08/11/2021

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Subtraction of Continuous-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 𝑋 𝑡 = 𝑋 𝑡 − 𝑋 (t)

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
−𝟐 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟏
−𝟏 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ 𝟎
𝟎≪𝒕≪ 𝟏
𝟏 ≪𝒕≪𝟐
𝟐 ≪𝒕≪𝟑
𝟑 ≪𝒕≪𝟒

38

39

1
 08/11/2021

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Subtraction of Continuous-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 𝑋 𝑡 = 𝑋 𝑡 − 𝑋 (t)
𝑋 (𝑡)

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)

−𝟒 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟑
−𝟑 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟐
−𝟐 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟏
−𝟏 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ 𝟎
0≪𝒕≪𝟏
1≪𝒕≪𝟐

40

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Multiplication of
Continuous-Time Signal
3 3

2 2

1 1

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
𝑋 (𝑡)

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)

−𝟐 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟏
−𝟏 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ 𝟎
𝟎≪𝒕≪ 𝟏
𝟏 ≪𝒕≪𝟐
𝟐 ≪𝒕≪𝟑
𝟑 ≪𝒕≪𝟒

41

2
 08/11/2021

Multiplication of
Continuous-Time Signal
3 3

2 2

1 1

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)

−𝟐 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟏
−𝟏 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ 𝟎
0≪𝒕≪𝟏
1≪𝒕≪𝟐

42

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Multiplication of
Continuous-Time Signal
3 3

2 2

1 1

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

𝑋 (𝑡)

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)

0 ≪𝒕≪𝟏
1 ≪𝒕≪𝟐
2≪𝒕≪𝟑

43

3
 08/11/2021

Addition of Discrete-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
𝑋 (𝑡)
-2 -2

-3 -3

44

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Subtraction of Discrete-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1 𝑋 (𝑡)
-2 -2

-3 -3

45

4
 08/11/2021

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Multiplication of Discrete-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1 𝑋 (𝑡)
-2 -2

-3 -3

46

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SIGNALS

• There are many ways of classifying signals:

1. periodic or non-periodic
2. Odd and Even Signal
3. energy or power

47

5
 08/11/2021

PERIODIC AND NON-PERIODIC

SIGNALS
• PERIODIC SIGNAL
- Signal with repeat itself after a fixed time period.

NON-PERIODIC SIGNAL
- Signal which do not repeat itself after a fixed time
period.

48

PERIODIC AND NON-PERIODIC SIGNALS

• Periodic Signal • Non-Periodic Signal
• - a signal which repeats itself • - a signal which does not repeat
after specific interval of time itself after a specific interval of
• - a signal that repeats its pattern time
over a period • - a signal that does not repeat its
• - they can be represented by a pattern over a period
mathematical equation • - they cannot be represented by
• - their values can be determined any mathematical equation
at any point of time • - their values cannot by
• - example: sine cosine square determined with certainty at
sawtooth, etc any given point of time
• - example: sound signals from
radio, all types of noise signals

49

6
 08/11/2021

PERIODIC SIGNALS
• A periodic continuous-time signal • A periodic discrete-time signal:
satisfies Condition of periodicity is given as

where : where :
T is the period of the signal N is the period of the signal

• A periodic signal is one that • A periodic signal is one that

repeats itself every T seconds repeats itself every N seconds

50

CONTINUOUDS-TIME PERIODIC SIGNAL DISCRETE-TIME PERIODIC SIGNAL

51

7
 08/11/2021

• THE SIGNALS SHOWN ABOVE DOESN’T REPEAT AT ALL. SO THEY ARE NON-
PERIODIC SIGNAL.

52

NON-PERIODIC SIGNALS
• Is also known as aperiodic signal.
• Doesn’t satisfy the condition:
x(t) = (t+T)

Non-Periodic signal can be : continuous and discrete

Discrete Non-periodic signal: condition: x(n)=x(n+N)

Where: x(n)= DT signal
n= integer, discrete time variable
N= Period of DT signal

53

8
 08/11/2021

EXAMPLE 1
• What is the fundamental period of the waveform shown in the figure.

54

EXAMPLE 2
• What is the fundamental period of the discrete time square wave shown in
the figure.

55

9
 08/11/2021

PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC EXAMPLE 3

x(t)=(cos(2π𝑡))
If periodic, find the fundamental period.

56

57

10
 08/11/2021

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

58

EXAMPLE 4
PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏πn)
If periodic, find the fundamental period N.

59

11
 08/11/2021

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

60

EXAMPLE 5
PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑πn)
If periodic, find the fundamental period N.

61

12
 08/11/2021

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

62

EXAMPLE 6
• PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(π + 𝟎. 𝟐n)
If periodic, find the fundamental period N.

