Research Work

A. Define the following.

1. Directing

- Managers instruct, guide and oversee the performance of their employees in

order to achieve predetermined goals.

2. Motivation

- It is a desire to accomplish something. It pushes you to strive harder to

achieve your goals.

3. Leadership

- It is where you lead an organization or a group. The ability to handle his/her

members well, to influence, to inspire and to encourage them to become their
best selves.

4. Theory

- A theory is a collection of related ideas that aims to explain something. The

term “theory” has several definitions, including “guess” or ‘speculation.” A law
that governs thins that cannot be directly observed, such as electrons or
evolution. The ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions is a key
feature of scientific theory, including theories. Theory is a hypothesis or a set
of ideas intended to explain something, particularly one based on general
principle unrelated to the subject of explanation.

5. Communication

- Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information to the

person you talk to. Good communicator pay attention to what others are
saying, speak or write clearly, and respect differing viewpoint.

6. Diversity
 - It refers to a group of people having different variations of different
characteristics. These characteristics could include everything that distinguish
us, as our cognitive abilities and personality traits, as well as the factors that
shape our identity.

B. Research and describe the following theories

7. Great Man Theory

- The great man theory is 19th century idea that history can be largely explained
by the impact of great men, or heroes or highly influential and unique
individuals who have a decisive historical effect due to their natural attributes
such as superior intellect, heroic courage, extraordinary leadership abilities,
or divine inspiration.

Great leaders are born, not made, according to the Great Man Theory of
Leadership. These people are born with unique characteristics and traits that
are not shared by all people. These skills enable them to lead while also
influencing the course of history. According to the great man theory, famous
leaders throughout history were born to lead and deserved it because of their
natural abilities and talents.

Two major assumptions underpin the Great Man Theory of Leaderships:

 Great leaders are born with certain characteristics that enable to rise to
the top and lead their organizations.
 When there is a great need for leader, great leaders can emerge.

8. Trait Theory

- Personality traits are the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that
people have. The idea behind trait theory in psychology is that people differ
based on the strength and intensity of basic trait dimensions.

- Trait theory (also known as dispositional theory) is a psychological approach

to studying human personality. Traits are aspects of personality that are
relatively stable overtime, differ across individuals are relatively consistent
across situations, and influence behavior, according to trait theorists. In traits
contrast to states, which have more transient dispositions, traits are more
permanent.

9. Behavioral Theories
 - Behavioral theory seeks to explain human behavior by analyzing the
antecedents and consequences present in the individual's environment and
the learned associations he or she has acquired through previous experience.

10. Contingency Theory

- A contingency theory is an organizational theory that asserts there is no one-

size-fits-all approach to organizing a company, leading it, or making choices.
Instead, the best course of action is determined by the internal and external
circumstances. Contingent leaders are adaptable when it comes to selecting
and altering succinct methods to fit a changing environment at a specific point
in the organization's operations.

11. Transactional Leadership Theories

- Transactional leadership theory is based on the idea that managers give

employees something they want in exchange for getting something they want.
It posits that workers are not self-motivated and require structure, instruction
and monitoring in order to complete tasks correctly and on time.

12. Transformational Leadership Theories

- Transformational leadership is a theory of leadership where a leader works

with teams or followers beyond their immediate self-interests to identify
needed change, creating a vision to guide the change through influence,
inspiration, and executing the change in tandem with committed members of
a group. This change in self-interests elevates the follower's levels of maturity
and ideals, as well as their concerns for the achievement.