconsist
sofsuffi
cientminer
alsandorganicmater
ialtoberi
chl
y
i
nhabi
tedbyor ganismsi ngeneral
.Manyfactorsint
hecomposi t
ionofsoi
l,suchasit
s
pH,wi
lldeterminewhatsor toforgani
smswi ll
bemostsuited.

 Nutri
entsinthesoilar
eessentialt
ot hepropergr owthofalandplant.Thi
stutor
ial
deals
withthepropert
iesofsoilandthefactor
s( i
.e.cli
mate,par
entmat eri
al,l
ocal
topography
,
veget
ation,l
ivi
ngorganisms,andtime)thatbr oughtsoi
ltowhatitistoday.

NUTRI
TIONALNEEDS:

Pl
ant
smustobt
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngmi
ner
alnut
ri
ent
sfr
om t
hei
rgr
owi
ngmedi
um:

 Themacronut
ri
ents:
nitr
ogen(N)
,phosphor
us(P),
potassi
um (
K),
cal
cium (
Ca)
,sul
fur(
S),
magnesi
um (Mg),
carbon(C),
oxygen(O)
,hydr
ogen(H)

 Themicr
onutr
ients(ort
racemineral
s):i
ron(Fe)
,boron(B)
,chl
ori
ne(
Cl)
,manganese
(Mn)
,zi
nc(Zn),copper(
Cu),molybdenum (Mo),
nickel(
Ni)
  Theseelementsst aybeneathsoi
lassalts,
soplantsconsumetheseel
ement sasions.
Themacr onutr
ientsareconsumedinlargerquant
iti
es;hydr
ogen,
oxygen,nit
rogenand
carboncontri
butetoov er95%ofaplant'
sentir
ebiomassonadr ymatterweightbasi
s.
Micronut
rient
sar epresenti
nplantt
issueinquanti
ti
esmeasuredinpartspermill
i
on,
rangi
ngfrom 0.1to200ppm, orl
essthan0.02%drywei ght
.

 Mostsoilcondi
ti
onsacrossthewor
ldcanpr
ovidepl
ant
sadaptedtot
hatcl
i
mateand
soi
lwithsuff
ici
entnut
ri
tionf
oracomplet
eli
fecycl
e,wi
thoutt
headdi
ti
onofnut
ri
ent
sas
fer
ti
li
zer.

 However
,ift
hesoi
liscroppediti
snecessaryt
oarti
fi
cial
l
ymodi f
ysoil
fer
ti
li
tyt
hr ough
t
headdit
ionoff
ert
il
izertopromotev
igorousgrowt
handi ncr
easeorsust
ainyi
eld.

 Thisi
sdonebecause,ev
enwi
thadequat
ewat
erandl
i
ght
,nut
ri
entdef
ici
encycanl
i
mit
growt
handcropyiel
d.

 Atl
east17el ement
sareknowntobeessenti
alnutr
ient
sforpl
ant
s.Inrel
ati
vel
ylar
ge
amounts,thesoi
lsuppl
i
esnit
rogen,
phosphorus,
potassi
um,cal
cium,magnesi
um, and
sul
fur
;theseareoft
encall
edthemacronut
ri
ents.

 Inrel
ati
vel
ysmallamount s,thesoi
lsuppli
esiron,
manganese, bor
on,molybdenum,
copper,
zinc,
chl
orine,
andcobal t,t
heso-cal
ledmicronutr
ient
s.Nutri
entsmustbe
avail
abl
enotonl
yinsuf f
icientamountsbutalsoinappropri
aterat
ios.

 Plantnutri
ti
onisadi
ffi
cultsubjectt
ounderst
andcompletely,par
ti
all
ybecauseofthe
variat
ionbetweendi
ff
erentplantsandevenbetweendi
fferentspeci
esorindi
vidual
sofa
givenclone.

 Element spr
esentatlowlev el
smaycausedef i
ciencysympt oms,
andtoxi
cit
yispossi
ble
atlevelst
hataret
oohi gh.Furthermore,
def i
ciencyofoneel ementmaypresentas
sympt omsoftoxi
cit
yf r
om anot herel
ement ,andv icever
sa.Anabundanceofone
nutri
entmaycauseadef i
ciencyofanothernut r
ient.Forexample,
K+uptakecanbe
i
nfluencedbytheamountofNH+4av ail
able.

WATERI
RRI
GATI
ON:

I
RRI
GATI
ON

 Wateri
sanessent i
alel
ementforsur
viv
al.Aboutsev
entypercentofthehumanbody
consi
stsofwater;
plant
scontai
nalmost90percentofwater.Sti
l
l,wehavetodependon
someoutsidesourcest
oful
fi
l t
hewaterrequi
rementsofourbody.

 Simil
arl
y,t
hecr
opsrequi
rewaterf
ort
hei
rgrowt
handdev
elopment
.Thepr
ocessof
suppl
yingwat
ertot
hecropsisknownasi
rr
igat
ion.
Ty
pesofi
rr
igat
ion:

1.
Sur
faceI
rr
igat
ion

2.
Local
i
zedI
rr
igat
ion

3.
Spr
inkl
erI
rr
igat
ion

4.
Dri
pIr
ri
gat
ion

5.
Cent
rePi
votI
rr
igat
ion

6.
SubI
rr
igat
ion

7.
Manual
Irr
igat
ion

Ther earedif
fer
entt
ypesofirri
gationpr
acti
sedf
orimprovingcr
opyiel
d.Thesetypesof
i
rrigati
onsystemsarepract
isedbasedont hedi
ff
erentty
pesofsoil
s,cl
imates,
cropsand
resources.Themaintypesofir
rigati
onfol
l
owedbyf ar
mer si
ncl
ude:

Sur
faceI
rr
igat
ion

I
nthi
ssyst
em,
noi
rr
igat
ionpumpi
sinv
olv
ed.Her
e,wat
eri
sdi
str
ibut
edacr
osst
hel
andby
gr
avi
ty.

