Praktik Sistem Kontrol - Pneumatics

Dr. Sonki Prasetya, S.T., M.Sc.

Mechanical Engineering Department
PNJ2021
Basic
• Control System
• System can be considered in simple block
• What is control?

Result =
Target Process Result Target?
Type of control

Control

Continue Discrete

Linear Non Linear Conditional Sequence

Control
• Simple block system

Process output
input

• Operation can be
• Manual
• Automatic
Input devices

Push buttons
Switches (limit switches, level switches, etc.)
Sensors
Timer
...
Output devices
Relay contacts
Solenoid valves to pneumatics or hydraulics
Signal devices ( lamps, alarms, etc.)
Heaters
Motors
What are Pneumatics usage?
• Operation of system valves for air, water or chemicals
• Operation of heavy or hot doors
• Unloading of hoppers in building, steel making, mining and chemical industries
• Lifting and moving in slab molding machines
• Crop spraying and operation of other tractor equipment
• Spray painting
•Holding in jigs and fixtures in assembly machinery and machine tools
• Holding for gluing, heat sealing or welding plastics
•Forming operations of bending, drawing and flattening
• Spot welding machines
• Riveting
• Operation of guillotine blades
• Bottling and filling machines
• Wood working machinery drives and feeds
• Test rigs
• Machine tool, work or tool feeding
• Component and material conveyor transfer
• Pneumatic robots
• Auto gauging
• Air separation and vacuum lifting of thin sheets
• Dental drills
• and so much more… new applications are developed daily
Why compressed air?
• Availability

• Storage

• Simplicity of design and control

• Choice of movement

• Economy
Properties of compressed air
• Reliability

• Resistance to Environment

• Environmentally clean.

• Safety
 Pressure
• It should be noted that the SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa)
• 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 (Newton per square meter)
• This unit is extremely small and so, to avoid huge numbers in
practice, an agreement has been made to use the bar as a unit
of 100,000 Pa.
• 100,000 Pa = 100 kPa = 1 bar

• Atmospheric Pressure
• =14.696 psi =1.01325 bar =1.03323 kgf/cm2.
 Isothermic change (Boyle’s Law)
with constant temperature, the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely
proportional to its volume

• P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 • Example P2 = ?
• P1 = Pa (1.013bar)
• P2 = P1 x V1 • V1 = 1m³
V2 • V2 = .5m³

• V2 = P1 x V1 • P2 = 1.013 x 1
.5
P2
• = 2.026 bar
Isobaric change (Charles Law)
…at constant pressure, a given mass of gas increases in volume by 1 of its volume for every
degree C in temperaturerise. 273
• Example V2 = ?
• V1 = T1
• V1 = 2m³
• V2 T2
• T1 = 273°K (0°C)
• V2 = V1 x T2 • T2 = 303°K (30°C)
T1
• T2 = T1 x V2 • V2 = 2 x 303 273
V1 • = 2.219m³
Isochoric change Law of Gay Lussac
at constant volume, the pressure is proportional to thetemperature

• Example P2 = ?
• P1 x P2 T1 x T2 • P1 = 4bar
• P2 = P1 x T2 • T1 = 273°K (O°C)
T1 • T2 = 298°K (25°C)
• T2 = T1 x P2
P1 • P2 = 4 x 298 273
• = 4.366bar
 Single Acting Cylinder, Single Acting Cylinder,
Spring retract Spring extend

Double Acting Cylinder Double Acting Cylinder with

adjustable air cushioning

Double Acting Cylinder, Rotary Actuator,

with double end rod double Acting

15
Basic
• Compressor Type
Basic
• Reciprocating Compressor
Basic
• Rotary Screw
Compressors air end
Basic
• Efficiency of commercial compressors
Methods of actuation
Linear actuator
Rotary actuator
https://library.automationdirect.com/pneumatic-circuit-
symbols-explained/
 https://www.automationdirect.com/pneumatics/misc/circuit_symbols

Initial
Condition

Initial
Condition
Ref
• Barber, Pneumatic Handbook, 1997
• A Parr, Hydraulics and Pneumatics,1997
• Petr Croser, Frank Ebel, Pneumatics,2002