63

13
 08/11/2021

EXAMPLE 7
𝟐πn 𝟐π𝒏
• Check the periodicity of DT signal. 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬( )+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧( )
𝟓 𝟕

64

EXAMPLE 8
n 𝒏π
• Check the periodicity of DT signal. 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔( )
𝟖 𝟖

65

14
 08/11/2021

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Subtraction of Continuous-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 𝑋 𝑡 = 𝑋 𝑡 − 𝑋 (t)

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
−𝟐 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟏
−𝟏 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ 𝟎
𝟎≪𝒕≪ 𝟏
𝟏 ≪𝒕≪𝟐
𝟐 ≪𝒕≪𝟑
𝟑 ≪𝒕≪𝟒

38

39

1
 08/11/2021

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Subtraction of Continuous-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 𝑋 𝑡 = 𝑋 𝑡 − 𝑋 (t)
𝑋 (𝑡)

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)

−𝟒 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟑
−𝟑 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟐
−𝟐 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟏
−𝟏 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ 𝟎
0≪𝒕≪𝟏
1≪𝒕≪𝟐

40

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Multiplication of
Continuous-Time Signal
3 3

2 2

1 1

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
𝑋 (𝑡)

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)

−𝟐 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟏
−𝟏 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ 𝟎
𝟎≪𝒕≪ 𝟏
𝟏 ≪𝒕≪𝟐
𝟐 ≪𝒕≪𝟑
𝟑 ≪𝒕≪𝟒

41

2
 08/11/2021

Multiplication of
Continuous-Time Signal
3 3

2 2

1 1

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)

−𝟐 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ −𝟏
−𝟏 ≪ 𝒕 ≪ 𝟎
0≪𝒕≪𝟏
1≪𝒕≪𝟐

42

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Multiplication of
Continuous-Time Signal
3 3

2 2

1 1

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

𝑋 (𝑡)

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)

0 ≪𝒕≪𝟏
1 ≪𝒕≪𝟐
2≪𝒕≪𝟑

43

3
 08/11/2021

Addition of Discrete-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
𝑋 (𝑡)
-2 -2

-3 -3

44

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Subtraction of Discrete-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1 𝑋 (𝑡)
-2 -2

-3 -3

45

4
 08/11/2021

𝑋 (𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑡)
Multiplication of Discrete-Time Signal

3 3

2 2
EXAMPLE
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1 𝑋 (𝑡)
-2 -2

-3 -3

46

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SIGNALS

• There are many ways of classifying signals:

1. periodic or non-periodic
2. Odd and Even Signal
3. energy or power

47

5
 08/11/2021

PERIODIC AND NON-PERIODIC

SIGNALS
• PERIODIC SIGNAL
- Signal with repeat itself after a fixed time period.

NON-PERIODIC SIGNAL
- Signal which do not repeat itself after a fixed time
period.

48

PERIODIC AND NON-PERIODIC SIGNALS

• Periodic Signal • Non-Periodic Signal
• - a signal which repeats itself • - a signal which does not repeat
after specific interval of time itself after a specific interval of
• - a signal that repeats its pattern time
over a period • - a signal that does not repeat its
• - they can be represented by a pattern over a period
mathematical equation • - they cannot be represented by
• - their values can be determined any mathematical equation
at any point of time • - their values cannot by
• - example: sine cosine square determined with certainty at
sawtooth, etc any given point of time
• - example: sound signals from
radio, all types of noise signals

49

6
 08/11/2021

PERIODIC SIGNALS
• A periodic continuous-time signal • A periodic discrete-time signal:
satisfies Condition of periodicity is given as

where : where :
T is the period of the signal N is the period of the signal

• A periodic signal is one that • A periodic signal is one that

repeats itself every T seconds repeats itself every N seconds

50

CONTINUOUDS-TIME PERIODIC SIGNAL DISCRETE-TIME PERIODIC SIGNAL

51

7
 08/11/2021

• THE SIGNALS SHOWN ABOVE DOESN’T REPEAT AT ALL. SO THEY ARE NON-
PERIODIC SIGNAL.

52

NON-PERIODIC SIGNALS
• Is also known as aperiodic signal.
• Doesn’t satisfy the condition:
x(t) = (t+T)

Non-Periodic signal can be : continuous and discrete

Discrete Non-periodic signal: condition: x(n)=x(n+N)

Where: x(n)= DT signal
n= integer, discrete time variable
N= Period of DT signal

53

8
 08/11/2021

EXAMPLE 1
• What is the fundamental period of the waveform shown in the figure.

54

EXAMPLE 2
• What is the fundamental period of the discrete time square wave shown in
the figure.

55

9
 08/11/2021

PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC EXAMPLE 3

x(t)=(cos(2π𝑡))
If periodic, find the fundamental period.

56

57

10
 08/11/2021

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

58

EXAMPLE 4
PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏πn)
If periodic, find the fundamental period N.

59

11
 08/11/2021

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

60

EXAMPLE 5
PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑πn)
If periodic, find the fundamental period N.

61

12
 08/11/2021

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

62

EXAMPLE 6
• PERIODIC OR NON-PERIODIC
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(π + 𝟎. 𝟐n)
If periodic, find the fundamental period N.

63

13
 08/11/2021

EXAMPLE 7
𝟐πn 𝟐π𝒏
• Check the periodicity of DT signal. 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬( )+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧( )
𝟓 𝟕

64

EXAMPLE 8
n 𝒏π
• Check the periodicity of DT signal. 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔( )
𝟖 𝟖

65

14