Local
izedI
rr
igat
ion

I
nthi
ssy
stem,
wat
eri
sappl
i
edt
oeachpl
antt
hroughanet
wor
kofpi
pesunderl
owpr
essur
e.
Spr
inkl
erI
rr
igat
ion

Wateri
sdistr
ibut
edfr
om acent
rall
ocat
ionbyov
erheadhi
gh-
pressur
espr
inkl
ersorf
rom
spr
inkl
ersfr
om themovi
ngplat
for
m.

Dr
ipI
rr
igat
ion

I
nthi
stype,
dropsofwaterar
edel
i
v erednearther
oot
soft
hepl
ant
s.Thi
sty
peofi
rr
igat
ioni
s
r
arel
yusedasitr
equi
resmoremaintenance.

Cent
rePi
votI
rr
igat
ion

I
nthi
s,t
hewat
eri
sdi
str
ibut
edbyaspr
inkl
ersy
stem mov
ingi
naci
rcul
arpat
ter
n.

SubI
rr
igat
ion

Wat
eri
sdi
str
ibut
edt
hroughasy
stem ofpumpi
ngst
ati
onsgat
es,
dit
chesandcanal
sbyr
aisi
ng
t
hewat
ert
able.

ManualI
rr
igat
ion

Thisal
abouri
ntensi
veandt
ime-consumingsy
stem ofi
rr
igat
ion.Her
e,t
hewat
eri
sdi
str
ibut
ed
thr
oughwater
ingcansbymanuallabour
.

Met
hodsofI
rr
igat
ion.

Met
hodsofI
rr
igat
ion

I
rr
igat
ioncanbecar
ri
edoutbyt
wodi
ff
erentmet
hods:

 Tr
adi
ti
onal
Met
hods

 Moder
nMet
hods

 Tr
adi
ti
onalMet
hodsofI
rr
igat
ion

• Inthi
smethod,i
rri
gat
ionisdonemanual
ly
.Here,afarmerpull
soutwat
erfrom wel
l
sor
canal
sbyhimselforusi
ngcattl
eandcar
ri
estofarmingfi
elds.Thi
smethodcanvaryi
n
dif
fer
entr
egions.

• Themai
nadvantageofthi
smethodi
sthatiti
scheap.Buti
tseff
ici
encyi
spoorbecause
oft
heunev
endistri
but
ionofwat
er.Al
so,thechancesofwaterl
ossarever
yhi
gh.

• Someexamplesofthet
radit
ional
system ar
epul
l
eysy
stem,l
eversyst
em,
chai
npump.
Amongthese,t
hepumpsy st
em isthemostcommonandusedwidely
.

Themodernmethodcompensatest
hedi
sadv
ant
agesoft
radi
ti
onal
met
hodsandt
hushel
psi
n
thepr
operwayofwaterusage.
Themoder
nmet
hodi
nvol
vest
wosy
stems:

 Spr
inkl
ersy
stem

 Dr
ipsy
stem

• Spr
inkl
erSy
stem

Asprinkl
ersy
stem,asi
tsnamesuggest
s,spr
inkl
eswateroverthecr
opandhel
psinanev
en
di
str
ibuti
onofwater
.Thi
smethodismuchadv i
sabl
einareasfaci
ngwat
erscar
cit
y.

Hereapumpisconnect
edt
opi
peswhi
chgener
atepr
essur
eandwat
eri
sspr
inkl
edt
hrough
nozzl
esofpi
pes.

• Dr
ipSy
stem

I
nDri
psyst
em,wat
ersuppl
yisdonedropbydr
opexact
lyatr
ootsusi
ngahoseorpi
pe.Thi
s
met
hodcanal
sobeusedinregi
onswherewat
erav
ail
abil
i
tyi
sless.

I
mpor
tanceofi
rr
igat
ion:

 Insuf
fi
cientanduncer
tainrai
nfal
ladver
selyaff
ect
sagri
cul
ture.Dr
oughtsandfami
nes
arecausedduetolowr ai
nfal
l.I
rr
igat
ionhelpstoi
ncr
easeproduct
ivi
tyeveni
nlowrai
nfal
l
.

 Thepr
oduct
ivi
tyoni
rr
igat
edl
andi
shi
gherascompar
edt
otheun-
ir
ri
gat
edl
and.

 Multi
plecr
oppingisnotpossiblei
nIndiabecausetherainyseasoni sspecif
icinmostof
theregi
ons.Howev er
,thecli
matesupportscult
ivat
ionthroughouttheyear.Ir
ri
gati
on
faci
l
iti
esmakei tpossi
bletogrowmor ethanonecr opi
nmostoft heareasoft he
country
.

 I
rr
igat
ionhashel
pedt
obr
ingmostoft
hef
all
owl
andundercul
ti
vat
ion.

 I
rr
igat
ionhasst
abi
l
izedt
heout
putandy
iel
dlev
els.

