City of Olongapo

GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph
DETAILED LEARNING MODULE

Title: Introduction to Learning and Learning Styles

Module No.1
I. Introduction
Metacognition is such a long word. What does it mean? You will find this out in this
module.
It is the first module so you get to understand it and apply it from the very beginning of
our lesson.
II. Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, the students should be able to:
1. Explain metacognition in your own words
2. Apply metacognitive strategies in your own quest for learning as a novice or an
expert learner
III. Advance Organizer

Metacognition
“Thinking about Thinking”

Learners who do not

Metacognition and Metacognition Metacognition
use metacognition
Development Knowledge leads one to be an
remain to be novice
Variables expert learner
learner

Teaching Characteristics of Characteristics of

Person Variables
Strategies to Expert Learners Novice Learners
Develop
Metacognition

Task Variables

SStrategy
Variables
 City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

IV. Topics and Key Concepts

METACOGNITION
• Meta – Meaning after or beyond
- awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes
• Cognition – meaning mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding
through thought, experience and the senses
• Metacognition ( John Flavell)
- consists of both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences or
regulation.
“THINKING ABOUT thinking” or “learning how to learn”
- higher order of thinking which involves active awareness and control over
the cognitive process.
Metacognition Knowledge Variables
Three categories
1. Knowledge of person variables
2. Task variables
3. Strategy variables

Person variables
• How one views himself as a learners and thinker.
• Knowledge of person variables refers to knowledge about how human beings learn and
process information, as well as individual knowledge of one’s own learning processes.

Task variables
• Knowledge about the nature of the task as well as the type of processing demands that it
well place upon the individual.
• It is about what exactly needs to be accomplished, gauging its difficulty and knowing the
kind of effort it will demand from you.

Strategy variables
• Knowledge of strategy variables involves awareness of the strategy you are using to learn
a topic and evaluating whether this is effective.
• When you think your strategy is not working, then you may think of various strategies
and try out one to see if it will help you learn better.
a. meta- attention – awareness of specific strategies so that you can keep your attention.
 b. City of Olongapo
C. GORDON COLLEGE
D. COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
e. Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
f. Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
g. www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

h. Meta –memory awareness of memory strategies that work best for you

Practice of Metacognition according to Omrod

• Knowing the limits of one’s own learning and memory capacities

• Knowing what learning tasks one can realistically accomplish within a certain amount of
time.
• Knowing which learning strategies are effective and which are not
• Planning an approach to a learning task that is likely to be successful
• Using effective learning strategies to process and learn new material
• Monitoring one’s own knowledge and comprehension.
• Using effective strategies for retrieval of previously stored information.
• Knowledge is said to be metacognitive if it is keenly used in a purposeful manner to
ensure that a goal is met.
Example:
A student may use knowledge in planning how to do homework: “I know that I
(person variable) have more difficulty with my science assignments than language arts and
find sibika easier ( task variable), so I will do my homework in science first, then language
arts, then sibika (strategy variables)

According to Huitt

• What do I know about this subject, topic, and issue?

• Do I know what do I need to know?
• Do I know where I can go to get some information, knowledge?
• How much time will I need to learn this?
• What are some strategies and tactics that I can use to learn this?
• Did I understand what just I heard, read or saw?
• How will I know if I am learning at an appropriate rate?
• How can I spot an error if I make one?
• How should I revise my plan if it is not working to my expectations/satisfaction?
 City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

B. Metacognition and development

• The challenge then to future teachers like you is to integrate more activities that would
build your students’ capacity to reflect their own characteristics as learners, the tasks they
are to do and reflect on their own characteristics as learners, the tasks they are to do and
strategies that they can use to learn.
Teaching strategies to develop metacognition

• Have students monitor their own learning and thinking

• Have students learn study strategies
a. TLQR – This can be taught to younger students
T – Tune In
Q – Question
L – Listen
R – Remember
b. PQ4R
P – Preview
Q – Question
R – Read
R – Recite
R – Review
R - Reflect

• Have students make predictions about information to be presented next based on what
they have read
• Have students relate ideas to existing knowledge structures
• Have students develop questions: ask questions of themselves, about what is going
around them.
• Help students to know when to ask for help.
Show students how to transfer knowledge, attitudes, and values, skills, to other situations or
tasks.
A. Introduction to Learning
1. Definitions of Learning:
 City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

a) Learning is a persisting change in human performance or performance potential

(brought) about as a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment”
(Driscoll, 1994, pp.8-9).
b) Learning is the relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or
behavior due to experience” (Mayer, 1982, p. 1040).
c) Learning is an enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a
given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience” (Shuell,
1986, p. 412)
2. Types of Learning/ Education
2.1. Formal education or formal learning usually takes place in the premises of the
school, where a person may learn basic, academic, or trade skills. Small children
often attend a nursery or kindergarten but often-formal education begins in
elementary school and continues with secondary school.
2.2 Non-formal education includes adult basic education, adult literacy education
or school equivalency preparation.
2.3 Informal education is not imparted by an institution such as school or college.
It is not given according to any fixed timetable. There is no set of curriculum
required. It consists of experiences and actual observation from the family or
community

Aspect of Novice Learners Expert Learners

learning

Knowledge Have limited knowledge Have deeper knowledge in

in different in the different subject different subject areas because
subject areas areas they look for interrelationships
in the things they learn

Problem Satisfied at just scratching First try to understand the

Solving the surface; hurriedly problem, look for boundaries,
gives a solution to the and create a mental picture of
problem the problem
Learning/ Employ rigid strategies Design new strategies that
thinking that may not be would be appropriate to the
strategies appropriate to the task at task
hand

Selectivity in Attempt to process all Select important information to

processing information they receive process; able to breakdown
information to manageable
chunks

Production of Do not examine the Check their errors and redirect

output quality of their work, nor their efforts to maintain quality
stop to make revisions output

City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

Novice and Expert Learners

V. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

 PPT – Theories of Learning by Dr. Imelda P. Soriano
 Lecture copies (4 pages)
 Learning Tasks (Online/ Blended)
Whatever the subject areas, a teacher can apply metacognition strategies in his or
her class to facilitate learning more effectively . Watch this short video of the
author of Facilitating Learning’s daughter sharing how her Grade 2 teacher
taught them about TQLR
Youtube link TLQR metacognition in the primary grades
https://search.yahoo.com/search?fr=mcafee&type=E210US714G0&p=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIfXdWeAzgCo
LEARNING TASK 1

Description: This shows a simple song that a primary grade teacher is using to prepare children
to listen and respond to a lesson or a selection. It is a very practical way of teaching children to
apply metacognition early on.

What did you learn from the video? How can you also apply this?
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Make your own output: a song, chant, poster or question list on any of the seven strategies
discussed in this module. You may also create a video and upload it in youtube. Tell about its
purpose, and describe the chant or song.

Purpose:

Description of your Output:

Explanation:

Assesment Task

Based on the principles of metacognition, prepare your own metacognition game plan on how
you can apply metacognition to improve your study skills
VI. References
Corpuz, B.B. & Lucas, M. R D. (2011) Facilitating Learning: A Metacognitive
Process, 2nd Ed. Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Schmidt, M. (2010, June 10) Understanding How Learning Takes Place
https://marenschmidt.com/2010/06/understanding-how-learning-takes-place/