 I
rr
igat
ioni
ncr
easest
heav
ail
abi
l
ityofwat
ersuppl
y,whi
chi
ntur
nincr
easest
hei
ncomeof
t
hefarmer
s.

Pl
antpr
opagat
ion:

Pl
antpr
opagati
onistheprocessofcreat
ing newpl
ant
sfrom avar
iet
yofsources:
seedscutti
ngandotherpl
antpart
s.Plantpr
opagati
oncanal
soref
ertotheart
if
ici
alornatur
al
disper
salofpl
ants.

Met
hodsofpr
opagat
ion:

i
. Sexual
ly
i
i
. Asexual
ly
 Sexual Propagat i
onst ar
t i
ngpl antsfrom seedsGer minationr ate%t hatsprout s75of100=
75%.Rat esar eaf fect
edbyt emper atureandmoi st
ureRat esv arydependi ngonpl antand
quality(viabil
ity)ofseedSeedv i
abil
ityist heseed’scapabi lit
yofgr owingordev elopingSeed
vi
abi l
ityi
saf f
ectedbyt emper atureandmoi st
ur ePlantseedsbasedonsi zeofseedsPl ant
seedsnomor ethan1. 5timest hediamet eroft heseedLar gerseedsar eplanteddeeper 
Smal lerseedsar eplantedshal lowEx.Pet uniaseedsar eTI NYWat ersmal lseedsbybot t
om
soaki ngtopr eventbur yingt hem Seedl ingssmal lplantsThef ir
stsetsofleav esar ecal l
ed
cotyledonsMonocot spr oduceoneseedl eafDi cotspr oducet woseedl eavesTr ueleaves
arethesecondsetofl eavesTr ansplantseedl ingswhent hef i
rstt r
ueleavesappearBef ore
plantingint heout doorenv i
ronment ,r
educehumi di
tyandwat erandmakeenv ironmentmor e
l
ikeout sidet o“hardenof f”pl ants.1.Fastwayt ogetmanypl ants.2.Easyt odo.3.Economi cal
.
1.Somepl ant s,especiall
yhy bri
ds,donotr eproducet r
uet opar ent s.2.Somepl antsar ediffi
cul
t
topr opagat efrom seeds.Asexual Repr oduct i
on–st arti
ngpl antsbymeansot herthanseed
Met hodsi nclude:

Cut
ti
ngs Lay
eri
ng Di
vi
sion Separ
ati
on Gr
aft
ing Buddi
ng Ti
ssuecul
tur
e St
em

Cut
ti
ng:

Startwithsterileflat
s, soil,
andt ool sMusti ncludeanodeAnodei sapoi ntalongapl ant
stem wher eleav esorot herst emsar eatt
achedI nternodei st hear eabet weent wonodes
Cuttingistakinga4- 6i nchpi eceoft heplantandf orcingr ootst ogr ow Usi nghor moneshelp
speedupr ootingDi ppi ngt hecut ti
ngi nfungi
cideshel ppr eventr otti
ngRoot i
ngmedi ashould
beabout4i nchesdeepHer baceouspl antsaresof t-
tissuepl antsWoodypl antsareplants
thatproducewoodyt issueExampl esofplantsthatcanbest artedbycut tingsHer baceous–
geranium, i
mpat i
ens, begoni aandcol eusWoody–hol l
y ,
abel i
a,andr osemar yLeafUsual l
y
propagat edfrom her baceouspl antsMi dri
bveinmustbecuti nor dert omaker ootsform
Exampl esAf ri
canv ioletandphi l
odendr onSnakepl antandj adepl antRoot Shoul dbe
spacedt hreeinchesapar tinr ootingar eaAsand, vermi culi
teorper l
itemi xtureisagood
medi um forrootcut tingsExampl es: hostaandday l
ily
Thebestt imeofdayt otakeast em,
l
eaf, orrootcut t
ingisear l
ymor ningbecausepl antshav emor emoi sture.

Lay
eri
ng:

Tricki
ngtheplantst
em i
ntogr
owingr
oot
swhil
est
il
lat
tachedt
othepar
entpl
antExampl
es
Ai
rlayer
ingTrenchLayer
ingMoundLay
eri
ng.

Ai
rlay
eri
ng

Maki
nganinci
sionatt
henodeofabranchDustwi t
hr oot
inghormone,
placesphagnum
mossinpl
asti
candwraparoundt
hei
ncisionforci
ngrootstogrowonthestem ofthepl
antAi
r
l
ayer
ingOncerootsf
orm,remov
ebelowt henewrootsforanewplantExamplesDecora
r
ubberpl
ant
Weepi
ngf
igSomepl
ant
s,l
i
ket
hespi
derpl
ant
,nat
ural
l
ylay
er.

Tr
enchLay
eri
ng–

newpl ant
sfor m ateachnodealongt hestem whil
estil
lattachedtothepl
antIscutti
nga
tr
enchandl ayingabr anchint
hetrenchTy pesoftr
enchl ayeri
ngaresi
mple,t
ip,and
serpenti
neExampl esofplant
sfortrenchlayeri
ngGr apesCl emati
sSimpleLayeri
ngTi
p
Layeri
ngSer pentineLayer
ingMoundl ayeri
ngI smoundi ngt hesoi
lonabranchAnexample
wouldbeanazal eaMoundLay eri
ng

Gr
aft
ing:

Joini
ngseparatepl
antpartst
oget hersot hat
theyform aunionandgr owtogethertomakeone
plant
.Toolsneededareaknife,tape, andwaxPl ant
smustber elatedtoeachot herand
normallyi
nthesamegenusorf ami lyScionisthepieceofplantatthetopoft hegraft
Rootstocki
st hepi
eceoftheplantatt herootorbott
om ofthegraftExampl esofplantst
hat
canbegr af
ted:MaplesandfruittreesSweet gum (
frui
tl
esssweet gum)Pecan

Buddi
ng:

Afor m ofgr
aft
ingwhenabudi sused. Ty pes:
T- budding,Chi pbudding,PatchBudding.

SuccessfulTbuddingrequires:t hatthescion(top)materialhavefull
y-f
ormed,mature,
dormantbuds,t hattherootstockbei nacondi t
ionofact i
vegr owthsucht hatthe"
barki
s
sl
ipping".Thi
smeanst hatt
hev ascularcambium isactivelygrowing,andthebarkcanbe
peeledeasil
yfr
om t hestockpi ecewithlit
tl
edamage.Anexampl ewoul dbear ose.
UNI
T-2

Gar
den:

• A gar
den i
saplannedspace, usual
lyout
doors,setasidefort
hedi
splay,cult
ivat
ion,or
enjoy
mentof pl
ants andotherfor
msof  
natur
e.Thegar dencani
ncorpor
at ebothnat ural
andman- mademat eri
als.Themostcommonf ormtodayisaresi
denti
algarden, butthe
term 
garden 
hastr
adi t
ionall
ybeenamor egeneralone. 

• Gardendesigni stheprocessofcr
eati
ngpl ansforthelay
outandpl anti
ngofgardens
andlandscapes.Gar densmaybedesignedbygar denowner sthemsel ves,
orby
prof
essionals.Professi
onalgar
dendesignerstendtobet r
ainedinprincipl
esofdesi
gn
andhorticul
ture,andhaveaknowledgeandexper ienceofusingplants.
 

Feat
uresofaf
ormal
gar
dens:

• Fi
rstpl
ani
smadeonpaperandt
henl
andi
ssel
ect
edaccor
dingl
y

• Landi
slev
eled
 • Sy
mmet
ri
cal
desi
gn

• Geomet
ri
cal
:Squar
e,r
ect
angul
ar,
cir
cul
arbedsandbor
der
s

• Roadsandpat
hscutatr
ightangl
e

• Bal
ancei
ssy
mmet
ri
cal
assamef
eat
urer
epl
i
cat
edonbot
hsi
desofcent
ral
axi
s

• Hedges,
edgesandt
opi
aryar
etr
immed

• Tr
eescanbesel
ect
edasi
ndi
vi
dual
feat
ure

• Mughal
,Per
sian,
Ital
i
an,
FrenchandAmer
icangar
dens

Feat
uresofi
nfor
mal
gar
dens:

• Pl
ani
sfor
cedt
ofi
tthel
and

• Mai
nai
mist
ocapt
urenat
ural
scener
y

• Landi
snotl
evel
ed

• Asy
mmet
ri
cal
desi
gn

• Non-
geomet
ri
cal
bedsandbor
der
s

• Unt
ri
mmedhedges,
edgesandt
opi
ary

• I
ndi
vi
dual
plant
sar
enotsel
ect
edasf
eat
ure

• Japanese,
Chi
nese,
Engl
i
shgar
dens

Fr
eeandWi
l
dst
yleofgar
deni
ng:

• I
nFreestyl
egar deni
ngbestofbothfor
mal andi
nfor
mal st
ylesaresel
ect
edtosecur
ethe
mostpi
cturesqueeffectwhereasi
nWil
dst yl
egar
deningnor ul
esaref
oll
owedbutai
mi s
t
omaket hegardenbeaut i
ful
andnatur
al.

• Thi
sstyl
ecombinest
hegoodpoi
ntsofbot
hformalandi
nfor
mal st
yleofgar
deni
ng.
Rosegar
denofLudhi
anai
sanexampleofthi
ssty
leofgar
dening.

Met
hodsofout
doorgar
den:

Hedge

• A hedge or
 hedgerow isalineofclosel
yspaced shr
ubs andsomet i
mes  t
rees,
plant
ed
andt r
ainedtof or
m abar r
ierortomar ktheboundaryofanar ea,suchasbet ween
neighbori
ngpr operti
es.Hedgesusedt oseparat
ear oadfrom adjoiningfiel
dsorone
fi
eldfrom another,andofsuf f
ici
entagetoincorpor
atelargertr
ees, areknownas
 hedgerows.Of t
entheyserv
eas 
windbr
eaks 
to i
mprovecondi
ti
ons f
ort
headj
acent
 cr
ops,
asin blockage 
count
ry.Whencl
i
ppedandmai nt
ained,
hedgesareal
soasi
mplefor
m
of 
topiary.

Edges

• Edging cr
eatescl
ean,cr
ispli
nesbet weenbedsandot herar
eas.Iti
smostvi
sible
betweenal awnandtheadjoining 
garden,butl
andscape 
edging 
candef
ineaflower
border,ashrubbed,asi
ngletree,orthetr
ansit
ionfr
om apatiotothe
surroundi
ng gar
den.

Fences

• Weldedwire 
worksbestonrel
ati
vel
ylevelgr
ound. 
Wel
dedwire productswi
th
small
er 
mesh al
ongtheloweredge(i
ntendedtokeephor
sesfrom get t
ingt
hei
rhooves
caught
)alsodet
ersomeanimal pest
s.Stockpanel
sarer
igi
df encingpanel
ssoldi
n
 st
andar
d16-
footl
engt
hs.

Tr
ees

• Treesf ormt hemai nf r

amewor koft hegar den.Some  tr
eesproduceat t
ractiveand
beaut i
fulfl
ower sincludingfr
agr antflower s,f
ewt reesar enotedfort hei
rattract i
ve
fol
iageandf ewmor etreesar e known  fortheirpecul i
arshapeorf orm whi ch  are used
 
asspeci ment rees.Shadyt r
eesar epl antedinchosenspot soflargepubl icgar den
whichpr ovidespl aceforpicnicandr el
axat i
on.Sucht reesarealsopl antedalongt he
bordersofr oadsasav enuef orgivingshade.I nsel ecti
ngornament al t
rees, t
hepur ¬pose
shouldbedeci dedf i
rstandthent hepl aceofi tscul t
ureshouldbef inalzed.E.
i g.Acacia
auricul
iformis

Cl
imber
s
 • Botani
call
y,plantswhichhav ethespeci alstr
ucturetoclimbonsuppor t
saredefinedas
cl
imbers.Climbersarev eryimportantornament alplantsandarecom¬monl yusedon
wall
s,archesandper golasbutinci t
iestheiruti
l
ityisincreasedf
orthepurposeof
scr
eeningthepr emisesf r
om adjacenthousesandmai ntaini
ngpr
ivacy
. Barewallscan
bemostef fecti
velydecoratedbygr owingcolorfulcli
mber s.

• Cl
imbersl
i Al
ke  l
amanda,
Antigonon,
Ar i
stol
ochi
ael
egans,
Sol
anum seaf
ort
hianum 
can
beusedonar
ches,
bowersandpergolas.

Rocker
ies

• A 
rockgar
den, al
soknownasa r
ocker
y oran 
alpi
negarden, 
isa 
smallf
iel
dorplotof
gr
ounddesigned t
ofeat
ureandemphasizeavari
etyof
 rocks,st
ones,
andboulders.

• Thest andar dlayoutforarockgar denconsist

sofapi leofaestheti
call
yarrangedrocks
i
ndi f
ferentsi zes,withsmallgapsbet weeninwhichplantsar er
ooted.Typicall
y,pl
ants
foundi nrockgar densaresmal landdonotgr owl ar
gerthan1met eri
nhei ght,
though
small tr
eesandshr ubsupt o6met er
smaybeusedt ocr eateashadedareaf ora
woodl andr ockgar den.I
fused,theyar eof
tengrowni ntroughsorlowt othegroundt o
avoidobscur ingtheepony mousr ocks.Theplantsfoundi nrockgardensar eusuall
y
speciest hatflouri
shinwell-
drained,poorl
yirr
igat
ed soil
.
Ar
ches

• Agardenar ch,alsoknownasanar bor,i

saf r
eestandi
ngst ructurethatser vesasa
passagewayandcansuppor tcli
mbi ngvinesandplants.Itt
y pical
lyfeaturest woside
panelsandacur v edroofwhichmaybeopenorcl osed.Incont rast,
at r
elli
si saflat
l
atti
cepanel thatcanalsobeusedt osuppor tcl
imbingv i
nes.Somet rel
lisesar emounted
toawal l
,whileothersarefree-standingstr
uctur
es.Whi l
et r
elli
sesusual lyfeaturea
squarebottom wi tharoundedt op,youcanf i
ndthem inav arietyofdecor ativeshapes
l
ikeahear tortri
angle.

Tr
acegar
den

• I
n gardeni
ng,a t
errace 
isanelementwherearai
sedfl
atpavedorgrav
eledsect
ion
overl
ooksa prospect.Arai
sedter
racekeepsahousedryandprovi
desatransi
ti
on
 bet
weent
he 
har
dscape 
andt
he 
sof
tcape.

Lawnmaki
ng:

• Alawni sanar eawher egrassisgr ownasagr eencar petforalandscapeandi st

he
basicfeatureofanygar den.
 Itservestoenhancet hebeaut yoft hegarden,beitl
argeror
smaller.
 Properlawnmai ntenancepl ay
sacr uci
alpar tinanylandscapedesi gn.A
beautif
ulwel l
mai ntai
nedlawncanmaket heent i
relandscapel ookgood, whereasalawn
thati
snotmai ntai
nedcancompl etel
yruinit'
sbeaut y.Thelawnnotonl yhar monizeswith
adecoroft hedr awingroom, butalsosetsofasui tablebackgr oundforaspeci mentree
orashr ub,aswel lasforcolourf
ulbedsandbor ders. Theposi t
ionofthelawnl ar
gely
dependsupont helayoutofthegar deninrelati
ontot hehouse.  Ingenerall
awnshoul d
bewi deopenwi thaccesst odirectsunshine,especiallyinfr
ontofar ockeryandawat er
pool.

• Si
teandSoi
l

• Aft
erchoosingthesite,t
henextimpor tantfactorforconsiderat
ionisthesizeand
shapeoft helawn.Thepr eparat
ionofsit
eincludesdi gging,l
eveli
ngandenr ichi
ngthe
soilwit
hor gani
cmanur esorbyamendi ngwi t
hf erti
lesoil.I
fthesoilisveryheavy,
coarse
sandmaybeaddedbyr emovingsubsoil
toadept hof20cm.Thei dealsoi
lpHshoul dbe
5.0to5. 6.
 Ifi
tisveryacidi
c500g/ m2limeshoul dbeaddedandt oclayeyloam or
alkal
inesoilgypsum ofthesamequant it
ymaybeadded.Pr ovi
sionofdr ai
nagefor
excessr ai
nwat ershoul
dbemadei fthegroundi snotsloppy .

• Lev
ell
ing

• Thesit
eshoul
dbethoroughlylev
ell
edwithspade,pebblesandweedsar
ehand
picked.
 Thesoi
li
srol
ledwit
har ol
ler.
 Weedsespecial
lynutgrassshoul
dnotbeal
l
owed
togrowandshouldberemovedwithrootsforatl
east2to3t i
mes.
Met
hodsofl
awnmaki
ng:

Seedi
ng

• Themostpopul
argr
asssui
tabl
eforseedi
ngi
s"Doob"gr Cy
ass( nodondact
ylon)
. 

• I
thasthefastspreadi
ngmatfor
minghabit
,radi
all
yfor
msr
oot
satt
henodes,
thef
oli
age
i
sdarkgreen,nar
rowwi t
hpar
all
elv
ines.

• Al
awnf
rom seedi
sthoughtofonl
ywhengr
assr
oot
sar
enotav
ail
abl
e. 

• About30kgofseedi
srequi
redf
orpl
ant
ingonehect
are. 

• Thesoi
lshoul
dber
educedt
ofi
net
il
thandgi
venal
i
ghtr
oll
i
ng.

• Thesiteshouldbedivi
dedint
osuitabl
esmallsquar
esorrect
angl
es,t
heseedsar
emixed
withdoublethequan¬ti
tyoff
inel
ysievedsoi
landshoul
dberoll
edagai
nandwa¬ter
ed
l
iberal
l
ywi t
hr osecan.

• Theseedst
akef
ourt
ofi
veweeksf
orger
minat
ion.

• Car
eshoul
dbet
akennott
ofl
oodt
hesi
te.

• Fort
hef
ir
stf
ewt
imes,
thegr
assesar
ecutwi
thascy
the.

• Lawnmowermaybeusedf
oreasymai
ntenanceandf
ori
tsspr
eadi
ng.

Tur
fi
ng

• Thet
urf
sar
enot
hingbutpi
ecesofear
thwi
thcompactgr
assesont
hem.

• Theset
urfsshouldbecutuni
for
mlyi
nsquar
esf
rom apl
acewher
ethegr
assi
sshor
t,
compactandfreefr
om weeds.

• Thesetur
fsshoul
dbeplacedont
hepr
epar
edgr
oundsi
te,
sidebysi
deandbeat
endown
fl
atwit
hat ur
fbeat
er.

• Thecav
iti
esi
nbet
weenshoul
dbef
il
ledwi
thf
inesoi
l
.

• Theent
ir
etur
fedar
eashoul
dber
oll
edandwat
eredl
i
ber
all
y.

• Thi
sist
hemostexpensi
vewayofl
awnmaki
ng.

Tur
fpl
ast
eri
ng

• Thedoobgrasscanbeprocur
edinlar
gequant
it
iesf
reef
rom weedsandchopped
proper
lyi
ntosmall
bit
sof5-7cm l
ong.
 • Twobasketsofchoppedgr asspi
ecesshoul
dbemi xedwel
lwi
thonebasketeachof
gar
densoil
andf reshcowdungandashov elful
lofwoodashwi
threqui
redquanti
tyof
watert
ofor
m at hickpast
ysubstance.

• Thismixt
urei
sthenspreadunif
ormlyonthesurfaceofaprevi
ousl
ywet
tedper
fect
ly
l
eveledgr
oundtoathicknessofatl
east2.5cm andwater
ingshoul
dbedonewit
har ose
can.

• Thenextday,groundshoul
dberoll
edandt
hegr
assshoul
dbeal
l
owedt
ospr
ead.The
grasswi
llshootupinafort
night
.

• Tost
artwi
th,
cutwi
thascy
theandaf
tert
hreemont
hs,
uset
hel
awnmower
. 

Di
bbl
ingr
oot
s

• Thisi
sthecheapestbutti
meconsumingmethod.Small
piecesofgrassroot
sshouldbe
di
bbled10–15cm apar ti
nalevel
edgroundwheniti
swetaf t
errai
n.Therootsspr
ead
andgrowundergroundint
hecourseofsi
xmonthsmakingaf ai
rl
ycompactlawnby
fr
equentmowing,rol
li
ngandwateri
ng.

• AfterCar
e: 
Iti
ncl
udesrol
li
ng,
mowi
ng,
wat
eri
ngandr
est
ora¬t
ionofpat
chypl
aces,
whi
ch
shouldbedoneregul
arl
y.

• Fert
il
izi
ngt
helawnthri
ceay eari
sadequatetomaintainri
chgr eenness. Appl
icat
ionof
ureaorammonium sul
phateatther
ateof1kg/50sq.m dur ingFebruar y-March,
 
  
June-JulyandOctober-Novemberisqui
tebenefi
cial.
 Attimeswel ldecomposed
compostat10kg/10sq.m ar eawi
llbesuff
ici
entastopdr essing.

• Weedsshouldberemovedassoonast heyappear,ot
her
wisetheyspr
ead,seedmult
ipl
y
andover
powerthegrass.Fil
lthegapswi
thgrassroot
sandfinesoi
l.I
ntheabsenceof
rai
n,wat
eri
ngisdoneregularl
yatweekl
yint
erval
s.

• Amowershouldnotbeemployedunti
lafirm gr
eenswordhasbeenf ormed.Thegr
ass
i
sfir
stcutwit
hsickl
eandthesur
faceisthenrol
led.Heav
yrol
lershouldbeused
f
requent
lybutnotwhent
hegroundiseit
hertoowetordry.

• Mowi ngshoul dbedoneatbr iefi

nterval
sandnev erallowt oproduceseedstalks.Avoi
d
cutti
ngthegr asstooshor tast hi
scandamaget hegr ass,inhi
bitadeeperrootsystem
from set
tingupandgi veriset oweeds.Di f
ferentgrasseshav ediff
erenthei
ghtsatwhich
theycangr owbest ,somakesur eyouenqui r
eaboutt hisfrom thevendororyour
l
andscapi ngcompany .Thei dealheightofmostgr assesi s3to4i nches.Remov i
ngmor e
thanone-thir
doft hegr assl eafinasinglecutti
ngisnotr ecommended.Mowonl yondry
grassandnotwhent hegrassi swet.Makesur eyoumower '
sbladeisanewandshar p
beforestarti
ngaf reshmov ingsession.Toensur esmoot hnessmakesur eyouchange
themower '
soilonceort wi cedur i
ngmowi ngseason.
 • Oncei
nayearr
akethel
awnbefor erai
nandtopdr
esswi
thri
chmixt
ureofdecomposed
manur
eandsoi
l.Thi
swi
llaccel
eratethegr
asswit
hnewvi
gorousgr
owth.

• Thebestt imetowat erthelawnwoul dbedur i

ngt heearlyhoursofmor ning.Wateri
ng
duringthisti
mewi llall
owt hewat ertoreachther oot
swi thoutevaporating.Mid
afternoonsmayl eadt owat erget t
ingevaporatedsoonandwat eringatni ghtti
mescan
giver i
setothepossi bil
i
tiesofdi seases.Whil
ewat er
ing,careshouldbet akentospread
thewat erhomogeneousl yacrosst helawnwi thoutoverfloodi
ngormi ssingcertai
n
areas/spots.I
fthel awni splacedonheav yslopesmakesur ethatthewat erdoesnotrun
-off.Sever
alappli
cat i
onsofwat erwoul dbenecessar yforsuchsur f
acest oensure
adequat epenetr
ation.

Ast
roTur
f

• I
tisasy ntheti
clawnpopul arl
yusedindev el
opedcount r
iesinroofgardensaswel lasi
n
pl
aygr ounds.Itdispensesthenormalmai nt
enanceusual l
yrequi
redfornor mallawns.
Constantsprinkl
ingofwat erisoneoftheprimerequi¬si
tet obi
ndthesy ntheti
cf i
breto
pr
ovideasur faceaki ntoalawncarpet.Aspaciouslawnt houghbeautif
ulwi l
loftenbe
monot onous.So, t
obr eakthemonotony,somebeaut i
fultreeorshrubisrecommended
assinglespecimeni nt hel
awn.

Wat
ergar
den:

• Watergardens,alsoknownas  aquaticgardens,areat y
peof  wat
erfeatur
e.Theycanbe
def
inedasanyi nter
iororexteri
or 
landscape or
 archi
tectur
al el
ementwhosepr i
mar y
pur
poseist ohouse, displ
ay,
orpropagateapar ti
cularspeciesorvari
etyof 
aquati
cplant
.
Thepri
mar yfocusisonpl ants,
buttheywi l
lsomet i
mesal sohouse ornamentalf
ish,i
n
whichcasethef eat
ur ewil
lbea fi
shpond.

• Wat ergar deningisgar deni

ngthatisconcer nedwithgrowingplantsadapted
to pools and ponds.Al t
houghwat ergardenscanbeal mostanysi zeordept h,t
heyare
typicall
ysmal landrelati
vel
yshall
ow, generall
ylessthantwentyinches(50 cm)indepth.
Thisi sbecausemostaquat i
cplantsaredept hsensit
iveandrequireaspecificwater
dept hinor der
tot hriv
e.Thepar ti
cularspeci
es
i
nhabi ti
ngeachwat ergardenwill
ulti
mat elydeter mi
net heactual
 surface
area anddept hrequired.

Cul
ti
vat
ionofwat
erpl
ant
s:

• Growi
ngplantsinwater
,whetherhousepl
ant
soranherbgarden,i
sagreatacti
vi
tyfor
t
henovicegardener
,peopl
ewi t
hlimit
edspaceoranaver
siontomessydir
t,andthose
whoareplantwater
ing-
chal
lenged.Thi
smethodforgr
owingplant
sisnotonlyl
ow
 mai
ntenance,
butdi
seaseandpestr
esi
stant
.

• Manypl antsgr oweasilyinwaterandar eanof tenusedmet hodofpr opagat i

onaswel l
,
withsomef ol
kschoosi ngtoroothousepl antsinbot tl
esorthel i
ke.Ani ndoorwater
gardenmayof tenconsistofcli
ppi ngsfrom existi
nghousepl antsinbot tlescover
ing
everysurfaceav ai
labl
e, t
oacoupl eofgr owingpl antsinwaterper chedont hekit
chen
windowsill.Growingplantsinwat erall
owsf oragr eaterfl
exi
bi l
it
yinar rangementand
canbeaccompl i
shedinmostanyt y
peofr eceptaclethatwil
l holdwat er.Growing
houseplant si
nwat ermaybeasl owermet hodt hansoil-
basedpl anti
ng; howev er
,the
i
ndoorwat ergardenwillremai
nl ushf oralengthyper i
odoft ime.

GoodPl
ant
sforWat
er:

• Hangingorcr eepingplantsfr
om cuttingsareof t
ent heeasi
estt orootinawat er
envi
ronment ,
butrootedplantsmaybeusedaswel l
.Washal l t
hesoilcompletelyofft
he
root
soft he“ soontobei ndoorwatergardenpl ant”andcutof fanydecay edordead
l
eavesorst ems.Placetheplanti
nt hewat er
/ferti
li
zersolut
ion.Youmayhav et otopoff
thesolutiononoccasionduet odissipati
on.Repl acethenutrientssol
utionintheindoor
watergar deneveryfourtosixweeksi nitsenti
rety.Asment ionedabov e,toret
ardalgae
growth,useadar koropaquecont ainer.Howev er,shoul
dalgaebecomeani ssue,
changet hesoluti
onmor ef r
equentl
y.

Her
bal
gar
den:

• Establ
ishherbalgardenofv ar
ioust y
pest opopul arizet heusef ulnessofcommonl y
avail
ableandfrequent l
yusedMedi ci
nal Plantsamongt hev ar
iousst akeholder
sand
sensit
izethepublicaboutourt raditi
onalknowl edge.I tisal soawayofconser vingRare,
EndangeredandThr eatened(RET)speci esofMedi cinal Plants.Her balGardensof
vari
ouskindswi l
lbepr omot edundert heschemet ocr eateawar enessaboutt radit
ional
usageofmedi cinalplants.Thiswoul dincl
udeHer bal Gar densofNat ionalandSt at
e
i
mpor tanceaswel lasatt helevelofInstit
utions,School s,Universit
ies,Coll
egesand
Homes.
Ty
peofHer
bal
Gar
den:

• 1.HomeHer
bal
Gar
dens

• 2.School
Her
bal
Gar
dens

• 3.I
nsti
tut
ional/Publ
i
c
Herbal
Gar dens

• 4.HerbalGardensof
Stat
eandNat ional
I
mpor tance

Funct
ionsofher
balGar
dens:

• 1.Bot
ani
cal
gar
densactasout
-doorl
abor
ator
ies.

• 2.Ini
ti
atest
udiesonthet
ropi
cal
andtemperat
eecosy
stemsandt
hei
rbi
ota,
bef
oret
hey
arelostt
oscienceandpr
eser
vesuchsyst
ems.

• 3.Ser
veascentr
esofgenepool
sorger
m pl
asm bankofwi
l
drel
ati
vesofeconomi
cal
l
y
i
mportantpl
ant
s.

• 4.Establ
ishNatur
ecentr
esandyouthMuseumstofocusat
tent
ionondest
ruct
ionof
tr
opicalandtemperat
eecosy
stem,env
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion.

• 5.Mai
ntai
nlessat
tract
iveandabandonedor
nament
alpl
ant
s.

• 6.Tr
ainci
tyar
bor
ist
sint
hepl
ant
ati
onoft
reesi
nur
banar
eas.

• 7.Col
l
abor
ateuni
ver
sit
yandot
her
stoconductr
esear
chi
nenv
ironment
albi
ologyet
c.

• 8.Organi
seeducat
ionalpr
ogrammest ocr
eateenvi
ronmentalawar
enessamong
chi
ldrenst
udent
sandt r
ainteacher
sinenv
ironment
aleducati
on.

• 9.Cent
resofconser
vat
ionofendanger
edandr
arespeci
es.

• 10.Bot
ani
cal
gar
denspr
ovi
del
i
vingpl
antmat
eri
alsf
orr
esear
ch.

• 11.Theyser
veaspol
l
uti
oni
ndi
cat
orcent
resbygr
owi
ngpol
l
uti
on–suscept
ibl
epl
ant
s.
• 12.Mostoft
heeconomicpl
antswereorigi
nal
l
yint
roducedanddi
str
ibut
edt
otheot
her
part
softhewor
ldthr
oughbotani
cgardens.

• 13.I
nspi
repoet
s,l
i
trat
orset
c.bypr
ovi
dingaest
het
ical
pleasur
e.

• 14.Ser
enesit
eforr
elaxat
ion.Thegar
densprov
ideasui
tabl
eenv
ironmentf
orr
elax
ati
on
andrel
iev
ethebodyandthemi ndoft
hestr
essandstr
ain.

• 15.Gar
dent
her
apyf
orey
e-si
ght
,ment
al-
str
esset
c.

• 16.Peopl
eofadv
ance—agef
indagr
eatsol
acei
nlov
elygar
dens.

• 17.Gar
densalsoarr
angeflower
sshows,
putondi
spl
aysseasonal
plant
s,f
lower
sand
pl
antsofunusual
int
erest
.

• 18.Thelandscapegar
densarebecomi
ngqui
tepopularandl
andagr
eatchar
mtot
he
adj
oini
ngbuildi
ngli
keli
brar
ies,
museums,
sport
groundetc.

• 19.Conser
vet
hef
lor
aandf
aunai
nnat
ural
habi
tat
.